Changeset cde3891 for doc/user/user.tex


Ignore:
Timestamp:
Jan 23, 2019, 4:52:16 PM (7 years ago)
Author:
Thierry Delisle <tdelisle@…>
Branches:
ADT, arm-eh, ast-experimental, cleanup-dtors, enum, forall-pointer-decay, jacob/cs343-translation, jenkins-sandbox, master, new-ast, new-ast-unique-expr, pthread-emulation, qualifiedEnum, stuck-waitfor-destruct
Children:
a200795
Parents:
9b086ca (diff), 1d832f4 (diff)
Note: this is a merge changeset, the changes displayed below correspond to the merge itself.
Use the (diff) links above to see all the changes relative to each parent.
Message:

Merge branch 'master' into cleanup-dtors

File:
1 edited

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  • doc/user/user.tex

    r9b086ca rcde3891  
    1111%% Created On       : Wed Apr  6 14:53:29 2016
    1212%% Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
    13 %% Last Modified On : Thu Jul 26 17:29:05 2018
    14 %% Update Count     : 3366
     13%% Last Modified On : Tue Dec 11 23:19:26 2018
     14%% Update Count     : 3400
    1515%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1616
    … …  
    178178int main( void ) {
    179179        int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
    180         ®sout | x | y | z | endl;®§\indexc{sout}§
     180        ®sout | x | y | z;®§\indexc{sout}§
    181181}
    182182\end{cfa}
    … …  
    210210Even with all its problems, C continues to be popular because it allows writing software at virtually any level in a computer system without restriction.
    211211For system programming, where direct access to hardware, storage management, and real-time issues are a requirement, C is usually the only language of choice.
    212 The TIOBE index~\cite{TIOBE} for July 2018 ranks the top 5 most \emph{popular} programming languages as: \Index*{Java} 16\%, C 14\%, \Index*[C++]{\CC{}} 7.5\%, Python 6\%, Visual Basic 4\% = 47.5\%, where the next 50 languages are less than 4\% each, with a long tail.
     212The TIOBE index~\cite{TIOBE} for July 2018 ranks the top five most \emph{popular} programming languages as \Index*{Java} 16\%, C 14\%, \Index*[C++]{\CC{}} 7.5\%, Python 6\%, Visual Basic 4\% = 47.5\%, where the next 50 languages are less than 4\% each, with a long tail.
    213213The top 3 rankings over the past 30 years are:
    214214\begin{center}
    … …  
    351351The 2011 C standard plus GNU extensions.
    352352\item
    353 \Indexc[deletekeywords=inline]{-fgnu89-inline}\index{compilation option!-fgnu89-inline@{\lstinline[deletekeywords=inline]@-fgnu89-inline@}}
     353\Indexc[deletekeywords=inline]{-fgnu89-inline}\index{compilation option!-fgnu89-inline@{\lstinline[deletekeywords=inline]$-fgnu89-inline$}}
    354354Use the traditional GNU semantics for inline routines in C11 mode, which allows inline routines in header files.
    355355\end{description}
    … …  
    455455#endif
    456456
    457 ®#include_next <bfdlink.h>                                      §\C{// must have internal check for multiple expansion}§
     457®#include_next <bfdlink.h>                      §\C{// must have internal check for multiple expansion}§
    458458®
    459459#if defined( with ) && defined( __CFA_BFD_H__ ) §\C{// reset only if set}§
    … …  
    504504
    505505C, \CC, and Java (and many other programming languages) have no exponentiation operator\index{exponentiation!operator}\index{operator!exponentiation}, \ie $x^y$, and instead use a routine, like \Indexc{pow}, to perform the exponentiation operation.
    506 \CFA extends the basic operators with the exponentiation operator ©?\?©\index{?\\?@\lstinline@?\?@} and ©?\=?©\index{?\\=?@\lstinline@?\=?@}, as in, ©x \ y© and ©x \= y©, which means $x^y$ and $x \leftarrow x^y$.
