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  • doc/user/user.tex

    rc323837 raec68b6  
    1111%% Created On       : Wed Apr  6 14:53:29 2016
    1212%% Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
    13 %% Last Modified On : Tue Apr 20 23:25:56 2021
    14 %% Update Count     : 4888
     13%% Last Modified On : Sun Apr 25 19:03:03 2021
     14%% Update Count     : 4951
    1515%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1616
    … …  
    7070\lstset{language=CFA}                                                                   % CFA default lnaguage
    7171\lstnewenvironment{C++}[1][]                            % use C++ style
    72 {\lstset{language=C++,moredelim=**[is][\protect\color{red}]{@}{@},#1}}
     72{\lstset{language=C++,moredelim=**[is][\protect\color{red}]{®}{®},#1}}
    7373{}
    7474
    … …  
    8282\newcommand{\Textbf}[2][red]{{\color{#1}{\textbf{#2}}}}
    8383\newcommand{\Emph}[2][red]{{\color{#1}\textbf{\emph{#2}}}}
    84 \newcommand{\R}[1]{\Textbf{#1}}
    85 \newcommand{\RC}[1]{\Textbf{\LstBasicStyle{#1}}}
     84\newcommand{\R}[1]{{\color{red}#1}}
     85\newcommand{\RB}[1]{\Textbf{#1}}
    8686\newcommand{\B}[1]{{\Textbf[blue]{#1}}}
    8787\newcommand{\G}[1]{{\Textbf[OliveGreen]{#1}}}
    … …  
    177177int main( void ) {
    178178        int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
    179         @printf( "%d %d %d\n", x, y, z );@
     179        ®printf( "%d %d %d\n", x, y, z );®
    180180}
    181181\end{cfa}
    … …  
    186186int main( void ) {
    187187        int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
    188         @sout | x | y | z;@$\indexc{sout}$
     188        ®sout | x | y | z;®$\indexc{sout}$
    189189}
    190190\end{cfa}
    … …  
    195195int main() {
    196196        int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
    197         @cout<<x<<" "<<y<<" "<<z<<endl;@
     197        ®cout<<x<<" "<<y<<" "<<z<<endl;®
    198198}
    199199\end{cfa}
    … …  
    225225\begin{tabular}{@{}rcccccccc@{}}
    226226                & 2021  & 2016  & 2011  & 2006  & 2001  & 1996  & 1991  & 1986  \\ \hline
    227 \R{C}   & \R{1} & \R{2} & \R{2} & \R{1} & \R{1} & \R{1} & \R{1} & \R{1} \\
     227\RB{C}  & \RB{1}& \RB{2}& \RB{2}& \RB{1}& \RB{1}& \RB{1}& \RB{1}& \RB{1}\\
    228228Java    & 2             & 1             & 1             & 2             & 3             & 28    & -             & -             \\
    229229Python  & 3             & 5             & 6             & 7             & 23    & 13    & -             & -             \\
    … …  
    259259The signature feature of \CFA is \emph{\Index{overload}able} \Index{parametric-polymorphic} functions~\cite{forceone:impl,Cormack90,Duggan96} with functions generalized using a ©forall© clause (giving the language its name):
    260260\begin{cfa}
    261 @forall( otype T )@ T identity( T val ) { return val; }
     261®forall( otype T )® T identity( T val ) { return val; }
    262262int forty_two = identity( 42 ); $\C{// T is bound to int, forty\_two == 42}$
    263263\end{cfa}
    … …  
    323323Whereas, \CFA wraps each of these routines into one overloaded name ©abs©:
    324324\begin{cfa}
    325 char @abs@( char );
    326 extern "C" { int @abs@( int ); } $\C{// use default C routine for int}$
    327 long int @abs@( long int );
    328 long long int @abs@( long long int );
    329 float @abs@( float );
    330 double @abs@( double );
    331 long double @abs@( long double );
    332 float _Complex @abs@( float _Complex );
    333 double _Complex @abs@( double _Complex );
    334 long double _Complex @abs@( long double _Complex );
     325char ®abs®( char );
     326extern "C" { int ®abs®( int ); } $\C{// use default C routine for int}$
     327long int ®abs®( long int );
     328long long int ®abs®( long long int );
     329float ®abs®( float );
     330double ®abs®( double );
     331long double ®abs®( long double );
     332float _Complex ®abs®( float _Complex );
     333double _Complex ®abs®( double _Complex );
     334long double _Complex ®abs®( long double _Complex );
    335335\end{cfa}
    336336The problem is \Index{name clash} between the C name ©abs© and the \CFA names ©abs©, resulting in two name linkages\index{C linkage}: ©extern "C"© and ©extern "Cforall"© (default).
    … …  
    359359The 2011 C standard plus GNU extensions.
    360360\item
    361 \Indexc[deletekeywords=inline]{-fgnu89-inline}\index{compilation option!-fgnu89-inline@{\lstinline[deletekeywords=inline]$-fgnu89-inline$}}
     361\Indexc[deletekeywords=inline]{-fgnu89-inline}\index{compilation option!-fgnu89-inline@{\lstinline[deletekeywords=inline]{-fgnu89-inline}}}
    362362Use the traditional GNU semantics for inline routines in C11 mode, which allows inline routines in header files.
    363363\end{description}
    … …  
    531531Keyword clashes are accommodated by syntactic transformations using the \CFA backquote escape-mechanism:
    532532\begin{cfa}
    533 int @``@otype = 3; $\C{// make keyword an identifier}$
    534 double @``@forall = 3.5;
     533int ®``®otype = 3; $\C{// make keyword an identifier}$
     534double ®``®forall = 3.5;
    535535\end{cfa}
    536536
    … …  
    543543// include file uses the CFA keyword "with".
    544544#if ! defined( with )                                                   $\C{// nesting ?}$
    545 #define with @``@with                                                   $\C{// make keyword an identifier}$
     545#define with ®``®with                                                   $\C{// make keyword an identifier}$
    546546#define __CFA_BFD_H__
    547547#endif
    … …  
    561561Numeric constants are extended to allow \Index{underscore}s\index{constant!underscore} as a separator, \eg:
    562562\begin{cfa}
    563 2@_@147@_@483@_@648; $\C{// decimal constant}$
    564 56@_@ul; $\C{// decimal unsigned long constant}$
    565 0@_@377; $\C{// octal constant}$
    566 0x@_@ff@_@ff; $\C{// hexadecimal constant}$
    567 0x@_@ef3d@_@aa5c; $\C{// hexadecimal constant}$
    568 3.141@_@592@_@654; $\C{// floating constant}$
    569 10@_@e@_@+1@_@00; $\C{// floating constant}$
    570 0x@_@ff@_@ff@_@p@_@3; $\C{// hexadecimal floating}$
    571 0x@_@1.ffff@_@ffff@_@p@_@128@_@l; $\C{// hexadecimal floating long constant}$
    572 L@_@$"\texttt{\textbackslash{x}}$@_@$\texttt{ff}$@_@$\texttt{ee}"$; $\C{// wide character constant}$
     5632®_®147®_®483®_®648; $\C{// decimal constant}$
     56456®_®ul; $\C{// decimal unsigned long constant}$
     5650®_®377; $\C{// octal constant}$
     5660x®_®ff®_®ff; $\C{// hexadecimal constant}$
     5670x®_®ef3d®_®aa5c; $\C{// hexadecimal constant}$
     5683.141®_®592®_®654; $\C{// floating constant}$
     56910®_®e®_®+1®_®00; $\C{// floating constant}$
     5700x®_®ff®_®ff®_®p®_®3; $\C{// hexadecimal floating}$
     5710x®_®1.ffff®_®ffff®_®p®_®128®_®l; $\C{// hexadecimal floating long constant}$
     572L®_®$"\texttt{\textbackslash{x}}$®_®$\texttt{ff}$®_®$\texttt{ee}"$; $\C{// wide character constant}$
    573573\end{cfa}
    574574The rules for placement of underscores are:
    … …  
    603603Floating exponentiation\index{exponentiation!floating} is performed using \Index{logarithm}s\index{exponentiation!logarithm}, so the exponent cannot be negative.
    604604\begin{cfa}
    605 sout | 1 @\@ 0 | 1 @\@ 1 | 2 @\@ 8 | -4 @\@ 3 | 5 @\@ 3 | 5 @\@ 32 | 5L @\@ 32 | 5L @\@ 64 | -4 @\@ -3 | -4.0 @\@ -3 | 4.0 @\@ 2.1
    606            | (1.0f+2.0fi) @\@ (3.0f+2.0fi);
    607 1 1 256 -64 125 @0@ 3273344365508751233 @0@ @0@ -0.015625 18.3791736799526 0.264715-1.1922i
     605sout | 1 ®\® 0 | 1 ®\® 1 | 2 ®\® 8 | -4 ®\® 3 | 5 ®\® 3 | 5 ®\® 32 | 5L ®\® 32 | 5L ®\® 64 | -4 ®\® -3 | -4.0 ®\® -3 | 4.0 ®\® 2.1
     606           | (1.0f+2.0fi) ®\® (3.0f+2.0fi);
     6071 1 256 -64 125 ®0® 3273344365508751233 ®0® ®0® -0.015625 18.3791736799526 0.264715-1.1922i
    608608\end{cfa}
    609609Note, ©5 \ 32© and ©5L \ 64© overflow, and ©-4 \ -3© is a fraction but stored in an integer so all three computations generate an integral zero.
    … …  
    613613\begin{cfa}
    614614forall( otype T | { void ?{}( T & this, one_t ); T ?*?( T, T ); } )
    615 T ?@\@?( T ep, unsigned int y );
     615T ?®\®?( T ep, unsigned int y );
    616616forall( otype T | { void ?{}( T & this, one_t ); T ?*?( T, T ); } )
    617 T ?@\@?( T ep, unsigned long int y );
     617T ?®\®?( T ep, unsigned long int y );
    618618\end{cfa}
    619619The user type ©T© must define multiplication, one (©1©), and ©*©.
    … …  
    625625
    626626
    627 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@if@/\protect\lstinline@while@ Statement}{if Statement}}
     627%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{if}/\protect\lstinline{while} Statement}{if Statement}}
    628628\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstKeywordStyle{if} / \LstKeywordStyle{while} Statement}{if / while Statement}}
    629629
    … …  
    631631Declarations in the ©do©-©while© condition are not useful because they appear after the loop body.}
    632632\begin{cfa}
    633 if ( @int x = f()@ ) ... $\C{// x != 0}$
    634 if ( @int x = f(), y = g()@ ) ... $\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}$
    635 if ( @int x = f(), y = g(); x < y@ ) ... $\C{// relational expression}$
    636 if ( @struct S { int i; } x = { f() }; x.i < 4@ ) $\C{// relational expression}$
    637 
    638 while ( @int x = f()@ ) ... $\C{// x != 0}$
    639 while ( @int x = f(), y = g()@ ) ... $\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}$
    640 while ( @int x = f(), y = g(); x < y@ ) ... $\C{// relational expression}$
    641 while ( @struct S { int i; } x = { f() }; x.i < 4@ ) ... $\C{// relational expression}$
     633if ( ®int x = f()® ) ... $\C{// x != 0}$
     634if ( ®int x = f(), y = g()® ) ... $\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}$
     635if ( ®int x = f(), y = g(); x < y® ) ... $\C{// relational expression}$
     636if ( ®struct S { int i; } x = { f() }; x.i < 4® ) $\C{// relational expression}$
     637
     638while ( ®int x = f()® ) ... $\C{// x != 0}$
     639while ( ®int x = f(), y = g()® ) ... $\C{// x != 0 \&\& y != 0}$
     640while ( ®int x = f(), y = g(); x < y® ) ... $\C{// relational expression}$
     641while ( ®struct S { int i; } x = { f() }; x.i < 4® ) ... $\C{// relational expression}$
    642642\end{cfa}
    643643Unless a relational expression is specified, each variable is compared not equal to 0, which is the standard semantics for the ©if©/©while© expression, and the results are combined using the logical ©&&© operator.
    … …  
    646646
    647647
    648 %\section{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@case@ Clause}{case Clause}}
     648%\section{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{case} Clause}{case Clause}}
    649649\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstKeywordStyle{case} Clause}{case Clause}}
    650650\label{s:caseClause}
    … …  
    659659\begin{cfa}
    660660switch ( i ) {
    661   case @1, 3, 5@:
     661  case ®1, 3, 5®:
    662662        ...
    663   case @2, 4, 6@:
     663  case ®2, 4, 6®:
    664664        ...
    665665}
    … …  
    686686\end{cquote}
    687687In addition, subranges are allowed to specify case values.\footnote{
    688 gcc has the same mechanism but awkward syntax, \lstinline@2 ...42@, because a space is required after a number, otherwise the period is a decimal point.}
     688gcc has the same mechanism but awkward syntax, \lstinline{2 ...42}, because a space is required after a number, otherwise the period is a decimal point.}
    689689\begin{cfa}
    690690switch ( i ) {
    691   case @1~5:@ $\C{// 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}$
     691  case ®1~5:® $\C{// 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}$
    692692        ...
