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Last change on this file since db82596 was 56c3935, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 10 years ago
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sun May 31 18:50:30 2015
13	// Update Count : 1016
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on
17	// the C grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While
18	// parts have been copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to
19	// constitute a new grammar. In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it
20	// parses less incorrect language syntax that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless,
21	// there are still several semantic checks required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is
22	// extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
23
24	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got
25	// stuck with the grammar.
26
27	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
28	//
29	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
30	//
31	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This
32	// grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
33	//
34	// 1. nested functions
35	// 2. generalized lvalues
36	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
37	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
38	//
39	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for
40	// Cforall (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language
41	// concepts. All of the syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above,
42	// there is one unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is
43	// discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule.
44
45	%{
46	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
47	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "lex.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
57
58	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
59	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
60	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
61	TypedefTable typedefTable;
62	%}
63
64	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
65
66	// keywords
67	%token TYPEDEF
68	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
69	%token INLINE // C99
70	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
71	%token CONST VOLATILE
72	%token RESTRICT // C99
73	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
74	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
75	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
76	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
77	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
78	%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT // CFA
79	%token SIZEOF
80	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
81	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
82	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH FINALLY THROW // CFA
83	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
84	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
85
86	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
87	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
88	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
89	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
90	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
91
92	// multi-character operators
93	%token ARROW // ->
94	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
95	%token LS RS // << >>
96	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
97	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
98	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
99
100	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
101	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
102	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
103	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
104
105	// Types declaration
106	%union
107	{
108	Token tok;
109	ParseNode *pn;
110	ExpressionNode *en;
111	DeclarationNode *decl;
112	DeclarationNode::TyCon aggKey;
113	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
114	StatementNode *sn;
115	ConstantNode *constant;
116	InitializerNode *in;
117	}
118
119	%type<tok> zero_one identifier no_attr_identifier no_01_identifier
120	%type<tok> identifier_or_typedef_name no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name
121	%type<constant> string_literal_list
122
123	// expressions
124	%type<constant> constant
125	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
126	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
127	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
128	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
129	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
130	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
131	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
132	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
133	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
134	%type<en> subrange
135
136	// statements
137	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
138	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
139	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
140	%type<sn> statement statement_list
141	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
142	%type<sn> case_clause
143	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
144	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
145	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
146	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
147
148	// declarations
149	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
150	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
151	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
152
153	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
154	%type<decl> aggregate_name
155
156	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
157
158	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
159
160	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
161
162	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
163
164	%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
165
166	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
167	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
168
169	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
170
171	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
172	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
173
174	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
175
176	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
177	%type<en> field field_list
178
179	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
180
181	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
182	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
183
184	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
185	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
186	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
187
188	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
189
190	%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
191	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
192
193	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
194	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
195
196	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
197
198	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
199
200	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
201	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
202
203	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
204	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
205
206	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_typedef
207
208	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
209
210	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
211
212	%type<tclass> type_class
213	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
214
215	%type<decl> typedef typedef_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
216	%type<decl> typedef_function typedef_parameter_array typedef_parameter_function typedef_parameter_ptr
217	%type<decl> typedef_parameter_redeclarator typedef_ptr typedef_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
218	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier
219
220	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
221	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
222
223	%type<en> type_name_list
224
225	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
226
227	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
228	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
229
230	// initializers
231	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
232
233	// designators
234	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
235
236
237	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
238	// is ambiguous:
239	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
240	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
241	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
242
243	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
244	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
245
246	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
247
248	%%
249	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
250
251	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal
252	// symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a
253	// purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic
254	// constructs. Hence, this grammar uses the ANSI style.
255	//
256	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance,
257	// those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types.
258	// This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
259	//
260	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context
261	// information, it accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that
262	// it has just read. Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of
263	// identifiers change.
264	//
265	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its
266	// class in a local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can
267	// be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing
268	// between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of
269	// the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "type" declarations).
270	//
271	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and
272	// closing of scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do
273	// not always occur within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly
274	// necessary from a semantic point of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing
275	// conflicts -- the parser may not have enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new
276	// scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the
277	// grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve
278	// conflicts of this sort.
279
280	push:
281	{
282	typedefTable.enterScope();
283	}
284	;
285
286	pop:
287	{
288	typedefTable.leaveScope();
289	}
290	;
291
292	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
293
294	constant:
295	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type
296	// "enumeration constant".
297	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Integer, $1); }
298	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Float, $1); }
299	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Character, $1); }
300	;
301
302	identifier:
303	IDENTIFIER
304	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
305	\| zero_one // CFA
306	;
307
308	no_01_identifier:
309	IDENTIFIER
310	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
311	;
312
313	no_attr_identifier:
314	IDENTIFIER
315	;
316
317	zero_one: // CFA
318	ZERO
319	\| ONE
320	;
321
322	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
323	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::String, $1); }
324	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->append( $2 ); }
325	;
326
327	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
328
329	primary_expression:
330	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
331	{ $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
332	\| zero_one
333	{ $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
334	\| constant
335	{ $$ = $1; }
336	\| string_literal_list
337	{ $$ = $1; }
338	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
339	{ $$ = $2; }
340	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
341	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode($2); }
342	;
343
344	postfix_expression:
345	primary_expression
346	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
347	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error:
348	// subscripting a matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards
349	// compatible, there seems to be little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is
350	// possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is equivalent to the old x[i,j].