     506\CFA extends the basic operators with the exponentiation operator ©?\?©\index{?\\?@©?\?©} and ©?\=?©\index{?\\=?@©\=?©}, as in, ©x \ y© and ©x \= y©, which means $x^y$ and $x \leftarrow x^y$.
    507507The priority of the exponentiation operator is between the cast and multiplicative operators, so that ©w * (int)x \ (int)y * z© is parenthesized as ©((w * (((int)x) \ ((int)y))) * z)©.
    508508
    … …  
    513513Floating exponentiation\index{exponentiation!floating} is performed using \Index{logarithm}s\index{exponentiation!logarithm}, so the base cannot be negative.
    514514\begin{cfa}
    515 sout | 2 ®\® 8u | 4 ®\® 3u | -4 ®\® 3u | 4 ®\® -3 | -4 ®\® -3 | 4.0 ®\® 2.1 | (1.0f+2.0fi) ®\® (3.0f+2.0fi) | endl;
     515sout | 2 ®\® 8u | 4 ®\® 3u | -4 ®\® 3u | 4 ®\® -3 | -4 ®\® -3 | 4.0 ®\® 2.1 | (1.0f+2.0fi) ®\® (3.0f+2.0fi);
    516516256 64 -64 0.015625 -0.015625 18.3791736799526 0.264715-1.1922i
    517517\end{cfa}
    518 Parenthesis are necessary for the complex constants or the expression is parsed as ©1.0f+(2.0fi \ 3.0f)+2.0fi©.
     518Parenthesis are necessary for complex constants or the expression is parsed as ©1.0f+®(®2.0fi \ 3.0f®)®+2.0fi©.
    519519The exponentiation operator is available for all the basic types, but for user-defined types, only the integral-computation versions are available.
    520520For returning an integral value, the user type ©T© must define multiplication, ©*©, and one, ©1©;
    … …  
    527527
    528528
    529 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@if@ Statement}{if Statement}}
    530 \subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstKeywordStyle{if} Statement}{if Statement}}
    531 
    532 The ©if© expression allows declarations, similar to ©for© declaration expression:
    533 \begin{cfa}
    534 if ( int x = f() ) ...                                          §\C{// x != 0}§
    535 if ( int x = f(), y = g() ) ...                         §\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}§
    536 if ( int x = f(), y = g(); ®x < y® ) ...        §\C{// relational expression}§
    537 \end{cfa}
    538 Unless a relational expression is specified, each variable is compared not equal to 0, which is the standard semantics for the ©if© expression, and the results are combined using the logical ©&&© operator.\footnote{\CC only provides a single declaration always compared not equal to 0.}
     529%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@if@/\protect\lstinline@while@ Statement}{if Statement}}
     530\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstKeywordStyle{if}/\LstKeywordStyle{while} Statement}{if/while Statement}}
     531
     532The ©if©/©while© expression allows declarations, similar to ©for© declaration expression.
     533(Does not make sense for ©do©-©while©.)
     534\begin{cfa}
     535if ( ®int x = f()® ) ...                                        §\C{// x != 0}§
     536if ( ®int x = f(), y = g()® ) ...                       §\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}§
     537if ( ®int x = f(), y = g(); x < y® ) ...        §\C{// relational expression}§
     538if ( ®struct S { int i; } x = { f() }; x.i < 4® ) §\C{// relational expression}§
     539
     540while ( ®int x = f()® ) ...                                     §\C{// x != 0}§
     541while ( ®int x = f(), y = g()® ) ...            §\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}§
     542while ( ®int x = f(), y = g(); x < y® ) ... §\C{// relational expression}§
     543while ( ®struct S { int i; } x = { f() }; x.i < 4® ) ... §\C{// relational expression}§
     544\end{cfa}
     545Unless a relational expression is specified, each variable is compared not equal to 0, which is the standard semantics for the ©if©/©while© expression, and the results are combined using the logical ©&&© operator.\footnote{\CC only provides a single declaration always compared not equal to 0.}
    539546The scope of the declaration(s) is local to the @if@ statement but exist within both the ``then'' and ``else'' clauses.