    693   case @10~15:@ $\C{// 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}$
     693  case ®10~15:® $\C{// 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}$
    694694        ...
    695695}
    … …  
    697697Lists of subranges are also allowed.
    698698\begin{cfa}
    699 case @1~5, 12~21, 35~42@:
    700 \end{cfa}
    701 
    702 
    703 %\section{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@switch@ Statement}{switch Statement}}
     699case ®1~5, 12~21, 35~42®:
     700\end{cfa}
     701
     702
     703%\section{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{switch} Statement}{switch Statement}}
    704704\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstKeywordStyle{switch} Statement}{switch Statement}}
    705705
    … …  
    741741if ( argc == 3 ) {
    742742        // open output file
    743         @// open input file
    744 @} else if ( argc == 2 ) {
    745         @// open input file (duplicate)
    746 
    747 @} else {
     743        ®// open input file
     744®} else if ( argc == 2 ) {
     745        ®// open input file (duplicate)
     746
     747®} else {
    748748        // usage message
    749749}
    … …  
    756756\begin{cfa}
    757757switch ( i ) {
    758   @case 1: case 3: case 5:@     // odd values
     758  ®case 1: case 3: case 5:®     // odd values
    759759        // odd action
    760760        break;
    761   @case 2: case 4: case 6:@     // even values
     761  ®case 2: case 4: case 6:®     // even values
    762762        // even action
    763763        break;
    … …  
    775775        if ( j < k ) {
    776776                ...
    777           @case 1:@             // transfer into "if" statement
     777          ®case 1:®             // transfer into "if" statement
    778778                ...
    779779        } // if
    … …  
    781781        while ( j < 5 ) {
    782782                ...
    783           @case 3:@             // transfer into "while" statement
     783          ®case 3:®             // transfer into "while" statement
    784784                ...
    785785        } // while
    … …  
    822822\begin{cfa}
    823823switch ( x ) {
    824         @int y = 1;@ $\C{// unreachable initialization}$
    825         @x = 7;@ $\C{// unreachable code without label/branch}$
     824        ®int y = 1;® $\C{// unreachable initialization}$
     825        ®x = 7;® $\C{// unreachable code without label/branch}$
    826826  case 0: ...
    827827        ...
    828         @int z = 0;@ $\C{// unreachable initialization, cannot appear after case}$
     828        ®int z = 0;® $\C{// unreachable initialization, cannot appear after case}$
    829829        z = 2;
    830830  case 1:
    831         @x = z;@ $\C{// without fall through, z is uninitialized}$
     831        ®x = z;® $\C{// without fall through, z is uninitialized}$
    832832}
    833833\end{cfa}
    … …  
    861861Therefore, to preserve backwards compatibility, it is necessary to introduce a new kind of ©switch© statement, called ©choose©, with no implicit fall-through semantics and an explicit fall-through if the last statement of a case-clause ends with the new keyword ©fallthrough©/©fallthru©, \eg:
    862862\begin{cfa}
    863 @choose@ ( i ) {
     863®choose® ( i ) {
    864864  case 1:  case 2:  case 3:
    865865        ...
    866         @// implicit end of switch (break)
    867   @case 5:
     866        ®// implicit end of switch (break)
     867  ®case 5:
    868868        ...
    869         @fallthru@; $\C{// explicit fall through}$
     869        ®fallthru®; $\C{// explicit fall through}$
    870870  case 7:
    871871        ...
    872         @break@ $\C{// explicit end of switch (redundant)}$
     872        ®break® $\C{// explicit end of switch (redundant)}$
    873873  default:
    874874        j = 3;
    … …  
    891891\begin{cfa}
    892892switch ( x ) {
    893         @int i = 0;@ $\C{// allowed only at start}$
     893        ®int i = 0;® $\C{// allowed only at start}$
    894894  case 0:
    895895        ...
    896         @int j = 0;@ $\C{// disallowed}$
     896        ®int j = 0;® $\C{// disallowed}$
    897897  case 1:
    898898        {
    899                 @int k = 0;@ $\C{// allowed at different nesting levels}$
     899                ®int k = 0;® $\C{// allowed at different nesting levels}$
    900900                ...
    901           @case 2:@ $\C{// disallow case in nested statements}$
     901          ®case 2:® $\C{// disallow case in nested statements}$
    902902        }
    903903  ...
    … …  
    916916  case 3:
    917917        if ( ... ) {
    918                 ... @fallthru;@ // goto case 4
     918                ... ®fallthru;® // goto case 4
    919919        } else {
    920920                ...
    … …  
    931931choose ( ... ) {
    932932  case 3:
    933         ... @fallthrough common;@
     933        ... ®fallthrough common;®
    934934  case 4:
    935         ... @fallthrough common;@
    936 
    937   @common:@ // below fallthrough
     935        ... ®fallthrough common;®
     936
     937  ®common:® // below fallthrough
    938938                          // at case-clause level
    939939        ...     // common code for cases 3/4
    … …  
    951951                for ( ... ) {
    952952                        // multi-level transfer
    953                         ... @fallthru common;@
     953                        ... ®fallthru common;®
    954954                }
    955955                ...
    956956        }
    957957        ...
    958   @common:@ // below fallthrough
     958  ®common:® // below fallthrough
    959959                          // at case-clause level
    960960\end{cfa}
    … …  
    971971\hline
    972972\begin{cfa}
    973 while @($\,$)@ { sout | "empty"; break; }
    974 do { sout | "empty"; break; } while @($\,$)@;
    975 for @($\,$)@ { sout | "empty"; break; }
    976 for ( @0@ ) { sout | "A"; } sout | "zero";
    977 for ( @1@ ) { sout | "A"; }
    978 for ( @10@ ) { sout | "A"; }
    979 for ( @= 10@ ) { sout | "A"; }
    980 for ( @1 ~= 10 ~ 2@ ) { sout | "B"; }
    981 for ( @10 -~= 1 ~ 2@ ) { sout | "C"; }
    982 for ( @0.5 ~ 5.5@ ) { sout | "D"; }
    983 for ( @5.5 -~ 0.5@ ) { sout | "E"; }
    984 for ( @i; 10@ ) { sout | i; }
    985 for ( @i; = 10@ ) { sout | i; }
    986 for ( @i; 1 ~= 10 ~ 2@ ) { sout | i; }
    987 for ( @i; 10 -~= 1 ~ 2@ ) { sout | i; }
    988 for ( @i; 0.5 ~ 5.5@ ) { sout | i; }
    989 for ( @i; 5.5 -~ 0.5@ ) { sout | i; }
    990 for ( @ui; 2u ~= 10u ~ 2u@ ) { sout | ui; }
    991 for ( @ui; 10u -~= 2u ~ 2u@ ) { sout | ui; }
     973while ®($\,$)® { sout | "empty"; break; }
     974do { sout | "empty"; break; } while ®($\,$)®;
     975for ®($\,$)® { sout | "empty"; break; }
     976for ( ®0® ) { sout | "A"; } sout | "zero";
     977for ( ®1® ) { sout | "A"; }
     978for ( ®10® ) { sout | "A"; }
     979for ( ®= 10® ) { sout | "A"; }
     980for ( ®1 ~= 10 ~ 2® ) { sout | "B"; }
     981for ( ®10 -~= 1 ~ 2® ) { sout | "C"; }
     982for ( ®0.5 ~ 5.5® ) { sout | "D"; }
     983for ( ®5.5 -~ 0.5® ) { sout | "E"; }
     984for ( ®i; 10® ) { sout | i; }
     985for ( ®i; = 10® ) { sout | i; }
     986for ( ®i; 1 ~= 10 ~ 2® ) { sout | i; }
     987for ( ®i; 10 -~= 1 ~ 2® ) { sout | i; }
     988for ( ®i; 0.5 ~ 5.5® ) { sout | i; }
     989for ( ®i; 5.5 -~ 0.5® ) { sout | i; }
     990for ( ®ui; 2u ~= 10u ~ 2u® ) { sout | ui; }
     991for ( ®ui; 10u -~= 2u ~ 2u® ) { sout | ui; }
    992992enum { N = 10 };
    993 for ( @N@ ) { sout | "N"; }
    994 for ( @i; N@ ) { sout | i; }
    995 for ( @i; N -~ 0@ ) { sout | i; }
     993for ( ®N® ) { sout | "N"; }
     994for ( ®i; N® ) { sout | i; }
     995for ( ®i; N -~ 0® ) { sout | i; }
    996996const int start = 3, comp = 10, inc = 2;
    997 for ( @i; start ~ comp ~ inc + 1@ ) { sout | i; }
    998 for ( i; 1 ~ $\R{@}$ ) { if ( i > 10 ) break; sout | i; }
    999 for ( i; 10 -~ $\R{@}$ ) { if ( i < 0 ) break; sout | i; }
    1000 for ( i; 2 ~ $\R{@}$ ~ 2 ) { if ( i > 10 ) break; sout | i; }
    1001 for ( i; 2.1 ~ $\R{@}$ ~ $\R{@}$ ) { if ( i > 10.5 ) break; sout | i; i += 1.7; }
    1002 for ( i; 10 -~ $\R{@}$ ~ 2 ) { if ( i < 0 ) break; sout | i; }
    1003 for ( i; 12.1 ~ $\R{@}$ ~ $\R{@}$ ) { if ( i < 2.5 ) break; sout | i; i -= 1.7; }
    1004 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 ~ $@$ ) { sout | i | j; }
    1005 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ) { sout | i | j; }
    1006 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 ~ $@$ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
    1007 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
    1008 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 ~ $@$ ) { sout | i | j; }
    1009 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ) { sout | i | j; }
    1010 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 ~ $@$ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
    1011 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
    1012 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ~ 2 @:@ k; 1.5 ~ $@$ ) { sout | i | j | k; }
    1013 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ~ 2 @:@ k; 1.5 ~ $@$ ) { sout | i | j | k; }
    1014 for ( i; 5 @:@ k; 1.5 ~ $@$ @:@ j; -5 -~ $@$ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j | k; }
     997for ( ®i; start ~ comp ~ inc + 1® ) { sout | i; }
     998for ( i; 1 ~ ®@® ) { if ( i > 10 ) break; sout | i; }
     999for ( i; 10 -~ ®@® ) { if ( i < 0 ) break; sout | i; }
     1000for ( i; 2 ~ ®@® ~ 2 ) { if ( i > 10 ) break; sout | i; }
     1001for ( i; 2.1 ~ ®@® ~ ®@® ) { if ( i > 10.5 ) break; sout | i; i += 1.7; }
     1002for ( i; 10 -~ ®@® ~ 2 ) { if ( i < 0 ) break; sout | i; }
     1003for ( i; 12.1 ~ ®@® ~ ®@® ) { if ( i < 2.5 ) break; sout | i; i -= 1.7; }
     1004for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 ~ @ ) { sout | i | j; }
     1005for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ) { sout | i | j; }
     1006for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 ~ @ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
     1007for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
     1008for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 ~ @ ) { sout | i | j; }
     1009for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ) { sout | i | j; }
     1010for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 ~ @ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
     1011for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j; }
     1012for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ~ 2 ®:® k; 1.5 ~ @ ) { sout | i | j | k; }
     1013for ( i; 5 ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ~ 2 ®:® k; 1.5 ~ @ ) { sout | i | j | k; }
     1014for ( i; 5 ®:® k; 1.5 ~ @ ®:® j; -5 -~ @ ~ 2 ) { sout | i | j | k; }
    10151015\end{cfa}
    10161016&
    … …  
    10901090The loop index is polymorphic in the type of the comparison value N (when the start value is implicit) or the start value M.
    10911091\begin{cfa}
    1092 for ( i; @5@ )                                  $\C[2.5in]{// typeof(5) i; 5 is comparison value}$
    1093 for ( i; @1.5@~5.5~0.5 )                $\C{// typeof(1.5) i; 1.5 is start value}$
     1092for ( i; ®5® )                                  $\C[2.5in]{// typeof(5) i; 5 is comparison value}$
     1093for ( i; ®1.5®~5.5~0.5 )                $\C{// typeof(1.5) i; 1.5 is start value}$
    10941094\end{cfa}
    10951095\item
    10961096An empty conditional implies comparison value of ©1© (true).
    10971097\begin{cfa}
    1098 while ( $\R{/*empty*/}$ )               $\C{// while ( true )}$
    1099 for ( $\R{/*empty*/}$ )                 $\C{// for ( ; true; )}$
    1100 do ... while ( $\R{/*empty*/}$ ) $\C{// do ... while ( true )}$
     1098while ( ®/*empty*/®  )                  $\C{// while ( true )}$
     1099for ( ®/*empty*/® )                    $\C{// for ( ; true; )}$
     1100do ... while ( ®/*empty*/®  )    $\C{// do ... while ( true )}$
    11011101\end{cfa}
    11021102\item
    11031103A comparison N is implicit up-to exclusive range [0,N\R{)}.
