Changeset b8524ca

Timestamp:

Jun 20, 2019, 6:50:42 PM (4 years ago)

Author:

Aaron Moss <a3moss@…>

Branches:

ADT, arm-eh, enum, forall-pointer-decay, jacob/cs343-translation, jenkins-sandbox, master, new-ast, new-ast-unique-expr, pthread-emulation, qualifiedEnum

Children:

9af00d23

Parents:

234b1cb

Message:

new AST porting

• mostly InitTweak? autogeneration
• added some convenience methods
  • nullptr assignment for ast::ptr
  • convenience wrapper ctors for AddressExpr?, CastExpr? that draw location from first arg

Location:

src

Files:

• AST/Expr.hpp (modified) (2 diffs)
• AST/Node.hpp (modified) (2 diffs)
• AST/Stmt.hpp (modified) (1 diff)
• InitTweak/FixInit.cc (modified) (1 diff)
• InitTweak/GenInit.cc (modified) (4 diffs)
• InitTweak/GenInit.h (modified) (2 diffs)
• InitTweak/InitTweak.cc (modified) (9 diffs)
• InitTweak/InitTweak.h (modified) (3 diffs)
• ResolvExpr/CandidateFinder.cpp (modified) (3 diffs)
• ResolvExpr/Resolver.cc (modified) (2 diffs)
• SymTab/Autogen.cc (modified) (3 diffs)
• SymTab/Autogen.h (modified) (8 diffs)
• Tuples/Explode.cc (modified) (4 diffs)
• Tuples/Explode.h (modified) (1 diff)
• Tuples/TupleAssignment.cc (modified) (4 diffs)

src/AST/Expr.hpp

@@ -248 +248 @@
         AddressExpr( const CodeLocation & loc, const Expr * a );
 
+        /// Generate AddressExpr wrapping given expression at same location
+        AddressExpr( const Expr * a ) : AddressExpr( a->location, a ) {}
+
         const Expr * accept( Visitor & v ) const override { return v.visit( this ); }
 private:
@@ -281 +284 @@
         /// Cast-to-void
         CastExpr( const CodeLocation & loc, const Expr * a, GeneratedFlag g = GeneratedCast );
+
+        /// Wrap a cast expression around an existing expression (always generated)
+        CastExpr( const Expr * a, const Type * to ) : CastExpr( a->location, a, to, GeneratedCast ) {}
+
+        /// Wrap a cast-to-void expression around an existing expression (always generated)
+        CastExpr( const Expr * a ) : CastExpr( a->location, a, GeneratedCast ) {}
 
         const Expr * accept( Visitor & v ) const override { return v.visit( this ); }

src/AST/Node.hpp

@@ -17 +17 @@
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>     // for nullptr_t
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <type_traits> // for remove_reference
@@ -181 +182 @@
         }
 
+        ptr_base & operator=( std::nullptr_t ) {
+                if ( node ) _dec(node);
+                node = nullptr;
+                return *this;
+        }
+
         ptr_base & operator=( const ptr_base & o ) {
                 assign(o.node);

src/AST/Stmt.hpp

@@ -61 +61 @@
         CompoundStmt( CompoundStmt&& o ) = default;
 
-        void push_back( Stmt * s ) { kids.emplace_back( s ); }
-        void push_front( Stmt * s ) { kids.emplace_front( s ); }
+        void push_back( const Stmt * s ) { kids.emplace_back( s ); }
+        void push_front( const Stmt * s ) { kids.emplace_front( s ); }
 
         const CompoundStmt * accept( Visitor & v ) const override { return v.visit( this ); }

src/InitTweak/FixInit.cc

@@ -1111 +1111 @@
                                                 arg2 = new MemberExpr( field, new VariableExpr( params.back() ) );
                                         }
-                                        InitExpander srcParam( arg2 );
+                                        InitExpander_old srcParam( arg2 );
                                         // cast away reference type and construct field.
                                         Expression * thisExpr = new CastExpr( new VariableExpr( thisParam ), thisParam->get_type()->stripReferences()->clone() );

src/InitTweak/GenInit.cc

@@ -18 +18 @@
 #include <algorithm>                   // for any_of
 #include <cassert>                     // for assert, strict_dynamic_cast, assertf
+#include <deque>
 #include <iterator>                    // for back_inserter, inserter, back_inse...
 #include <list>                        // for _List_iterator, list
 
