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parser.yy @ c2d728c

Last change on this file since c2d728c was 0ac8d07, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 14 months ago
remove empty rule in cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration to remove conflicts
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 174.7 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Sep 4 18:28:12 2023
13	// Update Count : 6393
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "SynTree/Type.h" // for Type
51	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
52	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
53	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
54	#include "ParserTypes.h"
55	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
56	#include "TypedefTable.h"
57	#include "TypeData.h"
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
59	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
62
63	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
64	#ifdef __clang__
65	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
66	#endif
67
68	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
69	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
70	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
71
72	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
73
74	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
75	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
76	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
77	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
78	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
79	//
80	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
81	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
82	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
83
84	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
85	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
86	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
87	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
88	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
89	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
90	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
91	} // if
92	} else {
93	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
94	to = "u8" + to;
95	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
96	} else {
97	to = from[0] + to;
98	} // if
99	} // if
100	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
101	} // if
102	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
103	return true;
104	} // appendStr
105
106	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
107	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
108	assert( declList );
109	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
110	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
111	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
112	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
113
114	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( declList->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
115	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
116	} // for
117	declList->addType( cl );
118	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
119	return declList;
120	} // distAttr
121
122	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
123	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
124	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
125	iter->set_extension( true );
126	} // for
127	} // distExt
128
129	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
130	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
131	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
132	iter->set_inLine( true );
133	} // for
134	} // distInl
135
136	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
137	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
138	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
139	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
140	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
141	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
142	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
143	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
144	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
145	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
146	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
147	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
148	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
149	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
150	DeclarationNode newnode;
151	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
152	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
153	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
154	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
155	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
156	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
157	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
158	} // if
159	} else { // just SC qualifiers
160	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
161	} // if
162	} // for
163	delete qualifiers;
164	} // distQual
165
166	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
167	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
168	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
169	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
170	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
171	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
172	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
173
174	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
175	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
176	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
177	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
178	} // if
179	} // rebindForall
180
181	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
182	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
183	return name;
184	} // build_postfix_name
185
186	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
187	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
188	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
189	stringstream ss;
190	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
191	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
192	return nullptr;
193	} // if
194	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
195	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
196	} // if
197	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
198
199	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
200	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
201	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
202	return temp;
203	} // fieldDecl
204
205	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
206	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
207	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
208	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "syntax error, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
209	#define MISSING_LOW "syntax error, missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
210	#define MISSING_HIGH "syntax error, missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
211
212	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
213	const CodeLocation & location,
214	DeclarationNode * init,
215	enum OperKinds compop,
216	ExpressionNode * comp,
217	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
218	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
219	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
220	compop,
221	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
222	comp ) );
223	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
224	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
225	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
226	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
227	inc ) );
228	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
229	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
230	}
231
232	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
233	if ( index->initializer ) {
234	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
235	} // if
236	if ( index->next ) {
237	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
238	} // if
239	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
240	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
241	} // forCtrl
242
243	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
244	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
245	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
246	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
247	} // if
248	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
249	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
250	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
251	);
252	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
253	} // forCtrl
254
255	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
256	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
257	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
258	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
259	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
260	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
261	} else {
262	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
263	} // if
264	} else {
265	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed. ." ); return nullptr;
266	} // if
267	} // forCtrl
268
269	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
270	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, adjacent identifiers \"", identifier1, "\" and \"", identifier2, "\" are not meaningful in a", kind, ".\n"
271	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter." ) );
272	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
273
274	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
275	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, identifier \"", identifier, "\" cannot appear before a ", kind, ".\n"
276	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter." ) );
277	} // IdentifierBeforeType
278
279	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
280
281	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
282	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
283	if ( N ) { \
284	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
285	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
286	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
287	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
288	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
289	} else { \
290	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
291	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
292	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
293	}
294	%}
295
296	%define parse.error verbose
297
298	// Types declaration for productions
299
300	%union {
301	Token tok;
302	ExpressionNode * expr;
303	DeclarationNode * decl;
304	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
305	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
306	StatementNode * stmt;
307	ClauseNode * clause;
308	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
309	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
310	CondCtl * ifctl;
311	ForCtrl * forctl;
312	LabelNode * labels;
313	InitializerNode * init;
314	OperKinds oper;
315	std::string * str;
316	bool is_volatile;
317	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
318	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
319	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
320	}
321
322	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
323
324	// keywords
325	%token TYPEDEF
326	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
327	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
328	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
329	%token NORETURN // C11
330	%token CONST VOLATILE
331	%token RESTRICT // C99
332	%token ATOMIC // C11
333	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
334	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
335	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
336	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
337	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
338	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
339	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
340	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
341	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
342	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
343	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
344	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
345	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
346	// %token RESUME // CFA
347	%token LABEL // GCC
348	%token SUSPEND // CFA
349	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
350	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
351	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
352	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
353	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
354	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
355
356	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
357	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
358	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
359	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
360	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
361	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
362	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
363	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
364	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
365
366	// multi-character operators
367	%token ARROW // ->
368	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
369	%token LS RS // << >>
370	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
371	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
372	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
373
374	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
375	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
376	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
377	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
378
379	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
380	%token ATassign // @=
381
382	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
383	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
384	%type<expr> string_literal
385	%type<str> string_literal_list
386
387	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
388
389	// expressions
390	%type<expr> constant
391	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
392	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
393	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
394	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
395	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
396	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
397	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
398	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
399	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
400	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
401	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
402	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
403	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
404	%type<expr> subrange
405	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
406	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
407	%type<labels> label_list
408	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
409	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
410	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
411	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
412
413	// statements
414	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
415	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
416	%type<stmt> selection_statement if_statement
417	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
418	%type<expr> case_value
419	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
420	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
421	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
422	%type<stmt> with_statement
423	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
424	%type<stmt> exception_statement
425	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
426	%type<except_kind> handler_key
427	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
428	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
429	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
430	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
431	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
432
433	// declarations
434	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
435	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
436	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
437
438	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
439	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
440
441	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
442
443	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
444
445	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
446	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
447
448	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
449
450	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
451	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
452
453	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
454
455	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
456	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
457
458	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
459
460	%type<decl> exception_declaration
461
462	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
463	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
464
465	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
466
467	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
468	%type<decl> identifier_list
469
470	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
471	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
472	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
473
474	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
475
476	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
477	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
478
479	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
480	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
481
482	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
483
484	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
485
486	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
487	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
488	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
489
490	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
491
492	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
493
494	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
495
496	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
497
498	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
499	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
500
501	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
502	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
503
504	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
505	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
506
507	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
508
509	%type<decl> type type_no_function
510	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
511
512	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list
513
514	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
515	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
516
517	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
518	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
519
520	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
521
522	// initializers
523	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
524
525	// designators
526	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
527
528
529	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
530	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
531	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
532	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
533	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
534
535	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
536	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
537	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
538	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
539	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
540	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
541	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
542	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
543	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
544	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
545	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
546	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
547	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
548	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
549
550
551	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
552	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
553	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
554	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
555	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
556	// must be:
557	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
558	// The same problem occurs here:
559	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
560	// must be:
561	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
562
563	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
564	%precedence TYPEGENname
565	%precedence '}'
566	%precedence '('
567
568	// %precedence RESUME
569	// %precedence '{'
570	// %precedence ')'
571
572	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
573
574	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
575
576	%%
577	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
578
579	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
580	// which are lexically identical.
