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parser.yy @ 66f8528

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Last change on this file since 66f8528 was a7741435, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 7 years ago
fix empty assignment_opt allocation
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 105.8 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Dec 14 21:28:22 2016
13	// Update Count : 2090
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68	%}
69
70	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
71
72	// keywords
73	%token TYPEDEF
74	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
75	%token INLINE // C99
76	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
77	%token CONST VOLATILE
78	%token RESTRICT // C99
79	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
80	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED ZERO_T ONE_T
81	%token VALIST // GCC
82	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
83	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
84	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
85	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
86	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
87	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
88	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
89	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
90	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
91	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
92
93	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
94	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
95	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
96	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
97	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
98	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
99	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
100	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
101	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
102
103	// multi-character operators
104	%token ARROW // ->
105	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
106	%token LS RS // << >>
107	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
108	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
109	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
110
111	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
112	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
113	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
114	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
115
116	%token ATassign // @=
117
118	// Types declaration
119	%union
120	{
121	Token tok;
122	ParseNode *pn;
123	ExpressionNode *en;
124	DeclarationNode *decl;
125	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
126	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
127	StatementNode *sn;
128	ConstantExpr *constant;
129	ForCtl *fctl;
130	LabelNode *label;
131	InitializerNode *in;
132	OperKinds op;
133	std::string *str;
134	bool flag;
135	}
136
137	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
138	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
139	%type<constant> string_literal
140	%type<str> string_literal_list
141
142	// expressions
143	%type<en> constant
144	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
145	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
146	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
147	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
148	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
149	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
150	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
151	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
152	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
153	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
154	%type<en> subrange
155	%type<constant> asm_name_opt
156	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
157	%type<label> label_list
158	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
159	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
160
161	// statements
162	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
163	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
164	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
165	%type<sn> statement statement_list
166	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
167	%type<sn> case_clause
168	%type<en> case_value
169	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
170	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
171	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
172
173	// declarations
174	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
175	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
176	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
177
178	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
179	%type<decl> aggregate_name
180
181	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
182
183	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
184
185	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
186
187	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
188
189	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
190
191	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
192	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
193
194	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
195
196	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
197	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
198
199	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
200
201	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
202	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
203
204	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
205
206	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
207	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
208
209	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
210	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
211	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
212
213	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
214
215	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
216	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
217
218	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
219	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
220
221	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
222
223	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
224
225	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
226	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
227
228	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
229	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
230
231	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
232
233	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
234
235	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
236
237	%type<tclass> type_class
238	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
239
240	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
241	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
242	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
243	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
244
245	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
246	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
247
248	%type<en> type_name_list
249
250	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
251
252	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
253	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
254
255	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
256
257	// initializers
258	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
259
260	// designators
261	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
262
263
264	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
265	// is ambiguous:
266	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
267	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
268	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
269
270	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
271	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
272
273	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
274
275	%%
276	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
277
278	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
279	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
280	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
281	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
282	//
283	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
284	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
285	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
286	//
287	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
288	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
289	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
290	//
291	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
292	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
293	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
294	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
295	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
296	//
297	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
298	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
299	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
300	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
301	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
302	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
303	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
304
305	push:
306	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
307	;
308
309	pop:
310	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
311	;
312
313	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
314
315	constant:
316	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
317	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
318	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
319	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
320	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
321	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
322	;
323
324	identifier:
325	IDENTIFIER
326	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
327	\| zero_one // CFA
328	;
329
330	no_01_identifier:
331	IDENTIFIER
332	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
333	;
334
335	no_attr_identifier:
336	IDENTIFIER
337	\| zero_one // CFA
338	;
339
340	zero_one: // CFA
341	ZERO
342	\| ONE
343	;
344
345	string_literal:
346	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
347	;
348
349	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
350	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
351	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
352	{
353	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
354	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
355	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
356	}
357	;
358
359	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
360
361	primary_expression:
362	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
363	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
364	\| zero_one
365	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ) ); }
366	\| tuple
367	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
368	{ $$ = $2; }
369	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
370	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
371	;
372
373	postfix_expression:
374	primary_expression
375	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
376	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
377	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
378	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
379	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
380	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
381	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
382	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
383	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
384	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
385	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
386	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
387	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
388	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
389	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
390	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
391	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
392	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
393	\| postfix_expression ICR
394	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
395	\| postfix_expression DECR
396	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
397	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
