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parser.yy @ d1fbaa7

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Last change on this file since d1fbaa7 was faddbd8, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
more refactoring of parser code, new tuple syntax
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 103.6 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Oct 5 14:10:46 2016
13	// Update Count : 2002
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68	%}
69
70	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
71
72	// keywords
73	%token TYPEDEF
74	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
75	%token INLINE // C99
76	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
77	%token CONST VOLATILE
78	%token RESTRICT // C99
79	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
80	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
81	%token VALIST // GCC
82	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
83	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
84	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
85	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
86	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
87	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
88	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
89	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
90	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
91	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
92
93	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
94	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
95	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
96	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
97	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
98
99	// multi-character operators
100	%token ARROW // ->
101	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
102	%token LS RS // << >>
103	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
104	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
105	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
106
107	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
108	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
109	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
110	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
111
112	%token ATassign // @=
113
114	// Types declaration
115	%union
116	{
117	Token tok;
118	ParseNode *pn;
119	ExpressionNode *en;
120	DeclarationNode *decl;
121	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
122	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
123	StatementNode *sn;
124	ConstantExpr *constant;
125	ForCtl *fctl;
126	LabelNode *label;
127	InitializerNode *in;
128	OperKinds op;
129	std::string *str;
130	bool flag;
131	}
132
133	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
134	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
135	%type<constant> string_literal
136	%type<str> string_literal_list
137
138	// expressions
139	%type<en> constant
140	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
141	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
142	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
143	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
144	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
145	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
146	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
147	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
148	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
149	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
150	%type<en> subrange
151	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
152	%type<label> label_list
153	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
154	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
155
156	// statements
157	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
158	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
159	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
160	%type<sn> statement statement_list
161	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
162	%type<sn> case_clause
163	%type<en> case_value
164	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
165	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
166	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
167
168	// declarations
169	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
170	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
171	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
172
173	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
174	%type<decl> aggregate_name
175
176	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
177
178	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
179
180	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
181
182	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
183
184	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
185
186	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
187	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
188
189	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
190
191	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
192	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
193
194	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
195
196	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
197	%type<en> field field_list
198	%type<tok> field_name
199
200	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
201
202	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
203	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
204
205	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
206	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
207	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
208
209	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
210
211	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
212	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
213
214	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
215	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
216
217	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
218
219	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
220
221	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
222	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
223
224	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
225	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
226
227	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
228
229	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
230
231	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
232
233	%type<tclass> type_class
234	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
235
236	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
237	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
238	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
239	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
240
241	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
242	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
243
244	%type<en> type_name_list
245
246	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
247
248	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
249	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
250
251	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
252
253	// initializers
254	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
255
256	// designators
257	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
258
259
260	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
261	// is ambiguous:
262	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
263	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
264	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
265
266	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
267	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
268
269	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
270
271	%%
272	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
273
274	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
275	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
276	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
277	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
278	//
279	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
280	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
281	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
282	//
283	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
284	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
285	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
286	//
287	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
288	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
289	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
290	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
291	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
292	//
293	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
294	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
295	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
296	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
297	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
298	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
299	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
300
301	push:
302	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
303	;
304
305	pop:
306	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
307	;
308
309	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
310
311	constant:
312	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
313	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
314	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
315	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
316	;
317
318	identifier:
319	IDENTIFIER
320	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
321	\| zero_one // CFA
322	;
323
324	no_01_identifier:
325	IDENTIFIER
326	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
327	;
328
329	no_attr_identifier:
330	IDENTIFIER
331	\| zero_one // CFA
332	;
333
334	zero_one: // CFA
335	ZERO
336	\| ONE
337	;
338
339	string_literal:
340	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
341	;
342
343	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
344	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
345	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
346	{
347	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
348	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
349	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
350	}
351	;
352
353	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
354
355	primary_expression:
356	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
357	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
358	\| zero_one
359	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
360	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
361	{ $$ = $2; }
362	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
363	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
364	;
365
366	postfix_expression:
367	primary_expression
368	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
369	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
370	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
371	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
372	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
373	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
374	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
375	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
376	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
377	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
378	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
379	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
380	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
381	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant
382	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
383	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
384	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
385	\| postfix_expression ICR
386	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
387	\| postfix_expression DECR
388	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
389	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
390	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