581	//
582	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
583	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
584	//
585	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
586	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
587	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
588	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
589	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
590	//
591	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
592	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
593	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
594	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
595	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
596	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
597	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
598	//
599	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
600	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
601	// around the list separator.
602	//
603	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
604	// push pop push pop
605
606	push:
607	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
608	;
609
610	pop:
611	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
612	;
613
614	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
615
616	constant:
617	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
618	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
619	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
620	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
621	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
622	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
623	;
624
625	quasi_keyword: // CFA
626	TIMEOUT
627	\| WAND
628	\| WOR
629	\| CATCH
630	\| RECOVER
631	\| CATCHRESUME
632	\| FIXUP
633	\| FINALLY
634	;
635
636	identifier:
637	IDENTIFIER
638	\| quasi_keyword
639	;
640
641	identifier_at:
642	identifier
643	\| '@' // CFA
644	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
645	;
646
647	string_literal:
648	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
649	;
650
651	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
652	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
653	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
654	{
655	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
656	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
657	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
658	}
659	;
660
661	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
662
663	primary_expression:
664	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
665	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
666	\| quasi_keyword
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
668	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
669	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
670	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
671	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
672	\| tuple
673	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
674	{ $$ = $2; }
675	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
676	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
677	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
678	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
679	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
680	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
681	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
682	{
683	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
684	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
685	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
686	}
687	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
688	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
689	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
690	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
691	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
692	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "n expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
693	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
694	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
695	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
696	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
697	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
698	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
699	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
700	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
701	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
702	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
703	;
704
705	generic_assoc_list: // C11
706	generic_association
707	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
708	{
709	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
710	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
711	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
712	delete $3;
713	$$ = $1;
714	}
715	;
716
717	generic_association: // C11
718	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
719	{
720	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
721	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
722	}
723	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
724	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
725	;
726
727	postfix_expression:
728	primary_expression
729	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
730	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
731	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
732	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
733	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
734	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
735	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
736	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
737	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
738	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
739	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
740	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
741	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
742	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
743	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
744	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
745	{
746	Token fn;
747	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
748	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
749	}
750	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
751	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
752	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
753	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
754	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg") ) ),
755	(ExpressionNode )($3->set_last( (ExpressionNode )($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) )) ) ); }
756	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
757	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
758	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
759	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
760	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
761	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
762	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
763	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
764	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
765	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
766	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
767	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
768	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
769	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
770	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
771	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
772	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
773	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
774	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
775	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
776	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
777	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
778	\| postfix_expression ICR
779	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
780	\| postfix_expression DECR
781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
782	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
783	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
784	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
785	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
786	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
787	{
788	Token fn;
789	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
790	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
791	}
792	;
793
794	argument_expression_list_opt:
795	// empty
796	{ $$ = nullptr; }
797	\| argument_expression_list
798	;
799
800	argument_expression_list:
801	argument_expression
802	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
803	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
804	;
805
806	argument_expression:
807	'@' // CFA, default parameter
808	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
809	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
810	\| assignment_expression
811	;
812
813	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
814	field
815	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
816	;
817
818	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
819	field_name
820	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
821	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
822	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
824	\| field_name '.' field
825	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
826	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
828	\| field_name ARROW field
829	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
830	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
831	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
832	;
833
834	field_name:
835	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
836	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
837	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
838	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
839	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
840	{
841	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
842	}
843	;
844
845	fraction_constants_opt:
846	// empty
847	{ $$ = nullptr; }
848	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
849	{
850	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
851	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
852	}
853	;
854
855	unary_expression:
856	postfix_expression
857	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
858	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
859	\| constant
860	\| string_literal
861	{ $$ = $1; }
862	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
863	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
864	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
865	// { * X; } // dereference X
866	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
867	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
868	{
869	switch ( $1 ) {
870	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
871	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
872	break;
873	case OperKinds::PointTo:
874	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
875	break;
876	case OperKinds::And:
877	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
878	break;
879	default:
880	assert( false );
881	}
882	}
883	\| unary_operator cast_expression
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
885	\| ICR unary_expression
886	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
887	\| DECR unary_expression
888	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
889	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
890	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
891	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
892	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
893	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
894	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
895	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
896	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
897	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
898	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
899	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
900	{
901	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
902	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
903	}
904	;
905
906	ptrref_operator:
907	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
908	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
909	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
910	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
911	;
912
913	unary_operator:
914	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
915	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
916	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
917	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
918	;
919
920	cast_expression:
921	unary_expression
922	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
923	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
924	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
926	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
927	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
928	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
929	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
930	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
931	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
932	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
933	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
934	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
935	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
936	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
937	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
938	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
939	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
940	;
941
942	qualifier_cast_list:
943	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
944	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
945	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
946	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
947	;
948
949	cast_modifier:
950	'-'
951	\| '+'
952	;
953
954	exponential_expression:
955	cast_expression
956	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
957	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
958	;
959
960	multiplicative_expression:
961	exponential_expression
962	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
963	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
964	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
965	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
966	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
967	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
968	;
969
970	additive_expression:
971	multiplicative_expression
972	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
973	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
974	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
975	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
976	;
977
978	shift_expression:
979	additive_expression
980	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
981	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
982	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
983	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
984	;
985
986	relational_expression:
987	shift_expression
988	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
989	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
990	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
991	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
992	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
993	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
994	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
995	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
996	;
997
998	equality_expression:
999	relational_expression
1000	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1001	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1002	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1003	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1004	;
1005
1006	AND_expression:
1007	equality_expression
1008	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1009	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1010	;
1011
1012	exclusive_OR_expression:
1013	AND_expression
1014	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1015	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1016	;
1017
1018	inclusive_OR_expression:
1019	exclusive_OR_expression
1020	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1021	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1022	;
1023
1024	logical_AND_expression:
1025	inclusive_OR_expression
1026	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1027	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1028	;
1029
1030	logical_OR_expression:
1031	logical_AND_expression
1032	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1033	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1034	;
1035
1036	conditional_expression:
1037	logical_OR_expression
1038	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1039	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1040	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
1041	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1042	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $1->clone(), $4 ) ); }
1043	;
1044
1045	constant_expression:
1046	conditional_expression
1047	;
1048
1049	assignment_expression:
1050	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1051	conditional_expression
1052	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1053	{
1054	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1055	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1056	// } else {
1057	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1058	// } // if
1059	}
1060	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1061	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1062	;
1063
1064	assignment_expression_opt:
1065	// empty
1066	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1067	\| assignment_expression
1068	;
1069
1070	assignment_operator:
1071	simple_assignment_operator
1072	\| compound_assignment_operator
1073	;
1074
1075	simple_assignment_operator:
1076	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1077	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1078	;
1079
1080	compound_assignment_operator:
1081	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1082	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1083	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1084	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1085	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1086	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1087	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1088	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1089	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1090	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1091	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1092	;
1093
1094	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1095	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1096	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1097	// '[' ']'
1098	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1099	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1100	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1101	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1102	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1103	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1104	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1105	;
1106
1107	tuple_expression_list:
1108	assignment_expression
1109	\| '@' // CFA
1110	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1111	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1112	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1113	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1114	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1115	;
1116
1117	comma_expression:
1118	assignment_expression
1119	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1120	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1121	;
1122
1123	comma_expression_opt:
1124	// empty
1125	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1126	\| comma_expression
1127	;
1128
1129	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1130
1131	statement:
1132	labeled_statement
1133	\| compound_statement
1134	\| expression_statement
1135	\| selection_statement
1136	\| iteration_statement
1137	\| jump_statement
1138	\| with_statement
1139	\| mutex_statement
1140	\| waitfor_statement
1141	\| waituntil_statement
1142	\| exception_statement
1143	\| enable_disable_statement
1144	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1145	\| asm_statement
1146	\| DIRECTIVE
1147	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1148	;
1149
1150	labeled_statement:
1151	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1152	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1153	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1154	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1155	{
1156	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntx error, label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1157	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1158	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1159	$$ = nullptr;
1160	}
1161	;
1162
1163	compound_statement:
1164	'{' '}'
1165	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1166	\| '{' push
1167	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1168	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1169	pop '}'
1170	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1171	;
1172
1173	statement_decl_list: // C99
1174	statement_decl
1175	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1176	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1177	;
1178
1179	statement_decl:
1180	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1181	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1182	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1183	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1184	\| function_definition
1185	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1186	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1187	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1188	\| statement
1189	;
1190
1191	statement_list_nodecl:
1192	statement
1193	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1194	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1195	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1196	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1197	;
1198
1199	expression_statement:
1200	comma_expression_opt ';'
1201	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1202	;
1203
1204	selection_statement:
1205	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1206	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1207	push if_statement pop
1208	{ $$ = $2; }
1209	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1210	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1211	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1212	{
1213	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1214	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1215	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1216	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1217	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1218	// statement.