351	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Index), $1, $4); }
352	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
353	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $3); }
354	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
355	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
356	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
357	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
359	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
360	\| postfix_expression ICR
361	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::IncrPost), $1); }
362	\| postfix_expression DECR
363	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DecrPost), $1); }
364	// GCC has priority: cast_expression
365	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
366	{ $$ = 0; }
367	;
368
369	argument_expression_list:
370	argument_expression
371	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
372	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
373	;
374
375	argument_expression:
376	// empty
377	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
378	\| assignment_expression
379	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
380	{ $$ = $3->set_asArgName($1); }
381	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name is allowed in this context. However, there is
382	// insufficient look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the
383	// tuple form must be used with an appropriate semantic check.
384	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
385	{ $$ = $7->set_asArgName($3); }
386	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
387	{ $$ = $9->set_asArgName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
388	;
389
390	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
391	field
392	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
393	;
394
395	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
396	no_attr_identifier
397	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
398	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
399	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
400	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
401	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
402	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
403	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
404	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
405	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
406	;
407
408	unary_expression:
409	postfix_expression
410	\| ICR unary_expression
411	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Incr), $2); }
412	\| DECR unary_expression
413	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Decr), $2); }
414	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
415	{ $$ = $2; }
416	\| unary_operator cast_expression
417	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $2); }
418	\| '!' cast_expression
419	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neg), $2); }
420	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
421	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PointTo), $2); }
422	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
423	// { * X; } // dereference X
424	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
425	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
426	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
427	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), $2); }
428	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
429	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
430	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
431	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1)); }
432	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
433	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
434	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
435	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), $3); }
436	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
437	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), $2); }
438	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
439	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
440	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
441	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LabelAddress), new VarRefNode($2, true)); }
442	;
443
444	unary_operator:
445	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AddressOf); }
446	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnPlus); }
447	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnMinus); }
448	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitNeg); }
449	;
450
451	cast_expression:
452	unary_expression
453	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
454	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
455	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
456	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
457	;
458
459	multiplicative_expression:
460	cast_expression
461	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
462	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mul),$1,$3); }
463	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
464	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Div),$1,$3); }
465	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
466	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mod),$1,$3); }
467	;
468
469	additive_expression:
470	multiplicative_expression
471	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
472	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Plus),$1,$3); }
473	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
474	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Minus),$1,$3); }
475	;
476
477	shift_expression:
478	additive_expression
479	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
480	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LShift),$1,$3); }
481	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
482	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RShift),$1,$3); }
483	;
484
485	relational_expression:
486	shift_expression
487	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
488	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LThan),$1,$3); }
489	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
490	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GThan),$1,$3); }
491	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
492	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LEThan),$1,$3); }
493	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
494	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GEThan),$1,$3); }
495	;
496
497	equality_expression:
498	relational_expression
499	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
500	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Eq), $1, $3); }
501	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
502	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neq), $1, $3); }
503	;
504
505	AND_expression:
506	equality_expression
507	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
508	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitAnd), $1, $3); }
509	;
510
511	exclusive_OR_expression:
512	AND_expression
513	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
514	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Xor), $1, $3); }
515	;
516
517	inclusive_OR_expression:
518	exclusive_OR_expression
519	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
520	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitOr), $1, $3); }
521	;
522
523	logical_AND_expression:
524	inclusive_OR_expression
525	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
526	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::And), $1, $3); }
527	;
528
529	logical_OR_expression:
530	logical_AND_expression
531	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
532	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Or), $1, $3); }
533	;
534
535	conditional_expression:
536	logical_OR_expression
537	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
538	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode )mkList(($1,$3,$5))); }
539	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
540	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::NCond),$1,$4); }
541	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
542	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode )mkList(( $1, $3, $5 ))); }
543	;
544
545	constant_expression:
546	conditional_expression
547	;
548
549	assignment_expression:
550	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
551	conditional_expression
552	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
553	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Assign), $1, $3); }
554	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
555	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode($2, $1, $3); }
556	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
557	{ $$ = ($2 == 0) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
558	;
559
560	assignment_expression_opt:
561	// empty
562	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
563	\| assignment_expression
564	;
565
566	tuple: // CFA, tuple
567	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce
568	// conflict with comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
569	'[' push pop ']'
570	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
571	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
572	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
573	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
574	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
575	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
576	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
577	;
578
579	tuple_expression_list:
580	assignment_expression_opt
581	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
582	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
583	;
584
585	assignment_operator:
586	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MulAssn); }
587	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DivAssn); }
588	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ModAssn); }
589	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PlusAssn); }
590	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MinusAssn); }
591	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LSAssn); }
592	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RSAssn); }
593	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AndAssn); }
594	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ERAssn); }
595	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::OrAssn); }
596	;
597
598	comma_expression:
599	assignment_expression
600	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list($3); }
601	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Comma),$1,$3); }
602	;
603
604	comma_expression_opt:
605	// empty
606	{ $$ = 0; }
607	\| comma_expression
608	;
609
610	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
611
612	statement:
613	labeled_statement
614	\| compound_statement
615	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
616	\| selection_statement
617	\| iteration_statement
618	\| jump_statement
619	\| exception_statement
620	\| asm_statement
621	;
622
623	labeled_statement:
624	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
625	{ $$ = $4->add_label($1);}
626	;
627
628	compound_statement:
629	'{' '}'
630	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
631	\| '{'
632	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the
633	// block also requires its own scope
634	push push
635	label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
636	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
637	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
638	;
639
640	block_item_list: // C99
641	block_item
642	\| block_item_list push block_item
643	{ if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($3); $$ = $1; } }
644	;
645
646	block_item:
647	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
648	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
649	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
650	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
651	\| function_definition
652	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
653	\| statement pop
654	;
655
656	statement_list:
657	statement
658	\| statement_list statement
659	{ if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($2); $$ = $1; } }
660	;
661
662	expression_statement:
663	comma_expression_opt ';'
664	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0); }
665	;
666
667	selection_statement:
668	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
669	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
670	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, $5); }
671	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
672	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7)) ); }
673	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
674	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5); }
675	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
676	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8); /* xxx */ }
677	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is
678	// performed before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial
679	// declaration list can never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C
680	// allows it.