391	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
392	{
393	Token fn;
394	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
395	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
396	}
397	;
398
399	argument_expression_list:
400	argument_expression
401	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
402	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
403	;
404
405	argument_expression:
406	// empty
407	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
408	\| assignment_expression
409	;
410
411	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
412	field
413	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
414	;
415
416	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
417	field_name
418	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
419	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
420	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
421	\| field_name '.' field
422	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
423	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
424	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
425	\| field_name ARROW field
426	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
427	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
428	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
429	;
430
431	field_name:
432	no_attr_identifier
433	\| INTEGERconstant
434	;
435
436	unary_expression:
437	postfix_expression
438	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
439	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
440	\| constant
441	{ $$ = $1; }
442	\| string_literal
443	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
444	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
445	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
446	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
447	// { * X; } // dereference X
448	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
449	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
450	{
451	switch ( $1 ) {
452	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
453	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
454	break;
455	case OperKinds::PointTo:
456	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
457	break;
458	default:
459	assert( false );
460	}
461	}
462	\| unary_operator cast_expression
463	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
464	\| ICR unary_expression
465	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
466	\| DECR unary_expression
467	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
468	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
469	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
470	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
471	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
472	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
473	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
474	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
475	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
476	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
477	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
478	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
479	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
480	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
481	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
482	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
483	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
484	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
485	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
486	;
487
488	ptrref_operator:
489	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
490	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
491	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
492	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
493	;
494
495	unary_operator:
496	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
497	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
498	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
499	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
500	;
501
502	cast_expression:
503	unary_expression
504	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
505	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
506	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
507	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
508	;
509
510	multiplicative_expression:
511	cast_expression
512	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
513	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
514	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
515	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
516	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
517	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
518	;
519
520	additive_expression:
521	multiplicative_expression
522	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
523	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
524	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
525	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
526	;
527
528	shift_expression:
529	additive_expression
530	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
532	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
534	;
535
536	relational_expression:
537	shift_expression
538	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
539	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
540	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
542	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
543	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
544	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
545	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
546	;
547
548	equality_expression:
549	relational_expression
550	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
551	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
552	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
553	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
554	;
555
556	AND_expression:
557	equality_expression
558	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
559	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
560	;
561
562	exclusive_OR_expression:
563	AND_expression
564	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
565	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
566	;
567
568	inclusive_OR_expression:
569	exclusive_OR_expression
570	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
571	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
572	;
573
574	logical_AND_expression:
575	inclusive_OR_expression
576	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
577	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
578	;
579
580	logical_OR_expression:
581	logical_AND_expression
582	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
583	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
584	;
585
586	conditional_expression:
587	logical_OR_expression
588	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
589	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
590	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
591	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
593	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
594	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
595	;
596
597	constant_expression:
598	conditional_expression
599	;
600
601	assignment_expression:
602	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
603	conditional_expression
604	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
605	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
606	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
607	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
608	;
609
610	assignment_expression_opt:
611	// empty
612	{ $$ = nullptr; }
613	\| assignment_expression
614	;
615
616	assignment_operator:
617	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
618	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
619	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
620	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
621	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
622	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
623	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
624	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
625	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
626	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
627	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
628	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
629	;
630
631	tuple: // CFA, tuple
632	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
633	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
634	'[' ']'
635	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
636	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
637	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
638	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
639	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
640	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
641	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
642	;
643
644	tuple_expression_list:
645	assignment_expression_opt
646	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
647	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
648	;
649
650	comma_expression:
651	assignment_expression
652	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
653	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
654	;
655
656	comma_expression_opt:
657	// empty
658	{ $$ = 0; }
659	\| comma_expression
660	;
661
662	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
663
664	statement:
665	labeled_statement
666	\| compound_statement
667	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
668	\| selection_statement
669	\| iteration_statement
670	\| jump_statement
671	\| exception_statement
672	\| asm_statement
673	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
674	{
675	Token fn;
676	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
677	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
678	}
679	;
680
681	labeled_statement:
682	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
683	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
684	{
685	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
686	}
687	;
688
689	compound_statement:
690	'{' '}'
691	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
692	\| '{'
693	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
694	// requires its own scope
695	push push
696	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
697	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
698	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
699	;
700
701	block_item_list: // C99
702	block_item
703	\| block_item_list push block_item
704	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
705	;
706
707	block_item:
708	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
709	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
710	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
711	{ // mark all fields in list
712	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
713	iter->set_extension( true );
714	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
715	}
716	\| function_definition
717	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
718	\| statement pop
719	;
720
721	statement_list:
722	statement
723	\| statement_list statement
724	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
725	;
726
727	expression_statement:
728	comma_expression_opt ';'
729	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
730	;
731
732	selection_statement:
733	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
734	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
735	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
736	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
737	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
738	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
739	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
740	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
741	{
742	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
743	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
744	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
745	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
746	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
747	// statement.
