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parser.yy @ c5a8c5b

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Last change on this file since c5a8c5b was 58dd019, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 7 years ago
add asm_name clause to declarations
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 105.8 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Tue Dec 13 14:14:52 2016
13	// Update Count : 2081
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68	%}
69
70	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
71
72	// keywords
73	%token TYPEDEF
74	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
75	%token INLINE // C99
76	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
77	%token CONST VOLATILE
78	%token RESTRICT // C99
79	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
80	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED ZERO_T ONE_T
81	%token VALIST // GCC
82	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
83	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
84	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
85	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
86	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
87	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
88	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
89	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
90	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
91	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
92
93	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
94	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
95	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
96	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
97	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
98	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
99	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
100	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
101	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
102
103	// multi-character operators
104	%token ARROW // ->
105	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
106	%token LS RS // << >>
107	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
108	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
109	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
110
111	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
112	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
113	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
114	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
115
116	%token ATassign // @=
117
118	// Types declaration
119	%union
120	{
121	Token tok;
122	ParseNode *pn;
123	ExpressionNode *en;
124	DeclarationNode *decl;
125	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
126	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
127	StatementNode *sn;
128	ConstantExpr *constant;
129	ForCtl *fctl;
130	LabelNode *label;
131	InitializerNode *in;
132	OperKinds op;
133	std::string *str;
134	bool flag;
135	}
136
137	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
138	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
139	%type<constant> string_literal
140	%type<str> string_literal_list
141
142	// expressions
143	%type<en> constant
144	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
145	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
146	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
147	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
148	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
149	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
150	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
151	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
152	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
153	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
154	%type<en> subrange
155	%type<constant> asm_name_opt
156	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
157	%type<label> label_list
158	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
159	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
160
161	// statements
162	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
163	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
164	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
165	%type<sn> statement statement_list
166	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
167	%type<sn> case_clause
168	%type<en> case_value
169	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
170	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
171	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
172
173	// declarations
174	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
175	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
176	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
177
178	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
179	%type<decl> aggregate_name
180
181	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
182
183	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
184
185	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
186
187	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
188
189	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
190
191	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
192	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
193
194	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
195
196	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
197	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
198
199	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
200
201	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
202	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
203
204	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
205
206	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
207	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
208
209	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
210	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
211	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
212
213	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
214
215	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
216	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
217
218	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
219	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
220
221	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
222
223	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
224
225	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
226	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
227
228	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
229	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
230
231	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
232
233	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
234
235	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
236
237	%type<tclass> type_class
238	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
239
240	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
241	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
242	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
243	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
244
245	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
246	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
247
248	%type<en> type_name_list
249
250	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
251
252	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
253	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
254
255	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
256
257	// initializers
258	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
259
260	// designators
261	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
262
263
264	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
265	// is ambiguous:
266	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
267	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
268	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
269
270	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
271	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
272
273	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
274
275	%%
276	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
277
278	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
279	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
280	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
281	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
282	//
283	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
284	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
285	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
286	//
287	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
288	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
289	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
290	//
291	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
292	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
293	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
294	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
295	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
296	//
297	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
298	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
299	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
300	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
301	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
302	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
303	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
304
305	push:
306	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
307	;
308
309	pop:
310	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
311	;
312
313	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
314
315	constant:
316	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
317	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
318	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
319	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
320	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
321	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
322	;
323
324	identifier:
325	IDENTIFIER
326	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
327	\| zero_one // CFA
328	;
329
330	no_01_identifier:
331	IDENTIFIER
332	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
333	;
334
335	no_attr_identifier:
336	IDENTIFIER
337	\| zero_one // CFA
338	;
339
340	zero_one: // CFA
341	ZERO
342	\| ONE
343	;
344
345	string_literal:
346	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
347	;
348
349	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
350	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
351	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
352	{
353	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
354	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
355	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
356	}
357	;
358
359	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
360
361	primary_expression:
362	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
363	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
364	\| zero_one
365	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ) ); }
366	\| tuple
367	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
368	{ $$ = $2; }
369	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
370	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
371	;
372
373	postfix_expression:
374	primary_expression
375	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
376	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
377	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
378	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
379	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
380	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
381	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
382	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
383	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
384	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
385	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
386	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
387	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
388	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
389	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
390	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
391	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
392	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
393	\| postfix_expression ICR
394	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
395	\| postfix_expression DECR
396	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
397	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