681	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
682	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5); }
683	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
684	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8); }
685	;
686
687	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a
688	// case clause allows a list of values and subranges.
689
690	case_value: // CFA
691	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
692	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
693	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range),$1,$3); }
694	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
695	;
696
697	case_value_list: // CFA
698	case_value
699	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
700	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents($1))->set_link($3) ); }
701	;
702
703	case_label: // CFA
704	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Case, $2, 0); }
705	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Default); }
706	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
707	;
708
709	case_label_list: // CFA
710	case_label
711	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2)); }
712	;
713
714	case_clause: // CFA
715	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
716	;
717
718	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
719	// empty
720	{ $$ = 0; }
721	\| switch_clause_list
722	;
723
724	switch_clause_list: // CFA
725	case_label_list statement_list
726	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
727	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
728	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
729	;
730
731	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
732	// empty
733	{ $$ = 0; }
734	\| choose_clause_list
735	;
736
737	choose_clause_list: // CFA
738	case_label_list fall_through
739	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
740	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
741	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3))); }
742	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
743	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
744	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
745	{ $$ = (StatementNode )($1->set_link($2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4))))); }
746	;
747
748	fall_through_opt: // CFA
749	// empty
750	{ $$ = 0; }
751	\| fall_through
752	;
753
754	fall_through: // CFA
755	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
756	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
757	;
758
759	iteration_statement:
760	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
761	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::While, $3, $5); }
762	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
763	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Do, $5, $2); }
764	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
765	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::For, $4, $6); }
766	;
767
768	for_control_expression:
769	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
770	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $4, $6); }
771	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
772	// Like C++, the loop index can be declared local to the loop.
773	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $2, $4); }
774	;
775
776	jump_statement:
777	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
778	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $2); }
779	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
780	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto *i+3; =>
781	// goto (i+3); whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (i)+3;
782	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $3); }
783	\| CONTINUE ';'
784	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
785	// statement.
786	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, 0, 0); }
787	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
788	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
789	// statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
790	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, $2); }
791	\| BREAK ';'
792	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
793	// statement.
794	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, 0, 0); }
795	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
796	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
797	// statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
798	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
799	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
800	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Return, $2, 0); }
801	\| THROW assignment_expression ';'
802	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0); }
803	\| THROW ';'
804	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, 0, 0); }
805	;
806
807	exception_statement:
808	TRY compound_statement handler_list
809	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3)))); }
810	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
811	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3)))); }
812	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
813	{
814	$3->set_link($4);
815	$$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3))));
816	}
817	;
818
819	handler_list:
820	// There must be at least one catch clause
821	handler_clause
822	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try
823	// block.
824	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
825	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
826	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
827	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
828	;
829
830	handler_clause:
831	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
832	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt($5, $8); }
833	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
834	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt($6, $9) ); }
835	;
836
837	finally_clause:
838	FINALLY compound_statement
839	{
840	$$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2);
841	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
842	}
843	;
844
845	exception_declaration:
846	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
847	//
848	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
849	//
850	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
851	type_specifier
852	\| type_specifier declarator
853	{
854	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
855	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
856	}
857	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
858	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
859	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
860	{
861	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
862	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
863	}
864	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
865	;
866
867	asm_statement:
868	ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ')' ';'
869	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
870	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
871	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
872	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
873	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
874	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list ')' ';'
875	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
876	;
877
878	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
879	// empty
880	\| asm_operands_list
881	;
882
883	asm_operands_list: // GCC
884	asm_operand
885	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
886	;
887
888	asm_operand: // GCC
889	STRINGliteral '(' constant_expression ')' {}
890	;
891
892	asm_clobbers_list: // GCC
893	STRINGliteral {}
894	\| asm_clobbers_list ',' STRINGliteral
895	;
896
897	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
898
899	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
900	pop
901	{ $$ = 0; }
902	\| declaration_list
903	;
904
905	declaration_list:
906	declaration
907	\| declaration_list push declaration
908	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
909	;
910
911	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
912	pop
913	{ $$ = 0; }
914	\| old_declaration_list
915	;
916
917	old_declaration_list:
918	old_declaration
919	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
920	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
921	;
922
923	label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
924	// empty
925	\| label_declaration_list
926	;
927
928	label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
929	LABEL label_list ';'
930	\| label_declaration_list LABEL label_list ';'
931	;
932
933	label_list: // GCC, local label
934	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
935	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
936	;
937
938	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
939	new_declaration
940	\| old_declaration
941	;
942
943	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and
944	// function declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places
945	// declaration modifiers to the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of
946	// the base type. CFA declaration modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type
947	// specification is distributed across all variables in the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the
948	// new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program block, but cannot be mixed within a specific
949	// declaration.