     547
     548
     549\subsection{Loop Control}
     550
     551The ©for©/©while©/©do-while© loop-control allows empty or simplified ranges.
     552An empty conditional implies ©1©.
     553The up-to range ©~©\index{~@©~©} means exclusive range [M,N);
     554the up-to range ©~=©\index{~=@©~=©} means inclusive range [M,N].
     555The down-to range ©-~©\index{-~@©-~©} means exclusive range [N,M);
     556the down-to range ©-~=©\index{-~=@©-~=©} means inclusive range [N,M].
     557©0© is the implicit start value;
     558©1© is the implicit increment value.
     559The up-to range uses ©+=© for increment;
     560the down-to range uses ©-=© for decrement.
     561The loop index is polymorphic in the type of the start value or comparison value when start is implicitly ©0©.
     562\begin{cquote}
     563\begin{tabular}{@{}ll|l@{}}
     564\multicolumn{2}{c|}{loop control} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{output} \\
     565\hline
     566\begin{cfa}
     567while ®()® { sout | "empty"; break; }
     568do { sout | "empty"; break; } while ®()®;
     569for ®()® { sout | "empty"; break; }
     570for ( ®0® ) { sout | "A"; }
     571for ( ®1® ) { sout | "A"; }
     572for ( ®10® ) { sout | "A"; }
     573for ( ®1 ~= 10 ~ 2® ) { sout | "B"; }
     574for ( ®10 -~= 1 ~ 2® ) { sout | "C"; }
     575for ( ®0.5 ~ 5.5® ) { sout | "D"; }
     576for ( ®5.5 -~ 0.5® ) { sout | "E"; }
     577for ( ®i; 10® ) { sout | i; }
     578for ( ®i; 1 ~= 10 ~ 2® ) { sout | i; }
     579for ( ®i; 10 -~= 1 ~ 2® ) { sout | i; }
     580for ( ®i; 0.5 ~ 5.5® ) { sout | i; }
     581for ( ®i; 5.5 -~ 0.5® ) { sout | i; }
     582for ( ®ui; 2u ~= 10u ~ 2u® ) { sout | ui; }
     583for ( ®ui; 10u -~= 2u ~ 2u® ) { sout | ui; }
     584enum { N = 10 };
     585for ( ®N® ) { sout | "N"; }
     586for ( ®i; N® ) { sout | i; }
     587for ( ®i; N -~ 0® ) { sout | i; }
     588const int start = 3, comp = 10, inc = 2;
     589for ( ®i; start ~ comp ~ inc + 1® ) { sout | i; }
     590\end{cfa}
     591&
     592\begin{cfa}
     593sout | nl;
     594sout | nl;
     595sout | nl;
     596sout | "zero" | nl;
     597sout | nl;
     598sout | nl;
     599sout | nl;
     600sout | nl;
     601sout | nl;
     602sout | nl;
     603sout | nl;
     604sout | nl;
     605sout | nl;
     606sout | nl;
     607sout | nl;
     608sout | nl;
     609sout | nl | nl;
     610
     611sout | nl;
     612sout | nl;
     613sout | nl | nl;
     614
     615sout | nl;
     616\end{cfa}
     617&
     618\begin{cfa}
     619empty
     620empty
     621empty
     622zero
     623A
     624A A A A A A A A A A
     625B B B B B
     626C C C C C
     627D D D D D
     628E E E E E
     6290 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
     6301 3 5 7 9
     63110 8 6 4 2
     6320.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5
     6335.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5
     6342 4 6 8 10
     63510 8 6 4 2
     636
     637N N N N N N N N N N
     6380 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
     63910 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
     640
     6413 6 9
     642\end{cfa}
     643\end{tabular}
     644\end{cquote}
    540645
    541646
    … …  
    800905
    801906
     907% for ()  => for ( ;; )
     908% for ( 10 - t ) => for ( typeof(10 - t) ? = 0 ; ? < 10 - t; ? += 1 ) // using 0 and 1
     909% for ( i ; 10 - t ) => for ( typeof(10 - t) i = 0 ; i < 10 - t; i += 1 ) // using 0 and 1
     910% for ( T i ; 10 - t ) => for ( T i = 0 ; i < 10 - t; i += 1 ) // using 0 and 1
     911% for ( 3~9 ) => for ( int ? = 3 ; ? < 9; ? += 1 ) // using 1