1219	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1220	}
1221	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1222	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1223	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1224	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1225	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1226	{
1227	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1228	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1229	}
1230	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1231	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1232	;
1233
1234	if_statement:
1235	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1236	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1237	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1238	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1239	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1240	;
1241
1242	conditional_declaration:
1243	comma_expression
1244	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1245	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1246	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1247	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1248	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1249	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1250	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1251	;
1252
1253	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1254	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1255
1256	case_value: // CFA
1257	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1258	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1259	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1260	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1261	;
1262
1263	case_value_list: // CFA
1264	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1265	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1266	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1267	;
1268
1269	case_label: // CFA
1270	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1271	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1272	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1273	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1274	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1275	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1276	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1277	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1278	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1279	;
1280
1281	case_label_list: // CFA
1282	case_label
1283	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1284	;
1285
1286	case_clause: // CFA
1287	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1288	;
1289
1290	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1291	// empty
1292	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1293	\| switch_clause_list
1294	;
1295
1296	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1297	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1298	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1299	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1300	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1301	;
1302
1303	iteration_statement:
1304	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1305	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1306	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1307	{
1308	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1309	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1310	}
1311	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1312	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1313	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1315	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1316	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1317	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1318	{
1319	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1320	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1321	}
1322	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1323	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1324	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1325	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1326	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1327	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1328	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1329	{
1330	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1331	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1332	}
1333	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1334	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1335	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1336	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1337	;
1338
1339	for_control_expression_list:
1340	for_control_expression
1341	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1342	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1343	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1344	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1345	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1346	{
1347	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1348	if ( $1->condition ) {
1349	if ( $3->condition ) {
1350	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1351	} // if
1352	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1353	if ( $1->change ) {
1354	if ( $3->change ) {
1355	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1356	} // if
1357	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1358	$$ = $1;
1359	}
1360	;
1361
1362	for_control_expression:
1363	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1364	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1365	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1366	{
1367	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1368	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1369	}
1370	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1371	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1372
1373	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1374	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1375	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1376	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1377
1378	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1379	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1380	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1381	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1382
1383	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1384	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1385	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1386	{
1387	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1388	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1389	}
1390	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1391	{
1392	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1393	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1394	}
1395	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1396	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1397	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1398	{
1399	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1400	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1401	}
1402	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1403	{
1404	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1405	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1406	}
1407	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1408	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1409	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1410	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1411	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1412	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1413	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1414	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1415	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1416	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1417
1418	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1419	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1420	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1421	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1422
1423	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1424	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1425	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1426	{
1427	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1428	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1429	}
1430	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1431	{
1432	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1433	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1434	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1435	}
1436	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1437	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1438
1439	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1440	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1441	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1442	{
1443	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1444	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1445	}
1446	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1447	{
1448	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1449	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1450	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1451	}
1452	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1453	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1454	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1455	{
1456	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1457	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1458	}
1459	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1460	{
1461	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1462	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1463	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1464	}
1465	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1466	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1467
1468	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1469	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1470	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1471	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1472
1473	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1474	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1475	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1476	{
1477	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1478	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1479	}
1480	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1481	{
1482	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1483	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1484	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1485	}
1486
1487	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1488	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1489	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1490	{
1491	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1492	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1493	}
1494	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1495	{
1496	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1497	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1498	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1499	}
1500	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1501	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1502	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1503	{
1504	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1505	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1506	}
1507	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1508	{
1509	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1510	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1511	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1512	}
1513	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1514	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1515
1516	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1517	{
1518	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1519	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1520	}
1521	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1522	{
1523	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) {
1524	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr;
1525	}
1526	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1527	}
1528	;
1529
1530	downupdowneq:
1531	ErangeDown
1532	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1533	\| ErangeUpEq
1534	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1535	\| ErangeDownEq
1536	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1537	;
1538
1539	updown:
1540	'~'
1541	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1542	\| ErangeDown
1543	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1544	;
1545
1546	updowneq:
1547	updown
1548	\| ErangeUpEq
1549	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1550	\| ErangeDownEq
1551	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1552	;
1553
1554	jump_statement:
1555	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1556	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1557	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1558	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1559	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1560	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1561	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1562	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1563	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1564	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1565	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1566	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1567	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1568	\| CONTINUE ';'
1569	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1570	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1571	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1572	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1573	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1574	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1575	\| BREAK ';'
1576	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1577	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1578	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1579	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1580	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1581	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1582	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1583	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1584	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1585	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1586	\| SUSPEND ';'
1587	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1588	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1589	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1590	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1591	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1592	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1593	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1594	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1595	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1596	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1597	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1598	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1599	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1600	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1601	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1602	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1603	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1604	;
1605
1606	fall_through_name: // CFA
1607	FALLTHRU
1608	\| FALLTHROUGH
1609	;
1610
1611	with_statement:
1612	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1613	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1614	;
1615
1616	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1617	mutex_statement:
1618	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1619	{
1620	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1621	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1622	}
1623	;
1624
1625	when_clause:
1626	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1627	;
1628
1629	when_clause_opt:
1630	// empty
1631	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1632	\| when_clause
1633	;
1634
1635	cast_expression_list:
1636	cast_expression
1637	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1638	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1639	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1640	;
1641
1642	timeout:
1643	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1644	;
1645
1646	wor:
1647	OROR
1648	\| WOR
1649
1650	waitfor:
1651	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1652	{ $$ = $3; }
