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parser.yy @ c1c1112

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Last change on this file since c1c1112 was c1c1112, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
fix segment fault when printing syntax error, more refactoring of parser code
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 103.3 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Aug 24 16:21:37 2016
13	// Update Count : 1962
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56
57	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
58	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
59	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
60
61	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
62
63	void appendStr( std::string to, std::string from ) {
64	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
65	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
66	} // appendStr
67	%}
68
69	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
70
71	// keywords
72	%token TYPEDEF
73	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
74	%token INLINE // C99
75	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
76	%token CONST VOLATILE
77	%token RESTRICT // C99
78	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
79	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
80	%token VALIST // GCC
81	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
82	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
83	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
84	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
85	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
86	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
87	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
88	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
89	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
90	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
91
92	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
93	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
94	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
95	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
96	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
97
98	// multi-character operators
99	%token ARROW // ->
100	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
101	%token LS RS // << >>
102	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
103	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
104	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
105
106	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
107	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
108	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
109	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
110
111	%token ATassign // @=
112
113	// Types declaration
114	%union
115	{
116	Token tok;
117	ParseNode *pn;
118	ExpressionNode *en;
119	DeclarationNode *decl;
120	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
121	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
122	StatementNode *sn;
123	ConstantExpr *constant;
124	ForCtl *fctl;
125	LabelNode *label;
126	InitializerNode *in;
127	OperKinds op;
128	std::string *str;
129	bool flag;
130	}
131
132	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
133	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
134	%type<constant> string_literal
135	%type<str> string_literal_list
136
137	// expressions
138	%type<en> constant
139	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
140	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
141	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
142	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
143	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
144	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
145	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
146	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
147	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
148	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
149	%type<en> subrange
150	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
151	%type<label> label_list
152	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
153	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
154
155	// statements
156	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
157	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
158	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
159	%type<sn> statement statement_list
160	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
161	%type<sn> case_clause
162	%type<en> case_value
163	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
164	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
165	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
166
167	// declarations
168	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
169	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
170	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
171
172	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
173	%type<decl> aggregate_name
174
175	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
176
177	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
178
179	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
180
181	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
182
183	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
184
185	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
186	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
187
188	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
189
190	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
191	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
192
193	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
194
195	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
196	%type<en> field field_list
197
198	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
199
200	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
201	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
202
203	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
204	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
205	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
206
207	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
208
209	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
210	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
211
212	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
213	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
214
215	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
216
217	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
218
219	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
220	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
221
222	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
223	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
224
225	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
226
227	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
228
229	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
230
231	%type<tclass> type_class
232	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
233
234	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
235	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
236	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
237	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
238
239	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
240	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
241
242	%type<en> type_name_list
243
244	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
245
246	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
247	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
248
249	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
250
251	// initializers
252	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
253
254	// designators
255	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
256
257
258	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
259	// is ambiguous:
260	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
261	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
262	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
263
264	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
265	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
266
267	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
268
269	%%
270	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
271
272	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
273	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
274	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
275	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
276	//
277	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
278	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
279	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
280	//
281	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
282	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
283	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
284	//
285	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
286	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
287	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
288	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
289	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
290	//
291	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
292	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
293	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
294	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
295	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
296	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
297	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
298
299	push:
300	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
301	;
302
303	pop:
304	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
305	;
306
307	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
308
309	constant:
310	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
311	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
312	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
313	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
314	;
315
316	identifier:
317	IDENTIFIER
318	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
319	\| zero_one // CFA
320	;
321
322	no_01_identifier:
323	IDENTIFIER
324	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
325	;
326
327	no_attr_identifier:
328	IDENTIFIER
329	\| zero_one // CFA
330	;
331
332	zero_one: // CFA
333	ZERO
334	\| ONE
335	;
336
337	string_literal:
338	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
339	;
340
341	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
342	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
343	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
344	{
345	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
346	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
347	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
348	}
349	;
350
351	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
352
353	primary_expression:
354	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
355	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
356	\| zero_one
357	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
358	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
359	{ $$ = $2; }
360	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
361	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
362	;
363
364	postfix_expression:
365	primary_expression
366	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
367	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
368	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
369	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
370	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
371	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
372	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
373	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
374	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
375	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
376	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
377	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
378	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
379	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
380	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
381	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
382	\| postfix_expression ICR
383	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