398	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
399	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
400	{
401	Token fn;
402	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
403	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
404	}
405	;
406
407	argument_expression_list:
408	argument_expression
409	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
410	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
411	;
412
413	argument_expression:
414	// empty
415	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
416	\| assignment_expression
417	;
418
419	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
420	field
421	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
422	;
423
424	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
425	field_name
426	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
428	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
429	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
430	\| field_name '.' field
431	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
432	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
433	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
434	\| field_name ARROW field
435	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
436	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
437	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
438	;
439
440	field_name:
441	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
442	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
443	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
444	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
445	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
446	{
447	if( ($1) == "0" \|\| ($1) == "1" ) {
448	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ), $2 ) );
449	} else {
450	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
451	}
452	}
453	;
454
455	fraction_constants:
456	// empty
457	{ $$ = nullptr; }
458	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
459	{
460	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
461	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
462	}
463	;
464
465	unary_expression:
466	postfix_expression
467	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
468	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
469	\| constant
470	{ $$ = $1; }
471	\| string_literal
472	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
473	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
474	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
475	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
476	// { * X; } // dereference X
477	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
478	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
479	{
480	switch ( $1 ) {
481	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
482	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
483	break;
484	case OperKinds::PointTo:
485	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
486	break;
487	default:
488	assert( false );
489	}
490	}
491	\| unary_operator cast_expression
492	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
493	\| ICR unary_expression
494	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
495	\| DECR unary_expression
496	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
497	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
498	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
499	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
500	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
501	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
502	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
503	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
504	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
505	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
506	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
507	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
508	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
509	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
510	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
511	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
512	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
513	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
514	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
515	;
516
517	ptrref_operator:
518	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
519	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
520	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
521	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
522	;
523
524	unary_operator:
525	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
526	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
527	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
528	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
529	;
530
531	cast_expression:
532	unary_expression
533	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
534	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
535	// \| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
536	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
537	;
538
539	multiplicative_expression:
540	cast_expression
541	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
542	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
543	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
544	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
545	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
546	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
547	;
548
549	additive_expression:
550	multiplicative_expression
551	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
552	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
553	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
554	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
555	;
556
557	shift_expression:
558	additive_expression
559	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
560	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
561	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
562	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
563	;
564
565	relational_expression:
566	shift_expression
567	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
568	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
569	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
570	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
571	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
573	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
575	;
576
577	equality_expression:
578	relational_expression
579	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
580	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
581	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	;
584
585	AND_expression:
586	equality_expression
587	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
589	;
590
591	exclusive_OR_expression:
592	AND_expression
593	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
594	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
595	;
596
597	inclusive_OR_expression:
598	exclusive_OR_expression
599	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	;
602
603	logical_AND_expression:
604	inclusive_OR_expression
605	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
607	;
608
609	logical_OR_expression:
610	logical_AND_expression
611	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
613	;
614
615	conditional_expression:
616	logical_OR_expression
617	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
618	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
619	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
620	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
621	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
622	// \| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
623	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	constant_expression:
627	conditional_expression
628	;
629
630	assignment_expression:
631	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
632	conditional_expression
633	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
634	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
635	// \| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
636	// { $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
637	;
638
639	assignment_expression_opt:
640	// empty
641	{ $$ = nullptr; }
642	\| assignment_expression
643	;
644
645	assignment_operator:
646	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
647	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
648	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
649	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
650	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
651	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
652	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
653	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
654	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
655	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
656	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
657	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
658	;
659
660	tuple: // CFA, tuple
661	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
662	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
663	// '[' ']'
664	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
665	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
666	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
667	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
669	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
671	;
672
673	tuple_expression_list:
674	assignment_expression_opt
675	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
676	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
677	;
678
679	comma_expression:
680	assignment_expression
681	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
683	;
684
685	comma_expression_opt:
686	// empty
687	{ $$ = nullptr; }
688	\| comma_expression
689	;
690
691	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
692
693	statement:
694	labeled_statement
695	\| compound_statement
696	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
697	\| selection_statement
698	\| iteration_statement
699	\| jump_statement
700	\| exception_statement
701	\| asm_statement
702	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
703	{
704	Token fn;
705	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
706	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
707	}
708	;
709
710	labeled_statement:
711	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
712	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
713	{
714	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
715	}
716	;
717
718	compound_statement:
719	'{' '}'
720	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
721	\| '{'
722	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
723	// requires its own scope.
724	push push
725	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
726	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
727	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
728	;
729
730	block_item_list: // C99
731	block_item
732	\| block_item_list push block_item
733	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
734	;
735
736	block_item:
737	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
738	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
739	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
740	{ // mark all fields in list
741	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
742	iter->set_extension( true );
743	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
744	}
745	\| function_definition
746	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
747	\| statement pop
748	;
749
750	statement_list:
751	statement
752	\| statement_list statement
753	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
754	;
755
756	expression_statement:
757	comma_expression_opt ';'
758	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
759	;
760
761	selection_statement:
762	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
763	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
764	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
765	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
766	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
767	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
768	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
769	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
770	{
771	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
772	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
773	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
774	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
775	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
776	// statement.
