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parser.yy @ bb7422a

ADTast-experimental

Last change on this file since bb7422a was bb7422a, checked in by Andrew Beach <ajbeach@…>, 15 months ago
Translated parser to the new ast. This incuded a small fix in the resolver so larger expressions can be used in with statements and some updated tests. errors/declaration just is a formatting update. attributes now actually preserves more attributes (unknown if all versions work).
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 173.1 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
12	// Last Modified On : Tue Apr 4 14:02:00 2023
13	// Update Count : 6329
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
51	#include "ParseNode.h"
52	#include "TypedefTable.h"
53	#include "TypeData.h"
54	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
55	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
56	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
57
58	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
59
60	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
61	#ifdef __clang__
62	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
63	#endif
64
65	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
66	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
67	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
68
69	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
70
71	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
72	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
73	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
74	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
75	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
76	//
77	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
78	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
79	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
80
81	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
82	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
83	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
84	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
85	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
86	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
87	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
88	} // if
89	} else {
90	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
91	to = "u8" + to;
92	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
93	} else {
94	to = from[0] + to;
95	} // if
96	} // if
97	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
98	} // if
99	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
100	return true;
101	} // appendStr
102
103	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
104	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
105	assert( declList );
106	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
107	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
108	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
109	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
110
111	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
112	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
113	} // for
114	declList->addType( cl );
115	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
116	return declList;
117	} // distAttr
118
119	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
120	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
121	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
122	iter->set_extension( true );
123	} // for
124	} // distExt
125
126	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
127	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
128	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
129	iter->set_inLine( true );
130	} // for
131	} // distInl
132
133	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
134	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
135	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
136	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
137	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
138	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
139	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
140	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
141	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
142	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
143	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
144	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
145	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
146	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
147	DeclarationNode newnode;
148	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
149	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
150	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
151	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
152	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
153	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
154	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
155	} // if
156	} else { // just SC qualifiers
157	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
158	} // if
159	} // for
160	delete qualifiers;
161	} // distQual
162
163	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
164	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
165	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
166	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
167	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
168	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
169	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
170
171	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
172	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
173	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
174	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
175	} // if
176	} // rebindForall
177
178	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
179	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
180	return name;
181	} // build_postfix_name
182
183	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
184	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
185	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
186	stringstream ss;
187	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
188	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
189	return nullptr;
190	} // if
191	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
192	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
193	} // if
194	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
195
196	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
197	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
198	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
199	return temp;
200	} // fieldDecl
201
202	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
203	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
204	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
205	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "Missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
206	#define MISSING_LOW "Missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
207	#define MISSING_HIGH "Missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
208
209	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
210	const CodeLocation & location,
211	DeclarationNode * init,
212	enum OperKinds compop,
213	ExpressionNode * comp,
214	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
215	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
216	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
217	compop,
218	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
219	comp ) );
220	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
221	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
222	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
223	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
224	inc ) );
225	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
226	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
227	}
228
229	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
230	if ( index->initializer ) {
231	SemanticError( yylloc, "Direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
232	} // if
233	if ( index->next ) {
234	SemanticError( yylloc, "Multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
235	} // if
236	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
237	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
238	} // forCtrl
239
240	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
241	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
242	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
243	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
244	} // if
245	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
246	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
247	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
248	);
249	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
250	} // forCtrl
251
252	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
253	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
254	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
255	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
256	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
257	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
258	} else {
259	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
260	} // if
261	} else {
262	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
263	} // if
264	} // forCtrl
265
266	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
267	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Adjacent identifiers \"", identifier1, "\" and \"", identifier2, "\" are not meaningful in a", kind, ".\n"
268	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter." ) );
269	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
270
271	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
272	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Identifier \"", identifier, "\" cannot appear before a ", kind, ".\n"
273	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter." ) );
274	} // IdentifierBeforeType
275
276	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
277
278	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
279	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
280	if ( N ) { \
281	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
282	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
283	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
284	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
285	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
286	} else { \
287	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
288	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
289	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
290	}
291	%}
292
293	%define parse.error verbose
294
295	// Types declaration for productions
296
297	%union {
298	Token tok;
299	ParseNode * pn;
300	ExpressionNode * en;
301	DeclarationNode * decl;
302	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
303	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
304	StatementNode * sn;
305	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
306	ast::Expr * constant;
307	CondCtl * ifctl;
308	ForCtrl * fctl;
309	OperKinds compop;
310	LabelNode * label;
311	InitializerNode * in;
312	OperKinds op;
313	std::string * str;
314	bool flag;
315	EnumHiding hide;
316	ast::ExceptionKind catch_kind;
317	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
318	}
319
320	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
321
322	// keywords
323	%token TYPEDEF
324	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
325	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
326	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
327	%token NORETURN // C11
328	%token CONST VOLATILE
329	%token RESTRICT // C99
330	%token ATOMIC // C11
331	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
332	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
333	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
334	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
335	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
336	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
337	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
338	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
339	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
340	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
341	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
342	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
343	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
344	// %token RESUME // CFA
345	%token LABEL // GCC
346	%token SUSPEND // CFA
347	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
348	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
349	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
350	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
351	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
352	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
353
354	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
355	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
356	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
357	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
358	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
359	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
360	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
361	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
362	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
363
364	// multi-character operators
365	%token ARROW // ->
366	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
367	%token LS RS // << >>
368	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
369	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
370	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
371
372	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
373	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
374	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
375	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
376
377	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
378	%token ATassign // @=
379
380	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
381	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
382	%type<constant> string_literal
383	%type<str> string_literal_list
384
385	%type<hide> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
386
387	// expressions
388	%type<en> constant
389	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
390	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
391	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
392	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
393	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
394	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
395	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
396	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
397	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
398	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
399	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
400	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
401	%type<compop> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
402	%type<en> subrange
403	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
404	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
405	%type<label> label_list
406	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
407	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
408	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
409	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
410
411	// statements
412	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
413	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
414	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
415	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
416	%type<en> case_value
417	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
418	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
419	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
420	%type<sn> with_statement
421	%type<en> with_clause_opt
422	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
423	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
424	%type<sn> mutex_statement
425	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
426	%type<sn> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
427	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
428
429	// declarations
430	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
431	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
432	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
433
434	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
435	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
436
437	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
438
439	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
440
441	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
442	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
443
444	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
445
446	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
447	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
448
449	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
450
451	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
452	%type<in> enumerator_value_opt
453
454	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
455
456	%type<decl> exception_declaration
457
458	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
459	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
460
461	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
462
463	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
464	%type<decl> identifier_list
465
466	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
467	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
468	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
469
470	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
471
472	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
473	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
474
475	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
476	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
477
478	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
479
480	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
481
482	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
483	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
484	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
485
486	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
487
488	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
489
490	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
491
492	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
493
494	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
495	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
496
497	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
498	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
499
500	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
501	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
502
503	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
504
505	%type<decl> type type_no_function
506	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
507
508	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list
509
510	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
511	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
512
513	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
514	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
515
516	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
517
518	// initializers
519	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
520
521	// designators
522	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
523
524
525	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
526	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
527	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
528	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
529	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
530
531	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
532	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
533	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
534	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
535	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
536	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
537	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
538	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
539	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
540	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
541	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
542	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
543	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
544	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
545
546
547	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
548	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
549	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
550	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
551	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
552	// must be:
553	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
554	// The same problem occurs here:
555	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
556	// must be:
557	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
558
559	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
560	%precedence TYPEGENname
561	%precedence '}'
562	%precedence '('
563
564	// %precedence RESUME
565	// %precedence '{'
566	// %precedence ')'
567
568	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
569
570	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
571
572	%%
573	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
574
575	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
576	// which are lexically identical.