748	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
749	}
750	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
751	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
752	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
753	{
754	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
755	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
756	}
757	;
758
759	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
760	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
761
762	case_value: // CFA
763	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
764	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
765	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
766	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
767	;
768
769	case_value_list: // CFA
770	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
771	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
772	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
773	;
774
775	case_label: // CFA
776	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
777	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
778	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
779	;
780
781	case_label_list: // CFA
782	case_label
783	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
784	;
785
786	case_clause: // CFA
787	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
788	;
789
790	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
791	// empty
792	{ $$ = 0; }
793	\| switch_clause_list
794	;
795
796	switch_clause_list: // CFA
797	case_label_list statement_list
798	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
799	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
800	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
801	;
802
803	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
804	// empty
805	{ $$ = 0; }
806	\| choose_clause_list
807	;
808
809	choose_clause_list: // CFA
810	case_label_list fall_through
811	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
812	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
813	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
814	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
815	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
816	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
817	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
818	;
819
820	fall_through_opt: // CFA
821	// empty
822	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
823	\| fall_through
824	;
825
826	fall_through: // CFA
827	FALLTHRU
828	{ $$ = 0; }
829	\| FALLTHRU ';'
830	{ $$ = 0; }
831	;
832
833	iteration_statement:
834	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
835	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
836	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
837	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
838	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
839	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
840	;
841
842	for_control_expression:
843	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
844	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
845	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
846	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
847	;
848
849	jump_statement:
850	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
852	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
853	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
854	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
855	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
856	\| CONTINUE ';'
857	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
858	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
859	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
860	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
861	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
862	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
863	\| BREAK ';'
864	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
865	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
866	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
867	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
868	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
869	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
870	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
871	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
872	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
873	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
874	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
875	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
876	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
877	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
878	;
879
880	exception_statement:
881	TRY compound_statement handler_list
882	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
883	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
884	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
885	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
886	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
887	;
888
889	handler_list:
890	handler_clause
891	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
892	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
893	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
894	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
895	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
896	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
897	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
898	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
899	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
900	;
901
902	handler_clause:
903	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
904	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
905	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
906	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
907	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
908	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
909	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
910	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
911	;
912
913	finally_clause:
914	FINALLY compound_statement
915	{
916	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
917	}
918	;
919
920	exception_declaration:
921	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
922	//
923	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
924	//
925	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
926	type_specifier
927	\| type_specifier declarator
928	{
929	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
930	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
931	}
932	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
933	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
934	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
935	{
936	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
937	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
938	}
939	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
940	;
941
942	asm_statement:
943	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
944	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
945	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
946	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
947	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
948	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
949	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
950	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
951	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
952	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
953	;
954
955	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
956	// empty
957	{ $$ = false; }
958	\| VOLATILE
959	{ $$ = true; }
960	;
961
962	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
963	// empty
964	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
965	\| asm_operands_list
966	;
967
968	asm_operands_list: // GCC
969	asm_operand
970	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
971	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
972	;
973
974	asm_operand: // GCC
975	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
976	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
977	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
978	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
979	;
980
981	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
982	// empty
983	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
984	\| string_literal
985	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
986	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
987	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
988	;
989
990	label_list:
991	no_attr_identifier
992	{
993	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
994	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
995	}
996	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
997	{
998	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
999	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1000	}
1001	;
1002
1003	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1004
1005	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1006	pop
1007	{ $$ = 0; }
1008	\| declaration_list
1009	;
1010
1011	declaration_list:
1012	declaration
1013	\| declaration_list push declaration
1014	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1015	;
1016
1017	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1018	pop
1019	{ $$ = 0; }
1020	\| old_declaration_list
1021	;
1022
1023	old_declaration_list:
1024	old_declaration
1025	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1026	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1027	;
1028
1029	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1030	// empty
1031	\| local_label_declaration_list
1032	;
1033
1034	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1035	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1036	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1037	;
1038
1039	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1040	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1041	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1042	;
1043
1044	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1045	new_declaration
1046	\| old_declaration
1047	;
1048
1049	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1050	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1051	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1052	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1053	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1054	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1055	//
1056	// CFA C
1057	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1058	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1059
1060	new_declaration: // CFA
1061	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1062	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1063	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1064	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1065	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1066	;
1067
1068	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1069	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1070	{
1071	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1072	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1073	}
1074	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1075	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1076	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1077	{
1078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1079	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1080	}
1081	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1082	{
1083	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1084	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1085	}
1086	;
1087
1088	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1089	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1090	// storage-class
1091	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1092	{
1093	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1094	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1095	}
1096	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1097	{
1098	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1099	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1100	}
1101	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1102	{
1103	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1104	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1105	}
1106	;
1107
1108	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1109	new_function_specifier
1110	{
1111	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1112	$$ = $1;
1113	}
1114	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1115	{
1116	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1117	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1118	}
1119	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1120	{
1121	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1122	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1123	}
1124	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1125	{
1126	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1127	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1128	}
1129	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1130	{
1131	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1132	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1133	}
1134	;
1135
1136	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1137	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1138	{
1139	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1140	}
1141	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1142	// {
1143	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1144	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1145	// }
1146	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1147	// {
1148	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1149	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1150	// }
1151	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1152	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1153	//
1154	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1155	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1156	//
1157	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1158	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1159	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1160	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1161	{
1162	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1163	}
1164	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1165	{
1166	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1167	}
1168	;
1169
1170	new_function_return: // CFA
1171	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1172	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1173	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1174	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1175	// ']'.