950	//
951	// CFA C
952	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
953	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
954
955	new_declaration: // CFA
956	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
957	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
958	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
959	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
960	\| context_specifier pop ';'
961	;
962
963	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
964	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
965	{
966	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
967	$$ = $1;
968	}
969	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
970	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to
971	// preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
972	{
973	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
974	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
975	}
976	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name initializer_opt
977	{
978	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
979	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
980	}
981	;
982
983	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
984	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or
985	// explicit static storage-class
986	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
987	{
988	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
989	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
990	}
991	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
992	{
993	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
994	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
995	}
996	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
997	{
998	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
999	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1000	}
1001	;
1002
1003	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1004	new_function_specifier
1005	{
1006	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1007	$$ = $1;
1008	}
1009	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1010	{
1011	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1012	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1013	}
1014	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1015	{
1016	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1017	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1018	}
1019	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1020	{
1021	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1022	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1023	}
1024	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1025	{
1026	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1027	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1028	}
1029	;
1030
1031	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1032	'[' push pop ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1033	{
1034	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1035	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1036	}
1037	\| '[' push pop ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1038	{
1039	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1040	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1041	}
1042	// identifier_or_typedef_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1043	//
1044	// '[' ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1045	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1046	//
1047	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g. typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this
1048	// must be flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce
1049	// identifier_or_typedef_name.
1050	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1051	// To obtain LR(1), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see
1052	// new_abstract_declarator).
1053	{
1054	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1055	}
1056	\| new_function_return identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1057	{
1058	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1059	}
1060	;
1061
1062	new_function_return: // CFA
1063	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1064	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1065	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1066	// To obtain LR(1), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to
1067	// lookahead to the ']'.
1068	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1069	;
1070
1071	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1072	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1073	{
1074	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1075	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1076	}
1077	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1078	{
1079	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1080	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1081	}
1082	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1083	{
1084	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD);
1085	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1086	}
1087	;
1088
1089	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is
1090	// factored out as a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and
1091	// initialization.
1092
1093	typedef_declaration:
1094	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1095	{
1096	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1097	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1098	}
1099	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1100	{
1101	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1102	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1103	}
1104	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1105	{
1106	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1107	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1108	}
1109	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1110	{
1111	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1112	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1113	}
1114	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1115	{
1116	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1117	$$ = $4->addQualifiers($1)->addTypedef()->addType($1);
1118	}
1119	;
1120
1121	typedef_expression: // GCC, naming expression type
1122	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1123	{
1124	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD);
1125	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1126	}
1127	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1128	{
1129	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($5), TypedefTable::TD);
1130	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1131	}
1132	;
1133
1134	old_declaration:
1135	declaring_list pop ';'
1136	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1137	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1138	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1139	;
1140
1141	declaring_list:
1142	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or
1143	// explicit static storage-class
1144	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1145	{
1146	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1147	$$ = ($2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer($4);
1148	}
1149	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1150	{
1151	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1152	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer($6) ) );
1153	}
1154	;
1155
1156	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1157	basic_declaration_specifier
1158	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1159	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1160	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1161	;
1162
1163	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1164	basic_type_specifier
1165	\| sue_type_specifier
1166	\| typedef_type_specifier
1167	\| typegen_type_specifier
1168	;
1169
1170	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1171	// empty
1172	{ $$ = 0; }
1173	\| type_qualifier_list
1174	;
1175
1176	type_qualifier_list:
1177	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of
1178	// declaration.
1179	//
1180	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1181	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as
1182	// if it appeared only once.
1183	type_qualifier
1184	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1185	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1186	;
1187
1188	type_qualifier:
1189	type_qualifier_name
1190	\| attribute
1191	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1192	;
1193
1194	type_qualifier_name:
1195	CONST
1196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1197	\| RESTRICT
1198	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1199	\| VOLATILE
1200	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1201	\| LVALUE // CFA
1202	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1203	\| ATOMIC
1204	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1205	\| FORALL '('
1206	{
1207	typedefTable.enterScope();
1208	}
1209	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1210	{
1211	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1212	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1213	}
1214	;
1215
1216	declaration_qualifier_list:
1217	storage_class_list
1218	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1219	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1220	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1221	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1222	;
1223
1224	storage_class_list:
1225	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration
1226	// and that only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1227	//
1228	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the
1229	// declaration specifiers in a declaration.
1230	storage_class
1231	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1232	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1233	;
1234
1235	storage_class:
1236	storage_class_name
1237	;
1238
1239	storage_class_name:
1240	EXTERN
1241	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1242	\| STATIC
1243	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1244	\| AUTO
1245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1246	\| REGISTER
1247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1248	\| INLINE // C99
1249	// INLINE is essentially a storage class specifier for functions, and hence, belongs here.