     912% for ( i ; 3~9 ) => for ( int i = 3 ; i < 9; i += 1 ) // using 1
     913% for ( T i ; 3~9 ) => for ( T i = 3 ; i < 9; i += 1 ) // using 1
     914
     915
    802916%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{Labelled \protect\lstinline@continue@ / \protect\lstinline@break@}{Labelled continue / break}}
    803917\subsection{\texorpdfstring{Labelled \LstKeywordStyle{continue} / \LstKeywordStyle{break} Statement}{Labelled continue / break Statement}}
    … …  
    805919While C provides ©continue© and ©break© statements for altering control flow, both are restricted to one level of nesting for a particular control structure.
    806920Unfortunately, this restriction forces programmers to use \Indexc{goto} to achieve the equivalent control-flow for more than one level of nesting.
    807 To prevent having to switch to the ©goto©, \CFA extends the \Indexc{continue}\index{continue@\lstinline@continue@!labelled}\index{labelled!continue@©continue©} and \Indexc{break}\index{break@\lstinline@break@!labelled}\index{labelled!break@©break©} with a target label to support static multi-level exit\index{multi-level exit}\index{static multi-level exit}~\cite{Buhr85}, as in Java.
     921To prevent having to switch to the ©goto©, \CFA extends the \Indexc{continue}\index{continue@©continue©!labelled}\index{labelled!continue@©continue©} and \Indexc{break}\index{break@©break©!labelled}\index{labelled!break@©break©} with a target label to support static multi-level exit\index{multi-level exit}\index{static multi-level exit}~\cite{Buhr85}, as in Java.
    808922For both ©continue© and ©break©, the target label must be directly associated with a ©for©, ©while© or ©do© statement;
    809923for ©break©, the target label can also be associated with a ©switch©, ©if© or compound (©{}©) statement.
    … …  
    8901004\end{figure}
    8911005
    892 Both labelled ©continue© and ©break© are a ©goto©\index{goto@\lstinline@goto@!restricted} restricted in the following ways:
     1006Both labelled ©continue© and ©break© are a ©goto©\index{goto@©goto©!restricted} restricted in the following ways:
    8931007\begin{itemize}
    8941008\item
    … …  
    23452459        int bar( int p ) {
    23462460                ®i® += 1;                               §\C{// dependent on local variable}§
    2347                 sout | ®i® | endl;
     2461                sout | ®i®;
    23482462        }
    23492463        return bar;                                     §\C{// undefined because of local dependence}§
    … …  
    23512465int main() {
    23522466        * [int]( int ) fp = foo();      §\C{// int (* fp)( int )}§
    2353         sout | fp( 3 ) | endl;
     2467        sout | fp( 3 );
    23542468}
    23552469\end{cfa}
    … …  
    31173231\begin{cfa}
    31183232int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3;
    3119 sout | x ®|® y ®|® z | endl;
     3233sout | x ®|® y ®|® z;
    31203234\end{cfa}
    31213235&
    … …  
    31383252\begin{cfa}
    31393253[int, [ int, int ] ] t1 = [ 1, [ 2, 3 ] ], t2 = [ 4, [ 5, 6 ] ];
    3140 sout | t1 | t2 | endl;                                  §\C{// print tuples}§
     3254sout | t1 | t2;                                         §\C{// print tuples}§
    31413255\end{cfa}
    31423256\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    … …  
    31503264&
    31513265\begin{cfa}
    3152 sout | x * 3 | y + 1 | z << 2 | x == y | (x | y) | (x || y) | (x > z ? 1 : 2) | endl;
     3266sout | x * 3 | y + 1 | z << 2 | x == y | (x | y) | (x || y) | (x > z ? 1 : 2);
    31533267\end{cfa}
    31543268\\
    … …  
    31763290A separator does not appear at the start or end of a line.
