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parser.yy @ b93c544

Last change on this file since b93c544 was b93c544, checked in by Andrew Beach <ajbeach@…>, 2 months ago
Removed casts no longer needed on the result of set_last.
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 177.4 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Mar 6 10:51:55 2024
13	// Update Count : 6588
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
51	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
52	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
53	#include "ParserTypes.h"
54	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
55	#include "TypedefTable.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
58	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
59
60	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
61	#ifdef __clang__
62	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
63	#endif
64
65	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
66	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
67	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
68
69	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
70
71	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
72	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
73	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
74	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
75	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
76	//
77	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
78	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
79	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
80
81	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
82	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
83	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
84	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
85	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
86	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
87	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
88	} // if
89	} else {
90	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
91	to = "u8" + to;
92	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
93	} else {
94	to = from[0] + to;
95	} // if
96	} // if
97	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
98	} // if
99	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
100	return true;
101	} // appendStr
102
103	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
104	// Distribute type specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
105	assert( declList );
106
107	// Do not distribute attributes for aggregates because the attributes surrounding the aggregate belong it not the
108	// variables in the declaration list, e.g.,
109	//
110	// struct __attribute__(( aligned(128) )) S { ...
111	// } v1 __attribute__(( aligned(64) )), v2 __attribute__(( aligned(32) )), v3;
112	// struct S v4;
113	//
114	// v1 => 64, v2 =>32, v3 => 128, v2 => 128
115	//
116	// Anonymous aggregates are a special case because there is no aggregate to bind the attribute to; hence it floats
117	// to the declaration list.
118	//
119	// struct __attribute__(( aligned(128) )) /anonymous / { ... } v1;
120	//
121	// v1 => 128
122
123	bool copyattr = ! (typeSpec->type && typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && ! typeSpec->type->aggregate.anon );
124
125	// addType copies the type information for the aggregate instances from typeSpec into cl's aggInst.aggregate.
126	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec ); // typeSpec IS DELETED!!!
127
128	// Start at second variable in declaration list and clone the type specifiers for each variable.
129	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = declList->next ; cur != nullptr; cur = cur->next ) {
130	cl->cloneBaseType( cur, copyattr ); // cur is modified
131	} // for
132
133	// Add first variable in declaration list with hidden type information in aggInst.aggregate, which is used by
134	// extractType to recover the type for the aggregate instances.
135	declList->addType( cl, copyattr ); // cl IS DELETED!!!
136	return declList;
137	} // distAttr
138
139	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
140	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
141	for ( DeclarationNode *iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
142	iter->set_extension( true );
143	} // for
144	} // distExt
145
146	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
147	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
148	for ( DeclarationNode *iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
149	iter->set_inLine( true );
150	} // for
151	} // distInl
152
153	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
154	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
155	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
156	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
157	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
158	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
159	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
160	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
161	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
162	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
163	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
164	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
165	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
166	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
167	DeclarationNode newnode;
168	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
169	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
170	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
171	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
172	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
173	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
174	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
175	} // if
176	} else { // just SC qualifiers
177	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
178	} // if
179	} // for
180	delete qualifiers;
181	} // distQual
182
183	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
184	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
185	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
186	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
187	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
188	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
189	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
190
191	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
192	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
193	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
194	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
195	} // if
196	} // rebindForall
197
198	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
199	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
200	return name;
201	} // build_postfix_name
202
203	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
204	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
205	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
206	stringstream ss;
207	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
208	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
209	return nullptr;
210	} // if
211	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
212	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
213	} // if
214
215	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
216	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
217	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
218	return temp;
219	} // fieldDecl
220
221	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
222	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
223	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
224	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "syntax error, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
225	#define MISSING_LOW "syntax error, missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
226	#define MISSING_HIGH "syntax error, missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
227
228	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
229	const CodeLocation & location,
230	DeclarationNode * init,
231	enum OperKinds compop,
232	ExpressionNode * comp,
233	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
234	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
235	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
236	compop,
237	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
238	comp ) );
239	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
240	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
241	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
242	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
243	inc ) );
244	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
245	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
246	}
247
248	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
249	if ( index->initializer ) {
250	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
251	} // if
252	if ( index->next ) {
253	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
254	} // if
255	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
256	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
257	} // forCtrl
258
259	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
260	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
261	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
262	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
263	} // if
264	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
265	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
266	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
267	);
268	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
269	} // forCtrl
270
271	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
272	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
273	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
274	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
275	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
276	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
277	} else {
278	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
279	} // if
280	} else {
281	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
282	} // if
283	} // forCtrl
284
285	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
286	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, adjacent identifiers \"%s\" and \"%s\" are not meaningful in an %s.\n"
287	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter.",
288	identifier1.c_str(), identifier2.c_str(), kind );
289	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
290
291	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
292	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, identifier \"%s\" cannot appear before a %s.\n"
293	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter.",
294	identifier.c_str(), kind );
295	} // IdentifierBeforeType
296
297	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
298
299	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
300	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
301	if ( N ) { \
302	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
303	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
304	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
305	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
306	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
307	} else { \
308	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
309	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
310	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
311	}
312	%}
313
314	%define parse.error verbose
315
316	// Types declaration for productions
317
318	%union {
319	// A raw token can be used.