    11041104\begin{cfa}
    1105 for ( @5@ )                                             $\C{// for ( typeof(5) i; i < 5; i += 1 )}$
     1105for ( ®5® )                                             $\C{// for ( typeof(5) i; i < 5; i += 1 )}$
    11061106\end{cfa}
    11071107\item
    11081108A comparison ©=© N is implicit up-to inclusive range [0,N\R{]}.
    11091109\begin{cfa}
    1110 for ( @=@5 )                                    $\C{// for ( typeof(5) i; i <= 5; i += 1 )}$
     1110for ( ®=®5 )                                    $\C{// for ( typeof(5) i; i <= 5; i += 1 )}$
    11111111\end{cfa}
    11121112\item
    11131113The up-to range M ©~©\index{~@©~©} N means exclusive range [M,N\R{)}.
    11141114\begin{cfa}
    1115 for ( 1@~@5 )                                   $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 1; i < 5; i += 1 )}$
     1115for ( 1®~®5 )                                   $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 1; i < 5; i += 1 )}$
    11161116\end{cfa}
    11171117\item
    11181118The up-to range M ©~=©\index{~=@©~=©} N means inclusive range [M,N\R{]}.
    11191119\begin{cfa}
    1120 for ( 1@~=@5 )                                  $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 1; i <= 5; i += 1 )}$
     1120for ( 1®~=®5 )                                  $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 1; i <= 5; i += 1 )}$
    11211121\end{cfa}
    11221122\item
    11231123The down-to range M ©-~©\index{-~@©-~©} N means exclusive range [N,M\R{)}.
    11241124\begin{cfa}
    1125 for ( 1@-~@5 )                                  $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 5; i > 0; i -= 1 )}$
     1125for ( 1®-~®5 )                                  $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 5; i > 0; i -= 1 )}$
    11261126\end{cfa}
    11271127\item
    11281128The down-to range M ©-~=©\index{-~=@©-~=©} N means inclusive range [N,M\R{]}.
    11291129\begin{cfa}
    1130 for ( 1@-~=@5 )                                 $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 5; i >= 0; i -= 1 )}$
     1130for ( 1®-~=®5 )                                 $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 5; i >= 0; i -= 1 )}$
    11311131\end{cfa}
    11321132\item
    11331133©@© means put nothing in this field.
    11341134\begin{cfa}
    1135 for ( 1~$\R{@}$~2 )                             $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 1; /*empty*/; i += 2 )}$
     1135for ( 1~®@®~2 )                                 $\C{// for ( typeof(1) i = 1; /*empty*/; i += 2 )}$
    11361136\end{cfa}
    11371137\item
    11381138©:© means start another index.
    11391139\begin{cfa}
    1140 for ( i; 5 @:@ j; 2~12~3 )              $\C{// for ( typeof(i) i = 1, j = 2; i < 5 \&\& j < 12; i += 1, j += 3 )}\CRT$
     1140for ( i; 5 ®:® j; 2~12~3 )              $\C{// for ( typeof(i) i = 1, j = 2; i < 5 \&\& j < 12; i += 1, j += 3 )}\CRT$
    11411141\end{cfa}
    11421142\end{itemize}
    11431143
    11441144
    1145 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{Labelled \protect\lstinline@continue@ / \protect\lstinline@break@}{Labelled continue / break}}
     1145%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{Labelled \protect\lstinline{continue} / \protect\lstinline{break}}{Labelled continue / break}}
    11461146\subsection{\texorpdfstring{Labelled \LstKeywordStyle{continue} / \LstKeywordStyle{break} Statement}{Labelled continue / break Statement}}
    11471147
    … …  
    11581158\begin{lrbox}{\myboxA}
    11591159\begin{cfa}[tabsize=3]
    1160 @Compound:@ {
    1161         @Try:@ try {
    1162                 @For:@ for ( ... ) {
    1163                         @While:@ while ( ... ) {
    1164                                 @Do:@ do {
    1165                                         @If:@ if ( ... ) {
    1166                                                 @Switch:@ switch ( ... ) {
     1160®Compound:® {
     1161        ®Try:® try {
     1162                ®For:® for ( ... ) {
     1163                        ®While:® while ( ... ) {
     1164                                ®Do:® do {
     1165                                        ®If:® if ( ... ) {
     1166                                                ®Switch:® switch ( ... ) {
    11671167                                                        case 3:
    1168                                                                 @break Compound@;
    1169                                                                 @break Try@;
    1170                                                                 @break For@;      /* or */  @continue For@;
    1171                                                                 @break While@;  /* or */  @continue While@;
    1172                                                                 @break Do@;      /* or */  @continue Do@;
    1173                                                                 @break If@;
    1174                                                                 @break Switch@;
     1168                                                                ®break Compound®;
     1169                                                                ®break Try®;
     1170                                                                ®break For®;      /* or */  ®continue For®;
     1171                                                                ®break While®;  /* or */  ®continue While®;
     1172                                                                ®break Do®;      /* or */  ®continue Do®;
     1173                                                                ®break If®;
     1174                                                                ®break Switch®;
    11751175                                                        } // switch
    11761176                                                } else {
    1177                                                         ... @break If@; ...     // terminate if
     1177                                                        ... ®break If®; ...     // terminate if
    11781178                                                } // if
    11791179                                } while ( ... ); // do
    11801180                        } // while
    11811181                } // for
    1182         } @finally@ { // always executed
     1182        } ®finally® { // always executed
    11831183        } // try
    11841184} // compound
    … …  
    11901190{
    11911191
    1192                 @ForC:@ for ( ... ) {
    1193                         @WhileC:@ while ( ... ) {
    1194                                 @DoC:@ do {
     1192                ®ForC:® for ( ... ) {
     1193                        ®WhileC:® while ( ... ) {
     1194                                ®DoC:® do {
    11951195                                        if ( ... ) {
    11961196                                                switch ( ... ) {
    11971197                                                        case 3:
    1198                                                                 @goto Compound@;
    1199                                                                 @goto Try@;
    1200                                                                 @goto ForB@;      /* or */  @goto ForC@;
    1201                                                                 @goto WhileB@;  /* or */  @goto WhileC@;
    1202                                                                 @goto DoB@;      /* or */  @goto DoC@;
    1203                                                                 @goto If@;
    1204                                                                 @goto Switch@;
    1205                                                         } @Switch:@ ;
     1198                                                                ®goto Compound®;
     1199                                                                ®goto Try®;
     1200                                                                ®goto ForB®;      /* or */  ®goto ForC®;
     1201                                                                ®goto WhileB®;  /* or */  ®goto WhileC®;
     1202                                                                ®goto DoB®;      /* or */  ®goto DoC®;
     1203                                                                ®goto If®;
     1204                                                                ®goto Switch®;
     1205                                                        } ®Switch:® ;
    12061206                                                } else {
    1207                                                         ... @goto If@; ...      // terminate if
    1208                                                 } @If:@;
    1209                                 } while ( ... ); @DoB:@ ;
    1210                         } @WhileB:@ ;
    1211                 } @ForB:@ ;
    1212 
    1213 
    1214 } @Compound:@ ;
     1207                                                        ... ®goto If®; ...      // terminate if
     1208                                                } ®If:®;
     1209                                } while ( ... ); ®DoB:® ;
     1210                        } ®WhileB:® ;
     1211                } ®ForB:® ;
     1212
     1213
     1214} ®Compound:® ;
    12151215\end{cfa}
    12161216\end{lrbox}
    … …  
    12411241
    12421242
    1243 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@with@ Statement}{with Statement}}
     1243%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{with} Statement}{with Statement}}
    12441244\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstKeywordStyle{with} Statement}{with Statement}}
    12451245\label{s:WithStatement}
    … …  
    12561256\begin{cfa}
    12571257Person p
    1258 @p.@name; @p.@address; @p.@sex; $\C{// access containing fields}$
     1258®p.®name; ®p.®address; ®p.®sex; $\C{// access containing fields}$
    12591259\end{cfa}
    12601260which extends to multiple levels of qualification for nested aggregates and multiple aggregates.
    12611261\begin{cfa}
    12621262struct Ticket { ... } t;
    1263 @p.name@.first; @p.address@.street;             $\C{// access nested fields}$
    1264 @t.@departure; @t.@cost;                                $\C{// access multiple aggregate}$
     1263®p.name®.first; ®p.address®.street;             $\C{// access nested fields}$
     1264®t.®departure; ®t.®cost;                                $\C{// access multiple aggregate}$
    12651265\end{cfa}
    12661266Repeated aggregate qualification is tedious and makes code difficult to read.
    … …  
    12851285\begin{C++}
    12861286struct S {
    1287         char @c@;   int @i@;   double @d@;
     1287        char ®c®;   int ®i®;   double ®d®;
    12881288        void f( /* S * this */ ) {                              $\C{// implicit ``this'' parameter}$
    1289                 @c@;   @i@;   @d@;                                      $\C{// this->c; this->i; this->d;}$
     1289                ®c®;   ®i®;   ®d®;                                      $\C{// this->c; this->i; this->d;}$
    12901290        }
    12911291}
    … …  
    12951295\begin{cfa}
    12961296struct T {
    1297         char @m@;   int @i@;   double @n@;              $\C{// derived class variables}$
     1297        char ®m®;   int ®i®;   double ®n®;              $\C{// derived class variables}$
    12981298};
    12991299struct S : public T {
    1300         char @c@;   int @i@;   double @d@;              $\C{// class variables}$
    1301         void g( double @d@, T & t ) {
    1302                 d;   @t@.m;   @t@.i;   @t@.n;           $\C{// function parameter}$
    1303                 c;   i;   @this->@d;   @S::@d;          $\C{// class S variables}$
    1304                 m;   @T::@i;   n;                                       $\C{// class T variables}$
     1300        char ®c®;   int ®i®;   double ®d®;              $\C{// class variables}$
     1301        void g( double ®d®, T & t ) {
     1302                d;   ®t®.m;   ®t®.i;   ®t®.n;           $\C{// function parameter}$
     1303                c;   i;   ®this->®d;   ®S::®d;          $\C{// class S variables}$
     1304                m;   ®T::®i;   n;                                       $\C{// class T variables}$
    13051305        }
    13061306};
    … …  
    13121312Hence, the qualified fields become variables with the side-effect that it is simpler to write, easier to read, and optimize field references in a block.
    13131313\begin{cfa}
    1314 void f( S & this ) @with ( this )@ {            $\C{// with statement}$
    1315         @c@;   @i@;   @d@;                                              $\C{// this.c, this.i, this.d}$
     1314void f( S & this ) ®with ( this )® {            $\C{// with statement}$
     1315        ®c®;   ®i®;   ®d®;                                              $\C{// this.c, this.i, this.d}$
    13161316}
    13171317\end{cfa}
    13181318with the generality of opening multiple aggregate-parameters:
    13191319\begin{cfa}
    1320 void g( S & s, T & t ) @with ( s, t )@ {        $\C{// multiple aggregate parameters}$
    1321         c;   @s.@i;   d;                                                $\C{// s.c, s.i, s.d}$
    1322         m;   @t.@i;   n;                                                $\C{// t.m, t.i, t.n}$
     1320void g( S & s, T & t ) ®with ( s, t )® {        $\C{// multiple aggregate parameters}$
     1321        c;   ®s.®i;   d;                                                $\C{// s.c, s.i, s.d}$
     1322        m;   ®t.®i;   n;                                                $\C{// t.m, t.i, t.n}$
    13231323}
    13241324\end{cfa}
    … …  
    13391339The difference between parallel and nesting occurs for fields with the same name and type:
    13401340\begin{cfa}
    1341 struct Q { int @i@; int k; int @m@; } q, w;
    1342 struct R { int @i@; int j; double @m@; } r, w;
     1341struct Q { int ®i®; int k; int ®m®; } q, w;
     1342struct R { int ®i®; int j; double ®m®; } r, w;
    13431343with ( r, q ) {
    13441344        j + k;                                                                  $\C{// unambiguous, r.j + q.k}$
    … …  
    13731373\begin{cfa}
    13741374void ?{}( S & s, int i ) with ( s ) { $\C{// constructor}$
    1375         @s.i = i;@  j = 3;  m = 5.5; $\C{// initialize fields}$
     1375        ®s.i = i;®  j = 3;  m = 5.5; $\C{// initialize fields}$
    13761376}
    13771377\end{cfa}
    … …  
    13861386and implicitly opened \emph{after} a function-body open, to give them higher priority:
    13871387\begin{cfa}
    1388 void ?{}( S & s, int @i@ ) with ( s ) @with( $\emph{\R{params}}$ )@ { // syntax not allowed, illustration only
    1389         s.i = @i@; j = 3; m = 5.5;
     1388void ?{}( S & s, int ®i® ) with ( s ) ®with( $\emph{\R{params}}$ )® { // syntax not allowed, illustration only
     1389        s.i = ®i®; j = 3; m = 5.5;
    13901390}
    13911391\end{cfa}
    … …  
    14701470For example, a routine returning a \Index{pointer} to an array of integers is defined and used in the following way:
    14711471\begin{cfa}
    1472 int @(*@f@())[@5@]@ {...}; $\C{// definition}$
    1473  ... @(*@f@())[@3@]@ += 1; $\C{// usage}$
     1472int ®(*®f®())[®5®]® {...}; $\C{// definition}$
     1473 ... ®(*®f®())[®3®]® += 1; $\C{// usage}$
    14741474\end{cfa}
    14751475Essentially, the return type is wrapped around the routine name in successive layers (like an \Index{onion}).