    31773291\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3178 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
     3292sout | 1 | 2 | 3;
    31793293\end{cfa}
    31803294\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    31853299A separator does not appear before or after a character literal or variable.
    31863300\begin{cfa}
    3187 sout | '1' | '2' | '3' | endl;
     3301sout | '1' | '2' | '3';
    31883302123
    31893303\end{cfa}
    … …  
    31923306A separator does not appear before or after a null (empty) C string.
    31933307\begin{cfa}
    3194 sout | 1 | "" | 2 | "" | 3 | endl;
     3308sout | 1 | "" | 2 | "" | 3;
    31953309123
    31963310\end{cfa}
    … …  
    32023316\begin{cfa}[mathescape=off]
    32033317sout | "x (" | 1 | "x [" | 2 | "x {" | 3 | "x =" | 4 | "x $" | 5 | "x £" | 6 | "x ¥"
    3204                 | 7 | "x ¡" | 8 | "x ¿" | 9 | "x «" | 10 | endl;
     3318                | 7 | "x ¡" | 8 | "x ¿" | 9 | "x «" | 10;
    32053319\end{cfa}
    32063320%$
    … …  
    32163330\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    32173331sout | 1 | ", x" | 2 | ". x" | 3 | "; x" | 4 | "! x" | 5 | "? x" | 6 | "% x"
    3218                 | 7 | "¢ x" | 8 | "» x" | 9 | ") x" | 10 | "] x" | 11 | "} x" | endl;
     3332                | 7 | "¢ x" | 8 | "» x" | 9 | ") x" | 10 | "] x" | 11 | "} x";
    32193333\end{cfa}
    32203334\begin{cfa}[basicstyle=\tt,showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32263340A seperator does not appear before or after a C string begining/ending with the \Index*{ASCII} quote or whitespace characters: \lstinline[basicstyle=\tt,showspaces=true]@`'": \t\v\f\r\n@
    32273341\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3228 sout | "x`" | 1 | "`x'" | 2 | "'x\"" | 3 | "\"x:" | 4 | ":x " | 5 | " x\t" | 6 | "\tx" | endl;
     3342sout | "x`" | 1 | "`x'" | 2 | "'x\"" | 3 | "\"x:" | 4 | ":x " | 5 | " x\t" | 6 | "\tx";
    32293343\end{cfa}
    32303344\begin{cfa}[basicstyle=\tt,showspaces=true,showtabs=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32353349If a space is desired before or after one of the special string start/end characters, simply insert a space.