1653	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1654	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1655	;
1656
1657	wor_waitfor_clause:
1658	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1659	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1660	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1661	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1662	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1663	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1664	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1665	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1666	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1667	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1668	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1669	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1670	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1671	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1672	;
1673
1674	waitfor_statement:
1675	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1676	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1677	;
1678
1679	wand:
1680	ANDAND
1681	\| WAND
1682	;
1683
1684	waituntil:
1685	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1686	{ $$ = $3; }
1687	;
1688
1689	waituntil_clause:
1690	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1691	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1692	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1693	{ $$ = $2; }
1694	;
1695
1696	wand_waituntil_clause:
1697	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1698	{ $$ = $1; }
1699	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1700	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1701	;
1702
1703	wor_waituntil_clause:
1704	wand_waituntil_clause
1705	{ $$ = $1; }
1706	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1707	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1708	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1709	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1710	;
1711
1712	waituntil_statement:
1713	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1714	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1715	;
1716
1717	exception_statement:
1718	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1719	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1720	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1721	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1722	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1723	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1724	;
1725
1726	handler_clause:
1727	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1728	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1729	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1730	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1731	;
1732
1733	handler_predicate_opt:
1734	// empty
1735	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1736	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1737	;
1738
1739	handler_key:
1740	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1741	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1742	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1743	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1744	;
1745
1746	finally_clause:
1747	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1748	;
1749
1750	exception_declaration:
1751	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1752	type_specifier_nobody
1753	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1754	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1755	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1756	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1757	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1758	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1759	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1760	;
1761
1762	enable_disable_statement:
1763	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1764	;
1765
1766	enable_disable_key:
1767	ENABLE
1768	\| DISABLE
1769	;
1770
1771	asm_statement:
1772	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1773	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1774	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1775	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1776	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1777	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1778	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1779	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1780	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1781	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1782	;
1783
1784	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1785	// empty
1786	{ $$ = false; }
1787	\| VOLATILE
1788	{ $$ = true; }
1789	;
1790
1791	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1792	// empty
1793	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1794	\| asm_operands_list
1795	;
1796
1797	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1798	asm_operand
1799	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1800	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1801	;
1802
1803	asm_operand: // GCC
1804	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1805	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1806	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1807	{
1808	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1809	delete $2.str;
1810	}
1811	;
1812
1813	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1814	// empty
1815	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1816	\| string_literal
1817	{ $$ = $1; }
1818	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1819	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1820	;
1821
1822	label_list:
1823	identifier
1824	{
1825	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1826	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1827	}
1828	\| label_list ',' identifier
1829	{
1830	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1831	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1832	}
1833	;
1834
1835	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1836
1837	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1838	// empty
1839	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1840	\| declaration_list
1841	;
1842
1843	declaration_list:
1844	declaration
1845	\| declaration_list declaration
1846	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1847	;
1848
1849	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1850	// empty
1851	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1852	\| KR_parameter_list
1853	;
1854
1855	KR_parameter_list:
1856	c_declaration ';'
1857	{ $$ = $1; }
1858	\| KR_parameter_list c_declaration ';'
1859	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1860	;
1861
1862	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1863	// empty
1864	\| local_label_declaration_list
1865	;
1866
1867	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1868	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1869	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1870	;
1871
1872	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1873	identifier_or_type_name
1874	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1875	;
1876
1877	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1878	c_declaration ';'
1879	{
1880	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1881	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1882	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1883	// } // for
1884	}
1885	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1886	\| static_assert // C11
1887	;
1888
1889	static_assert:
1890	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1891	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
1892	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1894
1895	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1896	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1897	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1898	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1899	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1900	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1901	//
1902	// CFA C
1903	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1904	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1905
1906	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1907	cfa_variable_declaration
1908	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1909	\| cfa_function_declaration
1910	\| type_declaring_list
1911	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1912	\| trait_specifier
1913	;
1914
1915	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1916	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1917	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1918	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1919	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1920	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1921	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1922	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1923	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1924	;
1925
1926	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1927	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1928	// storage-class
1929	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1930	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1931	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1932	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1933	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1934	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1935	;
1936
1937	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1938	cfa_function_specifier
1939	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1940	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1941	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1942	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1943	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1944	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1945	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1946	{
1947	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1948	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1949	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1950	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1951	}
1952	;
1953
1954	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1955	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1956	// {
1957	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, nullptr, true );
1958	// }
1959	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1960	// {
1961	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1962	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1963	// }
1964	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1965	// {
1966	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1967	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1968	// }
1969	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1970	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1971	//
1972	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1973	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1974	//
1975	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1976	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1977	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1978	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1979	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1980	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1981	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1982	;
1983
1984	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1985	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1986	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1987	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1988	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1989	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1990	;
1991
1992	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1993	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1994	{
1995	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
1996	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1997	}
1998	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1999	{
2000	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2001	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2002	}
2003	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
2004	{
2005	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2006	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2007	}
2008	;
2009
2010	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2011	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2012
2013	typedef_declaration:
2014	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2015	{
2016	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2017	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2018	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2019	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2020	}
2021	\| typedef_declaration ',' declarator
2022	{
2023	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2024	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $3 )->addTypedef() );
2025	}
2026	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2027	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2028	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2029	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2030	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2031	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2032	;
2033
2034	typedef_expression:
2035	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2036	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2037	{
2038	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2039	}
2040	\| typedef_expression ',' identifier '=' assignment_expression
2041	{
2042	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2043	}
2044	;
2045
2046	c_declaration:
2047	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2048	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2049	\| typedef_declaration
2050	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2051	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2052	{
2053	assert( $1->type );
2054	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2055	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2056	}
2057	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2058	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2059	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2060	}
2061	}
2062	;
2063
2064	declaring_list:
2065	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2066	// storage-class
2067	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2068	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2069	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2070	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2071
2072	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2073	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2074	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2075	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2076
2077	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2078	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2079	;
2080
2081	general_function_declarator:
2082	function_type_redeclarator
2083	\| function_declarator
2084	;
2085
2086	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2087	basic_declaration_specifier
2088	\| type_declaration_specifier
2089	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2090	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2091	{
2092	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of ",
2093	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ),
2094	" declaration." ) );
2095	$$ = nullptr;
2096	}
2097	;
2098
2099	invalid_types:
2100	aggregate_key
2101	\| basic_type_name
2102	\| indirect_type
2103	;
2104
2105	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2106	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2107	//
2108	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2109	//
2110	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2111	basic_declaration_specifier
2112	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2113	\| type_declaration_specifier
2114	;
2115
2116	type_specifier: // type specifier
2117	basic_type_specifier
2118	\| sue_type_specifier
2119	\| type_type_specifier
2120	;
2121
2122	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2123	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2124	//
2125	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2126	//
2127	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2128	basic_type_specifier
2129	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2130	\| type_type_specifier
2131	;
2132
2133	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2134	// empty
2135	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2136	\| type_qualifier_list
2137	;
2138
2139	type_qualifier_list:
2140	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2141	//
2142	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2143	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2144	// appeared only once.