777	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
778	}
779	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
780	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
781	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
782	{
783	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
784	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
785	}
786	;
787
788	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
789	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
790
791	case_value: // CFA
792	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
793	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
794	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
795	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
796	;
797
798	case_value_list: // CFA
799	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
800	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
801	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
802	;
803
804	case_label: // CFA
805	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
806	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
807	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
808	;
809
810	case_label_list: // CFA
811	case_label
812	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
813	;
814
815	case_clause: // CFA
816	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
817	;
818
819	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
820	// empty
821	{ $$ = nullptr; }
822	\| switch_clause_list
823	;
824
825	switch_clause_list: // CFA
826	case_label_list statement_list
827	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
828	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
829	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
830	;
831
832	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
833	// empty
834	{ $$ = nullptr; }
835	\| choose_clause_list
836	;
837
838	choose_clause_list: // CFA
839	case_label_list fall_through
840	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
841	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
842	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
843	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
844	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
845	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
846	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
847	;
848
849	fall_through_opt: // CFA
850	// empty
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
852	\| fall_through
853	;
854
855	fall_through: // CFA
856	FALLTHRU
857	{ $$ = nullptr; }
858	\| FALLTHRU ';'
859	{ $$ = nullptr; }
860	;
861
862	iteration_statement:
863	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
864	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
865	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
866	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
867	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
868	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
869	;
870
871	for_control_expression:
872	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
873	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
874	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
875	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
876	;
877
878	jump_statement:
879	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
880	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
881	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
882	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
883	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
884	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
885	\| CONTINUE ';'
886	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
887	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
888	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
889	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
890	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
891	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
892	\| BREAK ';'
893	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
894	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
895	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
896	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
897	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
898	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
899	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
900	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
901	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
902	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
903	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
904	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
905	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
906	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
907	;
908
909	exception_statement:
910	TRY compound_statement handler_list
911	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
912	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
913	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
914	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
915	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
916	;
917
918	handler_list:
919	handler_clause
920	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
921	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
922	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
923	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
924	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
925	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
926	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
927	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
928	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
929	;
930
931	handler_clause:
932	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
934	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
935	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
936	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
938	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
939	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
940	;
941
942	finally_clause:
943	FINALLY compound_statement
944	{
945	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
946	}
947	;
948
949	exception_declaration:
950	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
951	//
952	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
953	//
954	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
955	type_specifier
956	\| type_specifier declarator
957	{
958	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
959	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
960	}
961	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
962	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
963	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
964	{
965	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
966	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
967	}
968	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
969	;
970
971	asm_statement:
972	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
973	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
974	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
975	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
976	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
977	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
978	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
979	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
980	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
981	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
982	;
983
984	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
985	// empty
986	{ $$ = false; }
987	\| VOLATILE
988	{ $$ = true; }
989	;
990
991	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
992	// empty
993	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
994	\| asm_operands_list
995	;
996
997	asm_operands_list: // GCC
998	asm_operand
999	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1000	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1001	;
1002
1003	asm_operand: // GCC
1004	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1005	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1006	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1007	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1008	;
1009
1010	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1011	// empty
1012	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1013	\| string_literal
1014	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1015	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1016	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1017	;
1018
1019	label_list:
1020	no_attr_identifier
1021	{
1022	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1023	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1024	}
1025	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1026	{
1027	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1028	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1029	}
1030	;
1031
1032	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1033
1034	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1035	pop
1036	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1037	\| declaration_list
1038	;
1039
1040	declaration_list:
1041	declaration
1042	\| declaration_list push declaration
1043	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1044	;
1045
1046	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1047	pop
1048	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1049	\| old_declaration_list
1050	;
1051
1052	old_declaration_list:
1053	old_declaration
1054	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1055	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1056	;
1057
1058	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1059	// empty
1060	\| local_label_declaration_list
1061	;
1062
1063	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1064	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1065	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1066	;
1067
1068	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1069	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1070	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1071	;
1072
1073	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1074	new_declaration
1075	\| old_declaration
1076	;
1077
1078	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1079	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1080	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1081	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1082	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1083	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1084	//
1085	// CFA C
1086	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1087	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1088
1089	new_declaration: // CFA
1090	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1091	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1092	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1093	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1094	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1095	;
1096
1097	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1098	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1099	{
1100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1101	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1102	}
1103	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1104	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1105	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1106	{
1107	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1108	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1109	}
1110	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1111	{
1112	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1113	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1114	}
1115	;
1116
1117	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1118	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1119	// storage-class
1120	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1121	{
1122	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1123	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1124	}
1125	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1126	{
1127	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1128	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1129	}
1130	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1131	{
1132	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1133	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1134	}
1135	;
1136
1137	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1138	new_function_specifier
1139	{
1140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1141	$$ = $1;
1142	}
1143	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1144	{
1145	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1146	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1147	}
1148	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1149	{
1150	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1151	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1152	}
1153	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1154	{
1155	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1156	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1157	}
1158	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1159	{
1160	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1161	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1162	}
1163	;
1164
1165	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1166	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1167	// {
1168	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1169	// }
1170	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1171	// {
1172	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1173	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1174	// }
1175	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1176	// {
1177	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1178	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1179	// }
1180	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1181	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1182	//
1183	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1184	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1185	//
1186	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1187	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1188	new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1189	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1190	{
1191	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1192	}
1193	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1194	{
1195	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1196	}
1197	;
1198
1199	new_function_return: // CFA
1200	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1201	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1202	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1203	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1204	// ']'.