1176	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1177	;
1178
1179	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1180	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1181	{
1182	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1183	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1184	}
1185	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1186	{
1187	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1188	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1189	}
1190	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1191	{
1192	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1193	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1194	}
1195	;
1196
1197	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1198	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1199
1200	typedef_declaration:
1201	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1202	{
1203	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1204	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1205	}
1206	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1207	{
1208	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1209	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1210	}
1211	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1212	{
1213	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1214	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1215	}
1216	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1217	{
1218	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1219	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1220	}
1221	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1222	{
1223	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1224	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1225	}
1226	;
1227
1228	typedef_expression:
1229	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1230	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1231	{
1232	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1233	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1234	}
1235	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1236	{
1237	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1238	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1239	}
1240	;
1241
1242	old_declaration:
1243	declaring_list pop ';'
1244	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1245	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1246	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1247	;
1248
1249	declaring_list:
1250	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1251	// storage-class
1252	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1253	{
1254	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1255	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1256	}
1257	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1258	{
1259	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1260	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1261	}
1262	;
1263
1264	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1265	basic_declaration_specifier
1266	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1267	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1268	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1269	;
1270
1271	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1272	basic_type_specifier
1273	\| sue_type_specifier
1274	\| typedef_type_specifier
1275	\| typegen_type_specifier
1276	;
1277
1278	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1279	// empty
1280	{ $$ = 0; }
1281	\| type_qualifier_list
1282	;
1283
1284	type_qualifier_list:
1285	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1286	//
1287	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1288	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1289	// appeared only once.
1290	type_qualifier
1291	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1292	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1293	;
1294
1295	type_qualifier:
1296	type_qualifier_name
1297	\| attribute
1298	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1299	;
1300
1301	type_qualifier_name:
1302	CONST
1303	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1304	\| RESTRICT
1305	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1306	\| VOLATILE
1307	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1308	\| LVALUE // CFA
1309	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1310	\| ATOMIC
1311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1312	\| FORALL '('
1313	{
1314	typedefTable.enterScope();
1315	}
1316	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1317	{
1318	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1319	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1320	}
1321	;
1322
1323	declaration_qualifier_list:
1324	storage_class_list
1325	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1326	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1327	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1328	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1329	;
1330
1331	storage_class_list:
1332	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1333	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1334	//
1335	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1336	// specifiers in a declaration.
1337	storage_class
1338	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1339	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1340	;
1341
1342	storage_class:
1343	EXTERN
1344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1345	\| STATIC
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1347	\| AUTO
1348	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1349	\| REGISTER
1350	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1351	\| INLINE // C99
1352	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1353	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isInline = true; }
1354	\| FORTRAN // C99
1355	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1356	\| NORETURN // C11
1357	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1358	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isNoreturn = true; }
1359	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1361	;
1362
1363	basic_type_name:
1364	CHAR
1365	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1366	\| DOUBLE
1367	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1368	\| FLOAT
1369	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1370	\| INT
1371	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1372	\| LONG
1373	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1374	\| SHORT
1375	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1376	\| SIGNED
1377	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1378	\| UNSIGNED
1379	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1380	\| VOID
1381	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1382	\| BOOL // C99
1383	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1384	\| COMPLEX // C99
1385	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1386	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1388	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1390	;
1391
1392	basic_declaration_specifier:
1393	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1394	basic_type_specifier
1395	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1396	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1397	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1398	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1399	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1400	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1401	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1402	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1403	;
1404
1405	basic_type_specifier:
1406	direct_type_name
1407	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1408	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1409	;
1410
1411	direct_type_name:
1412	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1413	basic_type_name
1414	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1415	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1416	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1417	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1418	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1419	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1420	;
1421
1422	indirect_type_name:
1423	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1424	{ $$ = $3; }
1425	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1426	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1427	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1428	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1429	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1431	;
1432
1433	sue_declaration_specifier:
1434	sue_type_specifier
1435	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1436	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1437	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1438	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1439	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1440	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1441	;
1442
1443	sue_type_specifier:
1444	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1445	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1446	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1447	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1448	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1449	;
1450
1451	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1452	typedef_type_specifier
1453	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1454	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1455	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1456	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1457	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1458	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1459	;
1460
1461	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1462	TYPEDEFname
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1464	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1465	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1466	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1467	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1468	;
1469
1470	elaborated_type_name:
1471	aggregate_name
1472	\| enum_name
1473	;
1474
1475	aggregate_name:
1476	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1477	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, nullptr, $3, true ); }
1478	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1479	{
1480	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1481	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, nullptr, false );
1482	}
1483	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1484	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1485	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1486	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, $5, true ); }
1487	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1488	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $3, $6, false ); }