    … …  
    14871487\multicolumn{1}{c@{\hspace{3em}}}{\textbf{\CFA}}        & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{C}}        \\
    14881488\begin{cfa}[moredelim={**[is][\color{blue}]{\#}{\#}}]
    1489 #[5] *# @int@ x1;
    1490 #* [5]# @int@ x2;
    1491 #[* [5] int]# f@( int p )@;
     1489#[5] *# ®int® x1;
     1490#* [5]# ®int® x2;
     1491#[* [5] int]# f®( int p )®;
    14921492\end{cfa}
    14931493&
    14941494\begin{cfa}[moredelim={**[is][\color{blue}]{\#}{\#}}]
    1495 @int@ #*# x1 #[5]#;
    1496 @int@ #(*#x2#)[5]#;
    1497 #int (*#f@( int p )@#)[5]#;
     1495®int® #*# x1 #[5]#;
     1496®int® #(*#x2#)[5]#;
     1497#int (*#f®( int p )®#)[5]#;
    14981498\end{cfa}
    14991499\end{tabular}
    … …  
    15071507\multicolumn{1}{c@{\hspace{3em}}}{\textbf{\CFA}}        & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{C}}        \\
    15081508\begin{cfa}
    1509 @*@ int x, y;
     1509®*® int x, y;
    15101510\end{cfa}
    15111511&
    15121512\begin{cfa}
    1513 int @*@x, @*@y;
     1513int ®*®x, ®*®y;
    15141514\end{cfa}
    15151515\end{tabular}
    … …  
    15201520\multicolumn{1}{c@{\hspace{3em}}}{\textbf{\CFA}}        & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{C}}        \\
    15211521\begin{cfa}
    1522 @*@ int x;
     1522®*® int x;
    15231523int y;
    15241524\end{cfa}
    15251525&
    15261526\begin{cfa}
    1527 int @*@x, y;
     1527int ®*®x, y;
    15281528
    15291529\end{cfa}
    … …  
    16611661&
    16621662\begin{cfa}
    1663 int * @const@ x = (int *)100
     1663int * ®const® x = (int *)100
    16641664*x = 3;                 // implicit dereference
    1665 int * @const@ y = (int *)104;
     1665int * ®const® y = (int *)104;
    16661666*y = *x;                        // implicit dereference
    16671667\end{cfa}
    … …  
    17011701\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{2em}}l@{}}
    17021702\begin{cfa}
    1703 int x, y, @*@ p1, @*@ p2, @**@ p3;
    1704 p1 = @&@x;     // p1 points to x
     1703int x, y, ®*® p1, ®*® p2, ®**® p3;
     1704p1 = ®&®x;     // p1 points to x
    17051705p2 = p1;     // p2 points to x
    1706 p1 = @&@y;     // p1 points to y
     1706p1 = ®&®y;     // p1 points to y
    17071707p3 = &p2;  // p3 points to p2
    17081708\end{cfa}
    … …  
    17301730\begin{cfa}
    17311731p1 = p2; $\C{// pointer address assignment}$
    1732 @*@p2 = @*@p1 + x; $\C{// pointed-to value assignment / operation}$
     1732®*®p2 = ®*®p1 + x; $\C{// pointed-to value assignment / operation}$
    17331733\end{cfa}
    17341734The C semantics work well for situations where manipulation of addresses is the primary meaning and data is rarely accessed, such as storage management (©malloc©/©free©).
    … …  
    17461746To support this common case, a reference type is introduced in \CFA, denoted by ©&©, which is the opposite dereference semantics to a pointer type, making the value at the pointed-to location the implicit semantics for dereferencing (similar but not the same as \CC \Index{reference type}s).
    17471747\begin{cfa}
    1748 int x, y, @&@ r1, @&@ r2, @&&@ r3;
    1749 @&@r1 = &x; $\C{// r1 points to x}$
    1750 @&@r2 = &r1; $\C{// r2 points to x}$
    1751 @&@r1 = &y; $\C{// r1 points to y}$
    1752 @&&@r3 = @&@&r2; $\C{// r3 points to r2}$
     1748int x, y, ®&® r1, ®&® r2, ®&&® r3;
     1749®&®r1 = &x; $\C{// r1 points to x}$
     1750®&®r2 = &r1; $\C{// r2 points to x}$
     1751®&®r1 = &y; $\C{// r1 points to y}$
     1752®&&®r3 = ®&®&r2; $\C{// r3 points to r2}$
    17531753r2 = ((r1 + r2) * (r3 - r1)) / (r3 - 15); $\C{// implicit dereferencing}$
    17541754\end{cfa}
    … …  
    17571757One way to conceptualize a reference is via a rewrite rule, where the compiler inserts a dereference operator before the reference variable for each reference qualifier in a declaration, so the previous example becomes:
    17581758\begin{cfa}
    1759 @*@r2 = ((@*@r1 + @*@r2) @*@ (@**@r3 - @*@r1)) / (@**@r3 - 15);
     1759®*®r2 = ((®*®r1 + ®*®r2) ®*® (®**®r3 - ®*®r1)) / (®**®r3 - 15);
    17601760\end{cfa}
    17611761When a reference operation appears beside a dereference operation, \eg ©&*©, they cancel out.
    … …  
    17661766For a \CFA reference type, the cancellation on the left-hand side of assignment leaves the reference as an address (\Index{lvalue}):
    17671767\begin{cfa}
    1768 (&@*@)r1 = &x; $\C{// (\&*) cancel giving address in r1 not variable pointed-to by r1}$
     1768(&®*®)r1 = &x; $\C{// (\&*) cancel giving address in r1 not variable pointed-to by r1}$
    17691769\end{cfa}
    17701770Similarly, the address of a reference can be obtained for assignment or computation (\Index{rvalue}):
    17711771\begin{cfa}
    1772 (&(&@*@)@*@)r3 = &(&@*@)r2; $\C{// (\&*) cancel giving address in r2, (\&(\&*)*) cancel giving address in r3}$
     1772(&(&®*®)®*®)r3 = &(&®*®)r2; $\C{// (\&*) cancel giving address in r2, (\&(\&*)*) cancel giving address in r3}$
    17731773\end{cfa}
    17741774Cancellation\index{cancellation!pointer/reference}\index{pointer!cancellation} works to arbitrary depth.
    … …  
    17931793const int cx = 5; $\C{// cannot change cx;}$
    17941794const int & cr = cx; $\C{// cannot change what cr points to}$
    1795 @&@cr = &cx; $\C{// can change cr}$
     1795®&®cr = &cx; $\C{// can change cr}$
    17961796cr = 7; $\C{// error, cannot change cx}$
    17971797int & const rc = x; $\C{// must be initialized}$
    1798 @&@rc = &x; $\C{// error, cannot change rc}$
     1798®&®rc = &x; $\C{// error, cannot change rc}$
    17991799const int & const crc = cx; $\C{// must be initialized}$
    18001800crc = 7; $\C{// error, cannot change cx}$
    1801 @&@crc = &cx; $\C{// error, cannot change crc}$
     1801®&®crc = &cx; $\C{// error, cannot change crc}$
    18021802\end{cfa}
    18031803Hence, for type ©& const©, there is no pointer assignment, so ©&rc = &x© is disallowed, and \emph{the address value cannot be the null pointer unless an arbitrary pointer is coerced\index{coercion} into the reference}:
    … …  
    18201820\multicolumn{1}{c@{\hspace{3em}}}{\textbf{\CFA}}        & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{C}}        \\
    18211821\begin{cfa}
    1822 @const@ * @const@ * const int ccp;
    1823 @const@ & @const@ & const int ccr;
     1822®const® * ®const® * const int ccp;
     1823®const® & ®const® & const int ccr;
    18241824\end{cfa}
    18251825&
    18261826\begin{cfa}
    1827 const int * @const@ * @const@ ccp;
     1827const int * ®const® * ®const® ccp;
    18281828
    18291829\end{cfa}
    … …  
    18571857\begin{cfa}
    18581858int * p = &x; $\C{// assign address of x}$
    1859 @int * p = x;@ $\C{// assign value of x}$
     1859®int * p = x;® $\C{// assign value of x}$
    18601860int & r = x; $\C{// must have address of x}$
    18611861\end{cfa}
    … …  
    18811881When a pointer/reference parameter has a ©const© value (immutable), it is possible to pass literals and expressions.
    18821882\begin{cfa}
    1883 void f( @const@ int & cr );
    1884 void g( @const@ int * cp );
    1885 f( 3 );                   g( @&@3 );
    1886 f( x + y );             g( @&@(x + y) );
     1883void f( ®const® int & cr );
     1884void g( ®const® int * cp );
     1885f( 3 );                   g( ®&®3 );
     1886f( x + y );             g( ®&®(x + y) );
    18871887\end{cfa}
    18881888Here, the compiler passes the address to the literal 3 or the temporary for the expression ©x + y©, knowing the argument cannot be changed through the parameter.
    … …  
    18951895void f( int & r );
    18961896void g( int * p );
    1897 f( 3 );                   g( @&@3 ); $\C{// compiler implicit generates temporaries}$
    1898 f( x + y );             g( @&@(x + y) ); $\C{// compiler implicit generates temporaries}$
     1897f( 3 );                   g( ®&®3 ); $\C{// compiler implicit generates temporaries}$
     1898f( x + y );             g( ®&®(x + y) ); $\C{// compiler implicit generates temporaries}$
    18991899\end{cfa}
    19001900Essentially, there is an implicit \Index{rvalue} to \Index{lvalue} conversion in this case.\footnote{
    … …  
    19171917Instead, a routine object should be referenced by a ©const© reference:
    19181918\begin{cfa}
    1919 @const@ void (@&@ fr)( int ) = f; $\C{// routine reference}$
     1919®const® void (®&® fr)( int ) = f; $\C{// routine reference}$
    19201920fr = ... $\C{// error, cannot change code}$
    19211921&fr = ...; $\C{// changing routine reference}$
    … …  
    19791979\begin{cfa}
    19801980int x, &r = x, f( int p );
    1981 x = @r@ + f( @r@ ); $\C{// lvalue reference converts to rvalue}$
     1981x = ®r® + f( ®r® ); $\C{// lvalue reference converts to rvalue}$
    19821982\end{cfa}
    19831983An rvalue has no type qualifiers (©cv©), so the reference qualifiers are dropped.
    19841984
    19851985\item
    1986 lvalue to reference conversion: \lstinline[deletekeywords=lvalue]@lvalue-type cv1 T@ converts to ©cv2 T &©, which allows implicitly converting variables to references.
    1987 \begin{cfa}
    1988 int x, &r = @x@, f( int & p ); $\C{// lvalue variable (int) convert to reference (int \&)}$
    1989 f( @x@ ); $\C{// lvalue variable (int) convert to reference (int \&)}$
     1986lvalue to reference conversion: \lstinline[deletekeywords=lvalue]{lvalue-type cv1 T} converts to ©cv2 T &©, which allows implicitly converting variables to references.
     1987\begin{cfa}
     1988int x, &r = ®x®, f( int & p ); $\C{// lvalue variable (int) convert to reference (int \&)}$
     1989f( ®x® ); $\C{// lvalue variable (int) convert to reference (int \&)}$
    19901990\end{cfa}
    19911991Conversion can restrict a type, where ©cv1© $\le$ ©cv2©, \eg passing an ©int© to a ©const volatile int &©, which has low cost.
    … …  
    19971997\begin{cfa}
    19981998int x, & f( int & p );
    1999 f( @x + 3@ );   $\C[1.5in]{// rvalue parameter (int) implicitly converts to lvalue temporary reference (int \&)}$
    2000 @&f@(...) = &x; $\C{// rvalue result (int \&) implicitly converts to lvalue temporary reference (int \&)}\CRT$
     1999f( ®x + 3® );   $\C[1.5in]{// rvalue parameter (int) implicitly converts to lvalue temporary reference (int \&)}$
     2000®&f®(...) = &x; $\C{// rvalue result (int \&) implicitly converts to lvalue temporary reference (int \&)}\CRT$
    20012001\end{cfa}
    20022002In both case, modifications to the temporary are inaccessible (\Index{warning}).