1205	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1206	;
1207
1208	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1209	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1210	{
1211	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1212	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1213	}
1214	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1215	{
1216	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1217	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1218	}
1219	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1220	{
1221	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1222	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1223	}
1224	;
1225
1226	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1227	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1228
1229	typedef_declaration:
1230	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1231	{
1232	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1233	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1234	}
1235	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1236	{
1237	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1238	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1239	}
1240	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1241	{
1242	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1243	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1244	}
1245	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1246	{
1247	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1248	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1249	}
1250	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1251	{
1252	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1253	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1254	}
1255	;
1256
1257	typedef_expression:
1258	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1259	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1260	{
1261	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1262	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1263	}
1264	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1265	{
1266	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1267	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1268	}
1269	;
1270
1271	old_declaration:
1272	declaring_list pop ';'
1273	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1274	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1275	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1276	;
1277
1278	declaring_list:
1279	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1280	// storage-class
1281	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1282	{
1283	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1284	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1285	}
1286	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1287	{
1288	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1289	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1290	}
1291	;
1292
1293	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1294	basic_declaration_specifier
1295	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1296	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1297	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1298	;
1299
1300	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1301	basic_type_specifier
1302	\| sue_type_specifier
1303	\| typedef_type_specifier
1304	\| typegen_type_specifier
1305	;
1306
1307	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1308	// empty
1309	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1310	\| type_qualifier_list
1311	;
1312
1313	type_qualifier_list:
1314	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1315	//
1316	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1317	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1318	// appeared only once.
1319	type_qualifier
1320	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1321	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1322	;
1323
1324	type_qualifier:
1325	type_qualifier_name
1326	\| attribute
1327	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1328	;
1329
1330	type_qualifier_name:
1331	CONST
1332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1333	\| RESTRICT
1334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1335	\| VOLATILE
1336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1337	\| LVALUE // CFA
1338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1339	\| ATOMIC
1340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1341	\| FORALL '('
1342	{
1343	typedefTable.enterScope();
1344	}
1345	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1346	{
1347	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1348	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1349	}
1350	;
1351
1352	declaration_qualifier_list:
1353	storage_class_list
1354	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1355	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1356	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1357	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1358	;
1359
1360	storage_class_list:
1361	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1362	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1363	//
1364	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1365	// specifiers in a declaration.
1366	storage_class
1367	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1368	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1369	;
1370
1371	storage_class:
1372	EXTERN
1373	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1374	\| STATIC
1375	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1376	\| AUTO
1377	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1378	\| REGISTER
1379	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1380	\| INLINE // C99
1381	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1382	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isInline = true; }
1383	\| FORTRAN // C99
1384	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1385	\| NORETURN // C11
1386	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1387	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isNoreturn = true; }
1388	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1390	;
1391
1392	basic_type_name:
1393	CHAR
1394	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1395	\| DOUBLE
1396	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1397	\| FLOAT
1398	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1399	\| INT
1400	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1401	\| LONG
1402	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1403	\| SHORT
1404	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1405	\| SIGNED
1406	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1407	\| UNSIGNED
1408	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1409	\| VOID
1410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1411	\| BOOL // C99
1412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1413	\| COMPLEX // C99
1414	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1415	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1417	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1419	\| ZERO_T
1420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1421	\| ONE_T
1422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1423	;
1424
1425	basic_declaration_specifier:
1426	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1427	basic_type_specifier
1428	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1429	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1430	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1431	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1432	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1433	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1434	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1435	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1436	;
1437
1438	basic_type_specifier:
1439	direct_type_name
1440	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1441	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1442	;
1443
1444	direct_type_name:
1445	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1446	basic_type_name
1447	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1448	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1449	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1450	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1451	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1452	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1453	;
1454
1455	indirect_type_name:
1456	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1457	{ $$ = $3; }
1458	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1460	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1462	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1464	;
1465
1466	sue_declaration_specifier:
1467	sue_type_specifier
1468	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1469	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1470	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1471	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1472	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1473	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1474	;
1475
1476	sue_type_specifier:
1477	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1478	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1479	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1480	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1481	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1482	;
1483
1484	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1485	typedef_type_specifier
1486	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1487	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1488	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1489	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1490	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1491	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1492	;
1493
1494	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1495	TYPEDEFname
1496	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1497	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1498	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1499	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1500	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1501	;
1502
1503	elaborated_type_name:
1504	aggregate_name
1505	\| enum_name
1506	;
1507
1508	aggregate_name:
1509	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1510	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, nullptr, $3, true ); }
1511	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1512	{
1513	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1514	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, nullptr, false );
1515	}
1516	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1517	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1518	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1519	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, $5, true ); }
1520	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1521	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $3, $6, false ); }
1522	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1523	{ $$ = $2; }
1524	;
1525
1526	aggregate_key:
1527	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1528	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1529	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1531	;
1532
1533	field_declaration_list:
1534	// empty
1535	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1536	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1537	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1538	;
1539
1540	field_declaration:
1541	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1542	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1543	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1544	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1545	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1546	{ // mark all fields in list
1547	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1548	iter->set_extension( true );
1549	$$ = $2;
1550	}
1551	;
1552
1553	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1554	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1555	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1556	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1557	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1558	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1559	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1560	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1561	;
1562
1563	field_declaring_list:
1564	type_specifier field_declarator
1565	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1566	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1567	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1568	;
1569
1570	field_declarator:
1571	// empty
1572	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1573	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1574	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1575	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1576	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1577	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1578	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1579	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1580	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1581	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1582	;
1583
1584	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1585	// empty
1586	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1587	\| bit_subrange_size
1588	{ $$ = $1; }
1589	;
1590
1591	bit_subrange_size:
1592	':' constant_expression
1593	{ $$ = $2; }
1594	;
1595
1596	enum_key:
1597	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1598	;
1599
1600	enum_name:
1601	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1602	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $3 ); }
1603	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1604	{
1605	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1606	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1607	}
1608	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1609	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1610	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1611	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1612	;
1613
1614	enumerator_list:
1615	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1616	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1617	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1618	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1619	;
1620
1621	enumerator_value_opt:
1622	// empty
1623	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1624	\| '=' constant_expression
1625	{ $$ = $2; }
1626	;
1627
1628	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1629
1630	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1631	// empty
1632	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1633	\| new_parameter_type_list
1634	;
1635
1636	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1637	new_abstract_parameter_list
1638	\| new_parameter_list
1639	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1640	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1641	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1642	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1643	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1644	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1645	;
1646
1647	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1648	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1649	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1650	new_parameter_declaration
1651	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1652	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1653	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1654	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1655	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1656	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1657	;
1658
1659	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1660	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1661	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1662	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1663	;
1664
1665	parameter_type_list_opt:
1666	// empty
1667	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1668	\| parameter_type_list
1669	;
1670
1671	parameter_type_list:
1672	parameter_list
1673	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1674	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1675	;
1676
1677	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1678	abstract_parameter_declaration
1679	\| parameter_declaration
1680	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1681	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1682	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1683	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1684	;
1685
1686	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1687	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1688
1689	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1690	parameter_declaration
1691	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1692	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1693	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1694	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1695	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1696	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1697	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1698	\| new_function_specifier
1699	;
1700
1701	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1702	abstract_parameter_declaration
1703	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1704	\| new_abstract_tuple
1705	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1706	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1707	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1708	\| new_abstract_function
1709	;
1710
1711	parameter_declaration:
1712	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1713	{
1714	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1715	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1716	}
1717	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1718	{
1719	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1720	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1721	}
1722	;
1723
1724	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1725	declaration_specifier
1726	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1727	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1728	;
1729
1730	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1731	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1732	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1733
1734	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1735	no_attr_identifier
1736	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1737	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1738	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1739	;
1740
1741	identifier_or_type_name:
1742	identifier
1743	\| TYPEDEFname
1744	\| TYPEGENname
1745	;
1746
1747	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1748	no_01_identifier
1749	\| TYPEDEFname
1750	\| TYPEGENname
1751	;
1752
1753	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1754	no_attr_identifier
1755	\| TYPEDEFname
1756	\| TYPEGENname
1757	;
1758
1759	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1760	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1761	\| type_specifier
1762	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1763	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1764	;
1765
1766	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1767	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1768	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1769	\| type_specifier
1770	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1771	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1772	;
1773
1774	initializer_opt:
1775	// empty
1776	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1777	\| '=' initializer
1778	{ $$ = $2; }
1779	\| ATassign initializer
1780	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1781	;
1782
1783	initializer:
1784	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1785	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1786	;
1787
1788	initializer_list:
1789	// empty
1790	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1791	\| initializer
1792	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1793	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1794	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1795	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1796	;
1797
1798	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1799	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1800	//
1801	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1802	//
1803	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1804	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1805	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1806	// shift/reduce conflicts
1807
1808	designation:
1809	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1810	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1811	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1812	;
1813
1814	designator_list: // C99
1815	designator
1816	\| designator_list designator
1817	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1818	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1819	;
1820
1821	designator:
1822	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1824	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1825	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1826	{ $$ = $3; }
1827	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1828	{ $$ = $3; }
1829	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1831	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1832	{ $$ = $4; }
1833	;
1834
1835	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1836	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1837	//
1838	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1839	//
1840	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1841	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1842	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1843	//
1844	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1845	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1846	//