2145	type_qualifier
2146	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2147	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2148	;
2149
2150	type_qualifier:
2151	type_qualifier_name
2152	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
2153	;
2154
2155	type_qualifier_name:
2156	CONST
2157	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
2158	\| RESTRICT
2159	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
2160	\| VOLATILE
2161	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
2162	\| ATOMIC
2163	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
2164	\| forall
2165	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $1 ); }
2166	;
2167
2168	forall:
2169	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2170	{ $$ = $3; }
2171	;
2172
2173	declaration_qualifier_list:
2174	storage_class_list
2175	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2176	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2177	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2178	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2179	;
2180
2181	storage_class_list:
2182	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2183	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2184	//
2185	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2186	// specifiers in a declaration.
2187	storage_class
2188	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2189	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2190	;
2191
2192	storage_class:
2193	EXTERN
2194	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
2195	\| STATIC
2196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
2197	\| AUTO
2198	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
2199	\| REGISTER
2200	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
2201	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2202	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalGcc ); }
2203	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2204	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalC11 ); }
2205	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2206	\| INLINE // C99
2207	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
2208	\| FORTRAN // C99
2209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
2210	\| NORETURN // C11
2211	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
2212	;
2213
2214	basic_type_name:
2215	VOID
2216	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2217	\| BOOL // C99
2218	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2219	\| CHAR
2220	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2221	\| INT
2222	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2223	\| INT128
2224	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2225	\| UINT128
2226	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2227	\| FLOAT
2228	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2229	\| DOUBLE
2230	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2231	\| uuFLOAT80
2232	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2233	\| uuFLOAT128
2234	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2235	\| uFLOAT16
2236	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2237	\| uFLOAT32
2238	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2239	\| uFLOAT32X
2240	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2241	\| uFLOAT64
2242	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2243	\| uFLOAT64X
2244	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2245	\| uFLOAT128
2246	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2247	\| DECIMAL32
2248	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2249	\| DECIMAL64
2250	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2251	\| DECIMAL128
2252	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2253	\| COMPLEX // C99
2254	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2255	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2256	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2257	\| SIGNED
2258	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2259	\| UNSIGNED
2260	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2261	\| SHORT
2262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2263	\| LONG
2264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2265	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2267	\| AUTO_TYPE
2268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2269	\| vtable
2270	;
2271
2272	vtable_opt:
2273	// empty
2274	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2275	\| vtable
2276	;
2277
2278	vtable:
2279	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2280	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2281	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2282	;
2283
2284	default_opt:
2285	// empty
2286	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2287	\| DEFAULT
2288	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2289	;
2290
2291	basic_declaration_specifier:
2292	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2293	basic_type_specifier
2294	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2295	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2296	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2297	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2298	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2299	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2300	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2301	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2302	;
2303
2304	basic_type_specifier:
2305	direct_type
2306	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2307	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2308	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2309	;
2310
2311	direct_type:
2312	basic_type_name
2313	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2314	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2315	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2316	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2317	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2318	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2319	;
2320
2321	indirect_type:
2322	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2323	{ $$ = $3; }
2324	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2325	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2326	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2328	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2329	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2330	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2331	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2332	\| ONE_T // CFA
2333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2334	;
2335
2336	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2337	sue_type_specifier
2338	{
2339	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2340	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2341	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2342	// } // for
2343	}
2344	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2345	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2346	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2347	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2348	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2349	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2350	;
2351
2352	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2353	elaborated_type
2354	{
2355	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2356	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2357	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2358	// } // for
2359	}
2360	\| type_qualifier_list
2361	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2362	elaborated_type
2363	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2364	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2365	{
2366	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2367	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2368	}
2369	;
2370
2371	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2372	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2373	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2374	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2375	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2376	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2377	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2378	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2379	;
2380
2381	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2382	elaborated_type_nobody
2383	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2384	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2385	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2386	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2387	;
2388
2389	type_declaration_specifier:
2390	type_type_specifier
2391	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2392	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2393	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2394	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2395	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2396	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2397	;
2398
2399	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2400	type_name
2401	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2402	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2403	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2404	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2405	;
2406
2407	type_name:
2408	TYPEDEFname
2409	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2410	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2412	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2414	\| typegen_name
2415	\| '.' typegen_name
2416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2417	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2419	;
2420
2421	typegen_name: // CFA
2422	TYPEGENname
2423	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2424	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2425	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2426	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2427	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2428	;
2429
2430	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2431	aggregate_type
2432	{
2433	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2434	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2435	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2436	// } // for
2437	}
2438	\| enum_type
2439	;
2440
2441	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2442	aggregate_type_nobody
2443	\| enum_type_nobody
2444	;
2445
2446	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2447	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2448	{ forall = false; } // reset
2449	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2450	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2451	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2452	{
2453	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2454	forall = false; // reset
2455	}
2456	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2457	{
2458	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2459	}
2460	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2461	{
2462	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2463	forall = false; // reset
2464	}
2465	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2466	{
2467	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2468	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2469	}
2470	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2471	{
2472	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2473	forall = false; // reset
2474	}
2475	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2476	{
2477	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2478	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2479	}
2480	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2481	;
2482
2483	type_parameters_opt:
2484	// empty
2485	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2486	\| '(' type_list ')'
2487	{ $$ = $2; }
2488	;
2489
2490	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2491	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2492	{
2493	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2494	forall = false; // reset
2495	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2496	}
2497	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2498	{
2499	forall = false; // reset
2500	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2501	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2502	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2503	if ( $3->type->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->type->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2504	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 );
2505	} else {
2506	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2507	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2508	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2509	delete $3;
2510	}
2511	}
2512	;
2513
2514	aggregate_key:
2515	aggregate_data
2516	\| aggregate_control
2517	;
2518
2519	aggregate_data:
2520	STRUCT vtable_opt
2521	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2522	\| UNION
2523	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2524	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2525	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2526	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2527	;
2528
2529	aggregate_control: // CFA
2530	MONITOR
2531	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2532	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2533	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2534	\| GENERATOR
2535	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2536	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2537	{
2538	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2539	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2540	}
2541	\| COROUTINE
2542	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2543	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2544	{
2545	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2546	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2547	}
2548	\| THREAD
2549	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2550	\| MUTEX THREAD
2551	{
2552	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2553	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2554	}
2555	;
2556
2557	field_declaration_list_opt:
2558	// empty
2559	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2560	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2561	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2562	;
2563
2564	field_declaration:
2565	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2566	{
2567	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2568	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2569	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2570	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2571	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2572	// } // for
2573	}
2574	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2575	{
2576	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." ) );
2577	$$ = nullptr;
2578	}
2579	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2580	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2581	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2582	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2583	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2584	{
2585	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2586	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2587	} // if
2588	$3->inLine = true;
2589	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2590	distInl( $3 );
2591	}
2592	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2593	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2594	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2595	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2596	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2597	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2598	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2599	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2600	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2601	\| static_assert // C11
2602	;
2603
2604	field_declaring_list_opt:
2605	// empty
2606	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2607	\| field_declarator
2608	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2609	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2610	;
2611
2612	field_declarator:
2613	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2614	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2615	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2616	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2617	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2618	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2619	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2620	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2621	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2622	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2623	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2624	;
2625
2626	field_abstract_list_opt:
2627	// empty
2628	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2629	\| field_abstract
2630	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2631	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2632	;
2633
2634	field_abstract:
2635	// no bit fields
2636	variable_abstract_declarator
2637	;
2638
2639	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2640	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2641	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2642	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2643	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2644	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2645	;
2646
2647	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2648	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2649	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2650	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2651	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2652	;
2653
2654	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2655	// empty
2656	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2657	\| bit_subrange_size
2658	;
2659
2660	bit_subrange_size:
2661	':' assignment_expression
2662	{ $$ = $2; }
2663	;
2664
2665	enum_type:
2666	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2667	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2668	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2669	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2670	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2671	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2672	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2673	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2674	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2675	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2676	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2677	{
2678	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
2679	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2680	}
2681	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2682	}
2683	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2684	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2685	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2686	{
2687	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2688	}
2689	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2690	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2691	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2692	{
2693	if ( $3 && ($3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 )) {
2694	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2695	}
2696	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6, "enum_type 2" );
2697	}
2698	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2699	{
2700	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2701	}
2702	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2703	{
2704	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2705	}
2706	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2707	{
2708	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2709	}
2710	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2711	{
2712	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2713	}
2714	\| enum_type_nobody
2715	;
2716
2717	hide_opt:
2718	// empty
2719	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2720	\| '!'