384	\| postfix_expression DECR
385	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
386	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
387	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
388	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
389	{
390	Token fn;
391	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
392	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) );
393	}
394	;
395
396	argument_expression_list:
397	argument_expression
398	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
399	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
400	;
401
402	argument_expression:
403	// empty
404	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
405	\| assignment_expression
406	;
407
408	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
409	field
410	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
411	;
412
413	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
414	no_attr_identifier
415	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
416	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
417	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
418	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
419	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
420	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
421	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
422	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
423	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
424	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
425	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
426	;
427
428	unary_expression:
429	postfix_expression
430	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
431	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
432	\| constant
433	{ $$ = $1; }
434	\| string_literal
435	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
436	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
437	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
438	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
439	// { * X; } // dereference X
440	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
441	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
442	{
443	switch ( $1 ) {
444	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
445	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
446	break;
447	case OperKinds::PointTo:
448	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
449	break;
450	default:
451	assert( false );
452	}
453	}
454	\| unary_operator cast_expression
455	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
456	\| ICR unary_expression
457	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
458	\| DECR unary_expression
459	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
460	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
461	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
462	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
463	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
464	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
465	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
466	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
467	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
468	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
469	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
470	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
471	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
472	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
473	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
474	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
475	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
476	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
477	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
478	;
479
480	ptrref_operator:
481	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
482	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
483	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
484	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
485	;
486
487	unary_operator:
488	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
489	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
490	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
491	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
492	;
493
494	cast_expression:
495	unary_expression
496	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
497	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
498	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
499	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
500	;
501
502	multiplicative_expression:
503	cast_expression
504	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
505	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
506	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
507	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
508	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
509	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
510	;
511
512	additive_expression:
513	multiplicative_expression
514	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
515	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
516	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
517	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
518	;
519
520	shift_expression:
521	additive_expression
522	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
523	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
524	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
525	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
526	;
527
528	relational_expression:
529	shift_expression
530	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
532	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
534	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
535	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
536	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
537	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
538	;
539
540	equality_expression:
541	relational_expression
542	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
543	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
544	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
545	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
546	;
547
548	AND_expression:
549	equality_expression
550	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
551	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
552	;
553
554	exclusive_OR_expression:
555	AND_expression
556	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
557	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
558	;
559
560	inclusive_OR_expression:
561	exclusive_OR_expression
562	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
563	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
564	;
565
566	logical_AND_expression:
567	inclusive_OR_expression
568	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
569	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
570	;
571
572	logical_OR_expression:
573	logical_AND_expression
574	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
575	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
576	;
577
578	conditional_expression:
579	logical_OR_expression
580	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
581	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
582	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
583	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
585	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
587	;
588
589	constant_expression:
590	conditional_expression
591	;
592
593	assignment_expression:
594	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
595	conditional_expression
596	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
597	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
598	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
599	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
600	;
601
602	assignment_expression_opt:
603	// empty
604	{ $$ = nullptr; }
605	\| assignment_expression
606	;
607
608	assignment_operator:
609	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
610	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
611	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
612	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
613	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
614	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
615	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
616	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
617	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
618	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
619	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
620	;
621
622	tuple: // CFA, tuple
623	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
624	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
625	'[' ']'
626	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
627	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
628	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
629	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
630	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
631	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
632	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
633	;
634
635	tuple_expression_list:
636	assignment_expression_opt
637	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
638	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
639	;
640
641	comma_expression:
642	assignment_expression
643	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
644	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
645	;
646
647	comma_expression_opt:
648	// empty
649	{ $$ = 0; }
650	\| comma_expression
651	;
652
653	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
654
655	statement:
656	labeled_statement
657	\| compound_statement
658	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
659	\| selection_statement
660	\| iteration_statement
661	\| jump_statement
662	\| exception_statement
663	\| asm_statement
664	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
665	{
666	Token fn;
667	fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
668	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
669	}
670	;
671
672	labeled_statement:
673	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
674	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
675	{
676	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
677	}
678	;
679
680	compound_statement:
681	'{' '}'
682	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
683	\| '{'
684	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
685	// requires its own scope
686	push push
687	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
688	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
689	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
690	;
691
692	block_item_list: // C99
693	block_item
694	\| block_item_list push block_item
695	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
696	;
697
698	block_item:
699	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
700	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
701	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
702	{ // mark all fields in list
703	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
704	iter->set_extension( true );
705	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
706	}
707	\| function_definition
708	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
709	\| statement pop
710	;
711
712	statement_list:
713	statement
714	\| statement_list statement
715	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
716	;
717
718	expression_statement:
719	comma_expression_opt ';'
720	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
721	;
722
723	selection_statement:
724	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
725	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
726	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
727	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
728	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
729	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
730	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
731	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
732	{
733	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
734	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
735	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
736	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
737	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
738	// statement.