+#include "AST/Decl.hpp"
+#include "AST/Init.hpp"
+#include "AST/Node.hpp"
+#include "AST/Stmt.hpp"
 #include "CodeGen/OperatorTable.h"
 #include "Common/PassVisitor.h"        // for PassVisitor, WithGuards, WithShort...
@@ -274 +279 @@
                 assertf( objDecl, "genCtorDtor passed null objDecl" );
                 std::list< Statement * > stmts;
-                InitExpander srcParam( maybeClone( arg ) );
+                InitExpander_old srcParam( maybeClone( arg ) );
                 SymTab::genImplicitCall( srcParam, new VariableExpr( objDecl ), fname, back_inserter( stmts ), objDecl );
                 assert( stmts.size() <= 1 );
@@ -286 +291 @@
                 std::list< Statement * > dtor;
 
-                InitExpander srcParam( objDecl->get_init() );
-                InitExpander nullParam( (Initializer *)NULL );
+                InitExpander_old srcParam( objDecl->get_init() );
+                InitExpander_old nullParam( (Initializer *)NULL );
                 SymTab::genImplicitCall( srcParam, new VariableExpr( objDecl ), "?{}", back_inserter( ctor ), objDecl );
                 SymTab::genImplicitCall( nullParam, new VariableExpr( objDecl ), "^?{}", front_inserter( dtor ), objDecl, false );
@@ -354 +359 @@
         }
 
-ast::ConstructorInit * genCtorInit( const ast::ObjectDecl * objDecl ) {
-        #warning unimplemented
-        (void)objDecl;
-        assert( false );
+ast::ConstructorInit * genCtorInit( const CodeLocation & loc, const ast::ObjectDecl * objDecl ) {
+        // call into genImplicitCall from Autogen.h to generate calls to ctor/dtor for each 
+        // constructable object
+        InitExpander_new srcParam{ objDecl->init }, nullParam{ (const ast::Init *)nullptr };
+        
+        ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > ctor = SymTab::genImplicitCall( 
+                srcParam, new ast::VariableExpr{ loc, objDecl }, loc, "?{}", objDecl );
+        ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > dtor = SymTab::genImplicitCall( 
+                nullParam, new ast::VariableExpr{ loc, objDecl }, loc, "^?{}", objDecl, 
+                SymTab::LoopBackward );
+        
+        // check that either both ctor and dtor are present, or neither
+        assert( (bool)ctor == (bool)dtor );
+
+        if ( ctor ) {
+                // need to remember init expression, in case no ctors exist. If ctor does exist, want to 
+                // use ctor expression instead of init.
+                ctor.strict_as< ast::ImplicitCtorDtorStmt >(); 
+                dtor.strict_as< ast::ImplicitCtorDtorStmt >();
+
+                return new ast::ConstructorInit{ loc, ctor, dtor, objDecl->init };
+        }
+
         return nullptr;
 }

src/InitTweak/GenInit.h

@@ -20 +20 @@
 
 #include "AST/Fwd.hpp"
+#include "Common/CodeLocation.h"
 #include "GenPoly/ScopedSet.h" // for ScopedSet
 #include "SynTree/SynTree.h"   // for Visitor Nodes
@@ -35 +36 @@
         /// creates an appropriate ConstructorInit node which contains a constructor, destructor, and C-initializer
         ConstructorInit * genCtorInit( ObjectDecl * objDecl );
-        ast::ConstructorInit * genCtorInit( const ast::ObjectDecl * objDecl );
+        ast::ConstructorInit * genCtorInit( const CodeLocation & loc, const ast::ObjectDecl * objDecl );
 
         class ManagedTypes {

src/InitTweak/InitTweak.cc

@@ -22 +22 @@
 
 #include "AST/Expr.hpp"
+#include "AST/Node.hpp"
 #include "AST/Stmt.hpp"
 #include "AST/Type.hpp"
@@ -112 +113 @@
         }
 
-        class InitExpander::ExpanderImpl {
+std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > makeInitList( const ast::Init * init ) {
+        #warning unimplmented
+        (void)init;
+        assert(false);
+        return {};
+}
+
+        class InitExpander_old::ExpanderImpl {
         public:
                 virtual ~ExpanderImpl() = default;
@@ -119 +127 @@
         };
 
-        class InitImpl : public InitExpander::ExpanderImpl {
+        class InitImpl_old : public InitExpander_old::ExpanderImpl {
         public:
-                InitImpl( Initializer * init ) : init( init ) {}
-                virtual ~InitImpl() = default;
+                InitImpl_old( Initializer * init ) : init( init ) {}
+                virtual ~InitImpl_old() = default;
 
                 virtual std::list< Expression * > next( __attribute((unused)) std::list< Expression * > & indices ) {
@@ -136 +144 @@
         };
 