398	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
399	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
400	{
401	Token fn;
402	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
403	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
404	}
405	;
406
407	argument_expression_list:
408	argument_expression
409	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
410	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
411	;
412
413	argument_expression:
414	// empty
415	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
416	\| assignment_expression
417	;
418
419	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
420	field
421	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
422	;
423
424	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
425	field_name
426	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
428	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
429	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
430	\| field_name '.' field
431	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
432	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
433	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
434	\| field_name ARROW field
435	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
436	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
437	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
438	;
439
440	field_name:
441	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
442	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
443	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
444	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
445	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
446	{
447	if( ($1) == "0" \|\| ($1) == "1" ) {
448	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ), $2 ) );
449	} else {
450	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
451	}
452	}
453	;
454
455	fraction_constants:
456	// empty
457	{ $$ = nullptr; }
458	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
459	{
460	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
461	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
462	}
463	;
464
465	unary_expression:
466	postfix_expression
467	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
468	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
469	\| constant
470	{ $$ = $1; }
471	\| string_literal
472	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
473	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
474	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
475	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
476	// { * X; } // dereference X
477	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
478	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
479	{
480	switch ( $1 ) {
481	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
482	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
483	break;
484	case OperKinds::PointTo:
485	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
486	break;
487	default:
488	assert( false );
489	}
490	}
491	\| unary_operator cast_expression
492	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
493	\| ICR unary_expression
494	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
495	\| DECR unary_expression
496	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
497	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
498	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
499	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
500	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
501	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
502	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
503	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
504	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
505	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
506	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
507	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
508	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
509	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
510	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
511	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
512	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
513	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
514	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
515	;
516
517	ptrref_operator:
518	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
519	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
520	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
521	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
522	;
523
524	unary_operator:
525	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
526	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
527	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
528	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
529	;
530
531	cast_expression:
532	unary_expression
533	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
534	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
535	// \| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
536	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
537	;
538
539	multiplicative_expression:
540	cast_expression
541	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
542	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
543	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
544	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
545	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
546	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
547	;
548
549	additive_expression:
550	multiplicative_expression
551	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
552	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
553	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
554	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
555	;
556
557	shift_expression:
558	additive_expression
559	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
560	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
561	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
562	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
563	;
564
565	relational_expression:
566	shift_expression
567	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
568	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
569	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
570	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
571	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
573	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
575	;
576
577	equality_expression:
578	relational_expression
579	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
580	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
581	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	;
584
585	AND_expression:
586	equality_expression
587	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
589	;
590
591	exclusive_OR_expression:
592	AND_expression
593	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
594	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
595	;
596
597	inclusive_OR_expression:
598	exclusive_OR_expression
599	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	;
602
603	logical_AND_expression:
604	inclusive_OR_expression
605	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
607	;
608
609	logical_OR_expression:
610	logical_AND_expression
611	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
613	;
614
615	conditional_expression:
616	logical_OR_expression
617	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
618	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
619	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
620	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
621	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
622	// \| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
623	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	constant_expression:
627	conditional_expression
628	;
629
630	assignment_expression:
631	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
632	conditional_expression
633	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
634	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
635	// \| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
636	// { $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
637	;
638
639	assignment_expression_opt:
640	// empty
641	{ $$ = nullptr; }
642	\| assignment_expression
643	;
644
645	assignment_operator:
646	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
647	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
648	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
649	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
650	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
651	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
652	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
653	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
654	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
655	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
656	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
657	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
658	;
659
660	tuple: // CFA, tuple
661	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
662	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
663	// '[' ']'
664	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
665	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
666	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
667	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
669	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
671	;
672
673	tuple_expression_list:
674	assignment_expression_opt
675	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
676	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
677	;
678
679	comma_expression:
680	assignment_expression
681	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
683	;
684
685	comma_expression_opt:
686	// empty
687	{ $$ = nullptr; }
688	\| comma_expression
689	;
690
691	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
692
693	statement:
694	labeled_statement
695	\| compound_statement
696	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
697	\| selection_statement
698	\| iteration_statement
699	\| jump_statement
700	\| exception_statement
701	\| asm_statement
702	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
703	{
704	Token fn;
705	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
706	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
707	}
708	;
709
710	labeled_statement:
711	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
712	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
713	{
714	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
715	}
716	;
717
718	compound_statement:
719	'{' '}'
720	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
721	\| '{'
722	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
723	// requires its own scope.
724	push push
725	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
726	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
727	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
728	;
729
730	block_item_list: // C99
731	block_item
732	\| block_item_list push block_item
733	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
734	;
735
736	block_item:
737	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
738	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
739	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
740	{ // mark all fields in list
741	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
742	iter->set_extension( true );
743	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
744	}
745	\| function_definition
746	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
747	\| statement pop
748	;
749
750	statement_list:
751	statement
752	\| statement_list statement
753	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
754	;
755
756	expression_statement:
757	comma_expression_opt ';'
758	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
759	;
760
761	selection_statement:
762	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
763	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
764	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
765	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
766	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
767	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
768	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
769	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
770	{
771	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
772	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
773	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
774	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
775	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
776	// statement.