1489	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1490	{ $$ = $2; }
1491	;
1492
1493	aggregate_key:
1494	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1496	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1498	;
1499
1500	field_declaration_list:
1501	// empty
1502	{ $$ = 0; }
1503	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1504	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1505	;
1506
1507	field_declaration:
1508	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1509	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1510	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1511	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1512	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1513	{ // mark all fields in list
1514	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1515	iter->set_extension( true );
1516	$$ = $2;
1517	}
1518	;
1519
1520	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1521	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1522	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1523	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1524	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1525	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1526	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1527	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1528	;
1529
1530	field_declaring_list:
1531	type_specifier field_declarator
1532	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1533	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1534	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1535	;
1536
1537	field_declarator:
1538	// empty
1539	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1540	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1541	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1542	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1543	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1544	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1545	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1546	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1547	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1548	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1549	;
1550
1551	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1552	// empty
1553	{ $$ = 0; }
1554	\| bit_subrange_size
1555	{ $$ = $1; }
1556	;
1557
1558	bit_subrange_size:
1559	':' constant_expression
1560	{ $$ = $2; }
1561	;
1562
1563	enum_key:
1564	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1565	;
1566
1567	enum_name:
1568	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1569	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $3 ); }
1570	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1571	{
1572	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1573	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1574	}
1575	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1576	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1577	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1579	;
1580
1581	enumerator_list:
1582	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1583	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1584	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1585	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1586	;
1587
1588	enumerator_value_opt:
1589	// empty
1590	{ $$ = 0; }
1591	\| '=' constant_expression
1592	{ $$ = $2; }
1593	;
1594
1595	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1596
1597	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1598	// empty
1599	{ $$ = 0; }
1600	\| new_parameter_type_list
1601	;
1602
1603	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1604	new_abstract_parameter_list
1605	\| new_parameter_list
1606	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1607	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1608	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1609	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1610	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1611	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1612	;
1613
1614	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1615	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1616	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1617	new_parameter_declaration
1618	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1619	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1620	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1621	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1622	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1623	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1624	;
1625
1626	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1627	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1628	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1629	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1630	;
1631
1632	parameter_type_list_opt:
1633	// empty
1634	{ $$ = 0; }
1635	\| parameter_type_list
1636	;
1637
1638	parameter_type_list:
1639	parameter_list
1640	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1641	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1642	;
1643
1644	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1645	abstract_parameter_declaration
1646	\| parameter_declaration
1647	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1648	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1649	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1650	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1651	;
1652
1653	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1654	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1655
1656	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1657	parameter_declaration
1658	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1659	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1660	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1661	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1662	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1663	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1664	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1665	\| new_function_specifier
1666	;
1667
1668	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1669	abstract_parameter_declaration
1670	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1671	\| new_abstract_tuple
1672	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1673	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1674	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1675	\| new_abstract_function
1676	;
1677
1678	parameter_declaration:
1679	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1680	{
1681	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1682	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1683	}
1684	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1685	{
1686	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1687	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1688	}
1689	;
1690
1691	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1692	declaration_specifier
1693	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1694	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1695	;
1696
1697	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1698	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1699	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1700
1701	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1702	no_attr_identifier
1703	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1704	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1705	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1706	;
1707
1708	identifier_or_type_name:
1709	identifier
1710	\| TYPEDEFname
1711	\| TYPEGENname
1712	;
1713
1714	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1715	no_01_identifier
1716	\| TYPEDEFname
1717	\| TYPEGENname
1718	;
1719
1720	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1721	no_attr_identifier
1722	\| TYPEDEFname
1723	\| TYPEGENname
1724	;
1725
1726	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1727	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1728	\| type_specifier
1729	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1730	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1731	;
1732
1733	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1734	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1735	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1736	\| type_specifier
1737	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1738	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1739	;
1740
1741	initializer_opt:
1742	// empty
1743	{ $$ = 0; }
1744	\| '=' initializer
1745	{ $$ = $2; }
1746	\| ATassign initializer
1747	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1748	;
1749
1750	initializer:
1751	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1752	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1753	;
1754
1755	initializer_list:
1756	// empty
1757	{ $$ = 0; }
1758	\| initializer
1759	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1760	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1761	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1762	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1763	;
1764
1765	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1766	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1767	//
1768	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1769	//
1770	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1771	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1772	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1773	// shift/reduce conflicts
1774
1775	designation:
1776	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1777	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1779	;
1780
1781	designator_list: // C99
1782	designator
1783	\| designator_list designator
1784	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1785	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1786	;
1787
1788	designator:
1789	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1790	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1791	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1792	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1793	{ $$ = $3; }
1794	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1795	{ $$ = $3; }
1796	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1797	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1798	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1799	{ $$ = $4; }
1800	;
1801
1802	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1803	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1804	//
1805	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1806	//
1807	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1808	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1809	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1810	//
1811	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1812	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1813	//