-        class ExprImpl : public InitExpander::ExpanderImpl {
+        class ExprImpl_old : public InitExpander_old::ExpanderImpl {
         public:
-                ExprImpl( Expression * expr ) : arg( expr ) {}
-                virtual ~ExprImpl() { delete arg; }
+                ExprImpl_old( Expression * expr ) : arg( expr ) {}
+                virtual ~ExprImpl_old() { delete arg; }
 
                 virtual std::list< Expression * > next( std::list< Expression * > & indices ) {
@@ -163 +171 @@
         };
 
-        InitExpander::InitExpander( Initializer * init ) : expander( new InitImpl( init ) ) {}
-
-        InitExpander::InitExpander( Expression * expr ) : expander( new ExprImpl( expr ) ) {}
-
-        std::list< Expression * > InitExpander::operator*() {
+        InitExpander_old::InitExpander_old( Initializer * init ) : expander( new InitImpl_old( init ) ) {}
+
+        InitExpander_old::InitExpander_old( Expression * expr ) : expander( new ExprImpl_old( expr ) ) {}
+
+        std::list< Expression * > InitExpander_old::operator*() {
                 return cur;
         }
 
-        InitExpander & InitExpander::operator++() {
+        InitExpander_old & InitExpander_old::operator++() {
                 cur = expander->next( indices );
                 return *this;
@@ -177 +185 @@
 
         // use array indices list to build switch statement
-        void InitExpander::addArrayIndex( Expression * index, Expression * dimension ) {
+        void InitExpander_old::addArrayIndex( Expression * index, Expression * dimension ) {
                 indices.push_back( index );
                 indices.push_back( dimension );
         }
 
-        void InitExpander::clearArrayIndices() {
+        void InitExpander_old::clearArrayIndices() {
                 deleteAll( indices );
                 indices.clear();
         }
 
-        bool InitExpander::addReference() {
+        bool InitExpander_old::addReference() {
                 bool added = false;
                 for ( Expression *& expr : cur ) {
@@ -218 +226 @@
 
                 template< typename OutIterator >
-                void build( UntypedExpr * callExpr, InitExpander::IndexList::iterator idx, InitExpander::IndexList::iterator idxEnd, Initializer * init, OutIterator out ) {
+                void build( UntypedExpr * callExpr, InitExpander_old::IndexList::iterator idx, InitExpander_old::IndexList::iterator idxEnd, Initializer * init, OutIterator out ) {
                         if ( idx == idxEnd ) return;
                         Expression * index = *idx++;
@@ -275 +283 @@
         // remaining elements.
         // To accomplish this, generate switch statement, consuming all of expander's elements
-        Statement * InitImpl::buildListInit( UntypedExpr * dst, std::list< Expression * > & indices ) {
+        Statement * InitImpl_old::buildListInit( UntypedExpr * dst, std::list< Expression * > & indices ) {
                 if ( ! init ) return nullptr;
                 CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt();
@@ -288 +296 @@
         }
 
-        Statement * ExprImpl::buildListInit( UntypedExpr *, std::list< Expression * > & ) {
+        Statement * ExprImpl_old::buildListInit( UntypedExpr *, std::list< Expression * > & ) {
                 return nullptr;
         }
 