577	//
578	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
579	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
580	//
581	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
582	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
583	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
584	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
585	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
586	//
587	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
588	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
589	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
590	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
591	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
592	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
593	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
594	//
595	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
596	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
597	// around the list separator.
598	//
599	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
600	// push pop push pop
601
602	push:
603	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
604	;
605
606	pop:
607	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
608	;
609
610	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
611
612	constant:
613	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
614	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
615	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
616	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
617	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
618	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
619	;
620
621	quasi_keyword: // CFA
622	TIMEOUT
623	\| WAND
624	\| WOR
625	\| CATCH
626	\| RECOVER
627	\| CATCHRESUME
628	\| FIXUP
629	\| FINALLY
630	;
631
632	identifier:
633	IDENTIFIER
634	\| quasi_keyword
635	;
636
637	identifier_at:
638	identifier
639	\| '@' // CFA
640	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
641	;
642
643	string_literal:
644	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ); }
645	;
646
647	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
648	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
649	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
650	{
651	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
652	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
653	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
654	}
655	;
656
657	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
658
659	primary_expression:
660	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
661	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
662	\| quasi_keyword
663	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
664	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
665	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
666	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
668	\| tuple
669	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
670	{ $$ = $2; }
671	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
673	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
674	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
675	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
676	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
677	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
678	{
679	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
680	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
681	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
682	}
683	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
684	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
685	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
686	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
687	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // syntax error
688	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "n expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
689	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // syntax error
690	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
691	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // syntax error
692	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
693	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // syntax error
694	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
695	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // syntax error
696	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
697	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // syntax error
698	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
699	;
700
701	generic_assoc_list: // C11
702	generic_association
703	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
704	{
705	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
706	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
707	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
708	delete $3;
709	$$ = $1;
710	}
711	;
712
713	generic_association: // C11
714	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
715	{
716	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
717	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
718	}
719	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
720	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
721	;
722
723	postfix_expression:
724	primary_expression
725	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
726	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
727	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
728	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
729	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
730	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
731	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
732	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
733	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
734	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
735	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
736	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
737	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
738	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
739	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, new ExpressionNode( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
740	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
741	{
742	Token fn;
743	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
744	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
745	}
746	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
747	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
748	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
749	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
750	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg") ) ),
751	(ExpressionNode )($3->set_last( (ExpressionNode )($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) )) ) ); }
752	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
753	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
754	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
755	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
756	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
757	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
758	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
759	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
760	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
761	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
762	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
763	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
764	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
765	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
766	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
767	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
768	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
769	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
770	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
771	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
772	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
773	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
774	\| postfix_expression ICR
775	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
776	\| postfix_expression DECR
777	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
778	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
779	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
780	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
782	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
783	{
784	Token fn;
785	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
786	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
787	}
788	;
789
790	argument_expression_list_opt:
791	// empty
792	{ $$ = nullptr; }
793	\| argument_expression_list
794	;
795
796	argument_expression_list:
797	argument_expression
798	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
799	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
800	;
801
802	argument_expression:
803	'@' // CFA, default parameter
804	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
805	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
806	\| assignment_expression
807	;
808
809	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
810	field
811	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
812	;
813
814	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
815	field_name
816	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
817	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
818	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
819	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
820	\| field_name '.' field
821	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
822	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
824	\| field_name ARROW field
825	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
826	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
828	;
829
830	field_name:
831	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
832	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
833	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
834	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
835	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
836	{
837	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
838	}
839	;
840
841	fraction_constants_opt:
842	// empty
843	{ $$ = nullptr; }
844	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
845	{
846	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
847	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
848	}
849	;
850
851	unary_expression:
852	postfix_expression
853	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
854	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
855	\| constant
856	\| string_literal
857	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
858	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
859	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
860	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
861	// { * X; } // dereference X
862	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
863	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
864	{
865	switch ( $1 ) {
866	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
867	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
868	break;
869	case OperKinds::PointTo:
870	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
871	break;
872	case OperKinds::And:
873	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
874	break;
875	default:
876	assert( false );
877	}
878	}
879	\| unary_operator cast_expression
880	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
881	\| ICR unary_expression
882	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
883	\| DECR unary_expression
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
885	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
886	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
887	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
888	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
889	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
890	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
891	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
892	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
893	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
894	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
895	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
896	{
897	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
898	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
899	}
900	;
901
902	ptrref_operator:
903	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
904	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
905	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
906	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
907	;
908
909	unary_operator:
910	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
911	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
912	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
913	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
914	;
915
916	cast_expression:
917	unary_expression
918	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
919	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
920	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
921	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
922	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
923	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
924	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
926	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
927	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
928	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
929	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
930	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
931	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
932	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
933	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
934	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
935	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
936	;
937
938	qualifier_cast_list:
939	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
940	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
941	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
942	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
943	;
944
945	cast_modifier:
946	'-'
947	\| '+'
948	;
949
950	exponential_expression:
951	cast_expression
952	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
953	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
954	;
955
956	multiplicative_expression:
957	exponential_expression
958	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
959	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
960	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
961	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
962	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
963	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
964	;
965
966	additive_expression:
967	multiplicative_expression
968	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
969	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
970	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
971	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
972	;
973
974	shift_expression:
975	additive_expression
976	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
977	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
978	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
979	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
980	;
981
982	relational_expression:
983	shift_expression
984	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
985	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
986	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
987	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
988	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
989	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
990	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
991	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
992	;
993
994	equality_expression:
995	relational_expression
996	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
997	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
998	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
999	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1000	;
1001
1002	AND_expression:
1003	equality_expression
1004	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1005	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1006	;
1007
1008	exclusive_OR_expression:
1009	AND_expression
1010	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1011	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1012	;
1013
1014	inclusive_OR_expression:
1015	exclusive_OR_expression
1016	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1017	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1018	;
1019
1020	logical_AND_expression:
1021	inclusive_OR_expression
1022	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1023	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1024	;
1025
1026	logical_OR_expression:
1027	logical_AND_expression
1028	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1029	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1030	;
1031
1032	conditional_expression:
1033	logical_OR_expression
1034	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1035	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1036	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
1037	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1038	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
1039	;
1040
1041	constant_expression:
1042	conditional_expression
1043	;
1044
1045	assignment_expression:
1046	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1047	conditional_expression
1048	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1049	{
1050	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1051	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1052	// } else {
1053	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1054	// } // if
1055	}
1056	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1057	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1058	;
1059
1060	assignment_expression_opt:
1061	// empty
1062	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1063	\| assignment_expression
1064	;
1065
1066	assignment_operator:
1067	simple_assignment_operator
1068	\| compound_assignment_operator
1069	;
1070
1071	simple_assignment_operator:
1072	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1073	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1074	;
1075
1076	compound_assignment_operator:
1077	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1078	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1079	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1080	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1081	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1082	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1083	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1084	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1085	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1086	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1087	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1088	;
1089
1090	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1091	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1092	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1093	// '[' ']'
1094	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1095	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1096	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1097	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1098	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1099	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1100	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1101	;
1102
1103	tuple_expression_list:
1104	assignment_expression
1105	\| '@' // CFA
1106	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1107	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1108	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1109	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1110	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1111	;
1112
1113	comma_expression:
1114	assignment_expression
1115	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1116	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1117	;
1118
1119	comma_expression_opt:
1120	// empty
1121	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1122	\| comma_expression
1123	;
1124
1125	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1126
1127	statement:
1128	labeled_statement
1129	\| compound_statement
1130	\| expression_statement
1131	\| selection_statement
1132	\| iteration_statement
1133	\| jump_statement
1134	\| with_statement
1135	\| mutex_statement
1136	\| waitfor_statement
1137	\| waituntil_statement
1138	\| exception_statement
1139	\| enable_disable_statement
1140	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1141	\| asm_statement
1142	\| DIRECTIVE
1143	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1144	;
1145
1146	labeled_statement:
1147	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1148	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1149	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1150	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // syntax error
1151	{
1152	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1153	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1154	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1155	$$ = nullptr;
1156	}
1157	;
1158
1159	compound_statement:
1160	'{' '}'
1161	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1162	\| '{' push
1163	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1164	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1165	pop '}'
1166	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1167	;
1168
1169	statement_decl_list: // C99
1170	statement_decl
1171	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1172	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1173	;
1174
1175	statement_decl:
1176	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1177	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1178	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1179	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1180	\| function_definition
1181	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1182	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1183	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1184	\| statement
1185	;
1186
1187	statement_list_nodecl:
1188	statement
1189	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1190	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1191	\| statement_list_nodecl error // syntax error
1192	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1193	;
1194
1195	expression_statement:
1196	comma_expression_opt ';'
1197	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1198	;
1199
1200	selection_statement:
1201	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1202	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1203	push if_statement pop
1204	{ $$ = $2; }
1205	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1206	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1207	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1208	{
1209	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1210	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1211	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1212	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1213	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1214	// statement.