1814	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1815	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1816	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1817	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1818	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1819
1820	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1821	typegen_type_specifier
1822	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1823	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1824	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1825	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1826	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1827	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1828	;
1829
1830	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1831	typegen_name
1832	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1833	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1834	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1835	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1836	;
1837
1838	typegen_name: // CFA
1839	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1840	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1841	;
1842
1843	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1844	type_parameter assignment_opt
1845	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1846	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1847	;
1848
1849	type_parameter: // CFA
1850	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1851	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1852	assertion_list_opt
1853	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1854	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1855	;
1856
1857	type_class: // CFA
1858	OTYPE
1859	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
1860	\| DTYPE
1861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1862	\| FTYPE
1863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1864	;
1865
1866	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1867	// empty
1868	{ $$ = 0; }
1869	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1870	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1871	;
1872
1873	assertion: // CFA
1874	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1875	{
1876	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1877	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1878	}
1879	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1880	{ $$ = $4; }
1881	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1882	{ $$ = 0; }
1883	;
1884
1885	type_name_list: // CFA
1886	type_name
1887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1888	\| assignment_expression
1889	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1890	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1891	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1892	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1893	;
1894
1895	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1896	OTYPE type_declarator
1897	{ $$ = $2; }
1898	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1899	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1900	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1901	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1902	;
1903
1904	type_declarator: // CFA
1905	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1906	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1907	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1908	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1909	;
1910
1911	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1912	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1913	{
1914	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1915	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1916	}
1917	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1918	{
1919	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1920	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1921	}
1922	;
1923
1924	trait_specifier: // CFA
1925	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1926	{
1927	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1928	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1929	}
1930	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1931	{
1932	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1933	typedefTable.enterScope();
1934	}
1935	trait_declaration_list '}'
1936	{
1937	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1938	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1939	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1940	}
1941	;
1942
1943	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1944	trait_declaration
1945	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1946	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1947	;
1948
1949	trait_declaration: // CFA
1950	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1951	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1952	;
1953
1954	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1955	new_variable_specifier
1956	{
1957	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1958	$$ = $1;
1959	}
1960	\| new_function_specifier
1961	{
1962	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1963	$$ = $1;
1964	}
1965	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1966	{
1967	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1968	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1969	}
1970	;
1971
1972	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1973	type_specifier declarator
1974	{
1975	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1976	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1977	}
1978	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1979	{
1980	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1981	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1982	}
1983	;
1984
1985	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1986
1987	translation_unit:
1988	// empty
1989	{} // empty input file
1990	\| external_definition_list
1991	{ parseTree = parseTree != nullptr ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
1992	;
1993
1994	external_definition_list:
1995	external_definition
1996	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1997	{ $$ = $1 != nullptr ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1998	;
1999
2000	external_definition_list_opt:
2001	// empty
2002	{ $$ = 0; }
2003	\| external_definition_list
2004	;
2005
2006	external_definition:
2007	declaration
2008	\| external_function_definition
2009	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
2010	{}
2011	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2012	{
2013	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2014	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2015	}
2016	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2017	{
2018	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2019	linkageStack.pop();
2020	$$ = $5;
2021	}
2022	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2023	{ // mark all fields in list
2024	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2025	iter->set_extension( true );
2026	$$ = $2;
2027	}
2028	;
2029
2030	external_function_definition:
2031	function_definition
2032	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2033	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2034	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2035	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2036	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2037	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2038	{
2039	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2040	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2041	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2042	}
2043	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2044	{
2045	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2046	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2047	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2048	}
2049	;
2050
2051	function_definition:
2052	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2053	{
2054	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2055	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2056	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2057	}
2058	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2059	{
2060	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2061	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2062	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2063	}
2064	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2065	{
2066	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2067	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2068	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2069	}
2070	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2071	{
2072	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2073	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2074	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2075	}
2076	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2077	{
2078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2079	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2080	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2081	}
2082
2083	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2084	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2085	{
2086	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2087	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2088	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2089	}
2090	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2091	{
2092	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2093	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2094	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2095	}
2096
2097	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2098	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2099	{
2100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2101	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2102	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2103	}
2104	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2105	{
2106	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2107	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2108	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2109	}
2110	;
2111
2112	declarator:
2113	variable_declarator
2114	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2115	\| function_declarator
2116	;
2117
2118	subrange:
2119	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2120	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2121	;
2122
2123	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2124	// empty
2125	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2126	;
2127
2128	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2129	// empty
2130	{ $$ = 0; }
2131	\| attribute_list
2132	;
2133
2134	attribute_list: // GCC
2135	attribute
2136	\| attribute_list attribute
2137	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2138	;
2139
2140	attribute: // GCC
2141	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2142	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2143	{ $$ = 0; }
2144	;
2145