2721	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2722	;
2723
2724	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2725	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2726	{
2727	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2728	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2729	}
2730	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2731	{
2732	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2733	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2734	}
2735	;
2736
2737	enumerator_list:
2738	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2739	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2740	\| INLINE type_name
2741	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->type->symbolic.name ); }
2742	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2743	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2744	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2745	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2746	;
2747
2748	visible_hide_opt:
2749	hide_opt
2750	\| '^'
2751	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2752	;
2753
2754	enumerator_value_opt:
2755	// empty
2756	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2757	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2758	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2759	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2760	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2761	;
2762
2763	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2764	// empty
2765	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2766	\| ELLIPSIS
2767	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2768	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2769	\| cfa_parameter_list
2770	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2771	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2772	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2773	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2774	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2775	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2776	;
2777
2778	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2779	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2780	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2781	cfa_parameter_declaration
2782	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2783	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2784	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2785	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2786	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2787	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2788	;
2789
2790	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2791	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2792	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2793	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2794	;
2795
2796	parameter_type_list_opt:
2797	// empty
2798	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2799	\| ELLIPSIS
2800	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2801	\| parameter_list
2802	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2803	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2804	;
2805
2806	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2807	abstract_parameter_declaration
2808	\| parameter_declaration
2809	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2810	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2811	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2812	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2813	;
2814
2815	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2816	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2817
2818	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2819	parameter_declaration
2820	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2821	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2822	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2823	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2824	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2825	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2826	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2827	\| cfa_function_specifier
2828	;
2829
2830	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2831	abstract_parameter_declaration
2832	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2833	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2834	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2835	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2836	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2837	\| cfa_abstract_function
2838	;
2839
2840	parameter_declaration:
2841	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2842	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2843	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2844	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2845	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2846	;
2847
2848	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2849	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2850	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2851	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2852	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2853	;
2854
2855	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2856	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2857	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2858
2859	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2860	identifier
2861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2862	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2863	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2864	;
2865
2866	identifier_or_type_name:
2867	identifier
2868	\| TYPEDEFname
2869	\| TYPEGENname
2870	;
2871
2872	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2873	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2874	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2875	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2876	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2877	;
2878
2879	type: // typeof, assertion
2880	type_no_function
2881	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2882	;
2883
2884	initializer_opt:
2885	// empty
2886	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2887	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2888	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2889	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2890	;
2891
2892	initializer:
2893	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2894	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2895	;
2896
2897	initializer_list_opt:
2898	// empty
2899	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2900	\| initializer
2901	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2902	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2903	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2904	;
2905
2906	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2907	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2908	//
2909	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2910	//
2911	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2912	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2913	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2914	// shift/reduce conflicts
2915
2916	designation:
2917	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2918	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2919	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2920	;
2921
2922	designator_list: // C99
2923	designator
2924	\| designator_list designator
2925	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2926	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2927	;
2928
2929	designator:
2930	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2931	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
2932	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2933	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2934	{ $$ = $3; }
2935	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2936	{ $$ = $3; }
2937	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2938	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
2939	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2940	{ $$ = $4; }
2941	;
2942
2943	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2944	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2945	//
2946	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2947	//
2948	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2949	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2950	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2951	//
2952	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2953	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2954	//
2955	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2956	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2957	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2958	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2959	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2960
2961	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2962	type_parameter
2963	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2964	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2965	;
2966
2967	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2968	// empty
2969	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2970	\| '=' type
2971	{ $$ = $2; }
2972	;
2973
2974	type_parameter: // CFA
2975	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2976	{
2977	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
2978	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2979	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2980	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2981	}
2982	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2983	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2984	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2985	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
2986	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2987	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2988	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2989	{
2990	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
2991	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2992	}
2993	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2994	\| assertion_list
2995	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2996	;
2997
2998	new_type_class: // CFA
2999	// empty
3000	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3001	\| '&'
3002	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3003	\| '*'
3004	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
3005	// \| '(' '*' ')'
3006	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3007	\| ELLIPSIS
3008	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3009	;
3010
3011	type_class: // CFA
3012	OTYPE
3013	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3014	\| DTYPE
3015	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3016	\| FTYPE
3017	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3018	\| TTYPE
3019	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3020	;
3021
3022	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3023	// empty
3024	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3025	\| assertion_list
3026	;
3027
3028	assertion_list: // CFA
3029	assertion
3030	\| assertion_list assertion
3031	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
3032	;
3033
3034	assertion: // CFA
3035	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3036	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3037	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3038	{ $$ = $4; }
3039	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3040	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3041	;
3042
3043	type_list: // CFA
3044	type
3045	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3046	\| assignment_expression
3047	\| type_list ',' type
3048	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3049	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3050	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
3051	;
3052
3053	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3054	OTYPE type_declarator
3055	{ $$ = $2; }
3056	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3057	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3058	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3059	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3060	;
3061
3062	type_declarator: // CFA
3063	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3064	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3065	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3066	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3067	;
3068
3069	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3070	identifier_or_type_name
3071	{
3072	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3073	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3074	}
3075	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3076	{
3077	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3078	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3079	}
3080	;
3081
3082	trait_specifier: // CFA
3083	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3084	{
3085	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3086	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3087	}
3088	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3089	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3090	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3091	{
3092	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3093	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3094	}
3095	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3096	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3097	;
3098
3099	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3100	trait_declaration
3101	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3102	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
3103	;
3104
3105	trait_declaration: // CFA
3106	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3107	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3108	;
3109
3110	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3111	cfa_variable_specifier
3112	\| cfa_function_specifier
3113	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3114	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3115	;
3116
3117	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3118	type_specifier declarator
3119	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3120	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3121	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3122	;
3123
3124	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3125
3126	translation_unit:
3127	// empty, input file
3128	\| external_definition_list
3129	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
3130	;
3131
3132	external_definition_list:
3133	push external_definition pop
3134	{ $$ = $2; }
3135	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3136	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
3137	;
3138
3139	external_definition_list_opt:
3140	// empty
3141	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3142	\| external_definition_list
3143	;
3144
3145	up:
3146	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3147	;
3148
3149	down:
3150	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3151	;
3152
3153	external_definition:
3154	DIRECTIVE
3155	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3156	\| declaration
3157	{
3158	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3159	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3160	// disallowed at the moment.