-        Statement * InitExpander::buildListInit( UntypedExpr * dst ) {
+        Statement * InitExpander_old::buildListInit( UntypedExpr * dst ) {
                 return expander->buildListInit( dst, indices );
         }
+
+class InitExpander_new::ExpanderImpl {
+public:
+        virtual ~ExpanderImpl() = default;
+        virtual std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > next( IndexList & indices ) = 0;
+        virtual ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > buildListInit( 
+                const ast::UntypedExpr * callExpr, IndexList & indices ) = 0;
+};
+
+namespace {
+        class InitImpl_new final : public InitExpander_new::ExpanderImpl {
+                ast::ptr< ast::Init > init;
+        public:
+                InitImpl_new( const ast::Init * i ) : init( i ) {}
+
+                std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > next( InitExpander_new::IndexList & ) override {
+                        return makeInitList( init );
+                }
+                
+                ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > buildListInit( 
+                        const ast::UntypedExpr * callExpr, InitExpander_new::IndexList & indices 
+                ) override {
+                        #warning unimplemented
+                        (void)callExpr; (void)indices;
+                        assert(false);
+                        return {};
+                }
+        };
+
+        class ExprImpl_new final : public InitExpander_new::ExpanderImpl {
+                ast::ptr< ast::Expr > arg;
+        public:
+                ExprImpl_new( const ast::Expr * a ) : arg( a ) {}
+
+                std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > next( 
+                        InitExpander_new::IndexList & indices 
+                ) override {
+                        #warning unimplemented
+                        (void)indices;
+                        assert(false);
+                        return {};
+                }
+                
+                ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > buildListInit( 
+                        const ast::UntypedExpr *, InitExpander_new::IndexList & 
+                ) override { 
+                        return {};
+                }
+        };
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+InitExpander_new::InitExpander_new( const ast::Init * init )
+: expander( new InitImpl_new{ init } ), crnt(), indices() {}
+
+InitExpander_new::InitExpander_new( const ast::Expr * expr )
+: expander( new ExprImpl_new{ expr } ), crnt(), indices() {}
+
+std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > InitExpander_new::operator* () { return crnt; }
+
+InitExpander_new & InitExpander_new::operator++ () {
+        crnt = expander->next( indices );
+        return *this;
+}
+
+/// builds statement which has the same semantics as a C-style list initializer (for array 
+/// initializers) using callExpr as the base expression to perform initialization
+ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > InitExpander_new::buildListInit( const ast::UntypedExpr * callExpr ) {
+        return expander->buildListInit( callExpr, indices );
+}
+
+void InitExpander_new::addArrayIndex( const ast::Expr * index, const ast::Expr * dimension ) {
+        indices.emplace_back( index );
+        indices.emplace_back( dimension );
+}
+
+void InitExpander_new::clearArrayIndices() { indices.clear(); }
+
+bool InitExpander_new::addReference() {
+        for ( ast::ptr< ast::Expr > & expr : crnt ) {
+                expr = new ast::AddressExpr{ expr };
+        }
+        return ! crnt.empty();
+}
 
         Type * getTypeofThis( FunctionType * ftype ) {

src/InitTweak/InitTweak.h

@@ -44 +44 @@
         /// transform Initializer into an argument list that can be passed to a call expression
         std::list< Expression * > makeInitList( Initializer * init );
+        std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > makeInitList( const ast::Init * init );
 
         /// True if the resolver should try to construct dwt
@@ -101 +102 @@
         bool isConstExpr( Initializer * init );
 
-        class InitExpander {
+        class InitExpander_old {
         public:
                 // expand by stepping through init to get each list of arguments
-                InitExpander( Initializer * init );
+                InitExpander_old( Initializer * init );
 
                 // always expand to expr
-                InitExpander( Expression * expr );
+                InitExpander_old( Expression * expr );
 
                 // iterator-like interface
                 std::list< Expression * > operator*();
-                InitExpander & operator++();
+                InitExpander_old & operator++();
 
                 // builds statement which has the same semantics as a C-style list initializer
@@ -130 +131 @@
                 IndexList indices;
         };
+
+        class InitExpander_new {
+        public:
+                using IndexList = std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > >;
+                class ExpanderImpl;
+
+        private:
+                std::shared_ptr< ExpanderImpl > expander;
+                std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > crnt;
+                // invariant: list of size 2N (elements come in pairs [index, dimension])
+                IndexList indices;
+
+        public:
+                /// Expand by stepping through init to get each list of arguments
+                InitExpander_new( const ast::Init * init );
+
+                /// Always expand to expression
+                InitExpander_new( const ast::Expr * expr );
+
+                std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > operator* ();
+                InitExpander_new & operator++ ();
+
+                /// builds statement which has the same semantics as a C-style list initializer (for array 
+                /// initializers) using callExpr as the base expression to perform initialization
+                ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > buildListInit( const ast::UntypedExpr * callExpr );
+
+                void addArrayIndex( const ast::Expr * index, const ast::Expr * dimension );
+
+                void clearArrayIndices();
+
+                bool addReference();
+        };
 } // namespace
 

src/ResolvExpr/CandidateFinder.cpp

@@ -57 +57 @@
                 // cast away reference from expr
                 cost.incReference();
-                return new ast::CastExpr{ expr->location, expr, expr->result->stripReferences() };
+                return new ast::CastExpr{ expr, expr->result->stripReferences() };
         }
         
@@ -126 +126 @@
                         ast::ptr< ast::Type > newType = paramType;
                         env.apply( newType );
-                        return new ast::CastExpr{ arg->location, arg, newType };
+                        return new ast::CastExpr{ arg, newType };
 
                         // xxx - *should* be able to resolve this cast, but at the moment pointers are not 
@@ -793 +793 @@
                         