    … …  
    22242224\CFA allows other integral types with associated values.
    22252225\begin{cfa}
    2226 enum( @char@ ) Letter { A @= 'A'@,  B,  C,  I @= 'I'@,  J,  K };
    2227 enum( @long long int@ ) BigNum { X = 123_456_789_012_345,  Y = 345_012_789_456_123 };
     2226enum( ®char® ) Letter { A ®= 'A'®,  B,  C,  I ®= 'I'®,  J,  K };
     2227enum( ®long long int® ) BigNum { X = 123_456_789_012_345,  Y = 345_012_789_456_123 };
    22282228\end{cfa}
    22292229For enumeration ©Letter©, enum ©A©'s value is explicitly set to ©'A'©, with ©B© and ©C© implicitly numbered with increasing values from ©'A'©, and similarly for enums ©I©, ©J©, and ©K©.
    … …  
    22322232\begin{cfa}
    22332233// non-integral numeric
    2234 enum( @double@ ) Math { PI_2 = 1.570796, PI = 3.141597,  E = 2.718282 }
     2234enum( ®double® ) Math { PI_2 = 1.570796, PI = 3.141597,  E = 2.718282 }
    22352235// pointer
    2236 enum( @char *@ ) Name { Fred = "Fred",  Mary = "Mary",  Jane = "Jane" };
     2236enum( ®char *® ) Name { Fred = "Fred",  Mary = "Mary",  Jane = "Jane" };
    22372237int i, j, k;
    2238 enum( @int *@ ) ptr { I = &i,  J = &j,  K = &k };
    2239 enum( @int &@ ) ref { I = i,  J = j,  K = k };
     2238enum( ®int *® ) ptr { I = &i,  J = &j,  K = &k };
     2239enum( ®int &® ) ref { I = i,  J = j,  K = k };
    22402240// tuple
    2241 enum( @[int, int]@ ) { T = [ 1, 2 ] };
     2241enum( ®[int, int]® ) { T = [ 1, 2 ] };
    22422242// function
    22432243void f() {...}   void g() {...}
    2244 enum( @void (*)()@ ) funs { F = f,  F = g };
     2244enum( ®void (*)()® ) funs { F = f,  F = g };
    22452245// aggregate
    22462246struct S { int i, j; };
    2247 enum( @S@ ) s { A = { 3,  4 }, B = { 7,  8 } };
     2247enum( ®S® ) s { A = { 3,  4 }, B = { 7,  8 } };
    22482248// enumeration
    2249 enum( @Letter@ ) Greek { Alph = A, Beta = B, /* more enums */  }; // alphabet intersection
     2249enum( ®Letter® ) Greek { Alph = A, Beta = B, /* more enums */  }; // alphabet intersection
    22502250\end{cfa}
    22512251Enumeration ©Greek© may have more or less enums than ©Letter©, but the enum values \emph{must} be from ©Letter©.
    … …  
    22702270A fallback is explicit C-style initialization using ©@=©.
    22712271\begin{cfa}
    2272 enum( struct vec3 ) Axis { Up $@$= { 1, 0, 0 }, Left $@$= { 0, 1, 0 }, Front $@$= { 0, 0, 1 } }
     2272enum( struct vec3 ) Axis { Up @= { 1, 0, 0 }, Left @= { 0, 1, 0 }, Front @= { 0, 0, 1 } }
    22732273\end{cfa}
    22742274Finally, enumeration variables are assignable and comparable only if the appropriate operators are defined for its enum type.
    … …  
    22792279\Index{Plan-9}\index{inheritance!enumeration} inheritance may be used with enumerations.
    22802280\begin{cfa}
    2281 enum( char * ) Name2 { @inline Name@, Jack = "Jack", Jill = "Jill" };
    2282 enum @/* inferred */@  Name3 { @inline Name2@, Sue = "Sue", Tom = "Tom" };
     2281enum( char * ) Name2 { ®inline Name®, Jack = "Jack", Jill = "Jill" };
     2282enum ®/* inferred */®  Name3 { ®inline Name2®, Sue = "Sue", Tom = "Tom" };
    22832283\end{cfa}
    22842284Enumeration ©Name2© inherits all the enums and their values from enumeration ©Name© by containment, and a ©Name© enumeration is a subtype of enumeration ©Name2©.
    … …  
    23532353The point of the new syntax is to allow returning multiple values from a routine~\cite{Galletly96,CLU}, \eg:
    23542354\begin{cfa}
    2355 @[ int o1, int o2, char o3 ]@ f( int i1, char i2, char i3 ) {
     2355®[ int o1, int o2, char o3 ]® f( int i1, char i2, char i3 ) {
    23562356        $\emph{routine body}$
    23572357}
    … …  
    23652365Declaration qualifiers can only appear at the start of a routine definition, \eg:
    23662366\begin{cfa}
    2367 @extern@ [ int x ] g( int y ) {$\,$}
     2367®extern® [ int x ] g( int y ) {$\,$}
    23682368\end{cfa}
    23692369Lastly, if there are no output parameters or input parameters, the brackets and/or parentheses must still be specified;
    … …  
    24232423\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
    24242424\begin{cfa}
    2425 @[ int x, int y ]@ f() {
     2425®[ int x, int y ]® f() {
    24262426        int z;
    24272427        ... x = 0; ... y = z; ...
    2428         @return;@ $\C{// implicitly return x, y}$
     2428        ®return;® $\C{// implicitly return x, y}$
    24292429}
    24302430\end{cfa}
    … …  
    27582758
    27592759int fred() {
    2760         s.t.c = @S.@R;  // type qualification
    2761         struct @S.@T t = { @S.@R, 1, 2 };
    2762         enum @S.@C c;
    2763         union @S.T.@U u;
     2760        s.t.c = ®S.®R;  // type qualification
     2761        struct ®S.®T t = { ®S.®R, 1, 2 };
     2762        enum ®S.®C c;
     2763        union ®S.T.®U u;
    27642764}
    27652765\end{cfa}
    … …  
    27872787qsort( ia, size ); $\C{// sort ascending order using builtin ?<?}$
    27882788{
    2789         @int ?<?( int x, int y ) { return x > y; }@ $\C{// nested routine}$
     2789        ®int ?<?( int x, int y ) { return x > y; }® $\C{// nested routine}$
    27902790        qsort( ia, size ); $\C{// sort descending order by local redefinition}$
    27912791}
    … …  
    27972797\begin{cfa}
    27982798[* [int]( int )] foo() { $\C{// int (* foo())( int )}$
    2799         int @i@ = 7;
     2799        int ®i® = 7;
    28002800        int bar( int p ) {
    2801                 @i@ += 1; $\C{// dependent on local variable}$
    2802                 sout | @i@;
     2801                ®i® += 1; $\C{// dependent on local variable}$
     2802                sout | ®i®;
    28032803        }
    28042804        return bar; $\C{// undefined because of local dependence}$
    … …  
    28182818In C and \CFA, lists of elements appear in several contexts, such as the parameter list of a routine call.
    28192819\begin{cfa}
    2820 f( @2, x, 3 + i@ ); $\C{// element list}$
     2820f( ®2, x, 3 + i® ); $\C{// element list}$
    28212821\end{cfa}
    28222822A list of elements is called a \newterm{tuple}, and is different from a \Index{comma expression}.
    … …  
    29312931In \CFA, it is possible to overcome this restriction by declaring a \newterm{tuple variable}.
    29322932\begin{cfa}
    2933 [int, int] @qr@ = div( 13, 5 ); $\C{// initialize tuple variable}$
    2934 printf( "%d %d\n", @qr@ ); $\C{// print quotient/remainder}$
     2933[int, int] ®qr® = div( 13, 5 ); $\C{// initialize tuple variable}$
     2934printf( "%d %d\n", ®qr® ); $\C{// print quotient/remainder}$
    29352935\end{cfa}
    29362936It is now possible to match the multiple return-values to a single variable, in much the same way as \Index{aggregation}.
    … …  
    35963596\begin{cfa}
    35973597int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3;
    3598 sout | x @|@ y @|@ z;
     3598sout | x ®|® y ®|® z;
    35993599\end{cfa}
    36003600&
    36013601\begin{cfa}
    36023602
    3603 cout << x @<< " "@ << y @<< " "@ << z << endl;
     3603cout << x ®<< " "® << y ®<< " "® << z << endl;
    36043604\end{cfa}
    36053605&
    … …  
    36103610\\
    36113611\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3612 1@ @2@ @3
     36121® ®2® ®3
    36133613\end{cfa}
    36143614&
    36153615\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3616 1@ @2@ @3
     36161® ®2® ®3
    36173617\end{cfa}
    36183618&
    36193619\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3620 1@ @2@ @3
     36201® ®2® ®3
    36213621\end{cfa}
    36223622\end{tabular}
    36233623\end{cquote}
    36243624The \CFA form has half the characters of the \CC form, and is similar to \Index*{Python} I/O with respect to implicit separators and newline.
    3625 Similar simplification occurs for \Index{tuple} I/O, which flattens the tuple and prints each value separated by ``\lstinline[showspaces=true]@, @''.
     3625Similar simplification occurs for \Index{tuple} I/O, which flattens the tuple and prints each value separated by ``\lstinline[showspaces=true]{, }''.
    36263626\begin{cfa}
    36273627[int, [ int, int ] ] t1 = [ 1, [ 2, 3 ] ], t2 = [ 4, [ 5, 6 ] ];
    … …  
    36293629\end{cfa}
    36303630\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    3631 1@, @2@, @3 4@, @5@, @6
     36311®, ®2®, ®3 4®, ®5®, ®6
    36323632\end{cfa}
    36333633Finally, \CFA uses the logical-or operator for I/O as it is the lowest-priority \emph{overloadable} operator, other than assignment.
    … …  
    36383638&
    36393639\begin{cfa}
    3640 sout | x * 3 | y + 1 | z << 2 | x == y | @(@x | y@)@ | @(@x || y@)@ | @(@x > z ? 1 : 2@)@;
     3640sout | x * 3 | y + 1 | z << 2 | x == y | ®(®x | y®)® | ®(®x || y®)® | ®(®x > z ? 1 : 2®)®;
    36413641\end{cfa}
    36423642\\
    … …  
    36443644&
    36453645\begin{cfa}
    3646 cout << x * 3 << y + 1 << @(@z << 2@)@ << @(@x == y@)@ << @(@x | y@)@ << @(@x || y@)@ << @(@x > z ? 1 : 2@)@ << endl;
     3646cout << x * 3 << y + 1 << ®(®z << 2®)® << ®(®x == y®)® << ®(®x | y®)® << ®(®x || y®)® << ®(®x > z ? 1 : 2®)® << endl;
    36473647\end{cfa}
    36483648\\
    … …  
    36793679\\
    36803680\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3681 @1@ @2.5@ @A@
     3681®1® ®2.5® ®A®
    36823682
    36833683
    … …  
    36853685&
    36863686\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3687 @1@ @2.5@ @A@
     3687®1® ®2.5® ®A®
    36883688
    36893689
    … …  
    36913691&
    36923692\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3693 @1@
    3694 @2.5@
    3695 @A@
     3693®1®
     3694®2.5®
     3695®A®
    36963696\end{cfa}
    36973697\end{tabular}
    … …  
    37293729
    37303730\item
    3731 A separator does not appear before a C string starting with the (extended) \Index*{ASCII}\index{ASCII!extended} characters: \LstStringStyle{,.;!?)]\}\%\textcent\guillemotright}, where \LstStringStyle{\guillemotright} a closing citation mark.
     3731A separator does not appear before a C string starting with the (extended) \Index*{ASCII}\index{ASCII!extended} characters: \LstStringStyle{,.;!?)]\}\%\textcent\guillemotright}, where \LstStringStyle{\guillemotright} is a closing citation mark.