777	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
778	}
779	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
780	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
781	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
782	{
783	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
784	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
785	}
786	;
787
788	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
789	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
790
791	case_value: // CFA
792	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
793	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
794	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
795	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
796	;
797
798	case_value_list: // CFA
799	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
800	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
801	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
802	;
803
804	case_label: // CFA
805	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
806	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
807	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
808	;
809
810	case_label_list: // CFA
811	case_label
812	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
813	;
814
815	case_clause: // CFA
816	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
817	;
818
819	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
820	// empty
821	{ $$ = nullptr; }
822	\| switch_clause_list
823	;
824
825	switch_clause_list: // CFA
826	case_label_list statement_list
827	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
828	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
829	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
830	;
831
832	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
833	// empty
834	{ $$ = nullptr; }
835	\| choose_clause_list
836	;
837
838	choose_clause_list: // CFA
839	case_label_list fall_through
840	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
841	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
842	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
843	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
844	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
845	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
846	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
847	;
848
849	fall_through_opt: // CFA
850	// empty
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
852	\| fall_through
853	;
854
855	fall_through: // CFA
856	FALLTHRU
857	{ $$ = nullptr; }
858	\| FALLTHRU ';'
859	{ $$ = nullptr; }
860	;
861
862	iteration_statement:
863	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
864	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
865	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
866	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
867	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
868	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
869	;
870
871	for_control_expression:
872	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
873	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
874	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
875	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
876	;
877
878	jump_statement:
879	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
880	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
881	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
882	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
883	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
884	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
885	\| CONTINUE ';'
886	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
887	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
888	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
889	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
890	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
891	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
892	\| BREAK ';'
893	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
894	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
895	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
896	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
897	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
898	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
899	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
900	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
901	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
902	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
903	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
904	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
905	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
906	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
907	;
908
909	exception_statement:
910	TRY compound_statement handler_list
911	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
912	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
913	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
914	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
915	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
916	;
917
918	handler_list:
919	handler_clause
920	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
921	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
922	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
923	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
924	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
925	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
926	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
927	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
928	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
929	;
930
931	handler_clause:
932	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
934	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
935	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
936	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
938	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
939	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
940	;
941
942	finally_clause:
943	FINALLY compound_statement
944	{
945	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
946	}
947	;
948
949	exception_declaration:
950	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
951	//
952	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
953	//
954	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
955	type_specifier
956	\| type_specifier declarator
957	{
958	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
959	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
960	}
961	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
962	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
963	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
964	{
965	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
966	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
967	}
968	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
969	;
970
971	asm_statement:
972	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
973	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
974	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
975	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
976	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
977	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
978	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
979	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
980	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
981	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
982	;
983
984	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
985	// empty
986	{ $$ = false; }
987	\| VOLATILE
988	{ $$ = true; }
989	;
990
991	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
992	// empty
993	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
994	\| asm_operands_list
995	;
996
997	asm_operands_list: // GCC
998	asm_operand
999	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1000	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1001	;
1002
1003	asm_operand: // GCC
1004	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1005	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1006	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1007	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1008	;
1009
1010	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1011	// empty
1012	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1013	\| string_literal
1014	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1015	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1016	// set_last return ParseNode *
1017	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1018	;
1019
1020	label_list:
1021	no_attr_identifier
1022	{
1023	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1024	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1025	}
1026	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1027	{
1028	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1029	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1030	}
1031	;
1032
1033	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1034
1035	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1036	pop
1037	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1038	\| declaration_list
1039	;
1040
1041	declaration_list:
1042	declaration
1043	\| declaration_list push declaration
1044	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1045	;
1046
1047	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1048	pop
1049	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1050	\| old_declaration_list
1051	;
1052
1053	old_declaration_list:
1054	old_declaration
1055	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1056	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1057	;
1058
1059	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1060	// empty
1061	\| local_label_declaration_list
1062	;
1063
1064	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1065	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1066	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1067	;
1068
1069	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1070	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1071	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1072	;
1073
1074	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1075	new_declaration
1076	\| old_declaration
1077	;
1078
1079	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1080	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1081	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1082	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1083	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1084	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1085	//
1086	// CFA C
1087	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1088	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1089
1090	new_declaration: // CFA
1091	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1092	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1093	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1094	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1095	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1096	;
1097
1098	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1099	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1100	{
1101	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1102	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1103	}
1104	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1105	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1106	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1107	{
1108	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1109	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1110	}
1111	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1112	{
1113	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1114	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1115	}
1116	;
1117
1118	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1119	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1120	// storage-class
1121	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1122	{
1123	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1124	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1125	}
1126	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1127	{
1128	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1129	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1130	}
1131	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1132	{
1133	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1134	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1135	}
1136	;
1137
1138	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1139	new_function_specifier
1140	{
1141	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1142	$$ = $1;
1143	}
1144	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1145	{
1146	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1147	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1148	}
1149	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1150	{
1151	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1152	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1153	}
1154	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1155	{
1156	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1157	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1158	}
1159	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1160	{
1161	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1162	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1163	}
1164	;
1165
1166	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1167	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1168	// {
1169	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1170	// }
1171	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1172	// {
1173	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1174	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1175	// }
1176	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1177	// {
1178	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1179	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1180	// }
1181	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1182	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1183	//
1184	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1185	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1186	//
1187	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1188	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1189	new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1190	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1191	{
1192	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1193	}
1194	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1195	{
1196	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1197	}
1198	;
1199
1200	new_function_return: // CFA
1201	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1202	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1203	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1204	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1205	// ']'.