    32363350\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3237 sout | "x (§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§" | 1 | "§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§) x" | 2 | "§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§, x" | 3 | "§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§:x:§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§" | 4 | endl;
     3351sout | "x (§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§" | 1 | "§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§) x" | 2 | "§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§, x" | 3 | "§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§:x:§\color{red}\texttt{\textvisiblespace}§" | 4;
    32383352\end{cfa}
    32393353\begin{cfa}[basicstyle=\tt,showspaces=true,showtabs=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32523366\begin{cfa}[mathescape=off,belowskip=0pt]
    32533367sepSet( sout, ", $" );                                          §\C{// set separator from " " to ", \$"}§
    3254 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | ®sep® | "\"" | endl;
     3368sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | ®sep® | "\"";
    32553369\end{cfa}
    32563370%$
    … …  
    32613375\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    32623376sepSet( sout, " " );                                            §\C{// reset separator to " "}§
    3263 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | ®sepGet( sout )® | "\"" | endl;
     3377sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | ®sepGet( sout )® | "\"";
    32643378\end{cfa}
    32653379\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32713385strcpy( store, sepGet( sout ) );                          §\C{// copy current separator}§
    32723386sepSet( sout, "_" );                                            §\C{// change separator to underscore}§
    3273 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
     3387sout | 1 | 2 | 3;
    32743388\end{cfa}
    32753389\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32783392\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    32793393sepSet( sout, store );                                          §\C{// change separator back to original}§
    3280 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
     3394sout | 1 | 2 | 3;
    32813395\end{cfa}
    32823396\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32893403\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    32903404sepSetTuple( sout, " " );                                       §\C{// set tuple separator from ", " to " "}§
    3291 sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | ®sepTuple® | "\"" | endl;
     3405sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | ®sepTuple® | "\"";
    32923406\end{cfa}
    32933407\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    … …  
    32963410\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    32973411sepSetTuple( sout, ", " );                                      §\C{// reset tuple separator to ", "}§
    3298 sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | ®sepGetTuple( sout )® | "\"" | endl;
     3412sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | ®sepGetTuple( sout )® | "\"";
    32993413\end{cfa}
    33003414\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33063420Manipulators \Indexc{sepDisable}\index{manipulator!sepDisable@©sepDisable©} and \Indexc{sepEnable}\index{manipulator!sepEnable@©sepEnable©} \emph{globally} toggle printing the separator, \ie the seperator is adjusted with respect to all subsequent printed items.
    33073421\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3308 sout | sepDisable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;           §\C{// globally turn off implicit separator}§
     3422sout | sepDisable | 1 | 2 | 3;                  §\C{// globally turn off implicit separator}§
    33093423\end{cfa}
    33103424\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33123426\end{cfa}
    33133427\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3314 sout | sepEnable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;            §\C{// globally turn on implicit separator}§
     3428sout | sepEnable | 1 | 2 | 3;           §\C{// globally turn on implicit separator}§
    33153429\end{cfa}
    33163430\begin{cfa}[mathescape=off,showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33213435Manipulators \Indexc{sepOn}\index{manipulator!sepOn@©sepOn©} and \Indexc{sepOff}\index{manipulator!sepOff@©sepOff©} \emph{locally} toggle printing the separator, \ie the seperator is adjusted only with respect to the next printed item.
    33223436\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3323 sout | 1 | sepOff | 2 | 3 | endl;                       §\C{// locally turn off implicit separator}§
     3437sout | 1 | sepOff | 2 | 3;                      §\C{// locally turn off implicit separator}§
    33243438\end{cfa}
    33253439\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33273441\end{cfa}
    33283442\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3329 sout | sepDisable | 1 | sepOn | 2 | 3 | endl; §\C{// locally turn on implicit separator}§
     3443sout | sepDisable | 1 | sepOn | 2 | 3; §\C{// locally turn on implicit separator}§
    33303444\end{cfa}
    33313445\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33343448The tuple separator also responses to being turned on and off.
    33353449\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3336 sout | t1 | sepOff | t2 | endl;                         §\C{// locally turn on/off implicit separator}§
     3450sout | t1 | sepOff | t2;                                §\C{// locally turn on/off implicit separator}§
    33373451\end{cfa}
    33383452\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33423456use ©sep© to accomplish this functionality.