                         if ( aggrType.as< ast::ReferenceType >() ) {
-                                aggrExpr = 
-                                        new ast::CastExpr{ aggrExpr->location, aggrExpr, aggrType->stripReferences() };
+                                aggrExpr = new ast::CastExpr{ aggrExpr, aggrType->stripReferences() };
                         }
 

src/ResolvExpr/Resolver.cc

@@ -1109 +1109 @@
                 
                 // set up and resolve expression cast to void
-                ast::CastExpr * untyped = new ast::CastExpr{ expr->location, expr };
+                ast::CastExpr * untyped = new ast::CastExpr{ expr };
                 CandidateRef choice = findUnfinishedKindExpression( 
                         untyped, symtab, "", anyCandidate, ResolvMode::withAdjustment() );
@@ -1161 +1161 @@
                 ) {
                         assert( untyped && type );
-                        ast::ptr< ast::Expr > castExpr = new ast::CastExpr{ untyped->location, untyped, type };
+                        ast::ptr< ast::Expr > castExpr = new ast::CastExpr{ untyped, type };
                         ast::ptr< ast::Expr > newExpr = findSingleExpression( castExpr, symtab );
                         removeExtraneousCast( newExpr, symtab );

src/SymTab/Autogen.cc

@@ -24 +24 @@
 #include <vector>                  // for vector
 
+#include "AST/Decl.hpp"
 #include "CodeGen/OperatorTable.h" // for isCtorDtor, isCtorDtorAssign
 #include "Common/PassVisitor.h"    // for PassVisitor
@@ -209 +210 @@
         }
 
+        bool isUnnamedBitfield( const ast::ObjectDecl * obj ) {
+                return obj && obj->name.empty() && obj->bitfieldWidth;
+        }
+
         /// inserts a forward declaration for functionDecl into declsToAdd
         void addForwardDecl( FunctionDecl * functionDecl, std::list< Declaration * > & declsToAdd ) {
@@ -388 +393 @@
 
         void StructFuncGenerator::makeMemberOp( ObjectDecl * dstParam, Expression * src, DeclarationWithType * field, FunctionDecl * func, bool forward ) {
-                InitTweak::InitExpander srcParam( src );
+                InitTweak::InitExpander_old srcParam( src );
 
                 // assign to destination

src/SymTab/Autogen.h

@@ -17 +17 @@
 
 #include <cassert>                // for assert
+#include <iterator>               // for back_inserter
 #include <string>                 // for string
 
+#include "AST/Decl.hpp"
+#include "AST/Expr.hpp"
+#include "AST/Init.hpp"
+#include "AST/Node.hpp"
+#include "AST/Stmt.hpp"
+#include "AST/Type.hpp"
 #include "CodeGen/OperatorTable.h"
 #include "Common/UniqueName.h"    // for UniqueName
+#include "Common/utility.h"       // for splice
 #include "InitTweak/InitTweak.h"  // for InitExpander
 #include "SynTree/Constant.h"     // for Constant
@@ -36 +44 @@
         /// returns true if obj's name is the empty string and it has a bitfield width
         bool isUnnamedBitfield( ObjectDecl * obj );
+        bool isUnnamedBitfield( const ast::ObjectDecl * obj );
 
         /// generate the type of an assignment function for paramType.
@@ -49 +58 @@
         FunctionType * genCopyType( Type * paramType, bool maybePolymorphic = true );
 
+        /// Enum for loop direction
+        enum LoopDirection { LoopBackward, LoopForward };
+
         /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and srcParam. Intended to be used with generated ?=?, ?{}, and ^?{} calls.
         template< typename OutputIterator >
-        Statement * genCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, Type * addCast = nullptr, bool forward = true );
+        Statement * genCall( InitTweak::InitExpander_old & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, Type * addCast = nullptr, bool forward = true );
+
+        template< typename OutIter >
+        ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > genCall(
+                InitTweak::InitExpander_new & srcParam, const ast::Expr * dstParam, 
+                const CodeLocation & loc, const std::string & fname, OutIter && out, 
+                const ast::Type * type, const ast::Type * addCast, LoopDirection forward = LoopForward );
 
         /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and srcParam. Should only be called with non-array types.
         /// optionally returns a statement which must be inserted prior to the containing loop, if there is one
         template< typename OutputIterator >
-        Statement * genScalarCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, std::string fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, Type * addCast = nullptr ) {
+        Statement * genScalarCall( InitTweak::InitExpander_old & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, std::string fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, Type * addCast = nullptr ) {
                 bool isReferenceCtorDtor = false;
                 if ( dynamic_cast< ReferenceType * >( type ) && CodeGen::isCtorDtor( fname ) ) {
@@ -106 +124 @@
         }
 