1206	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1207	;
1208
1209	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1210	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1211	{
1212	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1213	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1214	}
1215	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1216	{
1217	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1218	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1219	}
1220	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1221	{
1222	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1223	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1224	}
1225	;
1226
1227	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1228	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1229
1230	typedef_declaration:
1231	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1232	{
1233	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1234	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1235	}
1236	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1237	{
1238	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1239	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1240	}
1241	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1242	{
1243	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1244	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1245	}
1246	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1247	{
1248	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1249	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1250	}
1251	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1252	{
1253	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1254	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1255	}
1256	;
1257
1258	typedef_expression:
1259	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1260	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1261	{
1262	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1263	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1264	}
1265	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1266	{
1267	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1268	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1269	}
1270	;
1271
1272	old_declaration:
1273	declaring_list pop ';'
1274	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1275	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1276	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1277	;
1278
1279	declaring_list:
1280	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1281	// storage-class
1282	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1283	{
1284	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1285	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1286	}
1287	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1288	{
1289	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1290	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1291	}
1292	;
1293
1294	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1295	basic_declaration_specifier
1296	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1297	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1298	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1299	;
1300
1301	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1302	basic_type_specifier
1303	\| sue_type_specifier
1304	\| typedef_type_specifier
1305	\| typegen_type_specifier
1306	;
1307
1308	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1309	// empty
1310	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1311	\| type_qualifier_list
1312	;
1313
1314	type_qualifier_list:
1315	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1316	//
1317	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1318	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1319	// appeared only once.
1320	type_qualifier
1321	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1322	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1323	;
1324
1325	type_qualifier:
1326	type_qualifier_name
1327	\| attribute
1328	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1329	;
1330
1331	type_qualifier_name:
1332	CONST
1333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1334	\| RESTRICT
1335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1336	\| VOLATILE
1337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1338	\| LVALUE // CFA
1339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1340	\| ATOMIC
1341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1342	\| FORALL '('
1343	{
1344	typedefTable.enterScope();
1345	}
1346	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1347	{
1348	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1349	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1350	}
1351	;
1352
1353	declaration_qualifier_list:
1354	storage_class_list
1355	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1356	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1357	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1358	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1359	;
1360
1361	storage_class_list:
1362	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1363	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1364	//
1365	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1366	// specifiers in a declaration.
1367	storage_class
1368	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1369	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1370	;
1371
1372	storage_class:
1373	EXTERN
1374	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1375	\| STATIC
1376	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1377	\| AUTO
1378	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1379	\| REGISTER
1380	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1381	\| INLINE // C99
1382	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1383	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isInline = true; }
1384	\| FORTRAN // C99
1385	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1386	\| NORETURN // C11
1387	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1388	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isNoreturn = true; }
1389	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1390	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1391	;
1392
1393	basic_type_name:
1394	CHAR
1395	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1396	\| DOUBLE
1397	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1398	\| FLOAT
1399	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1400	\| INT
1401	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1402	\| LONG
1403	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1404	\| SHORT
1405	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1406	\| SIGNED
1407	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1408	\| UNSIGNED
1409	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1410	\| VOID
1411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1412	\| BOOL // C99
1413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1414	\| COMPLEX // C99
1415	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1416	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1417	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1418	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1419	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1420	\| ZERO_T
1421	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1422	\| ONE_T
1423	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1424	;
1425
1426	basic_declaration_specifier:
1427	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1428	basic_type_specifier
1429	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1430	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1431	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1432	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1433	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1434	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1435	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1436	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1437	;
1438
1439	basic_type_specifier:
1440	direct_type_name
1441	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1442	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1443	;
1444
1445	direct_type_name:
1446	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1447	basic_type_name
1448	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1449	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1450	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1451	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1452	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1453	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1454	;
1455
1456	indirect_type_name:
1457	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1458	{ $$ = $3; }
1459	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1460	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1461	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1462	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1463	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1464	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1465	;
1466
1467	sue_declaration_specifier:
1468	sue_type_specifier
1469	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1470	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1471	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1472	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1473	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1474	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1475	;
1476
1477	sue_type_specifier:
1478	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1479	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1480	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1481	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1482	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1483	;
1484
1485	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1486	typedef_type_specifier
1487	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1488	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1489	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1490	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1491	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1492	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1493	;
1494
1495	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1496	TYPEDEFname
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1498	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1500	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1501	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1502	;
1503
1504	elaborated_type_name:
1505	aggregate_name
1506	\| enum_name
1507	;
1508
1509	aggregate_name:
1510	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1511	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, nullptr, $3, true ); }
1512	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1513	{
1514	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1515	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, nullptr, false );
1516	}
1517	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1518	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1519	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1520	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, $5, true ); }