    37323732\begin{cfa}
    37333733sout | 1 | ", x" | 2 | ". x" | 3 | "; x" | 4 | "! x" | 5 | "? x" | 6 | "% x"
    … …  
    37353735\end{cfa}
    37363736\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true]
    3737 1@,@ x 2@.@ x 3@;@ x 4@!@ x 5@?@ x 6@%@ x 7$\R{\LstStringStyle{\textcent}}$ x 8$\R{\LstStringStyle{\guillemotright}}$ x 9@)@ x 10@]@ x 11@}@ x
     37371®,® x 2®.® x 3®;® x 4®!® x 5®?® x 6®%® x 7$\R{\LstStringStyle{\textcent}}$ x 8$\R{\LstStringStyle{\guillemotright}}$ x 9®)® x 10®]® x 11®}® x
    37383738\end{cfa}
    37393739
    … …  
    37423742%$
    37433743\begin{cfa}
    3744 sout | "x (" | 1 | "x [" | 2 | "x {" | 3 | "x =" | 4 | "x $" | 5 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textsterling}$" | 6 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textyen}$"
     3744sout | "x (" | 1 | "x [" | 2 | "x {" | 3 | "x =" | 4 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$" | 5 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textsterling}$" | 6 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textyen}$"
    37453745           | 7 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textexclamdown}$" | 8 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\textquestiondown}$" | 9 | "x $\LstStringStyle{\guillemotleft}$" | 10;
    37463746\end{cfa}
    37473747%$
    37483748\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true]
    3749 x @(@1 x @[@2 x @{@3 x @=@4 x $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$5 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textsterling}}$6 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textyen}}$7 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textexclamdown}}$8 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textquestiondown}}$9 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\guillemotleft}}$10
     3749x ®(®1 x ®[®2 x ®{®3 x ®=®4 x $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$5 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textsterling}}$6 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textyen}}$7 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textexclamdown}}$8 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\textquestiondown}}$9 x $\R{\LstStringStyle{\guillemotleft}}$10
    37503750\end{cfa}
    37513751%$
    37523752
    37533753\item
    3754 A seperator does not appear before/after a C string starting/ending with the \Index*{ASCII} quote or whitespace characters: \lstinline[basicstyle=\tt,showspaces=true]{`'": \t\v\f\r\n}
     3754A separator does not appear before/after a C string starting/ending with the \Index*{ASCII} quote or whitespace characters: \lstinline[basicstyle=\tt,showspaces=true]{`'": \t\v\f\r\n}
    37553755\begin{cfa}
    37563756sout | "x`" | 1 | "`x'" | 2 | "'x\"" | 3 | "\"x:" | 4 | ":x " | 5 | " x\t" | 6 | "\tx";
    37573757\end{cfa}
    37583758\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,showtabs=true]
    3759 x@`@1@`@x$\R{\texttt{'}}$2$\R{\texttt{'}}$x$\R{\texttt{"}}$3$\R{\texttt{"}}$x@:@4@:@x@ @5@ @x@  @6@     @x
     3759x®`®1®`®x$\R{\texttt{'}}$2$\R{\texttt{'}}$x$\R{\texttt{"}}$3$\R{\texttt{"}}$x®:®4®:®x® ®5® ®x®  ®6®     ®x
    37603760\end{cfa}
    37613761
    … …  
    37663766\end{cfa}
    37673767\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,showtabs=true]
    3768 x (@ @1@ @) x 2@ @, x 3@ @:x:@ @4
     3768x (® ®1® ®) x 2® ®, x 3® ®:x:® ®4
    37693769\end{cfa}
    37703770\end{enumerate}
    … …  
    37793779\Indexc{sepSet}\index{manipulator!sepSet@©sepSet©} and \Indexc{sep}\index{manipulator!sep@©sep©}/\Indexc{sepGet}\index{manipulator!sepGet@©sepGet©} set and get the separator string.
    37803780The separator string can be at most 16 characters including the ©'\0'© string terminator (15 printable characters).
    3781 \begin{cfa}[escapechar=off,belowskip=0pt]
    3782 sepSet( sout, ", $" ); $\C{// set separator from " " to ", \$"}$
    3783 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | @sep@ | "\"";
    3784 \end{cfa}
    3785 %$
    3786 \begin{cfa}[mathescape=off,showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    3787 1@, $@2@, $@3 @", $"@
    3788 \end{cfa}
    3789 %$
     3781\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
     3782sepSet( sout, ", $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$" ); $\C{// set separator from " " to ", \$"}$
     3783sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | ®sep® | "\"";
     3784\end{cfa}
     3785\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
     37861®, $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$®2®, $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$®3 ®", $\LstStringStyle{\textdollar}$"®
     3787\end{cfa}
    37903788\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    37913789sepSet( sout, " " ); $\C{// reset separator to " "}$
    3792 sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | @sepGet( sout )@ | "\"";
     3790sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | ®sepGet( sout )® | "\"";
    37933791\end{cfa}
    37943792\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    3795 1@ @2@ @3 @" "@
     37931® ®2® ®3 ®" "®
    37963794\end{cfa}
    37973795©sepGet© can be used to store a separator and then restore it:
    37983796\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    3799 char store[@sepSize@]; $\C{// sepSize is the maximum separator size}$
     3797char store[®sepSize®]; $\C{// sepSize is the maximum separator size}$
    38003798strcpy( store, sepGet( sout ) ); $\C{// copy current separator}$
    38013799sepSet( sout, "_" ); $\C{// change separator to underscore}$
    … …  
    38033801\end{cfa}
    38043802\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3805 1@_@2@_@3
     38031®_®2®_®3
    38063804\end{cfa}
    38073805\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    38103808\end{cfa}
    38113809\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    3812 1@ @2@ @3
     38101® ®2® ®3
    38133811\end{cfa}
    38143812
    … …  
    38183816\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    38193817sepSetTuple( sout, " " ); $\C{// set tuple separator from ", " to " "}$
    3820 sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | @sepTuple@ | "\"";
     3818sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | ®sepTuple® | "\"";
    38213819\end{cfa}
    38223820\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    3823 1 2 3 4 5 6 @" "@
     38211 2 3 4 5 6 ®" "®
    38243822\end{cfa}
    38253823\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    38263824sepSetTuple( sout, ", " ); $\C{// reset tuple separator to ", "}$
    3827 sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | @sepGetTuple( sout )@ | "\"";
     3825sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | ®sepGetTuple( sout )® | "\"";
    38283826\end{cfa}
    38293827\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt]
    3830 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6 @", "@
     38281, 2, 3 4, 5, 6 ®", "®
    38313829\end{cfa}
    38323830As for ©sepGet©, ©sepGetTuple© can be use to store a tuple separator and then restore it.
    … …  
    38803878\end{cfa}
    38813879\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    3882 @ @1 2 3@ @
     3880® ®1 2 3® ®
    38833881\end{cfa}
    38843882\end{enumerate}
    … …  
    39003898For example, in:
    39013899\begin{cfa}
    3902 sin | i | @nl@ | j;
    3903 1 @2@
     3900sin | i | ®nl® | j;
     39011 ®2®
    390439023
    39053903\end{cfa}
    … …  
    394239400b0 0b11011 0b11011 0b11011 0b11011
    39433941sout | bin( -27HH ) | bin( -27H ) | bin( -27 ) | bin( -27L );
    3944 0b11100101 0b1111111111100101 0b11111111111111111111111111100101 0b@(58 1s)@100101
     39420b11100101 0b1111111111100101 0b11111111111111111111111111100101 0b®(58 1s)®100101
    39453943\end{cfa}
    39463944
    … …  
    39783976
    39793977\item
     3978\Indexc{eng}( floating-point )\index{manipulator!eng@©eng©} print value in engineering notation with exponent, which means the exponent is adjusted to a multiple of 3.
     3979\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
     3980sout | eng( 0.0 ) | eng( 27000.5 ) | eng( -27.5e7 );
     39810®e0® 27.0005®e3® -275®e6®
     3982\end{cfa}
     3983
     3984\item
     3985\Indexc{unit}( engineering-notation )\index{manipulator!unit@©unit©} print engineering exponent as a letter between the range $10^{-24}$ and $10^{24}$:
     3986©y© $\Rightarrow 10^{-24}$, ©z© $\Rightarrow 10^{-21}$, ©a© $\Rightarrow 10^{-18}$, ©f© $\Rightarrow 10^{-15}$, ©p© $\Rightarrow 10^{-12}$, ©n© $\Rightarrow 10^{-9}$, ©u© $\Rightarrow 10^{-6}$, ©m© $\Rightarrow 10^{-3}$, ©K© $\Rightarrow 10^{3}$, ©M© $\Rightarrow 10^{6}$, ©G© $\Rightarrow 10^{9}$, ©T© $\Rightarrow 10^{12}$, ©P© $\Rightarrow 10^{15}$, ©E© $\Rightarrow 10^{18}$, ©Z© $\Rightarrow 10^{21}$, ©Y© $\Rightarrow 10^{24}$.
     3987For exponent $10^{0}$, no decimal point or letter is printed.
     3988\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
     3989sout | unit(eng( 0.0 )) | unit(eng( 27000.5 )) | unit(eng( -27.5e7 ));
     39900 27.0005®K® -275®M®
     3991\end{cfa}
     3992
     3993\item
    39803994\Indexc{upcase}( bin / hex / floating-point )\index{manipulator!upcase@©upcase©} print letters in a value in upper case. Lower case is the default.
    39813995\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    39823996sout | upcase( bin( 27 ) ) | upcase( hex( 27 ) ) | upcase( 27.5e-10 ) | upcase( hex( 27.5 ) );
    3983 0@B@11011 0@X@1@B@ 2.75@E@-09 0@X@1.@B@8@P@+4
     39970®B®11011 0®X®1®B® 2.75®E®-09 0®X®1.®B®8®P®+4
    39843998\end{cfa}
    39853999
    … …  
    39974011\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    39984012sout | 0. | nodp( 0. ) | 27.0 | nodp( 27.0 ) | nodp( 27.5 );
    3999 0.0 @0@ 27.0 @27@ 27.5
     40130.0 ®0® 27.0 ®27® 27.5
    40004014\end{cfa}
    40014015
    … …  
    40044018\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40054019sout | sign( 27 ) | sign( -27 ) | sign( 27. ) | sign( -27. ) | sign( 27.5 ) | sign( -27.5 );
    4006 @+@27 -27 @+@27.0 -27.0 @+@27.5 -27.5
    4007 \end{cfa}
    4008 
    4009 \item
    4010 \Indexc{wd}©( unsigned char minimum, T val )©\index{manipulator!wd@©wd©}, ©wd( unsigned char minimum, unsigned char precision, T val )©
    4011 For all types, ©minimum© is the minimum number of printed characters.
     4020®+®27 -27 ®+®27.0 -27.0 ®+®27.5 -27.5
     4021\end{cfa}
     4022
     4023\item
     4024\Indexc{wd}( minimum, value )\index{manipulator!wd@©wd©}, ©wd©( minimum, precision, value )
     4025For all types, minimum is the number of printed characters.
    40124026If the value is shorter than the minimum, it is padded on the right with spaces.
    40134027\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    40174031\end{cfa}
    40184032\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4019 @  @34 @ @34 34
    4020 @  @4.000000 @ @4.000000 4.000000
    4021 @  @ab @ @ab ab
    4022 \end{cfa}
    4023 If the value is larger, it is printed without truncation, ignoring the ©minimum©.
     4033®  ®34 ® ®34 34
     4034®  ®4.000000 ® ®4.000000 4.000000
     4035®  ®ab ® ®ab ab
     4036\end{cfa}
     4037If the value is larger, it is printed without truncation, ignoring the minimum.
    40244038\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40254039sout | wd( 4, 34567 ) | wd( 3, 34567 ) | wd( 2, 34567 );
    … …  
    40284042\end{cfa}
    40294043\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4030 3456@7@ 345@67@ 34@567@
    4031 3456@.@ 345@6.@ 34@56.@
    4032 abcd@e@ abc@de@ ab@cde@
    4033 \end{cfa}
    4034 
    4035 For integer types, ©precision© is the minimum number of printed digits.
     40443456®7® 345®67® 34®567®
     40453456®.® 345®6.® 34®56.®
     4046abcd®e® abc®de® ab®cde®
     4047\end{cfa}
     4048
     4049For integer types, precision is the minimum number of printed digits.
    40364050If the value is shorter, it is padded on the left with leading zeros.
    40374051\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    40394053\end{cfa}
    40404054\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4041  @0@34     @00@34 @00000000@34
    4042 \end{cfa}
    4043 If the value is larger, it is printed without truncation, ignoring the ©precision©.
     4055 ®0®34     ®00®34 ®00000000®34
     4056\end{cfa}
     4057If the value is larger, it is printed without truncation, ignoring the precision.
    40444058\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40454059sout | wd( 4,1, 3456 ) | wd( 8,2, 3456 ) | wd( 10,3, 3456 );
    … …  
    404840623456     3456       3456
    40494063\end{cfa}
    4050 If ©precision© is 0, nothing is printed for zero.
    4051 If ©precision© is greater than the minimum, it becomes the minimum.
     4064If precision is 0, nothing is printed for zero.
     4065If precision is greater than the minimum, it becomes the minimum.
    40524066\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40534067sout | wd( 4,0, 0 ) | wd( 3,10, 34 );
    40544068\end{cfa}
    40554069\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4056 @    @ @00000000@34
    4057 \end{cfa}
    4058 For floating-point types, ©precision© is the minimum number of digits after the decimal point.
     4070®    ® ®00000000®34
     4071\end{cfa}
     4072For floating-point types, precision is the minimum number of digits after the decimal point.
    40594073\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40604074sout | wd( 6,3, 27.5 ) | wd( 8,1, 27.5 ) | wd( 8,0, 27.5 ) | wd( 3,8, 27.5 );
    40614075\end{cfa}
    40624076\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4063 27.@500@     27.@5@      28. 27.@50000000@
    4064 \end{cfa}
    4065 For the C-string type, ©precision© is the maximum number of printed characters, so the string is truncated if it exceeds the maximum.