1215	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1216	}
1217	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1218	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1219	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1220	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1221	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1222	{
1223	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1224	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1225	}
1226	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1227	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1228	;
1229
1230	if_statement:
1231	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1232	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1233	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1234	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1235	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1236	;
1237
1238	conditional_declaration:
1239	comma_expression
1240	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1241	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1242	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1243	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1244	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1245	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1246	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1247	;
1248
1249	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1250	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1251
1252	case_value: // CFA
1253	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1254	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1255	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1256	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1257	;
1258
1259	case_value_list: // CFA
1260	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1261	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1262	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1263	;
1264
1265	case_label: // CFA
1266	CASE error // syntax error
1267	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing case list after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1268	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1269	\| CASE case_value_list error // syntax error
1270	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1271	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1272	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1273	\| DEFAULT error // syntax error
1274	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1275	;
1276
1277	case_label_list: // CFA
1278	case_label
1279	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1280	;
1281
1282	case_clause: // CFA
1283	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1284	;
1285
1286	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1287	// empty
1288	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1289	\| switch_clause_list
1290	;
1291
1292	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1293	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1294	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1295	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1296	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1297	;
1298
1299	iteration_statement:
1300	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1301	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1302	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1303	{
1304	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1305	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1306	}
1307	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1308	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1309	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1310	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1311	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1312	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1313	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1314	{
1315	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1316	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1317	}
1318	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1319	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1320	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1321	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1322	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1323	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1324	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1325	{
1326	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1327	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1328	}
1329	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1330	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1331	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1332	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1333	;
1334
1335	for_control_expression_list:
1336	for_control_expression
1337	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1338	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1339	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1340	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1341	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1342	{
1343	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1344	if ( $1->condition ) {
1345	if ( $3->condition ) {
1346	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1347	} // if
1348	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1349	if ( $1->change ) {
1350	if ( $3->change ) {
1351	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1352	} // if
1353	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1354	$$ = $1;
1355	}
1356	;
1357
1358	for_control_expression:
1359	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1360	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1361	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1362	{
1363	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1364	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1365	}
1366	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1367	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1368
1369	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1370	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1371	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1372	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1373
1374	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1375	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1376	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1377	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1378
1379	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1380	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1381	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1382	{
1383	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1384	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1385	}
1386	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1387	{
1388	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1389	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1390	}
1391	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1392	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1393	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1394	{
1395	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1396	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1397	}
1398	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1399	{
1400	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1401	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1402	}
1403	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1404	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1405	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, error
1406	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1407	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1408	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1409	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1410	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1411	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1412	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1413
1414	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1415	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1416	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1417	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1418
1419	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1420	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1421	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1422	{
1423	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1424	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1425	}
1426	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1427	{
1428	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1429	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1430	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1431	}
1432	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, error
1433	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1434
1435	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1436	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1437	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, error
1438	{
1439	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1440	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1441	}
1442	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1443	{
1444	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1445	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1446	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1447	}
1448	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1449	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1450	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1451	{
1452	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1453	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1454	}
1455	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1456	{
1457	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1458	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1459	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1460	}
1461	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1462	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1463
1464	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1465	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1466	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1467	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1468
1469	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1470	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1471	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1472	{
1473	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1474	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1475	}
1476	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1477	{
1478	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1479	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1480	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1481	}
1482
1483	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1484	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1485	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1486	{
1487	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1488	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1489	}
1490	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1491	{
1492	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1493	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1494	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1495	}
1496	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1497	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1498	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1499	{
1500	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1501	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1502	}
1503	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1504	{
1505	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1506	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1507	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1508	}
1509	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1510	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1511
1512	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1513	{
1514	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1515	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1516	}
1517	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1518	{
1519	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "All enumation ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1520	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1521	}
1522	;
1523
1524	downupdowneq:
1525	ErangeDown
1526	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1527	\| ErangeUpEq
1528	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1529	\| ErangeDownEq
1530	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1531	;
1532
1533	updown:
1534	'~'
1535	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1536	\| ErangeDown
1537	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1538	;
1539
1540	updowneq:
1541	updown
1542	\| ErangeUpEq
1543	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1544	\| ErangeDownEq
1545	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1546	;
1547
1548	jump_statement:
1549	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1550	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1551	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1552	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1553	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1554	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1555	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1556	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1557	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1558	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1559	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1560	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1561	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1562	\| CONTINUE ';'
1563	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1564	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1565	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1566	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1567	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1568	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1569	\| BREAK ';'
1570	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1571	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1572	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1573	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1574	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1575	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1576	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1577	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1578	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1579	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1580	\| SUSPEND ';'
1581	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1582	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1583	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1584	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1585	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1586	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1587	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1588	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1589	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1590	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1591	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1592	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1593	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1594	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1595	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1596	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1597	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1598	;
1599
1600	fall_through_name: // CFA
1601	FALLTHRU
1602	\| FALLTHROUGH
1603	;
1604
1605	with_statement:
1606	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1607	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1608	;
1609
1610	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1611	mutex_statement:
1612	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1613	{
1614	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1615	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1616	}
1617	;
1618
1619	when_clause:
1620	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1621	;
1622
1623	when_clause_opt:
1624	// empty
1625	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1626	\| when_clause
1627	;
1628
1629	cast_expression_list:
1630	cast_expression
1631	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1632	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1633	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1634	;
1635
1636	timeout:
1637	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1638	;
1639
1640	wor:
1641	OROR
1642	\| WOR
1643
1644	waitfor:
1645	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1646	{ $$ = $3; }
1647	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1648	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1649	;
1650
1651	wor_waitfor_clause:
1652	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1653	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1654	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1655	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1656	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1657	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1658	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1659	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1660	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1661	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1662	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // syntax error
1663	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1664	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1665	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1666	;
1667
1668	waitfor_statement:
1669	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1670	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1671	;
1672
1673	wand:
1674	ANDAND
1675	\| WAND
1676	;
1677
1678	waituntil:
1679	WAITUNTIL '(' cast_expression ')'
1680	{ $$ = $3; }
1681	;
1682
1683	waituntil_clause:
1684	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1685	{ printf( "waituntil_clause 1\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1686	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1687	{ printf( "waituntil_clause 2\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1688	;
1689
1690	wand_waituntil_clause:
1691	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1692	{ printf( "wand_waituntil_clause 1\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1693	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1694	{ printf( "wand_waituntil_clause 2\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1695	;
1696
1697	wor_waituntil_clause:
1698	wand_waituntil_clause
1699	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 1\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1700	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1701	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 2\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1702	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1703	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 3\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1704	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1705	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 4\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1706	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1707	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // syntax error
1708	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1709	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1710	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 6\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1711	;
1712
1713	waituntil_statement:
1714	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1715	// SKULLDUGGERY: create an empty compound statement to test parsing of waituntil statement.