1521	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1522	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $3, $6, false ); }
1523	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1524	{ $$ = $2; }
1525	;
1526
1527	aggregate_key:
1528	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1529	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1530	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1531	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1532	;
1533
1534	field_declaration_list:
1535	// empty
1536	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1537	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1538	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1539	;
1540
1541	field_declaration:
1542	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1543	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1544	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1545	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1546	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1547	{ // mark all fields in list
1548	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1549	iter->set_extension( true );
1550	$$ = $2;
1551	}
1552	;
1553
1554	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1555	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1556	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1557	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1558	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1559	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1560	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1561	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1562	;
1563
1564	field_declaring_list:
1565	type_specifier field_declarator
1566	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1567	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1568	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1569	;
1570
1571	field_declarator:
1572	// empty
1573	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1574	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1575	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1576	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1577	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1578	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1579	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1580	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1581	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1582	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1583	;
1584
1585	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1586	// empty
1587	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1588	\| bit_subrange_size
1589	{ $$ = $1; }
1590	;
1591
1592	bit_subrange_size:
1593	':' constant_expression
1594	{ $$ = $2; }
1595	;
1596
1597	enum_key:
1598	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1599	;
1600
1601	enum_name:
1602	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1603	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $3 ); }
1604	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1605	{
1606	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1607	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1608	}
1609	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1610	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1611	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1612	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1613	;
1614
1615	enumerator_list:
1616	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1618	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1619	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1620	;
1621
1622	enumerator_value_opt:
1623	// empty
1624	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1625	\| '=' constant_expression
1626	{ $$ = $2; }
1627	;
1628
1629	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1630
1631	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1632	// empty
1633	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1634	\| new_parameter_type_list
1635	;
1636
1637	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1638	new_abstract_parameter_list
1639	\| new_parameter_list
1640	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1641	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1642	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1643	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1644	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1645	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1646	;
1647
1648	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1649	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1650	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1651	new_parameter_declaration
1652	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1653	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1654	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1655	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1656	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1657	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1658	;
1659
1660	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1661	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1662	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1663	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1664	;
1665
1666	parameter_type_list_opt:
1667	// empty
1668	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1669	\| parameter_type_list
1670	;
1671
1672	parameter_type_list:
1673	parameter_list
1674	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1675	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1676	;
1677
1678	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1679	abstract_parameter_declaration
1680	\| parameter_declaration
1681	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1682	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1683	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1684	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1685	;
1686
1687	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1688	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1689
1690	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1691	parameter_declaration
1692	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1693	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1694	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1695	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1696	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1697	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1698	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1699	\| new_function_specifier
1700	;
1701
1702	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1703	abstract_parameter_declaration
1704	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1705	\| new_abstract_tuple
1706	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1707	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1708	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1709	\| new_abstract_function
1710	;
1711
1712	parameter_declaration:
1713	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1714	{
1715	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1716	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1717	}
1718	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1719	{
1720	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1721	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1722	}
1723	;
1724
1725	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1726	declaration_specifier
1727	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1728	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1729	;
1730
1731	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1732	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1733	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1734
1735	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1736	no_attr_identifier
1737	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1738	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1739	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1740	;
1741
1742	identifier_or_type_name:
1743	identifier
1744	\| TYPEDEFname
1745	\| TYPEGENname
1746	;
1747
1748	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1749	no_01_identifier
1750	\| TYPEDEFname
1751	\| TYPEGENname
1752	;
1753
1754	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1755	no_attr_identifier
1756	\| TYPEDEFname
1757	\| TYPEGENname
1758	;
1759
1760	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1761	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1762	\| type_specifier
1763	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1764	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1765	;
1766
1767	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1768	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1769	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1770	\| type_specifier
1771	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1772	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1773	;
1774
1775	initializer_opt:
1776	// empty
1777	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1778	\| '=' initializer
1779	{ $$ = $2; }
1780	\| ATassign initializer
1781	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1782	;
1783
1784	initializer:
1785	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1786	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1787	;
1788
1789	initializer_list:
1790	// empty
1791	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1792	\| initializer
1793	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1794	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1795	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1796	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1797	;
1798
1799	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1800	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1801	//
1802	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1803	//
1804	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1805	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1806	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1807	// shift/reduce conflicts
1808
1809	designation:
1810	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1811	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1812	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1813	;
1814
1815	designator_list: // C99
1816	designator
1817	\| designator_list designator
1818	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1819	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1820	;
1821
1822	designator:
1823	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1825	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1826	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1827	{ $$ = $3; }
1828	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1829	{ $$ = $3; }
1830	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1831	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1832	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1833	{ $$ = $4; }
1834	;
1835
1836	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1837	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1838	//
1839	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1840	//
1841	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1842	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1843	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1844	//