739	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
740	}
741	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
742	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
743	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
744	{
745	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
746	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
747	}
748	;
749
750	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
751	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
752
753	case_value: // CFA
754	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
755	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
756	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
757	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
758	;
759
760	case_value_list: // CFA
761	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
762	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
763	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
764	;
765
766	case_label: // CFA
767	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
768	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
769	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
770	;
771
772	case_label_list: // CFA
773	case_label
774	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
775	;
776
777	case_clause: // CFA
778	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
779	;
780
781	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
782	// empty
783	{ $$ = 0; }
784	\| switch_clause_list
785	;
786
787	switch_clause_list: // CFA
788	case_label_list statement_list
789	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
790	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
791	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
792	;
793
794	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
795	// empty
796	{ $$ = 0; }
797	\| choose_clause_list
798	;
799
800	choose_clause_list: // CFA
801	case_label_list fall_through
802	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
803	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
804	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
805	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
806	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
807	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
808	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
809	;
810
811	fall_through_opt: // CFA
812	// empty
813	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
814	\| fall_through
815	;
816
817	fall_through: // CFA
818	FALLTHRU
819	{ $$ = 0; }
820	\| FALLTHRU ';'
821	{ $$ = 0; }
822	;
823
824	iteration_statement:
825	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
826	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
827	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
828	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2 ) ); }
829	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
830	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
831	;
832
833	for_control_expression:
834	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
835	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
836	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
837	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
838	;
839
840	jump_statement:
841	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
842	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
843	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
844	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
845	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
846	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
847	\| CONTINUE ';'
848	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
849	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
850	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
851	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
852	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
853	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
854	\| BREAK ';'
855	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
856	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
857	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
858	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
859	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
860	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
861	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
862	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
863	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
864	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
865	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
866	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
867	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
868	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
869	;
870
871	exception_statement:
872	TRY compound_statement handler_list
873	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
874	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
875	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
876	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
877	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
878	;
879
880	handler_list:
881	handler_clause
882	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
883	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
884	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
885	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
886	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
887	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
888	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
889	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
890	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
891	;
892
893	handler_clause:
894	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
895	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
896	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
897	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
898	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
899	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
900	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
901	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
902	;
903
904	finally_clause:
905	FINALLY compound_statement
906	{
907	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
908	}
909	;
910
911	exception_declaration:
912	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
913	//
914	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
915	//
916	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
917	type_specifier
918	\| type_specifier declarator
919	{
920	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
921	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
922	}
923	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
924	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
925	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
926	{
927	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
928	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
929	}
930	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
931	;
932
933	asm_statement:
934	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
935	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
936	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
938	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
939	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
940	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
941	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
942	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
943	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
944	;
945
946	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
947	// empty
948	{ $$ = false; }
949	\| VOLATILE
950	{ $$ = true; }
951	;
952
953	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
954	// empty
955	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
956	\| asm_operands_list
957	;
958
959	asm_operands_list: // GCC
960	asm_operand
961	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
962	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
963	;
964
965	asm_operand: // GCC
966	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
967	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
968	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
969	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
970	;
971
972	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
973	// empty
974	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
975	\| string_literal
976	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
977	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
978	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
979	;
980
981	label_list:
982	no_attr_identifier
983	{
984	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
985	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
986	}
987	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
988	{
989	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
990	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
991	}
992	;
993
994	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
995
996	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
997	pop
998	{ $$ = 0; }
999	\| declaration_list
1000	;
1001
1002	declaration_list:
1003	declaration
1004	\| declaration_list push declaration
1005	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1006	;
1007
1008	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1009	pop
1010	{ $$ = 0; }
1011	\| old_declaration_list
1012	;
1013
1014	old_declaration_list:
1015	old_declaration
1016	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1017	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1018	;
1019
1020	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1021	// empty
1022	\| local_label_declaration_list
1023	;
1024
1025	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1026	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1027	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1028	;
1029
1030	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1031	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1032	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1033	;
1034
1035	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1036	new_declaration
1037	\| old_declaration
1038	;
1039
1040	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1041	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1042	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1043	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1044	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1045	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1046	//
1047	// CFA C
1048	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1049	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1050
1051	new_declaration: // CFA
1052	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1053	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1054	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1055	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1056	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1057	;
1058
1059	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1060	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1061	{
1062	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1063	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1064	}
1065	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1066	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1067	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1068	{
1069	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1070	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1071	}
1072	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1073	{
1074	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1075	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1076	}
1077	;
1078
1079	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1080	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1081	// storage-class
1082	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1083	{
1084	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1085	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1086	}
1087	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1088	{
1089	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1090	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1091	}
1092	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1093	{
1094	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1095	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1096	}
1097	;
1098
1099	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1100	new_function_specifier
1101	{
1102	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1103	$$ = $1;
1104	}
1105	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1106	{
1107	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1108	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1109	}
1110	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1111	{
1112	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1113	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1114	}
1115	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1116	{
1117	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1118	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1119	}
1120	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1121	{
1122	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1123	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1124	}
1125	;
1126
1127	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1128	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1129	{
1130	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1131	}
1132	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1133	// {
1134	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1135	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1136	// }
1137	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1138	// {
1139	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1140	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1141	// }
1142	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1143	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1144	//
1145	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1146	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1147	//
1148	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1149	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1150	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1151	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1152	{
1153	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1154	}
1155	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1156	{
1157	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1158	}
1159	;
1160
1161	new_function_return: // CFA
1162	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1163	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1164	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1165	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1166	// ']'.