1716	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, nullptr ) ); }
1717	;
1718
1719	exception_statement:
1720	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1721	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1722	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1723	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1724	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1725	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1726	;
1727
1728	handler_clause:
1729	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1730	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1731	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1732	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1733	;
1734
1735	handler_predicate_opt:
1736	// empty
1737	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1738	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1739	;
1740
1741	handler_key:
1742	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1743	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1744	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1745	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1746	;
1747
1748	finally_clause:
1749	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1750	;
1751
1752	exception_declaration:
1753	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1754	type_specifier_nobody
1755	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1756	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1757	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1758	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1759	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1760	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1761	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1762	;
1763
1764	enable_disable_statement:
1765	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1766	;
1767
1768	enable_disable_key:
1769	ENABLE
1770	\| DISABLE
1771	;
1772
1773	asm_statement:
1774	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1775	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1776	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1777	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1778	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1779	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1780	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1781	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1782	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1783	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1784	;
1785
1786	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1787	// empty
1788	{ $$ = false; }
1789	\| VOLATILE
1790	{ $$ = true; }
1791	;
1792
1793	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1794	// empty
1795	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1796	\| asm_operands_list
1797	;
1798
1799	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1800	asm_operand
1801	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1802	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1803	;
1804
1805	asm_operand: // GCC
1806	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1807	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1808	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1809	{
1810	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, $4, maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1811	delete $2.str;
1812	}
1813	;
1814
1815	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1816	// empty
1817	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1818	\| string_literal
1819	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1820	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1821	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1822	;
1823
1824	label_list:
1825	identifier
1826	{
1827	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1828	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1829	}
1830	\| label_list ',' identifier
1831	{
1832	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1833	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1834	}
1835	;
1836
1837	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1838
1839	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1840	// empty
1841	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1842	\| declaration_list
1843	;
1844
1845	declaration_list:
1846	declaration
1847	\| declaration_list declaration
1848	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1849	;
1850
1851	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1852	// empty
1853	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1854	\| KR_parameter_list
1855	;
1856
1857	KR_parameter_list:
1858	push c_declaration pop ';'
1859	{ $$ = $2; }
1860	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1861	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1862	;
1863
1864	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1865	// empty
1866	\| local_label_declaration_list
1867	;
1868
1869	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1870	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1871	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1872	;
1873
1874	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1875	identifier_or_type_name
1876	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1877	;
1878
1879	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1880	c_declaration ';'
1881	{
1882	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1883	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1884	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1885	// } // for
1886	}
1887	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1888	\| static_assert // C11
1889	;
1890
1891	static_assert:
1892	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1894	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1896
1897	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1898	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1899	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1900	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1901	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1902	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1903	//
1904	// CFA C
1905	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1906	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1907
1908	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1909	cfa_variable_declaration
1910	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1911	\| cfa_function_declaration
1912	\| type_declaring_list
1913	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1914	\| trait_specifier
1915	;
1916
1917	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1918	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1919	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1920	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1921	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1922	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1923	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1924	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1925	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1926	;
1927
1928	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1929	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1930	// storage-class
1931	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1932	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1933	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1934	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1935	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1936	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1937	;
1938
1939	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1940	cfa_function_specifier
1941	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1942	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1943	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1944	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1945	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1946	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1947	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1948	{
1949	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1950	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1951	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1952	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1953	}
1954	;
1955
1956	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1957	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1958	// {
1959	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, nullptr, true );
1960	// }
1961	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1962	// {
1963	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1964	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1965	// }
1966	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1967	// {
1968	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1969	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1970	// }
1971	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1972	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1973	//
1974	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1975	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1976	//
1977	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1978	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1979	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1980	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1981	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1982	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1983	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1984	;
1985
1986	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1987	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1988	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1989	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1990	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1992	;
1993
1994	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1995	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1996	{
1997	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1998	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1999	}
2000	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2001	{
2002	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
2003	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2004	}
2005	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
2006	{
2007	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
2008	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2009	}
2010	;
2011
2012	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2013	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2014
2015	typedef_declaration:
2016	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2017	{
2018	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
2019	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2020	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2021	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2022	}
2023	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
2024	{
2025	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
2026	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
2027	}
2028	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2029	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2030	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2031	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2032	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2033	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2034	;
2035
2036	typedef_expression:
2037	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2038	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2039	{
2040	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2041	}
2042	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
2043	{
2044	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2045	}
2046	;
2047
2048	c_declaration:
2049	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2050	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2051	\| typedef_declaration
2052	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2053	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2054	{
2055	assert( $1->type );
2056	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2057	SemanticError( yylloc, "Useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2058	}
2059	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2060	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2061	SemanticError( yylloc, "Useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2062	}
2063	}
2064	;
2065
2066	declaring_list:
2067	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2068	// storage-class
2069	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2070	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2071	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2072	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2073
2074	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2075	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2076	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2077	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2078
2079	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2080	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2081	;
2082
2083	general_function_declarator:
2084	function_type_redeclarator
2085	\| function_declarator
2086	;
2087
2088	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2089	basic_declaration_specifier
2090	\| type_declaration_specifier
2091	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2092	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types
2093	{
2094	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Missing ';' after end of ",
2095	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ),
2096	" declaration" ) );
2097	$$ = nullptr;
2098	}
2099	;
2100
2101	invalid_types:
2102	aggregate_key
2103	\| basic_type_name
2104	\| indirect_type
2105	;
2106
2107	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2108	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2109	//
2110	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2111	//
2112	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2113	basic_declaration_specifier
2114	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2115	\| type_declaration_specifier
2116	;
2117
2118	type_specifier: // type specifier
2119	basic_type_specifier
2120	\| sue_type_specifier
2121	\| type_type_specifier
2122	;
2123
2124	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2125	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2126	//
2127	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2128	//
2129	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2130	basic_type_specifier
2131	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2132	\| type_type_specifier
2133	;
2134
2135	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2136	// empty
2137	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2138	\| type_qualifier_list
2139	;
2140
2141	type_qualifier_list:
2142	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2143	//
2144	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2145	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2146	// appeared only once.