3161	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static && $1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3162	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3163	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3164	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3165	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3166	}
3167	}
3168	}
3169	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3170	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3171	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3172	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3173	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3174	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3175	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3176	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3177	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3178	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3179	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3180	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3181	\| external_function_definition
3182	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3183	{
3184	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3185	$$ = $2;
3186	}
3187	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3188	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3189	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3190	{
3191	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3192	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3193	}
3194	up external_definition down
3195	{
3196	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3197	linkageStack.pop();
3198	$$ = $5;
3199	}
3200	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3201	{
3202	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3203	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3204	}
3205	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3206	{
3207	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3208	linkageStack.pop();
3209	$$ = $6;
3210	}
3211	// global distribution
3212	\| type_qualifier_list
3213	{
3214	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3215	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3216	}
3217	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3218	}
3219	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3220	{
3221	distQual( $5, $1 );
3222	forall = false;
3223	$$ = $5;
3224	}
3225	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3226	{
3227	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3228	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3229	}
3230	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3231	}
3232	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3233	{
3234	distQual( $5, $1 );
3235	forall = false;
3236	$$ = $5;
3237	}
3238	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3239	{
3240	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3241	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3242	}
3243	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3244	}
3245	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3246	{
3247	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3248	forall = false;
3249	$$ = $6;
3250	}
3251	;
3252
3253	external_function_definition:
3254	function_definition
3255	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3256	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3257	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3258	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3259	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3260	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3261	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3262	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3263	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3264	;
3265
3266	with_clause_opt:
3267	// empty
3268	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3269	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3270	{
3271	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3272	if ( $5 ) {
3273	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3274	$$ = nullptr;
3275	} // if
3276	}
3277	;
3278
3279	function_definition:
3280	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3281	{
3282	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3283	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3284	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3285	$$ = $1;
3286	}
3287	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3288	{
3289	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3290	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3291	}
3292	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3293	{
3294	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3295	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3296	}
3297	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3298	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3299	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3300	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3301	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3302	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3303	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3304	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3305	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3306
3307	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3308	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3309	{
3310	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3311	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3312	}
3313	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3314	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3315	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3316	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3317	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3318	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3319	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3320	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3321	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3322	;
3323
3324	declarator:
3325	variable_declarator
3326	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3327	\| function_declarator
3328	\| function_type_redeclarator
3329	;
3330
3331	subrange:
3332	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3333	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3334	;
3335
3336	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3337	// empty
3338	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3339	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3340	{
3341	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3342	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3343	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3344	}
3345	;
3346
3347	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3348	// empty
3349	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3350	\| attribute_list
3351	;
3352
3353	attribute_list: // GCC
3354	attribute
3355	\| attribute_list attribute
3356	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3357	;
3358
3359	attribute: // GCC
3360	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3361	{ $$ = $4; }
3362	;
3363
3364	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3365	attribute_name
3366	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3367	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3368	;
3369
3370	attribute_name: // GCC
3371	// empty
3372	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3373	\| attr_name
3374	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3375	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3376	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3377	;
3378
3379	attr_name: // GCC
3380	IDENTIFIER
3381	\| quasi_keyword
3382	\| TYPEDEFname
3383	\| TYPEGENname
3384	\| FALLTHROUGH
3385	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3386	\| CONST
3387	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3388	;
3389
3390	// ============================================================================
3391	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3392	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3393	// in:
3394	//
3395	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3396	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3397	//
3398	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3399	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3400	// ============================================================================
3401
3402	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3403	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3404	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3405	//
3406	// valid declaration invalid definition
3407	// ----------------- ------------------
3408	// int f; int f {}
3409	// int f; int f {}
3410	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3411	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3412	//
3413	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3414	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3415	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3416
3417	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3418	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3419
3420	paren_identifier:
3421	identifier_at
3422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3423	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3424	{ $$ = $2; }
3425	;
3426
3427	variable_declarator:
3428	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3429	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3430	\| variable_ptr
3431	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3432	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3433	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3434	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3435	;
3436
3437	variable_ptr:
3438	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3439	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3440	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3441	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3442	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3443	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3444	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3445	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3446	;
3447
3448	variable_array:
3449	paren_identifier array_dimension
3450	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3451	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3452	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3453	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3454	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3455	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3456	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3457	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3458	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3459	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3460	{ $$ = $2; }
3461	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3462	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3463	;
3464
3465	variable_function:
3466	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3467	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3468	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3469	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3470	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3471	{ $$ = $2; }
3472	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3473	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3474	;
3475
3476	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3477	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3478	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3479
3480	function_declarator:
3481	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3482	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3483	\| function_ptr
3484	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3485	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3486	;
3487
3488	function_no_ptr:
3489	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3490	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3491	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3492	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3493	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3494	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3495	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3496	{ $$ = $2; }
3497	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3498	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3499	;
3500
3501	function_ptr:
3502	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3503	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3504	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3505	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3506	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3507	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3508	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3509	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3510	;
3511
3512	function_array:
3513	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3514	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3515	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3516	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3517	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3518	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3519	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3520	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3521	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3522	{ $$ = $2; }
3523	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3524	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3525	;
3526
3527	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3528	//
3529	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3530	//
3531	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3532	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3533
3534	KR_function_declarator:
3535	KR_function_no_ptr
3536	\| KR_function_ptr
3537	\| KR_function_array
3538	;
3539
3540	KR_function_no_ptr:
3541	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3542	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3543	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3544	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3545	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3546	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3547	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3548	{ $$ = $2; }
3549	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3550	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3551	;
3552
3553	KR_function_ptr:
3554	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3555	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3556	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3557	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3558	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3559	{ $$ = $2; }
3560	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3561	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3562	;
3563
3564	KR_function_array:
3565	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3566	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3567	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3568	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3569	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3570	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3571	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3572	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3573	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3574	{ $$ = $2; }
3575	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3576	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3577	;
3578
3579	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3580	//
3581	// typedef int foo;
3582	// {
3583	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3584	// }
3585
3586	paren_type:
3587	typedef_name
3588	{
3589	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3590	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3591	}
3592	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3593	{ $$ = $2; }
3594	;
3595
3596	variable_type_redeclarator:
3597	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3598	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3599	\| variable_type_ptr
3600	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3601	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3602	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3603	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3604	;
3605
3606	variable_type_ptr:
3607	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3608	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3609	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3610	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3611	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3612	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3613	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3614	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3615	;
3616
3617	variable_type_array:
3618	paren_type array_dimension
3619	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3620	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3621	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3622	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3623	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3624	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3625	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3626	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3627	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3628	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3629	{ $$ = $2; }
3630	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3631	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3632	;
3633
3634	variable_type_function:
3635	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3636	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3637	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3638	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3639	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3640	{ $$ = $2; }
3641	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3642	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3643	;
3644
3645	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3646	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3647	// arrays and functions.