320	Token tok;
321
322	// The general node types hold some generic node or list of nodes.
323	DeclarationNode * decl;
324	InitializerNode * init;
325	ExpressionNode * expr;
326	StatementNode * stmt;
327	ClauseNode * clause;
328	TypeData * type;
329
330	// Special "nodes" containing compound information.
331	CondCtl * ifctl;
332	ForCtrl * forctl;
333	LabelNode * labels;
334
335	// Various flags and single values that become fields later.
336	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
337	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
338	OperKinds oper;
339	bool is_volatile;
340	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
341	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
342	// String passes ownership with it.
343	std::string * str;
344
345	// Narrower node types are used to avoid constant unwrapping.
346	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
347	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
348	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
349	}
350
351	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
352
353	// keywords
354	%token TYPEDEF
355	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
356	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
357	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
358	%token NORETURN // C11
359	%token CONST VOLATILE
360	%token RESTRICT // C99
361	%token ATOMIC // C11
362	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
363	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
364	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
365	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
366	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
367	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
368	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
369	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
370	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
371	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
372	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
373	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
374	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
375	// %token RESUME // CFA
376	%token LABEL // GCC
377	%token SUSPEND // CFA
378	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
379	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
380	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
381	%token CORUN COFOR
382	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
383	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
384	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
385
386	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
387	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
388	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
389	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
390	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
391	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
392	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
393	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
394	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
395
396	// multi-character operators
397	%token ARROW // ->
398	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
399	%token LS RS // << >>
400	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
401	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
402	%token ATTR ELLIPSIS // @@ ...
403
404	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
405	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
406	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
407	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
408
409	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
410	%token ATassign // @=
411
412	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
413	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
414	%type<expr> string_literal
415	%type<str> string_literal_list
416
417	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
418
419	// expressions
420	%type<expr> constant
421	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
422	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
423	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
424	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
425	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
426	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
427	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
428	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
429	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
430	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
431	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
432	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
433	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
434	%type<expr> subrange
435	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
436	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
437	%type<labels> label_list
438	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
439	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
440	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
441	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
442
443	// statements
444	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
445	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
446	%type<stmt> selection_statement
447	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
448	%type<expr> case_value
449	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
450	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
451	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
452	%type<stmt> with_statement
453	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
454	%type<stmt> corun_statement cofor_statement
455	%type<stmt> exception_statement
456	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
457	%type<except_kind> handler_key
458	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
459	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
460	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
461	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
462	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
463
464	// declarations
465	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
466	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
467	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
468
469	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
470	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
471
472	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
473
474	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
475
476	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
477	%type<type> basic_type_name_type
478	%type<type> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
479
480	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
481
482	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
483	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
484
485	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
486
487	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
488	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
489
490	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
491
492	%type<decl> exception_declaration
493
494	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
495	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
496
497	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
498
499	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
500	%type<decl> identifier_list
501
502	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
503	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
504	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
505
506	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
507
508	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
509	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
510
511	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
512	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
513
514	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt
515
516	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
517
518	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
519	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
520	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
521
522	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_list_ellipsis_opt
523
524	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
525
526	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
527
528	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
529
530	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
531	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
532
533	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier
534	%type<type> type_name typegen_name
535	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
536
537	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
538	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
539
540	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
541
542	%type<decl> type type_no_function
543	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
544
545	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list // array_dimension_list
546
547	%type<decl> type_qualifier forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
548	%type<type> type_qualifier_name
549	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
550
551	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
552	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
553
554	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
555
556	// initializers
557	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
558
559	// designators
560	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
561
562
563	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
564	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
565	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
566	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
567	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
568
569	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
570	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
571	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
572	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
573	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
574	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
575	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
576	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
577	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
578	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
579	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
580	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
581	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
582	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
583
584
585	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
586	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
587	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
588	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
589	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
590	// must be:
591	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
592	// The same problem occurs here:
593	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
594	// must be:
595	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
596
597	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
598	%precedence TYPEGENname
599	%precedence '}'
600	%precedence '('
601
602	// %precedence RESUME
603	// %precedence '{'
604	// %precedence ')'
605
606	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
607
608	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
609
610	%%
611	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
612
613	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
614	// which are lexically identical.