2147	type_qualifier
2148	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2149	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2150	;
2151
2152	type_qualifier:
2153	type_qualifier_name
2154	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
2155	;
2156
2157	type_qualifier_name:
2158	CONST
2159	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
2160	\| RESTRICT
2161	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
2162	\| VOLATILE
2163	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
2164	\| ATOMIC
2165	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
2166	\| forall
2167	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $1 ); }
2168	;
2169
2170	forall:
2171	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2172	{ $$ = $3; }
2173	;
2174
2175	declaration_qualifier_list:
2176	storage_class_list
2177	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2178	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2179	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2180	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2181	;
2182
2183	storage_class_list:
2184	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2185	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2186	//
2187	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2188	// specifiers in a declaration.
2189	storage_class
2190	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2191	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2192	;
2193
2194	storage_class:
2195	EXTERN
2196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
2197	\| STATIC
2198	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
2199	\| AUTO
2200	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
2201	\| REGISTER
2202	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
2203	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2204	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalGcc ); }
2205	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2206	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalC11 ); }
2207	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2208	\| INLINE // C99
2209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
2210	\| FORTRAN // C99
2211	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
2212	\| NORETURN // C11
2213	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
2214	;
2215
2216	basic_type_name:
2217	VOID
2218	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2219	\| BOOL // C99
2220	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2221	\| CHAR
2222	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2223	\| INT
2224	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2225	\| INT128
2226	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2227	\| UINT128
2228	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2229	\| FLOAT
2230	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2231	\| DOUBLE
2232	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2233	\| uuFLOAT80
2234	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2235	\| uuFLOAT128
2236	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2237	\| uFLOAT16
2238	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2239	\| uFLOAT32
2240	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2241	\| uFLOAT32X
2242	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2243	\| uFLOAT64
2244	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2245	\| uFLOAT64X
2246	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2247	\| uFLOAT128
2248	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2249	\| DECIMAL32
2250	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2251	\| DECIMAL64
2252	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2253	\| DECIMAL128
2254	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2255	\| COMPLEX // C99
2256	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2257	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2258	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2259	\| SIGNED
2260	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2261	\| UNSIGNED
2262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2263	\| SHORT
2264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2265	\| LONG
2266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2267	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2269	\| AUTO_TYPE
2270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2271	\| vtable
2272	;
2273
2274	vtable_opt:
2275	// empty
2276	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2277	\| vtable
2278	;
2279
2280	vtable:
2281	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2282	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2283	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2284	;
2285
2286	default_opt:
2287	// empty
2288	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2289	\| DEFAULT
2290	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2291	;
2292
2293	basic_declaration_specifier:
2294	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2295	basic_type_specifier
2296	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2297	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2298	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2299	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2300	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2301	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2302	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2303	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2304	;
2305
2306	basic_type_specifier:
2307	direct_type
2308	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2309	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2310	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2311	;
2312
2313	direct_type:
2314	basic_type_name
2315	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2316	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2317	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2318	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2319	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2320	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2321	;
2322
2323	indirect_type:
2324	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2325	{ $$ = $3; }
2326	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2328	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2329	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2330	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2331	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2332	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2334	\| ONE_T // CFA
2335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2336	;
2337
2338	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2339	sue_type_specifier
2340	{
2341	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2342	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2343	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2344	// } // for
2345	}
2346	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2347	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2348	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2349	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2350	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2351	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2352	;
2353
2354	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2355	elaborated_type
2356	{
2357	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2358	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2359	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2360	// } // for
2361	}
2362	\| type_qualifier_list
2363	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2364	elaborated_type
2365	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2366	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2367	{
2368	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2369	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2370	}
2371	;
2372
2373	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2374	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2375	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2376	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2377	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2378	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2379	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2380	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2381	;
2382
2383	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2384	elaborated_type_nobody
2385	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2386	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2387	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2388	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2389	;
2390
2391	type_declaration_specifier:
2392	type_type_specifier
2393	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2394	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2395	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2396	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2397	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2398	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2399	;
2400
2401	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2402	type_name
2403	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2404	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2405	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2406	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2407	;
2408
2409	type_name:
2410	TYPEDEFname
2411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2412	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2414	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2415	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2416	\| typegen_name
2417	\| '.' typegen_name
2418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2419	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2421	;
2422
2423	typegen_name: // CFA
2424	TYPEGENname
2425	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2426	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2427	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2428	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2429	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2430	;
2431
2432	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2433	aggregate_type
2434	{
2435	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2436	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2437	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2438	// } // for
2439	}
2440	\| enum_type
2441	;
2442
2443	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2444	aggregate_type_nobody
2445	\| enum_type_nobody
2446	;
2447
2448	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2449	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2450	{ forall = false; } // reset
2451	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2452	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2453	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2454	{
2455	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2456	forall = false; // reset
2457	}
2458	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2459	{
2460	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2461	}
2462	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2463	{
2464	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2465	forall = false; // reset
2466	}
2467	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2468	{
2469	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2470	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2471	}
2472	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2473	{
2474	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2475	forall = false; // reset
2476	}
2477	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2478	{
2479	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2480	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2481	}
2482	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2483	;
2484
2485	type_parameters_opt:
2486	// empty
2487	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2488	\| '(' type_list ')'
2489	{ $$ = $2; }
2490	;
2491
2492	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2493	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2494	{
2495	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2496	forall = false; // reset
2497	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2498	}
2499	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2500	{
2501	forall = false; // reset
2502	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2503	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2504	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2505	if ( $3->type->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->type->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2506	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 );
2507	} else {
2508	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2509	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2510	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2511	delete $3;
2512	}
2513	}
2514	;
2515
2516	aggregate_key:
2517	aggregate_data
2518	\| aggregate_control
2519	;
2520
2521	aggregate_data:
2522	STRUCT vtable_opt
2523	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2524	\| UNION
2525	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2526	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2527	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2528	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2529	;
2530
2531	aggregate_control: // CFA
2532	MONITOR
2533	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2534	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2535	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2536	\| GENERATOR
2537	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2538	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2539	{
2540	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2541	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2542	}
2543	\| COROUTINE
2544	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2545	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2546	{
2547	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2548	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2549	}
2550	\| THREAD
2551	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2552	\| MUTEX THREAD
2553	{
2554	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2555	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2556	}
2557	;
2558
2559	field_declaration_list_opt:
2560	// empty
2561	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2562	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2563	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2564	;
2565
2566	field_declaration:
2567	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2568	{
2569	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2570	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2571	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2572	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2573	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2574	// } // for
2575	}
2576	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2577	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2578	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2579	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2580	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2581	{
2582	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2583	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2584	} // if
2585	$3->inLine = true;
2586	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2587	distInl( $3 );
2588	}
2589	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2590	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2591	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2592	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2593	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2594	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2595	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2596	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2597	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2598	\| static_assert // C11
2599	;
2600
2601	field_declaring_list_opt:
2602	// empty
2603	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2604	\| field_declarator
2605	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2606	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2607	;
2608
2609	field_declarator:
2610	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2611	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2612	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2613	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2614	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2615	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2616	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2617	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2618	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2619	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2620	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2621	;
2622
2623	field_abstract_list_opt:
2624	// empty
2625	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2626	\| field_abstract
2627	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2628	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2629	;
2630
2631	field_abstract:
2632	// no bit fields
2633	variable_abstract_declarator
2634	;
2635
2636	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2637	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2638	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2639	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2640	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2641	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2642	;
2643
2644	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2645	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2646	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2647	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2648	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2649	;
2650
2651	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2652	// empty
2653	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2654	\| bit_subrange_size
2655	;
2656
2657	bit_subrange_size:
2658	':' assignment_expression
2659	{ $$ = $2; }
2660	;
2661
2662	enum_type:
2663	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2664	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2665	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2666	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2667	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2668	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2669	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2670	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2671	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2672	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2673	{
2674	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() )
2675	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2676
2677	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2678	}
2679	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2680	{
2681	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2682	}
2683	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2684	{
2685	if ( $3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2686	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2687	}
2688	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2689	{
2690	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2691	}
2692	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2693	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2694	{
2695	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2696	}
2697	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt
2698	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2699	{
2700	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2701	}
2702	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt
2703	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2704	{
2705	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2706	}
2707	\| enum_type_nobody
2708	;
2709
2710	hide_opt:
2711	// empty
2712	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2713	\| '!'