1845	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1846	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1847	//
1848	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1849	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1850	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1851	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1852	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1853
1854	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1855	typegen_type_specifier
1856	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1857	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1858	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1859	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1860	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1861	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1862	;
1863
1864	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1865	typegen_name
1866	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1867	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1868	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1869	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1870	;
1871
1872	typegen_name: // CFA
1873	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1874	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1875	;
1876
1877	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1878	type_parameter assignment_opt
1879	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1880	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1881	;
1882
1883	type_parameter: // CFA
1884	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1885	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1886	assertion_list_opt
1887	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1888	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1889	;
1890
1891	type_class: // CFA
1892	OTYPE
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
1894	\| DTYPE
1895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1896	\| FTYPE
1897	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1898	;
1899
1900	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1901	// empty
1902	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1903	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1904	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1905	;
1906
1907	assertion: // CFA
1908	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1909	{
1910	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1911	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1912	}
1913	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1914	{ $$ = $4; }
1915	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1916	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1917	;
1918
1919	type_name_list: // CFA
1920	type_name
1921	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1922	\| assignment_expression
1923	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1924	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1925	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1926	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1927	;
1928
1929	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1930	OTYPE type_declarator
1931	{ $$ = $2; }
1932	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1933	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1934	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1935	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1936	;
1937
1938	type_declarator: // CFA
1939	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1940	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1941	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1942	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1943	;
1944
1945	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1946	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1947	{
1948	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1949	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1950	}
1951	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1952	{
1953	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1954	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1955	}
1956	;
1957
1958	trait_specifier: // CFA
1959	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1960	{
1961	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1962	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1963	}
1964	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1965	{
1966	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1967	typedefTable.enterScope();
1968	}
1969	trait_declaration_list '}'
1970	{
1971	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1972	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1973	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1974	}
1975	;
1976
1977	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1978	trait_declaration
1979	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1980	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1981	;
1982
1983	trait_declaration: // CFA
1984	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1985	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1986	;
1987
1988	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1989	new_variable_specifier
1990	{
1991	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1992	$$ = $1;
1993	}
1994	\| new_function_specifier
1995	{
1996	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1997	$$ = $1;
1998	}
1999	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2000	{
2001	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2002	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2003	}
2004	;
2005
2006	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2007	type_specifier declarator
2008	{
2009	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2010	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2011	}
2012	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2013	{
2014	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2015	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2016	}
2017	;
2018
2019	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2020
2021	translation_unit:
2022	// empty
2023	{} // empty input file
2024	\| external_definition_list
2025	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2026	;
2027
2028	external_definition_list:
2029	external_definition
2030	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2031	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2032	;
2033
2034	external_definition_list_opt:
2035	// empty
2036	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2037	\| external_definition_list
2038	;
2039
2040	external_definition:
2041	declaration
2042	\| external_function_definition
2043	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
2044	{}
2045	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2046	{
2047	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2048	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2049	}
2050	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2051	{
2052	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2053	linkageStack.pop();
2054	$$ = $5;
2055	}
2056	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2057	{ // mark all fields in list
2058	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2059	iter->set_extension( true );
2060	$$ = $2;
2061	}
2062	;
2063
2064	external_function_definition:
2065	function_definition
2066	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2067	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2068	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2069	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2070	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2071	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2072	{
2073	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2074	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2075	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2076	}
2077	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2078	{
2079	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2080	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2081	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2082	}
2083	;
2084
2085	function_definition:
2086	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2087	{
2088	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2089	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2090	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2091	}
2092	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2093	{
2094	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2095	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2096	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2097	}
2098	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2099	{
2100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2101	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2102	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2103	}
2104	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2105	{
2106	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2107	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2108	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2109	}
2110	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2111	{
2112	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2113	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2114	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2115	}
2116
2117	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2118	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2119	{
2120	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2121	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2122	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2123	}
2124	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2125	{
2126	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2127	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2128	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2129	}
2130
2131	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2132	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2133	{
2134	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2135	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2136	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2137	}
2138	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2139	{
2140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2141	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2142	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2143	}
2144	;
2145
2146	declarator:
2147	variable_declarator
2148	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2149	\| function_declarator
2150	;
2151
2152	subrange:
2153	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2154	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2155	;
2156
2157	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2158	// empty
2159	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2160	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2161	{ $$ = $3; }
2162	;
2163
2164	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2165	// empty
2166	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2167	\| attribute_list
2168	;
2169
2170	attribute_list: // GCC
2171	attribute
2172	\| attribute_list attribute