1167	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1168	;
1169
1170	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1171	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1172	{
1173	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1174	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1175	}
1176	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1177	{
1178	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1179	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1180	}
1181	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1182	{
1183	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1184	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1185	}
1186	;
1187
1188	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1189	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1190
1191	typedef_declaration:
1192	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1193	{
1194	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1195	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1196	}
1197	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1198	{
1199	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1200	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1201	}
1202	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1203	{
1204	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1205	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1206	}
1207	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1208	{
1209	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1210	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1211	}
1212	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1213	{
1214	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1215	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1216	}
1217	;
1218
1219	typedef_expression:
1220	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1221	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1222	{
1223	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1224	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1225	}
1226	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1227	{
1228	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1229	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1230	}
1231	;
1232
1233	old_declaration:
1234	declaring_list pop ';'
1235	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1236	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1237	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1238	;
1239
1240	declaring_list:
1241	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1242	// storage-class
1243	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1244	{
1245	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1246	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1247	}
1248	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1249	{
1250	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1251	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1252	}
1253	;
1254
1255	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1256	basic_declaration_specifier
1257	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1258	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1259	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1260	;
1261
1262	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1263	basic_type_specifier
1264	\| sue_type_specifier
1265	\| typedef_type_specifier
1266	\| typegen_type_specifier
1267	;
1268
1269	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1270	// empty
1271	{ $$ = 0; }
1272	\| type_qualifier_list
1273	;
1274
1275	type_qualifier_list:
1276	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1277	//
1278	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1279	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1280	// appeared only once.
1281	type_qualifier
1282	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1283	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1284	;
1285
1286	type_qualifier:
1287	type_qualifier_name
1288	\| attribute
1289	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1290	;
1291
1292	type_qualifier_name:
1293	CONST
1294	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1295	\| RESTRICT
1296	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1297	\| VOLATILE
1298	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1299	\| LVALUE // CFA
1300	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1301	\| ATOMIC
1302	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1303	\| FORALL '('
1304	{
1305	typedefTable.enterScope();
1306	}
1307	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1308	{
1309	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1310	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1311	}
1312	;
1313
1314	declaration_qualifier_list:
1315	storage_class_list
1316	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1317	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1318	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1319	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1320	;
1321
1322	storage_class_list:
1323	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1324	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1325	//
1326	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1327	// specifiers in a declaration.
1328	storage_class
1329	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1330	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1331	;
1332
1333	storage_class:
1334	EXTERN
1335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1336	\| STATIC
1337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1338	\| AUTO
1339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1340	\| REGISTER
1341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1342	\| INLINE // C99
1343	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1344	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isInline = true; }
1345	\| FORTRAN // C99
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1347	\| NORETURN // C11
1348	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1349	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isNoreturn = true; }
1350	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1351	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1352	;
1353
1354	basic_type_name:
1355	CHAR
1356	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1357	\| DOUBLE
1358	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1359	\| FLOAT
1360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1361	\| INT
1362	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1363	\| LONG
1364	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1365	\| SHORT
1366	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1367	\| SIGNED
1368	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1369	\| UNSIGNED
1370	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1371	\| VOID
1372	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1373	\| BOOL // C99
1374	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1375	\| COMPLEX // C99
1376	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1377	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1378	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1379	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1380	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1381	;
1382
1383	basic_declaration_specifier:
1384	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1385	basic_type_specifier
1386	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1387	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1388	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1389	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1390	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1391	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1392	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1393	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1394	;
1395
1396	basic_type_specifier:
1397	direct_type_name
1398	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1399	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1400	;
1401
1402	direct_type_name:
1403	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1404	basic_type_name
1405	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1406	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1407	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1408	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1409	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1410	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1411	;
1412
1413	indirect_type_name:
1414	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1415	{ $$ = $3; }
1416	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1417	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1418	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1419	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1420	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1421	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1422	;
1423
1424	sue_declaration_specifier:
1425	sue_type_specifier
1426	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1427	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1428	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1429	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1430	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1431	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1432	;
1433
1434	sue_type_specifier:
1435	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1436	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1437	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1438	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1439	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1440	;
1441
1442	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1443	typedef_type_specifier
1444	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1445	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1446	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1448	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1449	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1450	;
1451
1452	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1453	TYPEDEFname
1454	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1455	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1457	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1458	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1459	;
1460
1461	elaborated_type_name:
1462	aggregate_name
1463	\| enum_name
1464	;
1465
1466	aggregate_name:
1467	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1468	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3, true ); }
1469	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1470	{
1471	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1472	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, false );
1473	}
1474	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1475	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1476	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1477	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $5, true ); }
1478	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6, false ); }