1250	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1251	\| FORTRAN // C99
1252	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1253	;
1254
1255	basic_type_name:
1256	CHAR
1257	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1258	\| DOUBLE
1259	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1260	\| FLOAT
1261	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1262	\| INT
1263	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1264	\| LONG
1265	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1266	\| SHORT
1267	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1268	\| SIGNED
1269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1270	\| UNSIGNED
1271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1272	\| VOID
1273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1274	\| BOOL // C99
1275	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1276	\| COMPLEX // C99
1277	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1278	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1279	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1280	;
1281
1282	basic_declaration_specifier:
1283	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1284	basic_type_specifier
1285	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1286	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1287	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1288	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1289	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1290	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1291	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1292	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1293	;
1294
1295	basic_type_specifier:
1296	direct_type_name
1297	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1298	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1299	;
1300
1301	direct_type_name:
1302	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1303	basic_type_name
1304	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1305	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1306	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1307	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1308	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1309	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1310	;
1311
1312	indirect_type_name:
1313	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1314	{ $$ = $3; }
1315	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1316	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1317	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1318	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1319	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1321	;
1322
1323	sue_declaration_specifier:
1324	sue_type_specifier
1325	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1326	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1327	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1328	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1329	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1330	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1331	;
1332
1333	sue_type_specifier:
1334	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1335	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1336	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1337	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1338	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1339	;
1340
1341	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1342	typedef_type_specifier
1343	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1344	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1345	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1346	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1347	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1348	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1349	;
1350
1351	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1352	TYPEDEFname
1353	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1354	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1355	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1356	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1357	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1358	;
1359
1360	elaborated_type_name:
1361	aggregate_name
1362	\| enum_name
1363	;
1364
1365	aggregate_name:
1366	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1367	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1368	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1369	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, 0 ); }
1370	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1371	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, $4 ); }
1372	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1373	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, 0, $8 ); }
1374	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1375	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, 0 ); }
1376	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1377	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, $9 ); }
1378	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1379	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, $8, $11 ); }
1380	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_name_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1381	// push and pop are only to prevent S/R conflicts
1382	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, 0, $4, 0 ); }
1383	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1384	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $10, $4, $8, $12 ); }
1385	;
1386
1387	aggregate_key:
1388	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1390	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1391	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1392	;
1393
1394	field_declaration_list:
1395	field_declaration
1396	{ $$ = $1; }
1397	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1398	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1399	;
1400
1401	field_declaration:
1402	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1403	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1404	{ $$ = $2; }
1405	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1406	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1407	{ $$ = $2; }
1408	;
1409
1410	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1411	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1412	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1413	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1414	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1415	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1416	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1417	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1418	;
1419
1420	field_declaring_list:
1421	type_specifier field_declarator
1422	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1423	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1424	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1425	;
1426
1427	field_declarator:
1428	// empty
1429	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1430	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1431	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1432	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1433	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1434	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1435	\| typedef_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1436	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1437	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1438	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1439	;
1440
1441	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1442	// empty
1443	{ $$ = 0; }
1444	\| bit_subrange_size
1445	{ $$ = $1; }
1446	;
1447
1448	bit_subrange_size:
1449	':' constant_expression
1450	{ $$ = $2; }
1451	;
1452
1453	enum_key:
1454	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1455	;
1456
1457	enum_name:
1458	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1460	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1462	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1464	;
1465
1466	enumerator_list:
1467	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1468	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1469	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1470	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1471	;
1472
1473	enumerator_value_opt:
1474	// empty
1475	{ $$ = 0; }
1476	\| '=' constant_expression
1477	{ $$ = $2; }
1478	;
1479
1480	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1481
1482	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1483	// empty
1484	{ $$ = 0; }
1485	\| new_parameter_type_list
1486	;
1487
1488	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1489	new_abstract_parameter_list
1490	\| new_parameter_list
1491	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1492	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1493	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1494	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1495	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1496	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1497	;
1498
1499	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1500	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last
1501	// new_abstract_parameter_list is factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get
1502	// lookahead to the ']'.
1503	new_parameter_declaration
1504	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1505	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1506	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1507	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1508	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1509	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1510	;
1511
1512	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1513	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1514	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1515	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1516	;
1517
1518	parameter_type_list_opt:
1519	// empty
1520	{ $$ = 0; }
1521	\| parameter_type_list
1522	;
1523
1524	parameter_type_list:
1525	parameter_list
1526	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1527	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1528	;
1529
1530	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1531	abstract_parameter_declaration
1532	\| parameter_declaration
1533	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1534	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1535	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1536	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1537	;
1538
1539	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different
1540	// semantics for typedef name by using typedef_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and
1541	// function prototypes.
1542
1543	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1544	parameter_declaration
1545	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1546	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1547	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1548	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1549	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1550	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1551	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1552	\| new_function_specifier
1553	;
1554
1555	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1556	abstract_parameter_declaration
1557	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1558	\| new_abstract_tuple
1559	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1560	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1561	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1562	\| new_abstract_function
1563	;
1564
1565	parameter_declaration:
1566	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1567	{
1568	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1569	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1570	}
1571	\| declaration_specifier typedef_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1572	{
1573	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1574	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1575	}
1576	;
1577
1578	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1579	declaration_specifier
1580	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1581	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1582	;
1583
1584	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1585	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is
1586	// based only on identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1587
1588	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1589	no_attr_identifier
1590	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1591	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1592	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1593	;
1594
1595	identifier_or_typedef_name:
1596	identifier
1597	\| TYPEDEFname
1598	\| TYPEGENname
1599	;
1600
1601	no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1602	no_01_identifier
1603	\| TYPEDEFname
1604	\| TYPEGENname
1605	;
1606
1607	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1608	no_attr_identifier
1609	\| TYPEDEFname
1610	\| TYPEGENname
1611	;
1612
1613	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1614	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1615	\| type_specifier
1616	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1617	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1618	;
1619
1620	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1621	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1622	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1623	\| type_specifier
1624	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1625	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1626	;
1627
1628	initializer_opt:
1629	// empty
1630	{ $$ = 0; }
1631	\| '=' initializer { $$ = $2; }
1632	;
1633
1634	initializer:
1635	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode($1); }
1636	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode($2, true); }
1637	;
1638
1639	initializer_list:
1640	initializer
1641	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1642	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link($3) ); }
1643	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1644	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators($3) ) ); }
1645	;
1646
1647	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is
1648	// use of '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1649	//
1650	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1651	//
1652	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this
1653	// case, CFA changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC
1654	// does uses ":" for field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be
1655	// supported either due to shift/reduce conflicts
1656
1657	designation:
1658	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1659	\| no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name ':' // GCC, field name
1660	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1661	;
1662
1663	designator_list: // C99
1664	designator
1665	\| designator_list designator { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link( $2 )); }
1666	;
1667
1668	designator:
1669	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // C99, field name
1670	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $2 ); }
1671	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1672	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with
1673	// tuple.