+        /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and 
+        /// srcParam. Should only be called with non-array types.
+        /// optionally returns a statement which must be inserted prior to the containing loop, if 
+        /// there is one
+        template< typename OutIter >
+        ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > genScalarCall( 
+                InitTweak::InitExpander_new & srcParam, const ast::Expr * dstParam, 
+                const CodeLocation & loc, std::string fname, OutIter && out, const ast::Type * type, 
+                const ast::Type * addCast = nullptr
+        ) {
+                bool isReferenceCtorDtor = false;
+                if ( dynamic_cast< const ast::ReferenceType * >( type ) && CodeGen::isCtorDtor( fname ) ) {
+                        // reference constructors are essentially application of the rebind operator.
+                        // apply & to both arguments, do not need a cast
+                        fname = "?=?";
+                        dstParam = new ast::AddressExpr{ dstParam };
+                        addCast = nullptr;
+                        isReferenceCtorDtor = true;
+                }
+
+                // want to be able to generate assignment, ctor, and dtor generically, so fname is one of
+                // "?=?", "?{}", or "^?{}"
+                ast::UntypedExpr * fExpr = new ast::UntypedExpr{ loc, new ast::NameExpr{ loc, fname } };
+
+                if ( addCast ) {
+                        // cast to T& with qualifiers removed, so that qualified objects can be constructed and 
+                        // destructed with the same functions as non-qualified objects. Unfortunately, lvalue 
+                        // is considered a qualifier - for AddressExpr to resolve, its argument must have an 
+                        // lvalue-qualified type, so remove all qualifiers except lvalue.
+                        // xxx -- old code actually removed lvalue too...
+                        ast::ptr< ast::Type > guard = addCast;  // prevent castType from mutating addCast
+                        ast::ptr< ast::Type > castType = addCast;
+                        ast::remove_qualifiers( 
+                                castType, 
+                                ast::CV::Const | ast::CV::Volatile | ast::CV::Restrict | ast::CV::Atomic );
+                        dstParam = new ast::CastExpr{ dstParam, new ast::ReferenceType{ castType } };
+                }
+                fExpr->args.emplace_back( dstParam );
+
+                const ast::Stmt * listInit = srcParam.buildListInit( fExpr );
+
+                // fetch next set of arguments
+                ++srcParam;
+
+                // return if adding reference fails -- will happen on default ctor and dtor
+                if ( isReferenceCtorDtor && ! srcParam.addReference() ) return listInit;
+
+                std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Expr > > args = *srcParam;
+                splice( fExpr->args, args );
+
+                *out++ = new ast::ExprStmt{ loc, fExpr };
+
+                srcParam.clearArrayIndices();
+                
+                return listInit;
+        }
+
         /// Store in out a loop which calls fname on each element of the array with srcParam and dstParam as arguments.
         /// If forward is true, loop goes from 0 to N-1, else N-1 to 0
         template< typename OutputIterator >
-        void genArrayCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression *dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, ArrayType *array, Type * addCast = nullptr, bool forward = true ) {
+        void genArrayCall( InitTweak::InitExpander_old & srcParam, Expression *dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, ArrayType *array, Type * addCast = nullptr, bool forward = true ) {
                 static UniqueName indexName( "_index" );
 