2173	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2174	;
2175
2176	attribute: // GCC
2177	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2178	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2179	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2180	;
2181
2182	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2183	attrib
2184	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2185	;
2186
2187	attrib: // GCC
2188	// empty
2189	\| any_word
2190	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')' { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2191	;
2192
2193	any_word: // GCC
2194	identifier_or_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2195	\| storage_class { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2196	\| basic_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2197	\| type_qualifier { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2198	;
2199
2200	// ============================================================================
2201	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2202	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2203	// in:
2204	//
2205	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2206	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2207	//
2208	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2209	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2210	// ============================================================================
2211
2212	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2213	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2214	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2215	//
2216	// valid declaration invalid definition
2217	// ----------------- ------------------
2218	// int f; int f {}
2219	// int f; int f {}
2220	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2221	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2222	//
2223	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2224	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2225	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2226
2227	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2228	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2229
2230	variable_declarator:
2231	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2232	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2233	\| variable_ptr
2234	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2235	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2236	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2237	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2238	;
2239
2240	paren_identifier:
2241	identifier
2242	{
2243	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2244	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2245	}
2246	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2247	{ $$ = $2; }
2248	;
2249
2250	variable_ptr:
2251	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2252	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2253	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2254	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2255	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2256	{ $$ = $2; }
2257	;
2258
2259	variable_array:
2260	paren_identifier array_dimension
2261	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2262	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2263	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2264	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2265	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2266	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2267	{ $$ = $2; }
2268	;
2269
2270	variable_function:
2271	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2272	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2273	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2274	{ $$ = $2; }
2275	;
2276
2277	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2278	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2279	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2280
2281	function_declarator:
2282	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2283	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2284	\| function_ptr
2285	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2286	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2287	;
2288
2289	function_no_ptr:
2290	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2291	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2292	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2293	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2294	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2295	{ $$ = $2; }
2296	;
2297
2298	function_ptr:
2299	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2300	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2301	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2302	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2303	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2304	{ $$ = $2; }
2305	;
2306
2307	function_array:
2308	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2309	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2310	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2311	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2312	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2313	{ $$ = $2; }
2314	;
2315
2316	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2317	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2318	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2319
2320	old_function_declarator:
2321	old_function_no_ptr
2322	\| old_function_ptr
2323	\| old_function_array
2324	;
2325
2326	old_function_no_ptr:
2327	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2328	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2329	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2330	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2331	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2332	{ $$ = $2; }
2333	;
2334
2335	old_function_ptr:
2336	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2337	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2338	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2339	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2340	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2341	{ $$ = $2; }
2342	;
2343
2344	old_function_array:
2345	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2346	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2347	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2348	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2349	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2350	{ $$ = $2; }
2351	;
2352
2353	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2354	//
2355	// typedef int foo;
2356	// {
2357	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2358	// }
2359	//
2360	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2361	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2362
2363	variable_type_redeclarator:
2364	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2365	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2366	\| type_ptr
2367	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2368	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2369	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2370	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2371	;
2372
2373	paren_type:
2374	typedef
2375	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2376	{ $$ = $2; }
2377	;
2378
2379	type_ptr:
2380	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2381	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2382	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2383	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2384	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2385	{ $$ = $2; }
2386	;
2387
2388	type_array:
2389	paren_type array_dimension
2390	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2391	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2392	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2393	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2394	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2395	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2396	{ $$ = $2; }
2397	;
2398
2399	type_function:
2400	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2401	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2402	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2403	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2404	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2405	{ $$ = $2; }
2406	;
2407
2408	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2409	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2410	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2411	// arrays and functions.
2412
2413	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2414	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2415	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2416	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2417	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2418	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2419	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2420	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2421	;
2422
2423	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2424	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2425	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2426	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2427	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2428	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2429	{ $$ = $2; }
2430	;
2431
2432	identifier_parameter_array:
2433	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2434	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2435	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2436	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2437	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2438	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2439	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2440	{ $$ = $2; }
2441	;
2442
2443	identifier_parameter_function:
2444	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2445	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2446	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2447	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2448	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2449	{ $$ = $2; }
2450	;
2451
2452	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2453	// e.g.:
2454	//
2455	// typedef int foo;
2456	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2457	//
2458	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2459	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2460	//
2461	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2462	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2463	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2464	//
2465	// For example:
2466	//
2467	// typedef float T;
2468	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2469	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2470	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2471	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2472	//
2473	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2474	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2475	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2476	// functions.