1480	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1481	{ $$ = $2; }
1482	;
1483
1484	aggregate_key:
1485	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1486	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1487	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1488	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1489	;
1490
1491	field_declaration_list:
1492	// empty
1493	{ $$ = 0; }
1494	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1495	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1496	;
1497
1498	field_declaration:
1499	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1500	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1501	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1502	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1503	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1504	{ // mark all fields in list
1505	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1506	iter->set_extension( true );
1507	$$ = $2;
1508	}
1509	;
1510
1511	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1512	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1513	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1514	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1515	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1516	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1517	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1518	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1519	;
1520
1521	field_declaring_list:
1522	type_specifier field_declarator
1523	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1524	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1525	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1526	;
1527
1528	field_declarator:
1529	// empty
1530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1531	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1532	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1533	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1534	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1535	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1536	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1537	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1538	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1539	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1540	;
1541
1542	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1543	// empty
1544	{ $$ = 0; }
1545	\| bit_subrange_size
1546	{ $$ = $1; }
1547	;
1548
1549	bit_subrange_size:
1550	':' constant_expression
1551	{ $$ = $2; }
1552	;
1553
1554	enum_key:
1555	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1556	;
1557
1558	enum_name:
1559	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1560	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1561	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1562	{
1563	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1564	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1565	}
1566	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1567	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1568	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1569	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1570	;
1571
1572	enumerator_list:
1573	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1574	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1575	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1576	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1577	;
1578
1579	enumerator_value_opt:
1580	// empty
1581	{ $$ = 0; }
1582	\| '=' constant_expression
1583	{ $$ = $2; }
1584	;
1585
1586	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1587
1588	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1589	// empty
1590	{ $$ = 0; }
1591	\| new_parameter_type_list
1592	;
1593
1594	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1595	new_abstract_parameter_list
1596	\| new_parameter_list
1597	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1598	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1599	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1600	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1601	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1602	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1603	;
1604
1605	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1606	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1607	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1608	new_parameter_declaration
1609	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1610	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1611	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1612	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1613	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1614	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1615	;
1616
1617	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1618	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1619	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1620	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1621	;
1622
1623	parameter_type_list_opt:
1624	// empty
1625	{ $$ = 0; }
1626	\| parameter_type_list
1627	;
1628
1629	parameter_type_list:
1630	parameter_list
1631	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1632	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1633	;
1634
1635	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1636	abstract_parameter_declaration
1637	\| parameter_declaration
1638	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1639	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1640	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1641	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1642	;
1643
1644	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1645	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1646
1647	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1648	parameter_declaration
1649	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1650	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1651	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1652	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1653	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1654	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1655	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1656	\| new_function_specifier
1657	;
1658
1659	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1660	abstract_parameter_declaration
1661	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1662	\| new_abstract_tuple
1663	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1664	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1665	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1666	\| new_abstract_function
1667	;
1668
1669	parameter_declaration:
1670	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1671	{
1672	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1673	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1674	}
1675	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1676	{
1677	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1678	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1679	}
1680	;
1681
1682	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1683	declaration_specifier
1684	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1685	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1686	;
1687
1688	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1689	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1690	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1691
1692	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1693	no_attr_identifier
1694	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1695	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1696	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1697	;
1698
1699	identifier_or_type_name:
1700	identifier
1701	\| TYPEDEFname
1702	\| TYPEGENname
1703	;
1704
1705	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1706	no_01_identifier
1707	\| TYPEDEFname
1708	\| TYPEGENname
1709	;
1710
1711	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1712	no_attr_identifier
1713	\| TYPEDEFname
1714	\| TYPEGENname
1715	;
1716
1717	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1718	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1719	\| type_specifier
1720	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1721	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1722	;
1723
1724	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1725	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1726	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1727	\| type_specifier
1728	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1729	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1730	;
1731
1732	initializer_opt:
1733	// empty
1734	{ $$ = 0; }
1735	\| '=' initializer
1736	{ $$ = $2; }
1737	\| ATassign initializer
1738	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1739	;
1740
1741	initializer:
1742	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1743	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1744	;
1745
1746	initializer_list:
1747	// empty
1748	{ $$ = 0; }
1749	\| initializer
1750	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1751	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1752	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1753	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1754	;
1755
1756	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1757	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1758	//
1759	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1760	//
1761	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1762	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1763	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1764	// shift/reduce conflicts
1765
1766	designation:
1767	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1768	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1769	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1770	;
1771
1772	designator_list: // C99
1773	designator
1774	\| designator_list designator
1775	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1776	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1777	;
1778
1779	designator:
1780	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1782	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1783	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1784	{ $$ = $3; }
1785	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1786	{ $$ = $3; }
1787	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1788	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1789	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1790	{ $$ = $4; }
1791	;
1792
1793	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1794	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1795	//
1796	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1797	//
1798	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1799	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1800	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1801	//
1802	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1803	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1804	//