@@ -170 +245 @@
         }
 
+        /// Store in out a loop which calls fname on each element of the array with srcParam and 
+        /// dstParam as arguments. If forward is true, loop goes from 0 to N-1, else N-1 to 0
+        template< typename OutIter >
+        void genArrayCall(
+                InitTweak::InitExpander_new & srcParam, const ast::Expr * dstParam, 
+                const CodeLocation & loc, const std::string & fname, OutIter && out, 
+                const ast::ArrayType * array, const ast::Type * addCast = nullptr, 
+                LoopDirection forward = LoopForward 
+        ) {
+                static UniqueName indexName( "_index" );
+
+                // for a flexible array member nothing is done -- user must define own assignment
+                if ( ! array->dimension ) return;
+
+                if ( addCast ) {
+                        // peel off array layer from cast
+                        addCast = strict_dynamic_cast< const ast::ArrayType * >( addCast )->base;
+                }
+
+                ast::ptr< ast::Expr > begin, end, cmp, update;
+
+                if ( forward ) {
+                        // generate: for ( int i = 0; i < N; ++i )
+                        begin = ast::ConstantExpr::from_int( loc, 0 );
+                        end = array->dimension;
+                        cmp = new ast::NameExpr{ loc, "?<?" };
+                        update = new ast::NameExpr{ loc, "++?" };
+                } else {
+                        // generate: for ( int i = N-1; i >= 0; --i )
+                        begin = new ast::UntypedExpr{ 
+                                loc, new ast::NameExpr{ loc, "?-?" }, 
+                                { array->dimension, ast::ConstantExpr::from_int( loc, 1 ) } };
+                        end = ast::ConstantExpr::from_int( loc, 0 );
+                        cmp = new ast::NameExpr{ loc, "?>=?" };
+                        update = new ast::NameExpr{ loc, "--?" };
+                }
+
+                ast::ptr< ast::DeclWithType > index = new ast::ObjectDecl{ 
+                        loc, indexName.newName(), new ast::BasicType{ ast::BasicType::SignedInt }, 
+                        new ast::SingleInit{ loc, begin } };
+                
+                ast::ptr< ast::Expr > cond = new ast::UntypedExpr{
+                        loc, cmp, { new ast::VariableExpr{ loc, index }, end } };
+                
+                ast::ptr< ast::Expr > inc = new ast::UntypedExpr{
+                        loc, update, { new ast::VariableExpr{ loc, index } } };
+                
+                ast::ptr< ast::Expr > dstIndex = new ast::UntypedExpr{
+                        loc, new ast::NameExpr{ loc, "?[?]" }, 
+                        { dstParam, new ast::VariableExpr{ loc, index } } };
+                
+                // srcParam must keep track of the array indices to build the source parameter and/or 
+                // array list initializer
+                srcParam.addArrayIndex( new ast::VariableExpr{ loc, index }, array->dimension );
+
+                // for stmt's body, eventually containing call
+                ast::CompoundStmt * body = new ast::CompoundStmt{ loc };
+                ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > listInit = genCall( 
+                        srcParam, dstIndex, loc, fname, std::back_inserter( body->kids ), array->base, addCast, 
+                        forward );
+                
+                // block containing the stmt and index variable
+                ast::CompoundStmt * block = new ast::CompoundStmt{ loc };
+                block->push_back( new ast::DeclStmt{ loc, index } );
+                if ( listInit ) { block->push_back( listInit ); }
+                block->push_back( new ast::ForStmt{ loc, {}, cond, inc, body } );
+
+                *out++ = block;
+        }
+
         template< typename OutputIterator >
-        Statement * genCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, Type * addCast, bool forward ) {
+        Statement * genCall( InitTweak::InitExpander_old & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, Type * addCast, bool forward ) {
                 if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( type ) ) {
                         genArrayCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, out, at, addCast, forward );
@@ -180 +325 @@
         }
 
+        template< typename OutIter >
+        ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > genCall(
+                InitTweak::InitExpander_new & srcParam, const ast::Expr * dstParam, 
+                const CodeLocation & loc, const std::string & fname, OutIter && out, 
+                const ast::Type * type, const ast::Type * addCast, LoopDirection forward
+        ) {
+                if ( auto at = dynamic_cast< const ast::ArrayType * >( type ) ) {
+                        genArrayCall( 
+                                srcParam, dstParam, loc, fname, std::forward< OutIter >(out), at, addCast, 
+                                forward );
+                        return {};
+                } else {
+                        return genScalarCall( 
+                                srcParam, dstParam, loc, fname, std::forward< OutIter >( out ), type, addCast );
+                }
+        }
+
         /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam
         /// and srcParam. Intended to be used with generated ?=?, ?{}, and ^?{} calls. decl is the
@@ -185 +347 @@
         /// ImplicitCtorDtorStmt node.
         template< typename OutputIterator >
-        void genImplicitCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, DeclarationWithType * decl, bool forward = true ) {
+        void genImplicitCall( InitTweak::InitExpander_old & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, DeclarationWithType * decl, bool forward = true ) {
                 ObjectDecl *obj = dynamic_cast<ObjectDecl *>( decl );
                 assert( obj );
@@ -213 +375 @@
                 }
         }
+
+        static inline ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > genImplicitCall( 
+                InitTweak::InitExpander_new & srcParam, const ast::Expr * dstParam, 
+                const CodeLocation & loc, const std::string & fname, const ast::ObjectDecl * obj, 
+                LoopDirection forward = LoopForward 
+        ) {
+                // unnamed bit fields are not copied as they cannot be accessed
+                if ( isUnnamedBitfield( obj ) ) return {};
+
+                ast::ptr< ast::Type > addCast = nullptr;
+                if ( (fname == "?{}" || fname == "^?{}") && ( ! obj || ( obj && ! obj->bitfieldWidth ) ) ) {
+                        assert( dstParam->result );
+                        addCast = dstParam->result;
+                }
+
+                std::vector< ast::ptr< ast::Stmt > > stmts;
+                genCall( 
+                        srcParam, dstParam, loc, fname, back_inserter( stmts ), obj->type, addCast, forward );
+
+                if ( stmts.empty() ) {
+                        return {};
+                } else if ( stmts.size() == 1 ) {
+                        const ast::Stmt * callStmt = stmts.front();
+                        if ( addCast ) {
+                                // implicitly generated ctor/dtor calls should be wrapped so that later passes are 
+                                // aware they were generated.
+                                callStmt = new ast::ImplicitCtorDtorStmt{ callStmt->location, callStmt };
+                        }
+                        return callStmt;
+                } else {
+                        assert( false );
+                        return {};
+                }
+        }
 } // namespace SymTab
 