2146	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2147	attrib
2148	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2149	;
2150
2151	attrib: // GCC
2152	// empty
2153	\| any_word
2154	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')' { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2155	;
2156
2157	any_word: // GCC
2158	identifier_or_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2159	\| storage_class { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2160	\| basic_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2161	\| type_qualifier { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2162	;
2163
2164	// ============================================================================
2165	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2166	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2167	// in:
2168	//
2169	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2170	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2171	//
2172	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2173	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2174	// ============================================================================
2175
2176	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2177	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2178	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2179	//
2180	// valid declaration invalid definition
2181	// ----------------- ------------------
2182	// int f; int f {}
2183	// int f; int f {}
2184	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2185	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2186	//
2187	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2188	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2189	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2190
2191	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2192	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2193
2194	variable_declarator:
2195	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2196	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2197	\| variable_ptr
2198	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2199	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2200	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2201	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2202	;
2203
2204	paren_identifier:
2205	identifier
2206	{
2207	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2208	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2209	}
2210	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2211	{ $$ = $2; }
2212	;
2213
2214	variable_ptr:
2215	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2216	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2217	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2218	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2219	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2220	{ $$ = $2; }
2221	;
2222
2223	variable_array:
2224	paren_identifier array_dimension
2225	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2226	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2227	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2228	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2229	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2230	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2231	{ $$ = $2; }
2232	;
2233
2234	variable_function:
2235	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2236	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2237	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2238	{ $$ = $2; }
2239	;
2240
2241	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2242	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2243	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2244
2245	function_declarator:
2246	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2247	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2248	\| function_ptr
2249	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2250	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2251	;
2252
2253	function_no_ptr:
2254	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2255	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2256	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2257	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2258	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2259	{ $$ = $2; }
2260	;
2261
2262	function_ptr:
2263	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2264	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2265	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2266	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2267	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2268	{ $$ = $2; }
2269	;
2270
2271	function_array:
2272	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2273	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2274	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2275	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2276	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2277	{ $$ = $2; }
2278	;
2279
2280	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2281	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2282	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2283
2284	old_function_declarator:
2285	old_function_no_ptr
2286	\| old_function_ptr
2287	\| old_function_array
2288	;
2289
2290	old_function_no_ptr:
2291	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2292	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2293	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2294	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2295	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2296	{ $$ = $2; }
2297	;
2298
2299	old_function_ptr:
2300	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2301	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2302	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2303	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2304	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2305	{ $$ = $2; }
2306	;
2307
2308	old_function_array:
2309	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2310	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2311	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2312	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2313	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2314	{ $$ = $2; }
2315	;
2316
2317	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2318	//
2319	// typedef int foo;
2320	// {
2321	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2322	// }
2323	//
2324	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2325	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2326
2327	variable_type_redeclarator:
2328	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2329	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2330	\| type_ptr
2331	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2332	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2333	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2334	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2335	;
2336
2337	paren_type:
2338	typedef
2339	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2340	{ $$ = $2; }
2341	;
2342
2343	type_ptr:
2344	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2345	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2346	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2347	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2348	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2349	{ $$ = $2; }
2350	;
2351
2352	type_array:
2353	paren_type array_dimension
2354	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2355	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2356	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2357	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2358	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2359	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2360	{ $$ = $2; }
2361	;
2362
2363	type_function:
2364	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2365	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2366	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2367	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2368	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2369	{ $$ = $2; }
2370	;
2371
2372	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2373	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2374	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2375	// arrays and functions.
2376
2377	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2378	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2379	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2380	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2381	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2382	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2383	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2384	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2385	;
2386
2387	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2388	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2389	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2390	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2391	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2392	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2393	{ $$ = $2; }
2394	;
2395
2396	identifier_parameter_array:
2397	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2398	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2399	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2400	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2401	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2402	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2403	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2404	{ $$ = $2; }
2405	;
2406
2407	identifier_parameter_function:
2408	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2409	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2410	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2411	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2412	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2413	{ $$ = $2; }
2414	;
2415
2416	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2417	// e.g.:
2418	//
2419	// typedef int foo;
2420	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2421	//
2422	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2423	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2424	//
2425	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2426	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2427	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2428	//
2429	// For example:
2430	//
2431	// typedef float T;
2432	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2433	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2434	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2435	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2436	//
2437	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2438	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2439	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2440	// functions.