1805	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1806	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1807	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1808	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1809	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1810
1811	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1812	typegen_type_specifier
1813	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1814	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1815	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1816	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1817	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1818	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1819	;
1820
1821	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1822	typegen_name
1823	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1824	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1825	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1826	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1827	;
1828
1829	typegen_name: // CFA
1830	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1831	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1832	;
1833
1834	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1835	type_parameter assignment_opt
1836	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1837	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1838	;
1839
1840	type_parameter: // CFA
1841	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1842	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1843	assertion_list_opt
1844	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1845	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1846	;
1847
1848	type_class: // CFA
1849	OTYPE
1850	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1851	\| DTYPE
1852	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1853	\| FTYPE
1854	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1855	;
1856
1857	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1858	// empty
1859	{ $$ = 0; }
1860	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1861	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1862	;
1863
1864	assertion: // CFA
1865	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1866	{
1867	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1868	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1869	}
1870	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1871	{ $$ = $4; }
1872	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1873	{ $$ = 0; }
1874	;
1875
1876	type_name_list: // CFA
1877	type_name
1878	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1879	\| assignment_expression
1880	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1881	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1882	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1883	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1884	;
1885
1886	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1887	OTYPE type_declarator
1888	{ $$ = $2; }
1889	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1890	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1891	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1892	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1893	;
1894
1895	type_declarator: // CFA
1896	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1897	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1898	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1899	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1900	;
1901
1902	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1903	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1904	{
1905	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1906	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1907	}
1908	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1909	{
1910	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1911	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1912	}
1913	;
1914
1915	trait_specifier: // CFA
1916	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1917	{
1918	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1919	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1920	}
1921	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1922	{
1923	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1924	typedefTable.enterScope();
1925	}
1926	trait_declaration_list '}'
1927	{
1928	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1929	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1930	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1931	}
1932	;
1933
1934	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1935	trait_declaration
1936	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1937	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1938	;
1939
1940	trait_declaration: // CFA
1941	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1942	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1943	;
1944
1945	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1946	new_variable_specifier
1947	{
1948	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1949	$$ = $1;
1950	}
1951	\| new_function_specifier
1952	{
1953	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1954	$$ = $1;
1955	}
1956	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1957	{
1958	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1959	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1960	}
1961	;
1962
1963	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1964	type_specifier declarator
1965	{
1966	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1967	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1968	}
1969	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1970	{
1971	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1972	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1973	}
1974	;
1975
1976	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1977
1978	translation_unit:
1979	// empty
1980	{} // empty input file
1981	\| external_definition_list
1982	{ parseTree = parseTree != nullptr ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
1983	;
1984
1985	external_definition_list:
1986	external_definition
1987	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1988	{ $$ = $1 != nullptr ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1989	;
1990
1991	external_definition_list_opt:
1992	// empty
1993	{ $$ = 0; }
1994	\| external_definition_list
1995	;
1996
1997	external_definition:
1998	declaration
1999	\| external_function_definition
2000	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
2001	{}
2002	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2003	{
2004	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2005	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
2006	}
2007	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2008	{
2009	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2010	linkageStack.pop();
2011	$$ = $5;
2012	}
2013	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2014	{ // mark all fields in list
2015	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2016	iter->set_extension( true );
2017	$$ = $2;
2018	}
2019	;
2020
2021	external_function_definition:
2022	function_definition
2023	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2024	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2025	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2026	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2027	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2028	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2029	{
2030	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2031	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2032	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2033	}
2034	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2035	{
2036	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2037	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2038	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2039	}
2040	;
2041
2042	function_definition:
2043	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2044	{
2045	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2046	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2047	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2048	}
2049	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2050	{
2051	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2052	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2053	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2054	}
2055	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2056	{
2057	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2058	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2059	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2060	}
2061	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2062	{
2063	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2064	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2065	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2066	}
2067	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2068	{
2069	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2070	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2071	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2072	}
2073
2074	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2075	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2076	{
2077	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2078	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2079	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2080	}
2081	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2082	{
2083	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2084	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2085	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2086	}
2087
2088	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2089	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2090	{
2091	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2092	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2093	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2094	}
2095	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2096	{
2097	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2098	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2099	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2100	}
2101	;
2102
2103	declarator:
2104	variable_declarator
2105	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2106	\| function_declarator
2107	;
2108
2109	subrange:
2110	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2111	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2112	;
2113
2114	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2115	// empty
2116	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2117	;
2118
2119	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2120	// empty
2121	{ $$ = 0; }
2122	\| attribute_list
2123	;
2124
2125	attribute_list: // GCC
2126	attribute
2127	\| attribute_list attribute
2128	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2129	;
2130
2131	attribute: // GCC
2132	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2133	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2134	{ $$ = 0; }