2714	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2715	;
2716
2717	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2718	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2719	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2720	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2721	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2722	;
2723
2724	enumerator_list:
2725	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2726	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2727	\| INLINE type_name
2728	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->type->symbolic.name ); }
2729	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2730	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2731	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2732	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2733	;
2734
2735	visible_hide_opt:
2736	hide_opt
2737	\| '^'
2738	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2739	;
2740
2741	enumerator_value_opt:
2742	// empty
2743	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2744	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2745	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2746	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2747	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2748	;
2749
2750	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2751	// empty
2752	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2753	\| ELLIPSIS
2754	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2755	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2756	\| cfa_parameter_list
2757	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2758	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2759	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2760	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2761	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2762	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2763	;
2764
2765	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2766	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2767	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2768	cfa_parameter_declaration
2769	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2770	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2771	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2772	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2773	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2774	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2775	;
2776
2777	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2778	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2779	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2780	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2781	;
2782
2783	parameter_type_list_opt:
2784	// empty
2785	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2786	\| ELLIPSIS
2787	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2788	\| parameter_list
2789	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2790	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2791	;
2792
2793	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2794	abstract_parameter_declaration
2795	\| parameter_declaration
2796	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2797	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2798	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2799	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2800	;
2801
2802	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2803	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2804
2805	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2806	parameter_declaration
2807	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2808	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2809	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2810	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2811	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2812	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2813	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2814	\| cfa_function_specifier
2815	;
2816
2817	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2818	abstract_parameter_declaration
2819	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2820	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2821	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2822	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2823	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2824	\| cfa_abstract_function
2825	;
2826
2827	parameter_declaration:
2828	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2829	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2830	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2831	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2832	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2833	;
2834
2835	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2836	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2837	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2838	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2839	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2840	;
2841
2842	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2843	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2844	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2845
2846	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2847	identifier
2848	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2849	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2850	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2851	;
2852
2853	identifier_or_type_name:
2854	identifier
2855	\| TYPEDEFname
2856	\| TYPEGENname
2857	;
2858
2859	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2860	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2861	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2862	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2863	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2864	;
2865
2866	type: // typeof, assertion
2867	type_no_function
2868	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2869	;
2870
2871	initializer_opt:
2872	// empty
2873	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2874	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2875	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2876	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2877	;
2878
2879	initializer:
2880	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2881	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2882	;
2883
2884	initializer_list_opt:
2885	// empty
2886	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2887	\| initializer
2888	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2889	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2890	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2891	;
2892
2893	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2894	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2895	//
2896	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2897	//
2898	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2899	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2900	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2901	// shift/reduce conflicts
2902
2903	designation:
2904	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2905	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2906	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2907	;
2908
2909	designator_list: // C99
2910	designator
2911	\| designator_list designator
2912	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2913	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2914	;
2915
2916	designator:
2917	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2918	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
2919	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2920	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2921	{ $$ = $3; }
2922	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2923	{ $$ = $3; }
2924	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
2926	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2927	{ $$ = $4; }
2928	;
2929
2930	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2931	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2932	//
2933	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2934	//
2935	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2936	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2937	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2938	//
2939	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2940	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2941	//
2942	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2943	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2944	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2945	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2946	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2947
2948	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2949	type_parameter
2950	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2951	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2952	;
2953
2954	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2955	// empty
2956	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2957	\| '=' type
2958	{ $$ = $2; }
2959	;
2960
2961	type_parameter: // CFA
2962	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2963	{
2964	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2965	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2966	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2967	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2968	}
2969	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2970	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2971	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2972	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2973	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2975	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2976	{
2977	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2978	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2979	}
2980	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2981	\| assertion_list
2982	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2983	;
2984
2985	new_type_class: // CFA
2986	// empty
2987	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
2988	\| '&'
2989	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2990	\| '*'
2991	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2992	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2993	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2994	\| ELLIPSIS
2995	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2996	;
2997
2998	type_class: // CFA
2999	OTYPE
3000	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3001	\| DTYPE
3002	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3003	\| FTYPE
3004	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3005	\| TTYPE
3006	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3007	;
3008
3009	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3010	// empty
3011	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3012	\| assertion_list
3013	;
3014
3015	assertion_list: // CFA
3016	assertion
3017	\| assertion_list assertion
3018	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
3019	;
3020
3021	assertion: // CFA
3022	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3023	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3024	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3025	{ $$ = $4; }
3026	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3027	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3028	;
3029
3030	type_list: // CFA
3031	type
3032	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3033	\| assignment_expression
3034	\| type_list ',' type
3035	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3036	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3037	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
3038	;
3039
3040	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3041	OTYPE type_declarator
3042	{ $$ = $2; }
3043	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3044	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3045	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3046	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3047	;
3048
3049	type_declarator: // CFA
3050	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3051	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3052	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3053	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3054	;
3055
3056	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3057	identifier_or_type_name
3058	{
3059	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
3060	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3061	}
3062	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3063	{
3064	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
3065	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3066	}
3067	;
3068
3069	trait_specifier: // CFA
3070	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3071	{
3072	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3073	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3074	}
3075	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3076	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3077	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3078	{
3079	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3080	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3081	}
3082	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3083	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3084	;
3085
3086	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3087	trait_declaration
3088	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3089	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
3090	;
3091
3092	trait_declaration: // CFA
3093	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3094	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3095	;
3096
3097	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3098	cfa_variable_specifier
3099	\| cfa_function_specifier
3100	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3101	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3102	;
3103
3104	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3105	type_specifier declarator
3106	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3107	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3108	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3109	;
3110
3111	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3112
3113	translation_unit:
3114	// empty, input file
3115	\| external_definition_list
3116	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
3117	;
3118
3119	external_definition_list:
3120	push external_definition pop
3121	{ $$ = $2; }
3122	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3123	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
3124	;
3125
3126	external_definition_list_opt:
3127	// empty
3128	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3129	\| external_definition_list
3130	;
3131
3132	up:
3133	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3134	;
3135
3136	down:
3137	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3138	;
3139
3140	external_definition:
3141	DIRECTIVE
3142	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3143	\| declaration
3144	{
3145	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3146	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3147	// disallowed at the moment.