2441
2442	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2443	typedef attribute_list_opt
2444	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2445	\| type_parameter_ptr
2446	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2448	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2449	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2450	;
2451
2452	typedef:
2453	TYPEDEFname
2454	{
2455	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2456	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2457	}
2458	\| TYPEGENname
2459	{
2460	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2461	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2462	}
2463	;
2464
2465	type_parameter_ptr:
2466	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2467	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2468	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2469	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2470	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2471	{ $$ = $2; }
2472	;
2473
2474	type_parameter_array:
2475	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2476	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2477	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2478	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2479	;
2480
2481	type_parameter_function:
2482	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2483	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2484	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2485	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2486	;
2487
2488	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2489	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2490	//
2491	// sizeof( int );
2492	// sizeof( int [10] );
2493	//
2494	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2495	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2496
2497	abstract_declarator:
2498	abstract_ptr
2499	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2500	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2501	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2502	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2503	;
2504
2505	abstract_ptr:
2506	ptrref_operator
2507	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2508	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2509	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2510	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2511	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2512	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2513	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2514	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2515	{ $$ = $2; }
2516	;
2517
2518	abstract_array:
2519	array_dimension
2520	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2521	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2522	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2523	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2524	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2525	{ $$ = $2; }
2526	;
2527
2528	abstract_function:
2529	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2531	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2532	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2533	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2534	{ $$ = $2; }
2535	;
2536
2537	array_dimension:
2538	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2539	'[' ']'
2540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2541	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2542	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2543	\| multi_array_dimension
2544	;
2545
2546	multi_array_dimension:
2547	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2548	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2549	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2550	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2551	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2552	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2553	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2554	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2555	;
2556
2557	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2558	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2559	//
2560	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2561	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2562	//
2563	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2564	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2565
2566	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2567	abstract_parameter_ptr
2568	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2569	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2570	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2571	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2572	;
2573
2574	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2575	ptrref_operator
2576	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2577	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2579	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2580	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2581	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2582	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2583	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2584	{ $$ = $2; }
2585	;
2586
2587	abstract_parameter_array:
2588	array_parameter_dimension
2589	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2590	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2591	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2592	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2593	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2594	{ $$ = $2; }
2595	;
2596
2597	abstract_parameter_function:
2598	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2600	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2601	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2602	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2603	{ $$ = $2; }
2604	;
2605
2606	array_parameter_dimension:
2607	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2608	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2609	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2610	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2611	\| multi_array_dimension
2612	;
2613
2614	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2615	//
2616	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2617	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2618
2619	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2620	'[' ']'
2621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2622	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2623	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2624	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2625	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2626	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2627	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2628	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2629	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2630	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2631	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2632	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2633	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2634	;
2635
2636	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2637	// e.g.:
2638	//
2639	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2640	//
2641	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2642	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2643
2644	variable_abstract_declarator:
2645	variable_abstract_ptr
2646	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2647	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2648	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2649	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2650	;
2651
2652	variable_abstract_ptr:
2653	ptrref_operator
2654	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2655	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2656	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2657	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2658	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2659	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2660	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2661	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2662	{ $$ = $2; }
2663	;
2664
2665	variable_abstract_array:
2666	array_dimension
2667	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2668	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2669	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2670	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2671	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2672	{ $$ = $2; }
2673	;
2674
2675	variable_abstract_function:
2676	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2677	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2678	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2679	{ $$ = $2; }
2680	;
2681
2682	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2683	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2684
2685	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2686	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2687	\| new_abstract_tuple
2688	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2689	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2690	;
2691
2692	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2693	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2694	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2695	;
2696
2697	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2698	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2699	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2700	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2701	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2702	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2703	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2704	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2705	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2706	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2707	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2708	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2709	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2710	;
2711
2712	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2713	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2714	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2715	'[' ']' type_specifier
2716	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2717	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2718	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2719	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2720	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2721	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2722	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2723	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2724	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2725	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2726	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2727	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2728	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2729	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2730	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2731	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2732	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2733	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2734	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2735	;
2736
2737	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2738	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2739	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2740	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2741	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2742	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2743	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2744	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2745	// appear in this context.
2746	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2747	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2749	;
2750
2751	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2752	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2753	//
2754	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2755	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2756	//
2757	// These rules need LR(3):
2758	//
2759	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2760	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2761	//
2762	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2763	//
2764	// [int, int] t;
2765	// [int, int] f( int );
2766	//
2767	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2768	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2769	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2770	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2771
2772	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2773	new_abstract_tuple
2774	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2775	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2776	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2777	;
2778
2779	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2780	new_abstract_ptr
2781	\| new_abstract_array
2782	;
2783
2784	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2785	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2786	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2787	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2788	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2789	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2790	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2791	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2792	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2793	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2794	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2795	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2796	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2797	;
2798
2799	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2800	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2801	// empty (void) function return type.
2802	'[' ']' type_specifier
2803	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2804	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2805	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2806	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2807	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2808	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2809	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2810	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2811	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2812	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2813	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2814	;
2815
2816	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2817	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2818	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2819	;
2820
2821	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2822	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2823	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2824	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2825	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2826	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2827	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2828	;
2829
2830	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2831	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2832	//
2833	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2834	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2835	//
2836	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2837	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2838	//
2839	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2840	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2841
2842	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2843
2844	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2845	// empty
2846	\| ','
2847	;
2848
2849	assignment_opt:
2850	// empty
2851	{ $$ = 0; }
2852	\| '=' assignment_expression
2853	{ $$ = $2; }
2854	;
2855
2856	%%
2857	// ----end of grammar----
2858
2859	extern char *yytext;
2860
2861	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2862	cout << "Error ";
2863	if ( yyfilename ) {
2864	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2865	} // if
2866	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
2867	}
2868
2869	// Local Variables: //
2870	// mode: c++ //
2871	// tab-width: 4 //
2872	// compile-command: "make install" //
2873	// End: //

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