2135	;
2136
2137	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2138	attrib
2139	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2140	;
2141
2142	attrib: // GCC
2143	// empty
2144	\| any_word
2145	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')' { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2146	;
2147
2148	any_word: // GCC
2149	identifier_or_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2150	\| storage_class { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2151	\| basic_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2152	\| type_qualifier { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2153	;
2154
2155	// ============================================================================
2156	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2157	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2158	// in:
2159	//
2160	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2161	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2162	//
2163	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2164	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2165	// ============================================================================
2166
2167	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2168	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2169	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2170	//
2171	// valid declaration invalid definition
2172	// ----------------- ------------------
2173	// int f; int f {}
2174	// int f; int f {}
2175	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2176	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2177	//
2178	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2179	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2180	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2181
2182	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2183	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2184
2185	variable_declarator:
2186	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2187	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2188	\| variable_ptr
2189	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2190	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2191	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2192	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2193	;
2194
2195	paren_identifier:
2196	identifier
2197	{
2198	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2199	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2200	}
2201	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2202	{ $$ = $2; }
2203	;
2204
2205	variable_ptr:
2206	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2207	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2208	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2209	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2210	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2211	{ $$ = $2; }
2212	;
2213
2214	variable_array:
2215	paren_identifier array_dimension
2216	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2217	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2218	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2219	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2220	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2221	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2222	{ $$ = $2; }
2223	;
2224
2225	variable_function:
2226	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2227	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2228	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2229	{ $$ = $2; }
2230	;
2231
2232	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2233	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2234	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2235
2236	function_declarator:
2237	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2238	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2239	\| function_ptr
2240	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2241	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2242	;
2243
2244	function_no_ptr:
2245	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2246	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2247	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2248	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2249	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2250	{ $$ = $2; }
2251	;
2252
2253	function_ptr:
2254	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2255	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2256	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2257	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2258	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2259	{ $$ = $2; }
2260	;
2261
2262	function_array:
2263	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2264	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2265	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2266	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2267	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2268	{ $$ = $2; }
2269	;
2270
2271	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2272	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2273	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2274
2275	old_function_declarator:
2276	old_function_no_ptr
2277	\| old_function_ptr
2278	\| old_function_array
2279	;
2280
2281	old_function_no_ptr:
2282	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2283	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2284	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2285	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2286	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2287	{ $$ = $2; }
2288	;
2289
2290	old_function_ptr:
2291	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2292	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2293	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2294	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2295	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2296	{ $$ = $2; }
2297	;
2298
2299	old_function_array:
2300	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2301	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2302	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2303	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2304	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2305	{ $$ = $2; }
2306	;
2307
2308	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2309	//
2310	// typedef int foo;
2311	// {
2312	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2313	// }
2314	//
2315	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2316	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2317
2318	variable_type_redeclarator:
2319	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2320	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2321	\| type_ptr
2322	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2323	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2324	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2325	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2326	;
2327
2328	paren_type:
2329	typedef
2330	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2331	{ $$ = $2; }
2332	;
2333
2334	type_ptr:
2335	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2336	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2337	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2338	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2339	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2340	{ $$ = $2; }
2341	;
2342
2343	type_array:
2344	paren_type array_dimension
2345	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2346	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2347	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2348	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2349	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2350	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2351	{ $$ = $2; }
2352	;
2353
2354	type_function:
2355	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2356	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2357	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2358	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2359	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2360	{ $$ = $2; }
2361	;
2362
2363	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2364	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2365	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2366	// arrays and functions.
2367
2368	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2369	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2370	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2371	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2372	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2373	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2374	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2375	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2376	;
2377
2378	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2379	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2380	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2381	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2382	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2383	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2384	{ $$ = $2; }
2385	;
2386
2387	identifier_parameter_array:
2388	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2389	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2390	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2391	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2392	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2393	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2394	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2395	{ $$ = $2; }
2396	;
2397
2398	identifier_parameter_function:
2399	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2400	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2401	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2402	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2403	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2404	{ $$ = $2; }
2405	;
2406
2407	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2408	// e.g.:
2409	//
2410	// typedef int foo;
2411	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2412	//
2413	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2414	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2415	//
2416	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2417	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2418	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2419	//
2420	// For example:
2421	//
2422	// typedef float T;
2423	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2424	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2425	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2426	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2427	//
2428	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2429	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2430	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2431	// functions.