    33433457\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3344 sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | endl ;       §\C{// sepOn does nothing at start/end of line}§
     3458sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn;       §\C{// sepOn does nothing at start/end of line}§
    33453459\end{cfa}
    33463460\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33483462\end{cfa}
    33493463\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3350 sout | sep | 1 | 2 | 3 | sep | endl ;           §\C{// use sep to print separator at start/end of line}§
     3464sout | sep | 1 | 2 | 3 | sep ;          §\C{// use sep to print separator at start/end of line}§
    33513465\end{cfa}
    33523466\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    33613475int main( void ) {
    33623476        int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3;
    3363         sout | x | y | z | endl;
     3477        sout | x | y | z;
    33643478        [int, [ int, int ] ] t1 = [ 1, [ 2, 3 ] ], t2 = [ 4, [ 5, 6 ] ];
    3365         sout | t1 | t2 | endl;                                          // print tuples
    3366         sout | x * 3 | y + 1 | z << 2 | x == y | (x | y) | (x || y) | (x > z ? 1 : 2) | endl;
    3367         sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
    3368         sout | '1' | '2' | '3' | endl;
    3369         sout | 1 | "" | 2 | "" | 3 | endl;
     3479        sout | t1 | t2;                                         // print tuples
     3480        sout | x * 3 | y + 1 | z << 2 | x == y | (x | y) | (x || y) | (x > z ? 1 : 2);
     3481        sout | 1 | 2 | 3;
     3482        sout | '1' | '2' | '3';
     3483        sout | 1 | "" | 2 | "" | 3;
    33703484        sout | "x (" | 1 | "x [" | 2 | "x {" | 3 | "x =" | 4 | "x $" | 5 | "x £" | 6 | "x ¥"
    3371                 | 7 | "x ¡" | 8 | "x ¿" | 9 | "x «" | 10 | endl;
     3485                | 7 | "x ¡" | 8 | "x ¿" | 9 | "x «" | 10;
    33723486        sout | 1 | ", x" | 2 | ". x" | 3 | "; x" | 4 | "! x" | 5 | "? x" | 6 | "% x"
    3373                 | 7 | "¢ x" | 8 | "» x" | 9 | ") x" | 10 | "] x" | 11 | "} x" | endl;
    3374         sout | "x`" | 1 | "`x'" | 2 | "'x\"" | 3 | "\"x:" | 4 | ":x " | 5 | " x\t" | 6 | "\tx" | endl;
    3375         sout | "x ( " | 1 | " ) x" | 2 | " , x" | 3 | " :x: " | 4 | endl;
     3487                | 7 | "¢ x" | 8 | "» x" | 9 | ") x" | 10 | "] x" | 11 | "} x";
     3488        sout | "x`" | 1 | "`x'" | 2 | "'x\"" | 3 | "\"x:" | 4 | ":x " | 5 | " x\t" | 6 | "\tx";
     3489        sout | "x ( " | 1 | " ) x" | 2 | " , x" | 3 | " :x: " | 4;
    33763490
    33773491        sepSet( sout, ", $" );                                          // set separator from " " to ", $"
    3378         sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | sep | "\"" | endl;
     3492        sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | sep | "\"";
    33793493        sepSet( sout, " " );                                            // reset separator to " "
    3380         sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | sepGet( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
     3494        sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | sepGet( sout ) | "\"";
    33813495
    33823496        char store[sepSize];
    33833497        strcpy( store, sepGet( sout ) );
    33843498        sepSet( sout, "_" );
    3385         sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
     3499        sout | 1 | 2 | 3;
    33863500        sepSet( sout, store );
    3387         sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
     3501        sout | 1 | 2 | 3;
    33883502
    33893503        sepSetTuple( sout, " " );                                       // set tuple separator from ", " to " "
    3390         sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | sepTuple | "\"" | endl;
     3504        sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | sepTuple | "\"";
    33913505        sepSetTuple( sout, ", " );                                      // reset tuple separator to ", "
    3392         sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | sepGetTuple( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
    3393 
    3394         sout | sepDisable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;           // globally turn off implicit separator
    3395         sout | sepEnable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;            // globally turn on implicit separator