3648
3649	function_type_redeclarator:
3650	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3651	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3652	\| function_type_ptr
3653	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3654	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3655	;
3656
3657	function_type_no_ptr:
3658	paren_type '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3659	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3660	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3661	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3662	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3663	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3664	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3665	{ $$ = $2; }
3666	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3667	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3668	;
3669
3670	function_type_ptr:
3671	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3672	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3673	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3674	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3675	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3676	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3677	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3678	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3679	;
3680
3681	function_type_array:
3682	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3683	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3684	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3685	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3686	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3687	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3688	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3689	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3690	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3691	{ $$ = $2; }
3692	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3693	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3694	;
3695
3696	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3697	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3698	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3699	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3700
3701	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3702	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3703	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3704	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3705	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3706	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3707	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3708	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3709	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3710	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3711	;
3712
3713	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3714	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3715	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3716	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3717	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3718	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3719	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3720	;
3721
3722	identifier_parameter_array:
3723	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3724	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3725	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3726	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3727	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3728	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3729	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3730	{ $$ = $2; }
3731	;
3732
3733	identifier_parameter_function:
3734	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3735	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3736	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3737	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3738	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3739	{ $$ = $2; }
3740	;
3741
3742	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3743	// e.g.:
3744	//
3745	// typedef int foo;
3746	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3747	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3748	//
3749	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3750
3751	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3752	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3753	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3754	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3755	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3756	\| type_parameter_ptr
3757	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3758	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3759	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3760	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3761	;
3762
3763	typedef_name:
3764	TYPEDEFname
3765	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3766	\| TYPEGENname
3767	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3768	;
3769
3770	type_parameter_ptr:
3771	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3772	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3773	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3774	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3775	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3776	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3777	;
3778
3779	type_parameter_array:
3780	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3781	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3782	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3783	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3784	;
3785
3786	type_parameter_function:
3787	typedef_name '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3788	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3789	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3790	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3791	;
3792
3793	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3794	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3795	//
3796	// sizeof( int );
3797	// sizeof( int * );
3798	// sizeof( int [10] );
3799	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3800	// sizeof( int () );
3801	//
3802	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3803	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3804
3805	abstract_declarator:
3806	abstract_ptr
3807	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3808	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3809	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3810	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3811	;
3812
3813	abstract_ptr:
3814	ptrref_operator
3815	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3816	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3817	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3818	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3819	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3820	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3821	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3822	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3823	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3824	;
3825
3826	abstract_array:
3827	array_dimension
3828	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3829	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3830	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3831	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3832	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3833	{ $$ = $2; }
3834	;
3835
3836	abstract_function:
3837	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3838	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3839	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3840	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3841	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3842	{ $$ = $2; }
3843	;
3844
3845	array_dimension:
3846	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3847	'[' ']'
3848	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3849	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3850	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3851	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3852	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3853	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3854	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3855	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3856	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3857	\| multi_array_dimension
3858	;
3859
3860	array_type_list:
3861	basic_type_name
3862	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3863	\| type_name
3864	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3865	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3866	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3867	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3868	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3869	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3870	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3871	;
3872
3873	upupeq:
3874	'~'
3875	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3876	\| ErangeUpEq
3877	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3878	;
3879
3880	multi_array_dimension:
3881	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3882	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3883	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3884	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3885	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3886	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3887	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3888	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3889	;
3890
3891	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3892	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3893	//
3894	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3895	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3896	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3897	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3898	//
3899	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3900	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3901	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3902	//
3903	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3904	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3905	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3906	//
3907	// For example:
3908	//
3909	// typedef float T;
3910	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3911	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3912	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3913	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3914	//
3915	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3916	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3917	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3918	// functions.
3919
3920	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
3921	// empty
3922	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3923	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
3924	;
3925
3926	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3927	abstract_parameter_ptr
3928	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3929	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3930	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3931	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3932	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3933	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3934	;
3935
3936	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3937	ptrref_operator
3938	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3939	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3940	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3941	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3942	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3943	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3944	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3945	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3946	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3947	;
3948
3949	abstract_parameter_array:
3950	array_parameter_dimension
3951	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3952	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3953	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3954	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3955	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3956	{ $$ = $2; }
3957	;
3958
3959	abstract_parameter_function:
3960	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3961	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3962	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3963	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3964	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3965	{ $$ = $2; }
3966	;
3967
3968	array_parameter_dimension:
3969	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3970	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3971	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3972	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3973	\| multi_array_dimension
3974	;
3975
3976	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3977	//
3978	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3979	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3980
3981	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3982	'[' ']'
3983	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3984	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3985	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3986	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3987	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3988	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
3989	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3990	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3992	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3994	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3995	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3996	;
3997
3998	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3999	//
4000	// struct S {
4001	// int;
4002	// int *;
4003	// int [10];
4004	// int (*)();
4005	// };
4006
4007	variable_abstract_declarator:
4008	variable_abstract_ptr
4009	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4010	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4011	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4012	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4013	;
4014
4015	variable_abstract_ptr:
4016	ptrref_operator
4017	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4018	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4019	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4020	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4021	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4022	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4023	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4024	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4025	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4026	;
4027
4028	variable_abstract_array:
4029	array_dimension
4030	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4031	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4032	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4033	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4034	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4035	{ $$ = $2; }
4036	;
4037
4038	variable_abstract_function:
4039	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4040	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4041	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4042	{ $$ = $2; }
4043	;
4044
4045	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4046	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4047
4048	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4049	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4050	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4051	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4052	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4053	;
4054
4055	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4056	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4057	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4058	;
4059
4060	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4061	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4062	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4063	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4064	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4065	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4066	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4067	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4068	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4069	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4070	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4071	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4072	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4073	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4074	;
4075
4076	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4077	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4078	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4079	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4080	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4081	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4082	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4083	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4084	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4085	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4086	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4087	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4088	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4089
4090	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4091	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4092	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4093	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4094	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4095	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4096	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4097	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4098	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4099	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4100	;
4101
4102	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4103	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4104	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4105	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4106	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4107	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4108	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4109	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4110	// appear in this context.
4111	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4112	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4113	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4114	;
4115
4116	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4117	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4118	//
4119	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4120	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4121	//
4122	// These rules need LR(3):
4123	//
4124	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4125	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4126	//
4127	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4128	//
4129	// [int, int] t;
4130	// [int, int] f( int );
4131	//
4132	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4133	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4134	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4135	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4136
4137	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4138	cfa_abstract_tuple
4139	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4140	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4141	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4142	;
4143
4144	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4145	cfa_abstract_ptr
4146	\| cfa_abstract_array
4147	;
4148
4149	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4150	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4151	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4152	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4153	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4154	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4155	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4156	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4157	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4158	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4159	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4160	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4161	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4162	;
4163
4164	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4165	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4166	// empty (void) function return type.
4167	'[' ']' type_specifier
4168	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4169	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4170	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4171	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4172	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4173	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4174	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4175	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4176	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4177	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4178	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4179	;
4180
4181	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4182	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4183	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4184	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4185	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4186	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4187	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4188	;
4189
4190	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4191	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4192	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4193	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4194	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4195	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4197	;
4198
4199	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4200	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4201	//
4202	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4203	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4204	//
4205	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4206	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4207	//
4208	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4209	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4210
4211	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4212
4213	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4214	// empty
4215	\| ','
4216	;
4217
4218	default_initializer_opt:
4219	// empty
4220	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4221	\| '=' assignment_expression
4222	{ $$ = $2; }
4223	;
4224
4225	%%
4226
4227	// ----end of grammar----
4228
4229	// Local Variables: //
4230	// mode: c++ //
4231	// tab-width: 4 //
4232	// compile-command: "make install" //
4233	// End: //

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