2477
2478	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2479	typedef attribute_list_opt
2480	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2481	\| type_parameter_ptr
2482	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2483	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2484	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2485	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2486	;
2487
2488	typedef:
2489	TYPEDEFname
2490	{
2491	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2492	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2493	}
2494	\| TYPEGENname
2495	{
2496	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2497	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2498	}
2499	;
2500
2501	type_parameter_ptr:
2502	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2503	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2504	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2505	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2506	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2507	{ $$ = $2; }
2508	;
2509
2510	type_parameter_array:
2511	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2512	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2513	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2514	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2515	;
2516
2517	type_parameter_function:
2518	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2519	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2520	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2521	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2522	;
2523
2524	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2525	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2526	//
2527	// sizeof( int );
2528	// sizeof( int [10] );
2529	//
2530	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2531	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2532
2533	abstract_declarator:
2534	abstract_ptr
2535	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2536	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2537	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2538	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2539	;
2540
2541	abstract_ptr:
2542	ptrref_operator
2543	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2544	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2545	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2546	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2547	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2548	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2549	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2550	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2551	{ $$ = $2; }
2552	;
2553
2554	abstract_array:
2555	array_dimension
2556	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2557	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2558	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2559	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2560	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2561	{ $$ = $2; }
2562	;
2563
2564	abstract_function:
2565	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2566	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2567	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2568	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2569	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2570	{ $$ = $2; }
2571	;
2572
2573	array_dimension:
2574	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2575	'[' ']'
2576	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2577	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2579	\| multi_array_dimension
2580	;
2581
2582	multi_array_dimension:
2583	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2584	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2585	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2586	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2587	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2588	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2589	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2590	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2591	;
2592
2593	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2594	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2595	//
2596	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2597	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2598	//
2599	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2600	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2601
2602	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2603	abstract_parameter_ptr
2604	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2605	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2606	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2607	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2608	;
2609
2610	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2611	ptrref_operator
2612	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2613	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2614	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2615	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2616	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2617	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2618	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2619	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2620	{ $$ = $2; }
2621	;
2622
2623	abstract_parameter_array:
2624	array_parameter_dimension
2625	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2626	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2627	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2628	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2629	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2630	{ $$ = $2; }
2631	;
2632
2633	abstract_parameter_function:
2634	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2635	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2636	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2637	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2638	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2639	{ $$ = $2; }
2640	;
2641
2642	array_parameter_dimension:
2643	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2644	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2645	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2646	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2647	\| multi_array_dimension
2648	;
2649
2650	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2651	//
2652	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2653	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2654
2655	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2656	'[' ']'
2657	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2658	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2659	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2660	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2661	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2662	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2663	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2664	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2665	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2666	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2667	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2668	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2669	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2670	;
2671
2672	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2673	// e.g.:
2674	//
2675	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2676	//
2677	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2678	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2679
2680	variable_abstract_declarator:
2681	variable_abstract_ptr
2682	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2683	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2684	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2685	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2686	;
2687
2688	variable_abstract_ptr:
2689	ptrref_operator
2690	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2691	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2692	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2693	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2694	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2695	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2696	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2697	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2698	{ $$ = $2; }
2699	;
2700
2701	variable_abstract_array:
2702	array_dimension
2703	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2704	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2705	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2706	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2707	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2708	{ $$ = $2; }
2709	;
2710
2711	variable_abstract_function:
2712	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2713	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2714	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2715	{ $$ = $2; }
2716	;
2717
2718	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2719	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2720
2721	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2722	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2723	\| new_abstract_tuple
2724	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2725	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2726	;
2727
2728	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2729	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2730	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2731	;
2732
2733	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2734	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2735	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2736	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2737	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2738	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2739	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2740	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2741	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2742	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2743	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2744	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2745	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2746	;
2747
2748	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2749	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2750	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2751	'[' ']' type_specifier
2752	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2753	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2754	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2755	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2756	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2757	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2758	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2759	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2760	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2761
2762	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2763	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2764	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2765	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2766	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2767	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2768	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2769	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2770	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2771	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2772	;
2773
2774	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2775	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2776	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2777	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2778	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2779	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2780	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2781	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2782	// appear in this context.
2783	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2784	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2785	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2786	;
2787
2788	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2789	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2790	//
2791	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2792	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2793	//
2794	// These rules need LR(3):
2795	//
2796	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2797	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2798	//
2799	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2800	//
2801	// [int, int] t;
2802	// [int, int] f( int );
2803	//
2804	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2805	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2806	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2807	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2808
2809	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2810	new_abstract_tuple
2811	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2812	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2813	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2814	;
2815
2816	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2817	new_abstract_ptr
2818	\| new_abstract_array
2819	;
2820
2821	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2822	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2823	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2824	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2825	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2826	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2827	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2828	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2829	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2830	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2831	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2832	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2833	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2834	;
2835
2836	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2837	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2838	// empty (void) function return type.
2839	'[' ']' type_specifier
2840	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2841	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2842	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2843	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2844	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2845	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2846	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2847	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2848	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2849	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2850	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2851	;
2852
2853	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2854	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2855	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2856	;
2857
2858	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2859	// '[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2860	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2861	new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2862	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2863	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2865	;
2866
2867	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2868	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2869	//
2870	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2871	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2872	//
2873	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2874	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2875	//
2876	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2877	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2878
2879	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2880
2881	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2882	// empty
2883	\| ','
2884	;
2885
2886	assignment_opt:
2887	// empty
2888	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2889	\| '=' assignment_expression
2890	{ $$ = $2; }
2891	;
2892
2893	%%
2894	// ----end of grammar----
2895
2896	extern char *yytext;
2897
2898	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2899	cout << "Error ";
2900	if ( yyfilename ) {
2901	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2902	} // if
2903	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
2904	}
2905
2906	// Local Variables: //
2907	// mode: c++ //
2908	// tab-width: 4 //
2909	// compile-command: "make install" //
2910	// End: //

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