3148	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static && $1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3149	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3150	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3151	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3152	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3153	}
3154	}
3155	}
3156	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3157	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3158	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // syntax error
3159	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3160	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // syntax error
3161	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3162	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // syntax error
3163	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3164	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // syntax error
3165	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3166	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // syntax error
3167	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3168	\| external_function_definition
3169	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3170	{
3171	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3172	$$ = $2;
3173	}
3174	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3175	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3176	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3177	{
3178	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3179	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3180	}
3181	up external_definition down
3182	{
3183	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3184	linkageStack.pop();
3185	$$ = $5;
3186	}
3187	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3188	{
3189	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3190	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3191	}
3192	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3193	{
3194	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3195	linkageStack.pop();
3196	$$ = $6;
3197	}
3198	// global distribution
3199	\| type_qualifier_list
3200	{
3201	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3202	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3203	}
3204	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3205	{
3206	distQual( $5, $1 );
3207	forall = false;
3208	$$ = $5;
3209	}
3210	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3211	{
3212	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3213	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3214	}
3215	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3216	{
3217	distQual( $5, $1 );
3218	forall = false;
3219	$$ = $5;
3220	}
3221	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3222	{
3223	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3224	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3225	}
3226	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3227	{
3228	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3229	forall = false;
3230	$$ = $6;
3231	}
3232	;
3233
3234	external_function_definition:
3235	function_definition
3236	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3237	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3238	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3239	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3240	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3241	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3242	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3243	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3244	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3245	;
3246
3247	with_clause_opt:
3248	// empty
3249	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3250	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3251	{
3252	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3253	if ( $5 ) {
3254	SemanticError( yylloc, "Attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3255	$$ = nullptr;
3256	} // if
3257	}
3258	;
3259
3260	function_definition:
3261	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3262	{
3263	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3264	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3265	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3266	$$ = $1;
3267	}
3268	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3269	{
3270	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3271	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3272	}
3273	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3274	{
3275	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3276	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3277	}
3278	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3279	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3280	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3281	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3282	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3283	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3284	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3285	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3286	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3287
3288	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3289	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3290	{
3291	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3292	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3293	}
3294	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3295	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3296	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3297	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3298	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3299	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3300	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3301	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3302	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3303	;
3304
3305	declarator:
3306	variable_declarator
3307	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3308	\| function_declarator
3309	\| function_type_redeclarator
3310	;
3311
3312	subrange:
3313	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3314	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3315	;
3316
3317	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3318	// empty
3319	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3320	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3321	{
3322	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3323	name->asmName = $3;
3324	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3325	}
3326	;
3327
3328	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3329	// empty
3330	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3331	\| attribute_list
3332	;
3333
3334	attribute_list: // GCC
3335	attribute
3336	\| attribute_list attribute
3337	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3338	;
3339
3340	attribute: // GCC
3341	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3342	{ $$ = $4; }
3343	;
3344
3345	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3346	attribute_name
3347	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3348	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3349	;
3350
3351	attribute_name: // GCC
3352	// empty
3353	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3354	\| attr_name
3355	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3356	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3357	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3358	;
3359
3360	attr_name: // GCC
3361	IDENTIFIER
3362	\| quasi_keyword
3363	\| TYPEDEFname
3364	\| TYPEGENname
3365	\| FALLTHROUGH
3366	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3367	\| CONST
3368	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3369	;
3370
3371	// ============================================================================
3372	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3373	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3374	// in:
3375	//
3376	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3377	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3378	//
3379	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3380	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3381	// ============================================================================
3382
3383	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3384	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3385	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3386	//
3387	// valid declaration invalid definition
3388	// ----------------- ------------------
3389	// int f; int f {}
3390	// int f; int f {}
3391	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3392	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3393	//
3394	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3395	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3396	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3397
3398	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3399	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3400
3401	paren_identifier:
3402	identifier_at
3403	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3404	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3405	{ $$ = $2; }
3406	;
3407
3408	variable_declarator:
3409	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3410	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3411	\| variable_ptr
3412	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3413	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3414	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3415	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3416	;
3417
3418	variable_ptr:
3419	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3420	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3421	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3422	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3423	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3424	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3425	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3426	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3427	;
3428
3429	variable_array:
3430	paren_identifier array_dimension
3431	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3432	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3433	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3434	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3435	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3436	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3437	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3438	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3439	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3440	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3441	{ $$ = $2; }
3442	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3443	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3444	;
3445
3446	variable_function:
3447	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3448	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3449	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3450	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3451	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3452	{ $$ = $2; }
3453	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3454	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3455	;
3456
3457	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3458	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3459	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3460
3461	function_declarator:
3462	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3463	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3464	\| function_ptr
3465	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3466	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3467	;
3468
3469	function_no_ptr:
3470	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3471	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3472	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3473	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3474	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3475	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3476	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3477	{ $$ = $2; }
3478	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3479	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3480	;
3481
3482	function_ptr:
3483	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3484	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3485	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3486	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3487	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3488	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3489	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3490	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3491	;
3492
3493	function_array:
3494	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3495	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3496	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3497	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3498	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3499	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3500	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3501	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3502	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3503	{ $$ = $2; }
3504	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3505	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3506	;
3507
3508	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3509	//
3510	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3511	//
3512	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3513	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3514
3515	KR_function_declarator:
3516	KR_function_no_ptr
3517	\| KR_function_ptr
3518	\| KR_function_array
3519	;
3520
3521	KR_function_no_ptr:
3522	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3523	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3524	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3525	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3526	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3527	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3528	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3529	{ $$ = $2; }
3530	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3531	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3532	;
3533
3534	KR_function_ptr:
3535	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3536	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3537	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3538	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3539	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3540	{ $$ = $2; }
3541	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3542	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3543	;
3544
3545	KR_function_array:
3546	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3547	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3548	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3549	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3550	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3551	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3552	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3553	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3554	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3555	{ $$ = $2; }
3556	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3557	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3558	;
3559
3560	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3561	//
3562	// typedef int foo;
3563	// {
3564	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3565	// }
3566
3567	paren_type:
3568	typedef_name
3569	{
3570	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3571	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3572	}
3573	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3574	{ $$ = $2; }
3575	;
3576
3577	variable_type_redeclarator:
3578	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3579	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3580	\| variable_type_ptr
3581	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3582	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3583	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3584	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3585	;
3586
3587	variable_type_ptr:
3588	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3589	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3590	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3591	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3592	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3593	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3594	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3595	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3596	;
3597
3598	variable_type_array:
3599	paren_type array_dimension
3600	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3601	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3602	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3603	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3604	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3605	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3606	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3607	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3608	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3609	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3610	{ $$ = $2; }
3611	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3612	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3613	;
3614
3615	variable_type_function:
3616	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3617	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3618	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3619	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3620	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3621	{ $$ = $2; }
3622	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3623	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3624	;
3625
3626	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3627	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3628	// arrays and functions.