2432
2433	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2434	typedef attribute_list_opt
2435	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2436	\| type_parameter_ptr
2437	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2438	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2439	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2440	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2441	;
2442
2443	typedef:
2444	TYPEDEFname
2445	{
2446	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2447	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2448	}
2449	\| TYPEGENname
2450	{
2451	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2452	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2453	}
2454	;
2455
2456	type_parameter_ptr:
2457	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2458	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2459	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2460	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2461	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2462	{ $$ = $2; }
2463	;
2464
2465	type_parameter_array:
2466	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2467	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2468	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2469	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2470	;
2471
2472	type_parameter_function:
2473	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2474	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2475	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2476	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2477	;
2478
2479	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2480	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2481	//
2482	// sizeof( int );
2483	// sizeof( int [10] );
2484	//
2485	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2486	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2487
2488	abstract_declarator:
2489	abstract_ptr
2490	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2491	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2492	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2493	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2494	;
2495
2496	abstract_ptr:
2497	ptrref_operator
2498	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2499	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2500	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2501	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2502	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2503	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2504	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2505	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2506	{ $$ = $2; }
2507	;
2508
2509	abstract_array:
2510	array_dimension
2511	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2512	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2513	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2514	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2515	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2516	{ $$ = $2; }
2517	;
2518
2519	abstract_function:
2520	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2521	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2522	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2523	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2524	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2525	{ $$ = $2; }
2526	;
2527
2528	array_dimension:
2529	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2530	'[' ']'
2531	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2532	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2533	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2534	\| multi_array_dimension
2535	;
2536
2537	multi_array_dimension:
2538	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2539	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2540	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2541	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2542	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2543	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2544	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2545	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2546	;
2547
2548	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2549	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2550	//
2551	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2552	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2553	//
2554	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2555	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2556
2557	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2558	abstract_parameter_ptr
2559	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2560	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2561	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2562	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2563	;
2564
2565	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2566	ptrref_operator
2567	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2568	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2569	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2570	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2571	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2572	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2573	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2574	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2575	{ $$ = $2; }
2576	;
2577
2578	abstract_parameter_array:
2579	array_parameter_dimension
2580	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2581	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2582	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2583	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2584	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2585	{ $$ = $2; }
2586	;
2587
2588	abstract_parameter_function:
2589	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2590	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2591	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2592	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2593	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2594	{ $$ = $2; }
2595	;
2596
2597	array_parameter_dimension:
2598	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2599	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2600	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2601	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2602	\| multi_array_dimension
2603	;
2604
2605	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2606	//
2607	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2608	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2609
2610	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2611	'[' ']'
2612	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2613	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2614	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2615	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2616	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2618	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2619	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2620	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2621	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2622	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2623	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2624	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2625	;
2626
2627	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2628	// e.g.:
2629	//
2630	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2631	//
2632	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2633	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2634
2635	variable_abstract_declarator:
2636	variable_abstract_ptr
2637	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2638	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2639	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2640	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2641	;
2642
2643	variable_abstract_ptr:
2644	ptrref_operator
2645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2646	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2647	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2648	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2649	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2650	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2651	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2652	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2653	{ $$ = $2; }
2654	;
2655
2656	variable_abstract_array:
2657	array_dimension
2658	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2659	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2660	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2661	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2662	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2663	{ $$ = $2; }
2664	;
2665
2666	variable_abstract_function:
2667	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2668	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2669	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2670	{ $$ = $2; }
2671	;
2672
2673	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2674	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2675
2676	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2677	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2678	\| new_abstract_tuple
2679	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2680	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2681	;
2682
2683	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2684	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2685	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2686	;
2687
2688	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2689	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2690	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2691	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2692	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2693	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2694	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2695	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2696	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2697	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2698	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2699	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2700	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2701	;
2702
2703	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2704	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2705	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2706	'[' ']' type_specifier
2707	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2708	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2709	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2710	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2711	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2712	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2713	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2714	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2715	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2716	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2717	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2718	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2719	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2720	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2721	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2722	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2723	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2724	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2725	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2726	;
2727
2728	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2729	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2730	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2731	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2732	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2733	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2734	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2735	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2736	// appear in this context.
2737	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2738	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2739	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2740	;
2741
2742	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2743	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2744	//
2745	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2746	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2747	//
2748	// These rules need LR(3):
2749	//
2750	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2751	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2752	//
2753	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2754	//
2755	// [int, int] t;
2756	// [int, int] f( int );
2757	//
2758	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2759	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2760	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2761	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2762
2763	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2764	new_abstract_tuple
2765	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2766	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2767	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2768	;
2769
2770	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2771	new_abstract_ptr
2772	\| new_abstract_array
2773	;
2774
2775	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2776	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2777	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2778	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2779	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2780	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2781	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2782	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2783	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2784	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2785	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2786	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2787	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2788	;
2789
2790	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2791	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2792	// empty (void) function return type.
2793	'[' ']' type_specifier
2794	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2795	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2796	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2797	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2798	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2799	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2800	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2801	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2802	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2803	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2804	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2805	;
2806
2807	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2808	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2809	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2810	;
2811
2812	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2813	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2814	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2815	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2816	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2817	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2818	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2819	;
2820
2821	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2822	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2823	//
2824	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2825	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2826	//
2827	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2828	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2829	//
2830	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2831	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2832
2833	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2834
2835	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2836	// empty
2837	\| ','
2838	;
2839
2840	assignment_opt:
2841	// empty
2842	{ $$ = 0; }
2843	\| '=' assignment_expression
2844	{ $$ = $2; }
2845	;
2846
2847	%%
2848	// ----end of grammar----
2849
2850	extern char *yytext;
2851
2852	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2853	std::cout << "Error ";
2854	if ( yyfilename ) {
2855	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2856	} // if
2857	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2858	}
2859
2860	// Local Variables: //
2861	// mode: c++ //
2862	// tab-width: 4 //
2863	// compile-command: "make install" //
2864	// End: //

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