1847	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1848	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1849	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1850	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1851	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1852
1853	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1854	typegen_type_specifier
1855	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1856	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1857	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1858	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1859	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1860	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1861	;
1862
1863	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1864	typegen_name
1865	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1866	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1867	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1868	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1869	;
1870
1871	typegen_name: // CFA
1872	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1873	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1874	;
1875
1876	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1877	type_parameter assignment_opt
1878	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1879	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1880	;
1881
1882	type_parameter: // CFA
1883	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1884	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1885	assertion_list_opt
1886	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1887	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1888	;
1889
1890	type_class: // CFA
1891	OTYPE
1892	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
1893	\| DTYPE
1894	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1895	\| FTYPE
1896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1897	;
1898
1899	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1900	// empty
1901	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1902	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1903	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1904	;
1905
1906	assertion: // CFA
1907	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1908	{
1909	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1910	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1911	}
1912	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1913	{ $$ = $4; }
1914	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1915	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1916	;
1917
1918	type_name_list: // CFA
1919	type_name
1920	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1921	\| assignment_expression
1922	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1923	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1924	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1925	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1926	;
1927
1928	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1929	OTYPE type_declarator
1930	{ $$ = $2; }
1931	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1932	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1933	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1934	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1935	;
1936
1937	type_declarator: // CFA
1938	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1939	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1940	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1941	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1942	;
1943
1944	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1945	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1946	{
1947	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1948	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1949	}
1950	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1951	{
1952	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1953	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1954	}
1955	;
1956
1957	trait_specifier: // CFA
1958	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1959	{
1960	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1961	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1962	}
1963	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1964	{
1965	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1966	typedefTable.enterScope();
1967	}
1968	trait_declaration_list '}'
1969	{
1970	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1971	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1972	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1973	}
1974	;
1975
1976	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1977	trait_declaration
1978	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1979	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1980	;
1981
1982	trait_declaration: // CFA
1983	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1984	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1985	;
1986
1987	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1988	new_variable_specifier
1989	{
1990	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1991	$$ = $1;
1992	}
1993	\| new_function_specifier
1994	{
1995	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1996	$$ = $1;
1997	}
1998	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1999	{
2000	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2001	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2002	}
2003	;
2004
2005	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2006	type_specifier declarator
2007	{
2008	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2009	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2010	}
2011	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2012	{
2013	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2014	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2015	}
2016	;
2017
2018	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2019
2020	translation_unit:
2021	// empty
2022	{} // empty input file
2023	\| external_definition_list
2024	{ parseTree = parseTree != nullptr ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2025	;
2026
2027	external_definition_list:
2028	external_definition
2029	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2030	{ $$ = $1 != nullptr ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2031	;
2032
2033	external_definition_list_opt:
2034	// empty
2035	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2036	\| external_definition_list
2037	;
2038
2039	external_definition:
2040	declaration
2041	\| external_function_definition
2042	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
2043	{}
2044	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2045	{
2046	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2047	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2048	}
2049	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2050	{
2051	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2052	linkageStack.pop();
2053	$$ = $5;
2054	}
2055	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2056	{ // mark all fields in list
2057	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2058	iter->set_extension( true );
2059	$$ = $2;
2060	}
2061	;
2062
2063	external_function_definition:
2064	function_definition
2065	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2066	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2067	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2068	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2069	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2070	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2071	{
2072	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2073	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2074	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2075	}
2076	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2077	{
2078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2079	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2080	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2081	}
2082	;
2083
2084	function_definition:
2085	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2086	{
2087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2088	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2089	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2090	}
2091	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2092	{
2093	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2094	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2095	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2096	}
2097	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2098	{
2099	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2100	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2101	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2102	}
2103	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2104	{
2105	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2106	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2107	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2108	}
2109	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2110	{
2111	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2112	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2113	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2114	}
2115
2116	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2117	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2118	{
2119	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2120	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2121	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2122	}
2123	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2124	{
2125	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2126	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2127	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2128	}
2129
2130	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2131	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2132	{
2133	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2134	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2135	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2136	}
2137	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2138	{
2139	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2140	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2141	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2142	}
2143	;
2144
2145	declarator:
2146	variable_declarator
2147	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2148	\| function_declarator
2149	;
2150
2151	subrange:
2152	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2153	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2154	;
2155
2156	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2157	// empty
2158	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2159	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2160	{ $$ = $3; }
2161	;
2162
2163	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2164	// empty
2165	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2166	\| attribute_list
2167	;
2168
2169	attribute_list: // GCC
2170	attribute
2171	\| attribute_list attribute
2172	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2173	;
2174
2175	attribute: // GCC