src/Tuples/Explode.cc

@@ -133 +133 @@
                         if ( first ) {
                                 castAdded = true;
-                                const ast::Expr * tuple = new ast::TupleExpr(
-                                        tupleExpr->location, std::move( exprs ) );
-                                return new ast::CastExpr( tuple->location,
-                                        tuple, new ast::ReferenceType( tuple->result.get(), ast::CV::Qualifiers() ) );
+                                const ast::Expr * tuple = new ast::TupleExpr{
+                                        tupleExpr->location, std::move( exprs ) };
+                                return new ast::CastExpr{ tuple, new ast::ReferenceType{ tuple->result } };
                         } else {
                                 return new ast::TupleExpr( tupleExpr->location, std::move( exprs ) );
@@ -145 +144 @@
                 } else {
                         castAdded = true;
-                        return new ast::CastExpr( expr->location, expr,
-                                new ast::ReferenceType( expr->result, ast::CV::Qualifiers() ) );
+                        return new ast::CastExpr{ expr, new ast::ReferenceType{ expr->result } };
                 }
         }
@@ -164 +162 @@
                         castAdded = false;
                         const ast::Type * newType = getReferenceBase( newNode->result );
-                        return new ast::CastExpr( newNode->location, node, newType );
+                        return new ast::CastExpr{ newNode->location, node, newType };
                 }
                 return newNode;
@@ -183 +181 @@
         expr = expr->accept( exploder );
         if ( ! exploder.pass.foundUniqueExpr ) {
-                expr = new ast::CastExpr( expr->location, expr,
-                        new ast::ReferenceType( expr->result, ast::CV::Qualifiers() ) );
+                expr = new ast::CastExpr{ expr, new ast::ReferenceType{ expr->result } };
         }
         return expr;

src/Tuples/Explode.h

@@ -211 +211 @@
                         // Cast a reference away to a value-type to allow further explosion.
                         if ( dynamic_cast< const ast::ReferenceType *>( local->result.get() ) ) {
-                                local = new ast::CastExpr( local->location, local, tupleType );
+                                local = new ast::CastExpr{ local, tupleType };
                         }
                         // Now we have to go across the tuple via indexing.

src/Tuples/TupleAssignment.cc

@@ -464 +464 @@
                                         // resolve ctor/dtor for the new object
                                         ast::ptr< ast::Init > ctorInit = ResolvExpr::resolveCtorInit( 
-                                                        InitTweak::genCtorInit( ret ), spotter.crntFinder.symtab );
+                                                        InitTweak::genCtorInit( location, ret ), spotter.crntFinder.symtab );
                                         // remove environments from subexpressions of stmtExpr
                                         ast::Pass< EnvRemover > rm{ env };
@@ -550 +550 @@
                                         // is && and RHS is lvalue
                                         auto lhsType = lhsCand->expr->result.strict_as< ast::ReferenceType >();
-                                        rhsCand->expr = new ast::CastExpr{ 
-                                                rhsCand->expr->location, rhsCand->expr, lhsType->base };
+                                        rhsCand->expr = new ast::CastExpr{ rhsCand->expr, lhsType->base };
                                         ast::ptr< ast::ObjectDecl > lobj = newObject( lhsNamer, lhsCand->expr );
                                         ast::ptr< ast::ObjectDecl > robj = newObject( rhsNamer, rhsCand->expr );
@@ -604 +603 @@
                                         if ( ! lhsCand->expr.as< ast::CastExpr >() ) {
                                                 lhsCand->expr = new ast::CastExpr{ 
-                                                        lhsCand->expr->location, lhsCand->expr, 
-                                                        new ast::ReferenceType{ lhsCand->expr->result } };
+                                                        lhsCand->expr, new ast::ReferenceType{ lhsCand->expr->result } };
                                         }
 
@@ -616 +614 @@
                                                 if ( ! cand->expr->result.as< ast::ReferenceType >() ) {
                                                         cand->expr = new ast::CastExpr{
-                                                                cand->expr->location, cand->expr, 
-                                                                new ast::ReferenceType{ cand->expr->result } };
+                                                                cand->expr, new ast::ReferenceType{ cand->expr->result } };
                                                 }
                                         }