615	//
616	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
617	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
618	//
619	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
620	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
621	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
622	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
623	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
624	//
625	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
626	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
627	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
628	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
629	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
630	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
631	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
632	//
633	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
634	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
635	// around the list separator.
636	//
637	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
638	// push pop push pop
639
640	push:
641	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
642	;
643
644	pop:
645	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
646	;
647
648	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
649
650	constant:
651	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
652	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
653	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
654	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
655	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
656	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
657	;
658
659	quasi_keyword: // CFA
660	TIMEOUT
661	\| WAND
662	\| WOR
663	\| CATCH
664	\| RECOVER
665	\| CATCHRESUME
666	\| FIXUP
667	\| FINALLY
668	;
669
670	identifier:
671	IDENTIFIER
672	\| quasi_keyword
673	;
674
675	identifier_at:
676	identifier
677	\| '@' // CFA
678	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
679	;
680
681	string_literal:
682	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
683	;
684
685	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
686	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
687	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
688	{
689	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
690	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
691	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
692	}
693	;
694
695	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
696
697	primary_expression:
698	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
699	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
700	\| quasi_keyword
701	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
702	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
703	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
704	\| tuple
705	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
706	{ $$ = $2; }
707	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
708	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
709	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
710	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ), build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
711	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
712	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
713	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
714	{
715	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
716	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
717	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
718	}
719	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
720	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
721	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
722	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
723	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
724	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
725	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
726	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
727	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
728	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
729	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
730	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
731	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
732	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
733	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
734	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
735	;
736
737	generic_assoc_list: // C11
738	generic_association
739	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
740	{
741	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
742	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
743	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
744	delete $3;
745	$$ = $1;
746	}
747	;
748
749	generic_association: // C11
750	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
751	{
752	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
753	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
754	}
755	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
756	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
757	;
758
759	postfix_expression:
760	primary_expression
761	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
762	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
763	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
764	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
765	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, $3->set_last( $5 ) ) ) ) ); }
766	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
767	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
768	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
769	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
770	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
771	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
772	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
773	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
774	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
775	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
776	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
777	{
778	Token fn;
779	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
780	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), $1->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
781	}
782	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
783	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
784	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
785	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
786	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg" ) ) ),
787	$3->set_last( (ExpressionNode *)($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) ) ) ); }
788	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
789	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
790	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
791	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
792	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
793	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
794
795	// SKULLDUGGERY: The typedef table used for parsing does not store fields in structures. To parse a qualified
796	// name, it is assumed all name-tokens after the first are identifiers, regardless of how the lexer identifies
797	// them. For example:
798	//
799	// struct S;
800	// forall(T) struct T;
801	// union U;
802	// enum E { S, T, E };
803	// struct Z { int S, T, Z, E, U; };
804	// void fred () {
805	// Z z;
806	// z.S; // lexer returns S is TYPEDEFname
807	// z.T; // lexer returns T is TYPEGENname
808	// z.Z; // lexer returns Z is TYPEDEFname
809	// z.U; // lexer returns U is TYPEDEFname
810	// z.E; // lexer returns E is TYPEDEFname
811	// }
812	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
813	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
814	\| postfix_expression '.' TYPEDEFname // CFA, SKULLDUGGERY
815	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
816	\| postfix_expression '.' TYPEGENname // CFA, SKULLDUGGERY
817	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
818
819	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
820	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
821	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
823	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
825	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
827	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
829	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
831	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
832	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
833	\| postfix_expression ICR
834	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
835	\| postfix_expression DECR
836	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
837	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
838	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
839	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
840	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
841	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
842	{
843	Token fn;
844	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
845	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), $2->set_last( $4 ) ) );
846	}
847	;
848
849	argument_expression_list_opt:
850	// empty
851	{ $$ = nullptr; }
852	\| argument_expression_list
853	;
854
855	argument_expression_list:
856	argument_expression
857	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
858	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
859	;
860
861	argument_expression:
862	'@' // CFA, default parameter
863	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
864	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
865	\| assignment_expression
866	;
867
868	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
869	field
870	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
871	;
872
873	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