2176	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2177	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2178	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2179	;
2180
2181	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2182	attrib
2183	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2184	;
2185
2186	attrib: // GCC
2187	// empty
2188	\| any_word
2189	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')' { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2190	;
2191
2192	any_word: // GCC
2193	identifier_or_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2194	\| storage_class { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2195	\| basic_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2196	\| type_qualifier { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2197	;
2198
2199	// ============================================================================
2200	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2201	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2202	// in:
2203	//
2204	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2205	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2206	//
2207	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2208	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2209	// ============================================================================
2210
2211	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2212	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2213	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2214	//
2215	// valid declaration invalid definition
2216	// ----------------- ------------------
2217	// int f; int f {}
2218	// int f; int f {}
2219	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2220	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2221	//
2222	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2223	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2224	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2225
2226	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2227	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2228
2229	variable_declarator:
2230	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2231	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2232	\| variable_ptr
2233	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2234	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2235	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2236	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2237	;
2238
2239	paren_identifier:
2240	identifier
2241	{
2242	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2243	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2244	}
2245	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2246	{ $$ = $2; }
2247	;
2248
2249	variable_ptr:
2250	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2251	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2252	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2253	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2254	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2255	{ $$ = $2; }
2256	;
2257
2258	variable_array:
2259	paren_identifier array_dimension
2260	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2261	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2262	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2263	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2264	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2265	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2266	{ $$ = $2; }
2267	;
2268
2269	variable_function:
2270	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2271	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2272	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2273	{ $$ = $2; }
2274	;
2275
2276	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2277	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2278	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2279
2280	function_declarator:
2281	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2282	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2283	\| function_ptr
2284	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2285	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2286	;
2287
2288	function_no_ptr:
2289	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2290	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2291	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2292	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2293	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2294	{ $$ = $2; }
2295	;
2296
2297	function_ptr:
2298	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2299	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2300	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2301	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2302	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2303	{ $$ = $2; }
2304	;
2305
2306	function_array:
2307	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2308	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2309	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2310	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2311	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2312	{ $$ = $2; }
2313	;
2314
2315	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2316	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2317	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2318
2319	old_function_declarator:
2320	old_function_no_ptr
2321	\| old_function_ptr
2322	\| old_function_array
2323	;
2324
2325	old_function_no_ptr:
2326	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2327	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2328	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2329	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2330	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2331	{ $$ = $2; }
2332	;
2333
2334	old_function_ptr:
2335	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2336	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2337	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2338	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2339	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2340	{ $$ = $2; }
2341	;
2342
2343	old_function_array:
2344	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2345	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2346	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2347	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2348	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2349	{ $$ = $2; }
2350	;
2351
2352	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2353	//
2354	// typedef int foo;
2355	// {
2356	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2357	// }
2358	//
2359	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2360	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2361
2362	variable_type_redeclarator:
2363	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2364	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2365	\| type_ptr
2366	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2367	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2368	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2369	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2370	;
2371
2372	paren_type:
2373	typedef
2374	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2375	{ $$ = $2; }
2376	;
2377
2378	type_ptr:
2379	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2380	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2381	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2382	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2383	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2384	{ $$ = $2; }
2385	;
2386
2387	type_array:
2388	paren_type array_dimension
2389	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2390	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2391	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2392	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2393	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2394	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2395	{ $$ = $2; }
2396	;
2397
2398	type_function:
2399	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2400	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2401	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2402	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2403	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2404	{ $$ = $2; }
2405	;
2406
2407	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2408	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2409	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2410	// arrays and functions.
2411
2412	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2413	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2414	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2415	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2416	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2417	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2418	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2419	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2420	;
2421
2422	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2423	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2424	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2425	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2426	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2427	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2428	{ $$ = $2; }
2429	;
2430
2431	identifier_parameter_array:
2432	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2433	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2434	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2435	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2436	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2437	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2438	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2439	{ $$ = $2; }
2440	;
2441
2442	identifier_parameter_function:
2443	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2444	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2445	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2446	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2447	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2448	{ $$ = $2; }
2449	;
2450
2451	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2452	// e.g.:
2453	//
2454	// typedef int foo;
2455	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2456	//
2457	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2458	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2459	//
2460	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2461	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2462	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2463	//
2464	// For example:
2465	//
2466	// typedef float T;
2467	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2468	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2469	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2470	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2471	//
2472	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2473	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2474	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2475	// functions.