1674	{ $$ = $3; }
1675	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1676	{ $$ = $3; }
1677	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1678	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $3, $5); }
1679	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1680	{ $$ = $4; }
1681	;
1682
1683	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type
1684	// parameters, rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1685	//
1686	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1687	//
1688	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used
1689	// for object and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with
1690	// initializers provide definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide
1691	// opaque types.
1692	//
1693	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at
1694	// the call site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1695	//
1696	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1697	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble
1698	// subclass hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare
1699	// that a type or types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used
1700	// to declare requirements on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1701
1702	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1703	typegen_type_specifier
1704	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1705	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1706	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1707	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1708	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1709	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1710	;
1711
1712	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1713	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1714	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1715	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1716	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $2, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1717	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1718	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1719	;
1720
1721	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1722	type_parameter assignment_opt
1723	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1724	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1725	;
1726
1727	type_parameter: // CFA
1728	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1729	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD); }
1730	assertion_list_opt
1731	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1732	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1733	;
1734
1735	type_class: // CFA
1736	TYPE
1737	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1738	\| DTYPE
1739	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1740	\| FTYPE
1741	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1742	;
1743
1744	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1745	// empty
1746	{ $$ = 0; }
1747	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1748	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1749	;
1750
1751	assertion: // CFA
1752	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1753	{
1754	typedefTable.openContext( *($2) );
1755	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1756	}
1757	\| '\|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1758	{ $$ = $4; }
1759	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1760	{ $$ = 0; }
1761	;
1762
1763	type_name_list: // CFA
1764	type_name
1765	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1766	\| assignment_expression
1767	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1768	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link(new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1769	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1770	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
1771	;
1772
1773	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1774	TYPE type_declarator
1775	{ $$ = $2; }
1776	\| storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1777	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1778	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1779	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1780	;
1781
1782	type_declarator: // CFA
1783	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1784	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1785	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1786	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1787	;
1788
1789	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1790	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1791	{
1792	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TD);
1793	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1794	}
1795	\| no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1796	{
1797	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TG);
1798	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1799	}
1800	;
1801
1802	context_specifier: // CFA
1803	CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1804	{
1805	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1806	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1807	}
1808	\| CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1809	{
1810	typedefTable.enterContext( *($2) );
1811	typedefTable.enterScope();
1812	}
1813	context_declaration_list '}'
1814	{
1815	typedefTable.leaveContext();
1816	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1817	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1818	}
1819	;
1820
1821	context_declaration_list: // CFA
1822	context_declaration
1823	\| context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1824	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1825	;
1826
1827	context_declaration: // CFA
1828	new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1829	\| context_declaring_list pop ';'
1830	;
1831
1832	new_context_declaring_list: // CFA
1833	new_variable_specifier
1834	{
1835	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1836	$$ = $1;
1837	}
1838	\| new_function_specifier
1839	{
1840	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1841	$$ = $1;
1842	}
1843	\| new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1844	{
1845	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *($5), TypedefTable::ID );
1846	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1847	}
1848	;
1849
1850	context_declaring_list: // CFA
1851	type_specifier declarator
1852	{
1853	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1854	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1855	}
1856	\| context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1857	{
1858	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1859	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1860	}
1861	;
1862
1863	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1864
1865	translation_unit:
1866	// empty
1867	{} // empty input file
1868	\| external_definition_list
1869	{
1870	if ( theTree ) {
1871	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1872	} else {
1873	theTree = $1;
1874	}
1875	}
1876	;
1877
1878	external_definition_list:
1879	external_definition
1880	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1881	{ $$ = ($1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1882	;
1883
1884	external_definition_list_opt:
1885	// empty
1886	{ $$ = 0; }
1887	\| external_definition_list
1888	;
1889
1890	external_definition:
1891	declaration
1892	\| external_function_definition
1893	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1894	{}
1895	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1896	{
1897	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1898	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1899	}
1900	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1901	{
1902	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1903	linkageStack.pop();
1904	$$ = $5;
1905	}
1906	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1907	{ $$ = $2; }
1908	;
1909
1910	external_function_definition:
1911	function_definition
1912
1913	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant
1914	// amount of code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible
1915	// because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would
1916	// preclude this concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier.
1917	// OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1918	\| function_declarator compound_statement
1919	{
1920	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1921	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1922	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1923	}
1924	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1925	{
1926	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1927	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1928	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1929	}
1930	;
1931
1932	function_definition:
1933	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
1934	{
1935	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1936	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1937	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1938	}
1939	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
1940	{
1941	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1942	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1943	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
1944	}
1945	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1946	{
1947	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1948	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1949	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1950	}
1951	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1952	{
1953	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1954	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1955	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1956	}
1957	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1958	{
1959	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1960	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1961	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1962	}
1963
1964	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1965	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1966	{
1967	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1968	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1969	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
1970	}
1971	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1972	{
1973	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1974	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1975	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1976	}
1977
1978	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1979	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1980	{
1981	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1982	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1983	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1984	}
1985	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1986	{
1987	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1988	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1989	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1990	}
1991	;
1992
1993	declarator:
1994	variable_declarator
1995	\| function_declarator
1996	\| typedef_redeclarator
1997	;
1998
1999	subrange:
2000	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2001	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $1, $3); }
2002	;
2003
2004	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2005	// empty
2006	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2007	;
2008
2009	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2010	// empty
2011	\| attribute_list
2012	;
2013
2014	attribute_list: // GCC
2015	attribute
2016	\| attribute_list attribute
2017	;
2018
2019	attribute: // GCC
2020	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2021	;
2022
2023	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2024	attrib
2025	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2026	;
2027
2028	attrib: // GCC
2029	// empty
2030	\| any_word
2031	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2032	;
2033
2034	any_word: // GCC
2035	identifier_or_typedef_name {}
2036	\| storage_class_name {}
2037	\| basic_type_name {}
2038	\| type_qualifier {}
2039	;
2040
2041	// ============================================================================
2042	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are
2043	// necessary because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage
2044	// in an expression, as in:
2045	//
2046	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2047	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2048	//
2049	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some
2050	// or all of the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a
2051	// particular context.