3629
3630	function_type_redeclarator:
3631	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3632	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3633	\| function_type_ptr
3634	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3635	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3636	;
3637
3638	function_type_no_ptr:
3639	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3640	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3641	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3642	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3643	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3644	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3645	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3646	{ $$ = $2; }
3647	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3648	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3649	;
3650
3651	function_type_ptr:
3652	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3653	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3654	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3655	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3656	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3657	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3658	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3659	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3660	;
3661
3662	function_type_array:
3663	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3664	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3665	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3666	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3667	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3668	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3669	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3670	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3671	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3672	{ $$ = $2; }
3673	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3674	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3675	;
3676
3677	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3678	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3679	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3680	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3681
3682	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3683	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3684	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3685	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3686	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3687	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3688	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3689	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3690	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3691	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3692	;
3693
3694	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3695	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3696	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3697	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3698	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3699	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3700	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3701	;
3702
3703	identifier_parameter_array:
3704	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3705	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3706	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3707	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3708	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3709	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3710	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3711	{ $$ = $2; }
3712	;
3713
3714	identifier_parameter_function:
3715	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3716	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3717	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3718	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3719	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3720	{ $$ = $2; }
3721	;
3722
3723	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3724	// e.g.:
3725	//
3726	// typedef int foo;
3727	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3728	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3729	//
3730	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3731
3732	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3733	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3734	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3735	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3736	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3737	\| type_parameter_ptr
3738	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3739	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3740	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3741	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3742	;
3743
3744	typedef_name:
3745	TYPEDEFname
3746	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3747	\| TYPEGENname
3748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3749	;
3750
3751	type_parameter_ptr:
3752	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3753	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3754	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3755	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3756	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3757	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3758	;
3759
3760	type_parameter_array:
3761	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3762	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3763	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3764	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3765	;
3766
3767	type_parameter_function:
3768	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3769	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3770	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3771	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3772	;
3773
3774	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3775	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3776	//
3777	// sizeof( int );
3778	// sizeof( int * );
3779	// sizeof( int [10] );
3780	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3781	// sizeof( int () );
3782	//
3783	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3784	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3785
3786	abstract_declarator:
3787	abstract_ptr
3788	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3789	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3790	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3791	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3792	;
3793
3794	abstract_ptr:
3795	ptrref_operator
3796	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3797	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3798	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3799	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3800	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3801	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3802	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3803	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3804	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3805	;
3806
3807	abstract_array:
3808	array_dimension
3809	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3810	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3811	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3812	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3813	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3814	{ $$ = $2; }
3815	;
3816
3817	abstract_function:
3818	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3819	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3820	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3821	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3822	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3823	{ $$ = $2; }
3824	;
3825
3826	array_dimension:
3827	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3828	'[' ']'
3829	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3830	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3831	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3832	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3833	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3834	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3835	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3836	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3837	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3838	\| multi_array_dimension
3839	;
3840
3841	array_type_list:
3842	basic_type_name
3843	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3844	\| type_name
3845	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3846	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3847	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3848	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3849	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3850	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3851	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3852	;
3853
3854	upupeq:
3855	'~'
3856	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3857	\| ErangeUpEq
3858	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3859	;
3860
3861	multi_array_dimension:
3862	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3864	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3865	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3866	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3867	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3868	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3869	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3870	;
3871
3872	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3873	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3874	//
3875	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3876	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3877	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3878	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3879	//
3880	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3881	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3882	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3883	//
3884	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3885	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3886	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3887	//
3888	// For example:
3889	//
3890	// typedef float T;
3891	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3892	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3893	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3894	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3895	//
3896	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3897	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3898	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3899	// functions.
3900
3901	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
3902	// empty
3903	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3904	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
3905	;
3906
3907	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3908	abstract_parameter_ptr
3909	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3910	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3911	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3912	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3913	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3914	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3915	;
3916
3917	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3918	ptrref_operator
3919	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3920	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3921	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3922	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3923	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3924	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3925	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3926	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3927	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3928	;
3929
3930	abstract_parameter_array:
3931	array_parameter_dimension
3932	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3933	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3934	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3935	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3936	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3937	{ $$ = $2; }
3938	;
3939
3940	abstract_parameter_function:
3941	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3942	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3943	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3944	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3945	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3946	{ $$ = $2; }
3947	;
3948
3949	array_parameter_dimension:
3950	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3951	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3952	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3953	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3954	\| multi_array_dimension
3955	;
3956
3957	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3958	//
3959	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3960	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3961
3962	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3963	'[' ']'
3964	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3965	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3966	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3967	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3968	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3969	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
3970	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3971	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3972	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3973	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3975	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3976	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3977	;
3978
3979	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3980	//
3981	// struct S {
3982	// int;
3983	// int *;
3984	// int [10];
3985	// int (*)();
3986	// };
3987
3988	variable_abstract_declarator:
3989	variable_abstract_ptr
3990	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3991	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3992	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3993	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3994	;
3995
3996	variable_abstract_ptr:
3997	ptrref_operator
3998	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3999	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4001	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4002	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4003	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4004	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4005	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4006	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4007	;
4008
4009	variable_abstract_array:
4010	array_dimension
4011	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4012	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4013	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4014	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4015	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4016	{ $$ = $2; }
4017	;
4018
4019	variable_abstract_function:
4020	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4021	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
4022	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4023	{ $$ = $2; }
4024	;
4025
4026	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4027	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4028
4029	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4030	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4031	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4032	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4033	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4034	;
4035
4036	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4037	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4038	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4039	;
4040
4041	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4042	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4043	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4044	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4045	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4046	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4047	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4048	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4049	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4050	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4051	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4052	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4053	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4054	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4055	;
4056
4057	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4058	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4059	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4060	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4061	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4062	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4063	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4064	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4065	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4066	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4067	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4068	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4069	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4070
4071	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4072	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4073	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4074	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4075	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4076	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4077	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4078	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4079	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4080	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4081	;
4082
4083	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4084	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4085	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4086	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4087	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4088	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4089	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4090	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4091	// appear in this context.
4092	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4093	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4094	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4095	;
4096
4097	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4098	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4099	//
4100	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4101	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4102	//
4103	// These rules need LR(3):
4104	//
4105	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4106	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4107	//
4108	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4109	//
4110	// [int, int] t;
4111	// [int, int] f( int );
4112	//
4113	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4114	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4115	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4116	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4117
4118	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4119	cfa_abstract_tuple
4120	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4121	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4122	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4123	;
4124
4125	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4126	cfa_abstract_ptr
4127	\| cfa_abstract_array
4128	;
4129
4130	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4131	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4132	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4133	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4134	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4135	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4136	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4137	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4138	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4139	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4140	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4141	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4142	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4143	;
4144
4145	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4146	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4147	// empty (void) function return type.
4148	'[' ']' type_specifier
4149	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4150	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4151	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4152	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4153	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4154	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4155	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4156	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4157	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4158	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4159	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4160	;
4161
4162	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4163	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4164	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4165	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4166	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4167	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4168	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4169	;
4170
4171	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4172	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4173	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4174	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4175	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4176	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4177	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4178	;
4179
4180	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4181	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4182	//
4183	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4184	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4185	//
4186	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4187	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4188	//
4189	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4190	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4191
4192	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4193
4194	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4195	// empty
4196	\| ','
4197	;
4198
4199	default_initializer_opt:
4200	// empty
4201	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4202	\| '=' assignment_expression
4203	{ $$ = $2; }
4204	;
4205
4206	%%
4207
4208	// ----end of grammar----
4209
4210	// Local Variables: //
4211	// mode: c++ //
4212	// tab-width: 4 //
4213	// compile-command: "make install" //
4214	// End: //

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