     407727.®500®     27.®5®      28. 27.®50000000®
     4078\end{cfa}
     4079For the C-string type, precision is the maximum number of printed characters, so the string is truncated if it exceeds the maximum.
    40664080\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40674081sout | wd( 6,8, "abcd" ) | wd( 6,8, "abcdefghijk" ) | wd( 6,3, "abcd" );
    … …  
    40724086
    40734087\item
    4074 \Indexc{ws( unsigned char minimum, unsigned char significant, floating-point )}\index{manipulator!ws@©ws©}
    4075 For floating-point type, ©minimum© is the same as for manipulator ©wd©, but ©significant© is the maximum number of significant digits to be printed for both the integer and fractions (versus only the fraction for ©wd©).
    4076 If a value's significant digits is greater than ©significant©, the last significant digit is rounded up.
     4088\begin{sloppypar}
     4089\Indexc{ws}( minimum, significant, floating-point )\index{manipulator!ws@©ws©}
     4090For floating-point types, minimum is the same as for manipulator ©wd©, but significant is the maximum number of significant digits to be printed for both the integer and fractions (versus only the fraction for ©wd©).
     4091If a value's significant digits is greater than significant, the last significant digit is rounded up.
     4092\end{sloppypar}
    40774093\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40784094sout | ws(6,6, 234.567) | ws(6,5, 234.567) | ws(6,4, 234.567) | ws(6,3, 234.567);
    40794095\end{cfa}
    40804096\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4081 234.567 234.5@7@  234.@6@    23@5@
    4082 \end{cfa}
    4083 If a value's magnitude is greater than ©significant©, the value is printed in scientific notation with the specified number of significant digits.
     4097234.567 234.5®7®  234.®6®    23®5®
     4098\end{cfa}
     4099If a value's magnitude is greater than significant, the value is printed in scientific notation with the specified number of significant digits.
    40844100\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40854101sout | ws(6,6, 234567.) | ws(6,5, 234567.) | ws(6,4, 234567.) | ws(6,3, 234567.);
    40864102\end{cfa}
    40874103\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4088 234567. 2.3457@e+05@ 2.346@e+05@ 2.35@e+05@
    4089 \end{cfa}
    4090 If ©significant© is greater than ©minimum©, it defines the number of printed characters.
     4104234567. 2.3457®e+05® 2.346®e+05® 2.35®e+05®
     4105\end{cfa}
     4106If significant is greater than minimum, it defines the number of printed characters.
    40914107\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    40924108sout | ws(3,6, 234567.) | ws(4,6, 234567.) | ws(5,6, 234567.) | ws(6,6, 234567.);
    … …  
    41024118\end{cfa}
    41034119\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4104 27@  @ 27.000000  27.500000  027  27.500@    @
     412027®  ® 27.000000  27.500000  027  27.500®    ®
    41054121\end{cfa}
    41064122
    … …  
    41094125\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    41104126sout | pad0( wd( 4, 27 ) ) | pad0( wd( 4,3, 27 ) ) | pad0( wd( 8,3, 27.5 ) );
    4111 @00@27  @0@27 @00@27.500
     4127®00®27  ®0®27 ®00®27.500
    41124128\end{cfa}
    41134129\end{enumerate}
    … …  
    41944210\begin{enumerate}
    41954211\item
    4196 \Indexc{skip( const char * pattern )}\index{manipulator!skip@©skip©} / ©skip( unsigned int length )© / ©const char * pattern©
    4197 The argument defines a ©pattern© or ©length©.
    4198 The ©pattern© is composed of white-space and non-white-space characters, where \emph{any} white-space character matches 0 or more input white-space characters (hence, consecutive white-space characters in the pattern are combined), and each non-white-space character matches exactly with an input character.
    4199 The ©length© is composed of the next $N$ characters, including the newline character.
     4212\Indexc{skip}( pattern )\index{manipulator!skip@©skip©}, ©skip©( length )
     4213The pattern is composed of white-space and non-white-space characters, where \emph{any} white-space character matches 0 or more input white-space characters (hence, consecutive white-space characters in the pattern are combined), and each non-white-space character matches exactly with an input character.
     4214The length is composed of the next $N$ characters, including the newline character.
    42004215If the match successes, the input characters are discarded, and input continues with the next character.
    42014216If the match fails, the input characters are left unread.
    … …  
    42054220\end{cfa}
    42064221\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4207 @abc   @
    4208 @abc  @
    4209 @xx@
    4210 \end{cfa}
    4211 
    4212 \item
    4213 \Indexc{wdi}©( unsigned int maximum, T & val )©\index{manipulator!wdi@©wdi©}
    4214 For all types except ©char©, ©maximum© is the maximum number of characters read for the current operation.
     4222®abc   ®
     4223®abc  ®
     4224®xx®
     4225\end{cfa}
     4226
     4227\item
     4228\Indexc{wdi}( maximum, reference-value )\index{manipulator!wdi@©wdi©}
     4229For all types except ©char©, maximum is the maximum number of characters read for the current operation.
    42154230\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    42164231char s[10];   int i;   double d;   
    … …  
    42184233\end{cfa}
    42194234\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4220 @abcd1233.456E+2@
     4235®abcd1233.456E+2®
    42214236\end{cfa}
    42224237Note, input ©wdi© cannot be overloaded with output ©wd© because both have the same parameters but return different types.
    … …  
    42244239
    42254240\item
    4226 \Indexc{ignore( T & val )}\index{manipulator!ignore@©ignore©}
     4241\Indexc{ignore}( reference-value )\index{manipulator!ignore@©ignore©}
    42274242For all types, the data is read from the stream depending on the argument type but ignored, \ie it is not stored in the argument.
    42284243\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    … …  
    42314246\end{cfa}
    42324247\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4233 @  -75.35e-4@ 25
    4234 \end{cfa}
    4235 
    4236 \item
    4237 \Indexc{incl( const char * scanset, char * s )}\index{manipulator!incl@©incl©}
    4238 For the C-string type, the argument defines a ©scanset© that matches any number of characters \emph{in} the set.
    4239 Matching characters are read into the C string and null terminated.
     4248®  -75.35e-4® 25
     4249\end{cfa}
     4250
     4251\item
     4252\Indexc{incl}( scanset, input-string )\index{manipulator!incl@©incl©}
     4253For C-string types, the scanset matches any number of characters \emph{in} the set.
     4254Matching characters are read into the C input-string and null terminated.
    42404255\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    42414256char s[10];
    … …  
    42434258\end{cfa}
    42444259\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4245 @bca@xyz
    4246 \end{cfa}
    4247 
    4248 \item
    4249 \Indexc{excl( const char * scanset, char * s )}\index{manipulator!excl@©excl©}
    4250 For the C-string type, the argument defines a ©scanset© that matches any number of characters \emph{not in} the set.
    4251 Non-matching characters are read into the C string and null terminated.
     4260®bca®xyz
     4261\end{cfa}
     4262
     4263\item
     4264\Indexc{excl}( scanset, input-string )\index{manipulator!excl@©excl©}
     4265For C-string types, the scanset matches any number of characters \emph{not in} the set.
     4266Non-matching characters are read into the C input-string and null terminated.
    42524267\begin{cfa}[belowskip=0pt]
    42534268char s[10];
    … …  
    42554270\end{cfa}
    42564271\begin{cfa}[showspaces=true,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt]
    4257 @xyz@bca
     4272®xyz®bca
    42584273\end{cfa}
    42594274\end{enumerate}
    … …  
    43064321The common usage is manipulator ©acquire©\index{ostream@©ostream©!acquire@©acquire©} to lock a stream during a single cascaded I/O expression, with the manipulator appearing as the first item in a cascade list, \eg:
    43074322\begin{cfa}
    4308 $\emph{thread\(_1\)}$ : sout | @acquire@ | "abc " | "def ";   // manipulator
    4309 $\emph{thread\(_2\)}$ : sout | @acquire@ | "uvw " | "xyz ";
     4323$\emph{thread\(_1\)}$ : sout | ®acquire® | "abc " | "def ";   // manipulator
     4324$\emph{thread\(_2\)}$ : sout | ®acquire® | "uvw " | "xyz ";
    43104325\end{cfa}
    43114326Now, the order of the thread execution is still non-deterministic, but the output is constrained to two possible lines in either order.
    … …  
    43294344\begin{cfa}
    43304345{       // acquire sout for block duration
    4331         @osacquire@ acq = { sout };                             $\C{// named stream locker}$
     4346        ®osacquire® acq = { sout };                             $\C{// named stream locker}$
    43324347        sout | 1;
    4333         sout | @acquire@ | 2 | 3;                               $\C{// unnecessary, but ok to acquire and release again}$
     4348        sout | ®acquire® | 2 | 3;                               $\C{// unnecessary, but ok to acquire and release again}$
    43344349        sout | 4;
    43354350}       // implicitly release the lock when "acq" is deallocated
    … …  
    43414356\begin{cfa}
    43424357{       // acquire sin lock for block duration
    4343         @isacquire acq = { sin };@                              $\C{// named stream locker}$
     4358        ®isacquire acq = { sin };®                              $\C{// named stream locker}$
    43444359        int x, y, z, w;
    43454360        sin | x;
    4346         sin | @acquire@ | y | z;                                $\C{// unnecessary, but ok to acquire and release again}$
     4361        sin | ®acquire® | y | z;                                $\C{// unnecessary, but ok to acquire and release again}$
    43474362        sin | w;
    43484363}       // implicitly release the lock when "acq" is deallocated
    … …  
    43534368\Textbf{WARNING:} The general problem of \Index{nested locking} can occur if routines are called in an I/O sequence that block, \eg:
    43544369\begin{cfa}
    4355 sout | @acquire@ | "data:" | rtn( mon );        $\C{// mutex call on monitor}$
     4370sout | ®acquire® | "data:" | rtn( mon );        $\C{// mutex call on monitor}$
    43564371\end{cfa}
    43574372If the thread executing the I/O expression blocks in the monitor with the ©sout© lock, other threads writing to ©sout© also block until the thread holding the lock is unblocked and releases it.
    … …  
    43594374To prevent nested locking, a simple precaution is to factor out the blocking call from the expression, \eg:
    43604375\begin{cfa}
    4361 int @data@ = rtn( mon );
    4362 sout | acquire | "data:" | @data@;
     4376int ®data® = rtn( mon );
     4377sout | acquire | "data:" | ®data®;
    43634378\end{cfa}
    43644379
    … …  
    48094824For example, given
    48104825\begin{cfa}
    4811 auto j = @...@
     4826auto j = ®...®
    48124827\end{cfa}
    48134828and the need to write a routine to compute using ©j©
    48144829\begin{cfa}
    4815 void rtn( @...@ parm );
     4830void rtn( ®...® parm );
    48164831rtn( j );
    48174832\end{cfa}
    … …  
    50515066\begin{cfa}
    50525067#include <fstream.hfa>
    5053 #include @<coroutine.hfa>@
    5054 
    5055 @coroutine@ Fibonacci {
     5068#include ®<coroutine.hfa>®
     5069
     5070®coroutine® Fibonacci {
    50565071        int fn; $\C{// used for communication}$
    50575072};
    … …  
    50605075        int fn1, fn2; $\C{// retained between resumes}$
    50615076        fn = 0;  fn1 = fn; $\C{// 1st case}$
    5062         @suspend;@ $\C{// restart last resume}$
     5077        ®suspend;® $\C{// restart last resume}$
    50635078        fn = 1;  fn2 = fn1;  fn1 = fn; $\C{// 2nd case}$
    5064         @suspend;@ $\C{// restart last resume}$
     5079        ®suspend;® $\C{// restart last resume}$
    50655080        for () {
    50665081                fn = fn1 + fn2;  fn2 = fn1;  fn1 = fn; $\C{// general case}$
    5067                 @suspend;@ $\C{// restart last resume}$
     5082                ®suspend;® $\C{// restart last resume}$
    50685083        }
    50695084}
    50705085int next( Fibonacci & fib ) with( fib ) {
    5071         @resume( fib );@ $\C{// restart last suspend}$
     5086        ®resume( fib );® $\C{// restart last suspend}$
    50725087        return fn;
    50735088}
    … …  
    51065121\begin{cfa}
    51075122#include <fstream.hfa>
    5108 #include @<thread.hfa>@
    5109 
    5110 @monitor@ AtomicCnt { int counter; };
     5123#include ®<thread.hfa>®
     5124
     5125®monitor® AtomicCnt { int counter; };
    51115126void ?{}( AtomicCnt & c, int init = 0 ) with(c) { counter = init; }
    5112 int inc( AtomicCnt & @mutex@ c, int inc = 1 ) with(c) { return counter += inc; }
    5113 int dec( AtomicCnt & @mutex@ c, int dec = 1 ) with(c) { return counter -= dec; }
     5127int inc( AtomicCnt & ®mutex® c, int inc = 1 ) with(c) { return counter += inc; }
     5128int dec( AtomicCnt & ®mutex® c, int dec = 1 ) with(c) { return counter -= dec; }
    51145129forall( ostype & | ostream( ostype ) ) { $\C{// print any stream}$
    51155130        ostype & ?|?( ostype & os, AtomicCnt c ) { return os | c.counter; }
    … …  
    65996614
    66006615C has a number of syntax ambiguities, which are resolved by taking the longest sequence of overlapping characters that constitute a token.