2052	// ============================================================================
2053
2054	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2055	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of
2056	// declarators to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2057	//
2058	// valid declaration invalid definition
2059	// ----------------- ------------------
2060	// int f; int f {}
2061	// int f; int f {}
2062	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2063	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2064	//
2065	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function
2066	// declarators, hence variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2067	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2068
2069	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern
2070	// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2071
2072	variable_declarator:
2073	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2074	\| variable_ptr
2075	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2076	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2077	;
2078
2079	paren_identifier:
2080	identifier
2081	{
2082	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2083	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2084	}
2085	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2086	{ $$ = $2; }
2087	;
2088
2089	variable_ptr:
2090	'*' variable_declarator
2091	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2092	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2093	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2094	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2095	{ $$ = $2; }
2096	;
2097
2098	variable_array:
2099	paren_identifier array_dimension
2100	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2101	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2102	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2103	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2104	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2105	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2106	{ $$ = $2; }
2107	;
2108
2109	variable_function:
2110	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2111	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2112	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2113	{ $$ = $2; }
2114	;
2115
2116	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot
2117	// be nested, there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested
2118	// functions requires further separation of variable and function declarators in typedef_redeclarator. The
2119	// pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2120
2121	function_declarator:
2122	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2123	\| function_ptr
2124	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2125	;
2126
2127	function_no_ptr:
2128	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2129	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2130	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2131	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2132	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2133	{ $$ = $2; }
2134	;
2135
2136	function_ptr:
2137	'*' function_declarator
2138	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2139	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2140	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2141	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2142	{ $$ = $2; }
2143	;
2144
2145	function_array:
2146	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2147	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2148	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2149	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2150	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2151	{ $$ = $2; }
2152	;
2153
2154	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a
2155	// typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and
2156	// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2157
2158	old_function_declarator:
2159	old_function_no_ptr
2160	\| old_function_ptr
2161	\| old_function_array
2162	;
2163
2164	old_function_no_ptr:
2165	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2166	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2167	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2168	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2169	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2170	{ $$ = $2; }
2171	;
2172
2173	old_function_ptr:
2174	'*' old_function_declarator
2175	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2176	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2177	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2178	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2179	{ $$ = $2; }
2180	;
2181
2182	old_function_array:
2183	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2184	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2185	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2186	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2187	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2188	{ $$ = $2; }
2189	;
2190
2191	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a typedef name, e.g.:
2192	//
2193	// typedef int foo;
2194	// {
2195	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2196	// }
2197	//
2198	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2199	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2200
2201	typedef_redeclarator:
2202	paren_typedef attribute_list_opt
2203	\| typedef_ptr
2204	\| typedef_array attribute_list_opt
2205	\| typedef_function attribute_list_opt
2206	;
2207
2208	paren_typedef:
2209	TYPEDEFname
2210	{
2211	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2212	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2213	}
2214	\| '(' paren_typedef ')'
2215	{ $$ = $2; }
2216	;
2217
2218	typedef_ptr:
2219	'*' typedef_redeclarator
2220	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2221	\| '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_redeclarator
2222	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2223	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')'
2224	{ $$ = $2; }
2225	;
2226
2227	typedef_array:
2228	paren_typedef array_dimension
2229	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2230	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')' array_dimension
2231	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2232	\| '(' typedef_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2233	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2234	\| '(' typedef_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2235	{ $$ = $2; }
2236	;
2237
2238	typedef_function:
2239	paren_typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2240	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2241	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2242	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2243	\| '(' typedef_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2244	{ $$ = $2; }
2245	;
2246
2247	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a
2248	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern
2249	// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2250	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2251
2252	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2253	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2254	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2255	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2256	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2257	;
2258
2259	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2260	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2261	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2262	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2263	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2264	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2265	{ $$ = $2; }
2266	;
2267
2268	identifier_parameter_array:
2269	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2270	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2271	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2272	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2273	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2274	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2275	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2276	{ $$ = $2; }
2277	;
2278
2279	identifier_parameter_function:
2280	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2281	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2282	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2283	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2284	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2285	{ $$ = $2; }
2286	;
2287
2288	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a
2289	// typedef name, e.g.:
2290	//
2291	// typedef int foo;
2292	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2293	//
2294	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern
2295	// handles the special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2296	//
2297	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2298	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2299	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2300	//
2301	// which precludes the following cases:
2302	//
2303	// typedef float T;
2304	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2305	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2306	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2307	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2308	//
2309	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type
2310	// list, and not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes
2311	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and
2312	// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2313
2314	typedef_parameter_redeclarator:
2315	typedef attribute_list_opt
2316	\| typedef_parameter_ptr
2317	\| typedef_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2318	\| typedef_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2319	;
2320
2321	typedef:
2322	TYPEDEFname
2323	{
2324	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2325	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2326	}
2327	;
2328
2329	typedef_parameter_ptr:
2330	'*' typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2331	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2332	\| '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2333	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2334	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')'
2335	{ $$ = $2; }
2336	;
2337
2338	typedef_parameter_array:
2339	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2340	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2341	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2342	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2343	;
2344
2345	typedef_parameter_function:
2346	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2347	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2348	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2349	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2350	;
2351
2352	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2353	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2354	//
2355	// sizeof( int );
2356	// sizeof( int [10] );
2357	//
2358	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2359	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2360
2361	abstract_declarator:
2362	abstract_ptr
2363	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2364	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2365	;
2366
2367	abstract_ptr:
2368	'*'
2369	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2370	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2371	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2372	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2373	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2374	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2375	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2376	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2377	{ $$ = $2; }
2378	;
2379
2380	abstract_array:
2381	array_dimension
2382	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2383	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2384	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2385	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2386	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2387	{ $$ = $2; }
2388	;
2389
2390	abstract_function:
2391	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2392	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2393	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2394	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2395	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2396	{ $$ = $2; }
2397	;
2398
2399	array_dimension:
2400	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2401	'[' push pop ']'
2402	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2403	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension
2404	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $5 ); }
2405	\| multi_array_dimension