2476
2477	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2478	typedef attribute_list_opt
2479	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2480	\| type_parameter_ptr
2481	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2482	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2483	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2484	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2485	;
2486
2487	typedef:
2488	TYPEDEFname
2489	{
2490	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2491	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2492	}
2493	\| TYPEGENname
2494	{
2495	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2496	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2497	}
2498	;
2499
2500	type_parameter_ptr:
2501	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2502	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2503	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2504	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2505	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2506	{ $$ = $2; }
2507	;
2508
2509	type_parameter_array:
2510	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2511	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2512	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2513	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2514	;
2515
2516	type_parameter_function:
2517	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2518	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2519	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2520	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2521	;
2522
2523	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2524	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2525	//
2526	// sizeof( int );
2527	// sizeof( int [10] );
2528	//
2529	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2530	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2531
2532	abstract_declarator:
2533	abstract_ptr
2534	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2535	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2536	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2537	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2538	;
2539
2540	abstract_ptr:
2541	ptrref_operator
2542	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2543	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2545	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2546	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2547	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2548	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2549	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2550	{ $$ = $2; }
2551	;
2552
2553	abstract_array:
2554	array_dimension
2555	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2556	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2557	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2558	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2559	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2560	{ $$ = $2; }
2561	;
2562
2563	abstract_function:
2564	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2565	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2566	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2567	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2568	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2569	{ $$ = $2; }
2570	;
2571
2572	array_dimension:
2573	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2574	'[' ']'
2575	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2576	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2577	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2578	\| multi_array_dimension
2579	;
2580
2581	multi_array_dimension:
2582	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2583	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2584	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2585	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2586	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2587	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2588	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2589	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2590	;
2591
2592	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2593	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2594	//
2595	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2596	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2597	//
2598	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2599	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2600
2601	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2602	abstract_parameter_ptr
2603	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2604	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2605	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2606	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2607	;
2608
2609	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2610	ptrref_operator
2611	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2612	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2613	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2614	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2615	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2616	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2617	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2618	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2619	{ $$ = $2; }
2620	;
2621
2622	abstract_parameter_array:
2623	array_parameter_dimension
2624	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2625	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2626	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2627	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2628	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2629	{ $$ = $2; }
2630	;
2631
2632	abstract_parameter_function:
2633	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2634	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2635	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2636	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2637	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2638	{ $$ = $2; }
2639	;
2640
2641	array_parameter_dimension:
2642	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2643	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2644	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2645	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2646	\| multi_array_dimension
2647	;
2648
2649	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2650	//
2651	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2652	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2653
2654	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2655	'[' ']'
2656	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2657	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2658	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2659	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2660	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2661	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2662	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2663	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2664	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2665	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2666	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2667	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2668	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2669	;
2670
2671	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2672	// e.g.:
2673	//
2674	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2675	//
2676	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2677	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2678
2679	variable_abstract_declarator:
2680	variable_abstract_ptr
2681	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2682	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2683	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2684	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2685	;
2686
2687	variable_abstract_ptr:
2688	ptrref_operator
2689	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2690	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2691	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2692	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2693	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2694	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2695	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2696	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2697	{ $$ = $2; }
2698	;
2699
2700	variable_abstract_array:
2701	array_dimension
2702	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2703	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2704	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2705	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2706	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2707	{ $$ = $2; }
2708	;
2709
2710	variable_abstract_function:
2711	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2712	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2713	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2714	{ $$ = $2; }
2715	;
2716
2717	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2718	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2719
2720	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2721	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2722	\| new_abstract_tuple
2723	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2724	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2725	;
2726
2727	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2728	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2729	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2730	;
2731
2732	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2733	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2734	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2735	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2736	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2737	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2738	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2739	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2740	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2741	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2742	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2743	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2744	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2745	;
2746
2747	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2748	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2749	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2750	'[' ']' type_specifier
2751	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2752	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2753	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2754	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2755	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2756	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2757	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2758	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2759	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2760
2761	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2762	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2763	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2764	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2765	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2766	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2767	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2768	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2769	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2770	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2771	;
2772
2773	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2774	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2775	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2776	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2777	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2778	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2779	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2780	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2781	// appear in this context.
2782	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2783	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2784	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2785	;
2786
2787	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2788	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2789	//
2790	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2791	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2792	//
2793	// These rules need LR(3):
2794	//
2795	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2796	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2797	//
2798	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2799	//
2800	// [int, int] t;
2801	// [int, int] f( int );
2802	//
2803	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2804	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2805	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2806	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2807
2808	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2809	new_abstract_tuple
2810	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2811	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2812	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2813	;
2814
2815	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2816	new_abstract_ptr
2817	\| new_abstract_array
2818	;
2819
2820	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2821	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2822	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2823	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2824	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2825	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2826	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2827	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2828	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2829	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2830	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2831	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2832	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2833	;
2834
2835	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2836	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2837	// empty (void) function return type.
2838	'[' ']' type_specifier
2839	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2840	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2841	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2842	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2843	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2844	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2845	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2846	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2847	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2848	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2849	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2850	;
2851
2852	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2853	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2854	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2855	;
2856
2857	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2858	// '[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2859	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2860	new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2862	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2864	;
2865
2866	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2867	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2868	//
2869	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2870	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2871	//
2872	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2873	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2874	//
2875	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2876	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2877
2878	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2879
2880	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2881	// empty
2882	\| ','
2883	;
2884
2885	assignment_opt:
2886	// empty
2887	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2888	\| '=' assignment_expression
2889	{ $$ = $2; }
2890	;
2891
2892	%%
2893	// ----end of grammar----
2894
2895	extern char *yytext;
2896
2897	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2898	cout << "Error ";
2899	if ( yyfilename ) {
2900	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2901	} // if
2902	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
2903	}
2904
2905	// Local Variables: //
2906	// mode: c++ //
2907	// tab-width: 4 //
2908	// compile-command: "make install" //
2909	// End: //

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