    3396 
    3397         sout | 1 | sepOff | 2 | 3 | endl;                       // locally turn on implicit separator
    3398         sout | sepDisable | 1 | sepOn | 2 | 3 | endl; // globally turn off implicit separator
     3506        sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | sepGetTuple( sout ) | "\"";
     3507
     3508        sout | sepDisable | 1 | 2 | 3;          // globally turn off implicit separator
     3509        sout | sepEnable | 1 | 2 | 3;           // globally turn on implicit separator
     3510
     3511        sout | 1 | sepOff | 2 | 3;                      // locally turn on implicit separator
     3512        sout | sepDisable | 1 | sepOn | 2 | 3; // globally turn off implicit separator
    33993513        sout | sepEnable;
    3400         sout | t1 | sepOff | t2 | endl;                         // locally turn on/off implicit separator
    3401 
    3402         sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | endl ;       // sepOn does nothing at start/end of line
    3403         sout | sep | 1 | 2 | 3 | sep | endl ;           // use sep to print separator at start/end of line
     3514        sout | t1 | sepOff | t2;                                // locally turn on/off implicit separator
     3515
     3516        sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn ;      // sepOn does nothing at start/end of line
     3517        sout | sep | 1 | 2 | 3 | sep ;          // use sep to print separator at start/end of line
    34043518}
    34053519
    … …  
    40664180        Fibonacci f1, f2;
    40674181        for ( int i = 1; i <= 10; i += 1 ) {
    4068                 sout | next( &f1 ) | ' ' | next( &f2 ) | endl;
     4182                sout | next( &f1 ) | ' ' | next( &f2 );
    40694183        } // for
    40704184}
    … …  
    41324246                MyThread f[4];
    41334247        }
    4134         sout | global.value | endl;
     4248        sout | global.value;
    41354249}
    41364250\end{cfa}
    … …  
    42104324void main( First * this ) {
    42114325        for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i += 1 ) {
    4212                 sout | "First : Suspend No." | i + 1 | endl;
     4326                sout | "First : Suspend No." | i + 1;
    42134327                yield();
    42144328        }
    … …  
    42194333        wait( this->lock );
    42204334        for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i += 1 ) {
    4221                 sout | "Second : Suspend No." | i + 1 | endl;
     4335                sout | "Second : Suspend No." | i + 1;
    42224336                yield();
    42234337        }
    … …  
    42264340int main( void ) {
    42274341        signal_once lock;
    4228         sout | "User main begin" | endl;
     4342        sout | "User main begin";
    42294343        {
    42304344                processor p;
    … …  
    42344348                }
    42354349        }
    4236         sout | "User main end" | endl;
     4350        sout | "User main end";
    42374351}
    42384352\end{cfa}
    … …  
    49315045void ?{}( Line * l ) {
    49325046        l->lnth = 0.0;
    4933         sout | "default" | endl;
     5047        sout | "default";
    49345048}
    49355049
    … …  
    49385052void ?{}( Line * l, float lnth ) {
    49395053        l->lnth = lnth;
    4940         sout | "lnth" | l->lnth | endl;
     5054        sout | "lnth" | l->lnth;
    49415055
    49425056}
    … …  
    49445058// destructor
    49455059void ^?() {
    4946         sout | "destroyed" | endl;
     5060        sout | "destroyed";
    49475061        l.lnth = 0.0;
    49485062}
    … …  
    56905804In particular, output of ©char© variable now print a character rather than the decimal ASCII value of the character.
    56915805\begin{cfa}
    5692 sout | 'x' | " " | (int)'x' | endl;
     5806sout | 'x' | " " | (int)'x';
    56935807x 120
    56945808\end{cfa}
    … …  
    69207034#include <gmp>§\indexc{gmp}§
    69217035int main( void ) {
    6922         sout | "Factorial Numbers" | endl;
     7036        sout | "Factorial Numbers";
    69237037        Int fact = 1;
    69247038
    6925         sout | 0 | fact | endl;
     7039        sout | 0 | fact;
    69267040        for ( unsigned int i = 1; i <= 40; i += 1 ) {
    69277041                fact *= i;
    6928                 sout | i | fact | endl;
     7042                sout | i | fact;
    69297043        }
    69307044}
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