2406	;
2407
2408	multi_array_dimension:
2409	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2411	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2413	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2414	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2415	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2416	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2417	;
2418
2419	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2420	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2421	//
2422	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2423	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2424	//
2425	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2426	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2427
2428	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2429	abstract_parameter_ptr
2430	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2431	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2432	;
2433
2434	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2435	'*'
2436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2437	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2439	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2440	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2441	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2442	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2443	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2444	{ $$ = $2; }
2445	;
2446
2447	abstract_parameter_array:
2448	array_parameter_dimension
2449	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2450	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2451	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2452	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2453	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2454	{ $$ = $2; }
2455	;
2456
2457	abstract_parameter_function:
2458	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2460	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2461	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2462	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2463	{ $$ = $2; }
2464	;
2465
2466	array_parameter_dimension:
2467	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2468	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2469	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2470	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2471	\| multi_array_dimension
2472	;
2473
2474	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2475	//
2476	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall
2477	// appear only in a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the
2478	// outermost array type derivation."
2479
2480	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2481	'[' push pop ']'
2482	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2483	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2484	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2486	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2488	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2489	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2490	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2491	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2492	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2493	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2494	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2495	;
2496
2497	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type
2498	// applies, e.g.:
2499	//
2500	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2501	//
2502	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2503	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2504
2505	variable_abstract_declarator:
2506	variable_abstract_ptr
2507	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2508	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2509	;
2510
2511	variable_abstract_ptr:
2512	'*'
2513	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2514	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2515	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2516	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2517	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2518	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2519	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2520	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2521	{ $$ = $2; }
2522	;
2523
2524	variable_abstract_array:
2525	array_dimension
2526	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2527	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2528	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2529	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2530	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2531	{ $$ = $2; }
2532	;
2533
2534	variable_abstract_function:
2535	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2536	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2537	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2538	{ $$ = $2; }
2539	;
2540
2541	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either
2542	// an identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2543
2544	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2545	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2546	\| new_abstract_tuple
2547	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2548	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2549	;
2550
2551	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2552	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2553	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2554	;
2555
2556	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2557	'*' type_specifier
2558	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2559	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2560	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2561	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2562	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2563	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2564	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2565	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2566	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2567	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2568	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2569	;
2570
2571	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2572	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due
2573	// to shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2574	'[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2575	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2576	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2577	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2578	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2579	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2580	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2581	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2582	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2583	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2584	\| '[' push pop ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2585	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2586	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2587	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2588	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2589	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2590	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2591	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2592	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2593	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2594	;
2595
2596	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2597	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2598	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2599	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2600	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2601	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2602	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2603	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2604	// appear in this context.
2605	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2606	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2607	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2608	;
2609
2610	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is
2611	// no identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2612	//
2613	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2614	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2615	//
2616	// These rules need LR(3):
2617	//
2618	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name
2619	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2620	//
2621	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2622	//
2623	// [int, int] t;
2624	// [int, int] f( int );
2625	//
2626	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_typedef_name to know when to reduce
2627	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the
2628	// necessary lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and
2629	// tuple declarations are duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2630
2631	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2632	new_abstract_tuple
2633	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2634	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2635	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2636	;
2637
2638	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2639	new_abstract_ptr
2640	\| new_abstract_array
2641	;
2642
2643	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2644	'*' type_specifier
2645	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2646	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2647	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2648	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2649	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2650	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2651	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2652	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2653	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2654	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2655	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2656	;
2657
2658	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2659	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce
2660	// conflict with empty (void) function return type.
2661	'[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2662	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2663	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2664	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2665	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2666	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2667	\| '[' push pop ']' new_abstract_ptr
2668	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2669	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2670	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2671	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2672	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2673	;
2674
2675	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2676	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2677	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2678	;
2679
2680	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2681	'[' push pop ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2682	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0 ); }
2683	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2685	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2687	;
2688
2689	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration
2690	// specifiers in each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and
2691	// type name."
2692	//
2693	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the
2694	// beginning of the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2695	//
2696	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2697	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2698	//
2699	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter
2700	// identifier and declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an
2701	// obsolescent feature.
2702
2703	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2704
2705	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2706	// empty
2707	\| ','
2708	;
2709
2710	assignment_opt:
2711	// empty
2712	{ $$ = 0; }
2713	\| '=' assignment_expression
2714	{ $$ = $2; }
2715	;
2716
2717	%%
2718	// ----end of grammar----
2719
2720	void yyerror( char *string ) {
2721	using std::cout;
2722	using std::endl;
2723	cout << "Error ";
2724	if ( yyfilename ) {
2725	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2726	}
2727	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << *(yylval.tok.str) << "\"" << endl;
2728	}
2729
2730	// Local Variables: //
2731	// fill-column: 110 //
2732	// tab-width: 4 //
2733	// mode: c++ //
2734	// compile-command: "make install" //
2735	// End: //

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