    6601 For example, the program fragment ©x+++++y© is parsed as \lstinline[showspaces=true]@x ++ ++ + y@ because operator tokens ©++© and ©+© overlap.
    6602 Unfortunately, the longest sequence violates a constraint on increment operators, even though the parse \lstinline[showspaces=true]@x ++ + ++ y@ might yield a correct expression.
     6616For example, the program fragment ©x+++++y© is parsed as \lstinline[showspaces=true]{x ++ ++ + y} because operator tokens ©++© and ©+© overlap.
     6617Unfortunately, the longest sequence violates a constraint on increment operators, even though the parse \lstinline[showspaces=true]{x ++ + ++ y} might yield a correct expression.
    66036618Hence, C programmers are aware that spaces have to added to disambiguate certain syntactic cases.
    66046619
    … …  
    66206635requiring arbitrary whitespace look-ahead for the routine-call parameter-list to disambiguate.
    66216636However, the dereference operator \emph{must} have a parameter/argument to dereference ©*?(...)©.
    6622 Hence, always interpreting the string ©*?()© as \lstinline[showspaces=true]@* ?()@ does not preclude any meaningful program.
     6637Hence, always interpreting the string ©*?()© as \lstinline[showspaces=true]{* ?()} does not preclude any meaningful program.
    66236638
    66246639The remaining cases are with the increment/decrement operators and conditional expression, \eg:
    … …  
    67286743\begin{cfa}
    67296744int i; $\C{// forward definition}$
    6730 int *j = @&i@; $\C{// forward reference, valid in C, invalid in \CFA}$
     6745int *j = ®&i®; $\C{// forward reference, valid in C, invalid in \CFA}$
    67316746int i = 0; $\C{// definition}$
    67326747\end{cfa}
    … …  
    67366751struct X { int i; struct X *next; };
    67376752static struct X a; $\C{// forward definition}$
    6738 static struct X b = { 0, @&a@ };$\C{// forward reference, valid in C, invalid in \CFA}$
     6753static struct X b = { 0, ®&a® };$\C{// forward reference, valid in C, invalid in \CFA}$
    67396754static struct X a = { 1, &b }; $\C{// definition}$
    67406755\end{cfa}
    … …  
    67496764\item[Change:] have ©struct© introduce a scope for nested types:
    67506765\begin{cfa}
    6751 enum @Colour@ { R, G, B, Y, C, M };
     6766enum ®Colour® { R, G, B, Y, C, M };
    67526767struct Person {
    6753         enum @Colour@ { R, G, B };      $\C[7cm]{// nested type}$
     6768        enum ®Colour® { R, G, B };      $\C[7cm]{// nested type}$
    67546769        struct Face { $\C{// nested type}$
    6755                 @Colour@ Eyes, Hair; $\C{// type defined outside (1 level)}$
     6770                ®Colour® Eyes, Hair; $\C{// type defined outside (1 level)}$
    67566771        };
    6757         @.Colour@ shirt; $\C{// type defined outside (top level)}$
    6758         @Colour@ pants; $\C{// type defined same level}$
     6772        ®.Colour® shirt; $\C{// type defined outside (top level)}$
     6773        ®Colour® pants; $\C{// type defined same level}$
    67596774        Face looks[10]; $\C{// type defined same level}$
    67606775};
    6761 @Colour@ c = R; $\C{// type/enum defined same level}$
    6762 Person@.Colour@ pc = Person@.@R;$\C{// type/enum defined inside}$
    6763 Person@.@Face pretty; $\C{// type defined inside}\CRT$
     6776®Colour® c = R; $\C{// type/enum defined same level}$
     6777Person®.Colour® pc = Person®.®R;$\C{// type/enum defined inside}$
     6778Person®.®Face pretty; $\C{// type defined inside}\CRT$
    67646779\end{cfa}
    67656780In C, the name of the nested types belongs to the same scope as the name of the outermost enclosing structure, \ie the nested types are hoisted to the scope of the outer-most type, which is not useful and confusing.
    … …  
    70647079// assume ?|? operator for printing an S
    70657080
    7066 S & sp = *@new@( 3 );                                                   $\C{// call constructor after allocation}$
     7081S & sp = *®new®( 3 );                                                   $\C{// call constructor after allocation}$
    70677082sout | sp.i;
    7068 @delete@( &sp );
    7069 
    7070 S * spa = @anew@( 10, 5 );                                              $\C{// allocate array and initialize each array element}$
     7083®delete®( &sp );
     7084
     7085S * spa = ®anew®( 10, 5 );                                              $\C{// allocate array and initialize each array element}$
    70717086for ( i; 10 ) sout | spa[i] | nonl;
    70727087sout | nl;
    7073 @adelete@( 10, spa );
     7088®adelete®( 10, spa );
    70747089\end{cfa}
    70757090Allocation routines ©new©/©anew© allocate a variable/array and initialize storage using the allocated type's constructor.
    … …  
    76837698
    76847699
    7685 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@Duration@}{Duration}}
     7700%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{Duration}}{Duration}}
    76867701\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstBasicStyle{Duration}}{Duration}}
    76877702\label{s:Duration}
    … …  
    77777792
    77787793
    7779 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@\timeval@}{timeval}}
     7794%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{timeval}}{timeval}}
    77807795\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstBasicStyle{timeval}}{timeval}}
    77817796\label{s:timeval}
    … …  
    77977812
    77987813
    7799 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@timespec@}{timespec}}
     7814%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{timespec}}{timespec}}
    78007815\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstBasicStyle{timespec}}{timespec}}
    78017816\label{s:timespec}
    … …  
    78177832
    78187833
    7819 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@itimerval@}{itimerval}}
     7834%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{itimerval}}{itimerval}}
    78207835\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstBasicStyle{itimerval}}{itimerval}}
    78217836\label{s:itimerval}
    … …  
    78287843
    78297844
    7830 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@Time@}{Time}}
     7845%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{Time}}{Time}}
    78317846\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstBasicStyle{Time}}{Time}}
    78327847\label{s:Time}
    … …  
    78947909
    78957910
    7896 %\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline@Clock@}{Clock}}
     7911%\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\protect\lstinline{Clock}}{Clock}}
    78977912\subsection{\texorpdfstring{\LstBasicStyle{Clock}}{Clock}}
    78987913\label{s:Clock}
    … …  
    81158130#include <gmp.h>$\indexc{gmp.h}$
    81168131int main( void ) {
    8117         @gmp_printf@( "Factorial Numbers\n" );
    8118         @mpz_t@ fact;
    8119         @mpz_init_set_ui@( fact, 1 );
    8120         @gmp_printf@( "%d %Zd\n", 0, fact );
     8132        ®gmp_printf®( "Factorial Numbers\n" );
     8133        ®mpz_t® fact;
     8134        ®mpz_init_set_ui®( fact, 1 );
     8135        ®gmp_printf®( "%d %Zd\n", 0, fact );
    81218136        for ( unsigned int i = 1; i <= 40; i += 1 ) {
    8122                 @mpz_mul_ui@( fact, fact, i );
    8123                 @gmp_printf@( "%d %Zd\n", i, fact );
     8137                ®mpz_mul_ui®( fact, fact, i );
     8138                ®gmp_printf®( "%d %Zd\n", i, fact );
    81248139        }
    81258140}

  • libcfa/src/iostream.hfa

    rc323837 raec68b6  
    1010// Created On       : Wed May 27 17:56:53 2015
    1111// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
    12 // Last Modified On : Sat Apr 24 09:28:56 2021
    13 // Update Count     : 393
     12// Last Modified On : Sun Apr 25 11:22:03 2021
     13// Update Count     : 397
    1414//
    1515
    … …  
    164164struct _Ostream_Manip {
    165165        T val;                                                                                          // polymorphic base-type
    166         int wd, pc;                                                                                     // width, precision
     166        int wd, pc;                                                                                     // width, precision: signed for computations
    167167        char base;                                                                                      // numeric base / floating-point style
    168168        union {
    … …  
    192192        _Ostream_Manip(T) hex( T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, 1, 0, 'x', { .all : 0 } }; } \
    193193        _Ostream_Manip(T) wd( unsigned int w, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, 0, CODE, { .all : 0 } }; } \
    194         _Ostream_Manip(T) wd( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, pc, CODE, { .flags.pc : true } }; } \
     194        _Ostream_Manip(T) wd( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, pc, CODE, { .flags.pc : true } }; } \
    195195        _Ostream_Manip(T) & wd( unsigned int w, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; return fmt; } \
    196         _Ostream_Manip(T) & wd( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; } \
     196        _Ostream_Manip(T) & wd( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; } \
    197197        _Ostream_Manip(T) & left( _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.flags.left = true; return fmt; } \
    198198        _Ostream_Manip(T) & upcase( _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { if ( fmt.base == 'x' || fmt.base == 'b' ) fmt.base -= 32; /* upper case */ return fmt; } \
    … …  
    231231        _Ostream_Manip(T) eng( T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, 1, 0, 'g', { .flags.eng : true } }; } \
    232232        _Ostream_Manip(T) wd( unsigned int w, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, 0, 'g', { .all : 0 } }; } \
    233         _Ostream_Manip(T) wd( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, pc, 'f', { .flags.pc : true } }; } \
    234         _Ostream_Manip(T) ws( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, pc, 'g', { .flags.pc : true } }; } \
     233        _Ostream_Manip(T) wd( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, pc, 'f', { .flags.pc : true } }; } \
     234        _Ostream_Manip(T) ws( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, w, pc, 'g', { .flags.pc : true } }; } \
    235235        _Ostream_Manip(T) & wd( unsigned int w, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { if ( fmt.flags.eng ) fmt.base = 'f'; fmt.wd = w; return fmt; } \
    236         _Ostream_Manip(T) & wd( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { if ( fmt.flags.eng ) fmt.base = 'f'; fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; } \
    237         _Ostream_Manip(T) & ws( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; } \
     236        _Ostream_Manip(T) & wd( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { if ( fmt.flags.eng ) fmt.base = 'f'; fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; } \
     237        _Ostream_Manip(T) & ws( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; } \
    238238        _Ostream_Manip(T) & left( _Ostream_Manip(T) & fmt ) { fmt.flags.left = true; return fmt; } \
    239239        _Ostream_Manip(T) upcase( T val ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(T))@{ val, 1, 0, 'G', { .all : 0 } }; } \
    … …  
    279279        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) hex( const char s[] ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(const char *))@{ s, 1, 0, 'x', { .all : 0 } }; }
    280280        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) wd( unsigned int w, const char s[] ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(const char *))@{ s, w, 0, 's', { .all : 0 } }; }
    281         _Ostream_Manip(const char *) wd( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, const char s[] ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(const char *))@{ s, w, pc, 's', { .flags.pc : true } }; }
     281        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) wd( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, const char s[] ) { return (_Ostream_Manip(const char *))@{ s, w, pc, 's', { .flags.pc : true } }; }
    282282        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & wd( unsigned int w, _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; return fmt; }
    283         _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & wd( unsigned int w, unsigned char pc, _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; }
     283        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & wd( unsigned int w, unsigned int pc, _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & fmt ) { fmt.wd = w; fmt.pc = pc; fmt.flags.pc = true; return fmt; }
    284284        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & left( _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & fmt ) { fmt.flags.left = true; return fmt; }
    285285        _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & nobase( _Ostream_Manip(const char *) & fmt ) { fmt.flags.nobsdp = true; return fmt; }
    … …  
    391391
    392392static inline {
     393        _Istream_Cstr skip( const char scanset[] ) { return (_Istream_Cstr){ 0p, scanset, -1, { .all : 0 } }; }
    393394        _Istream_Cstr skip( unsigned int n ) { return (_Istream_Cstr){ 0p, 0p, n, { .all : 0 } }; }
    394         _Istream_Cstr skip( const char scanset[] ) { return (_Istream_Cstr){ 0p, scanset, -1, { .all : 0 } }; }
    395395        _Istream_Cstr incl( const char scanset[], char * s ) { return (_Istream_Cstr){ s, scanset, -1, { .flags.inex : false } }; }
    396396        _Istream_Cstr & incl( const char scanset[], _Istream_Cstr & fmt ) { fmt.scanset = scanset; fmt.flags.inex = false; return fmt; }
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