874	field_name
875	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
876	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
877	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
878	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
879	\| field_name '.' field
880	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
881	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
882	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
883	\| field_name ARROW field
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
885	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
886	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
887	;
888
889	field_name:
890	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
891	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
892	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
893	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
894	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
895	{
896	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
897	}
898	;
899
900	fraction_constants_opt:
901	// empty
902	{ $$ = nullptr; }
903	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
904	{
905	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
906	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
907	}
908	;
909
910	unary_expression:
911	postfix_expression
912	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
913	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
914	\| constant
915	\| string_literal
916	{ $$ = $1; }
917	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
918	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
919	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
920	// { * X; } // dereference X
921	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
922	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
923	{
924	switch ( $1 ) {
925	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
926	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
927	break;
928	case OperKinds::PointTo:
929	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
930	break;
931	case OperKinds::And:
932	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
933	break;
934	default:
935	assert( false );
936	}
937	}
938	\| unary_operator cast_expression
939	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
940	\| ICR unary_expression
941	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
942	\| DECR unary_expression
943	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
944	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
945	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
946	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
947	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
948	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
949	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
950	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
951	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
952
953	// Cannot use rule "type", which includes cfa_abstract_function, for sizeof/alignof, because of S/R problems on
954	// look ahead, so the cfa_abstract_function is factored out.
955	\| SIZEOF '(' cfa_abstract_function ')'
956	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
957	\| ALIGNOF '(' cfa_abstract_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
958	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
959
960	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
961	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
962	\| TYPEID '(' type ')'
963	{
964	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
965	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
966	}
967	;
968
969	ptrref_operator:
970	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
971	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
972	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
973	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
974	;
975
976	unary_operator:
977	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
978	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
979	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
980	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
981	;
982
983	cast_expression:
984	unary_expression
985	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
986	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
987	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
988	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
989	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
990	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
991	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), nullptr ) ); }
993	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
994	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
995	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
996	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
997	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
998	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
999	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
1000	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1001	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
1002	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
1003	;
1004
1005	qualifier_cast_list:
1006	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
1007	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
1008	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
1009	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
1010	;
1011
1012	cast_modifier:
1013	'-'
1014	\| '+'
1015	;
1016
1017	exponential_expression:
1018	cast_expression
1019	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
1020	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
1021	;
1022
1023	multiplicative_expression:
1024	exponential_expression
1025	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
1026	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
1027	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
1028	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
1029	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
1030	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
1031	;
1032
1033	additive_expression:
1034	multiplicative_expression
1035	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
1036	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
1037	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
1038	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
1039	;
1040
1041	shift_expression:
1042	additive_expression
1043	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
1044	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
1045	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
1046	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
1047	;
1048
1049	relational_expression:
1050	shift_expression
1051	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
1052	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1053	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
1054	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1055	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
1056	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1057	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
1058	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1059	;
1060
1061	equality_expression:
1062	relational_expression
1063	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1064	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1065	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1066	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1067	;
1068
1069	AND_expression:
1070	equality_expression
1071	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1072	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1073	;
1074
1075	exclusive_OR_expression:
1076	AND_expression
1077	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1078	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1079	;
1080
1081	inclusive_OR_expression:
1082	exclusive_OR_expression
1083	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1084	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1085	;
1086
1087	logical_AND_expression:
1088	inclusive_OR_expression
1089	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1090	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1091	;
1092
1093	logical_OR_expression:
1094	logical_AND_expression
1095	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1096	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1097	;
1098
1099	conditional_expression:
1100	logical_OR_expression
1101	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1102	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1103	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1104	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, nullptr, $4 ) ); }
1105	;
1106
1107	constant_expression:
1108	conditional_expression
1109	;
1110
1111	assignment_expression:
1112	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1113	conditional_expression
1114	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1115	{
1116	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1117	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1118	// } else {
1119	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1120	// } // if
1121	}
1122	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1123	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1124	;
1125
1126	assignment_expression_opt:
1127	// empty
1128	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1129	\| assignment_expression
1130	;
1131
1132	assignment_operator:
1133	simple_assignment_operator
1134	\| compound_assignment_operator
1135	;
1136
1137	simple_assignment_operator:
1138	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1139	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1140	;
1141
1142	compound_assignment_operator:
1143	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1144	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1145	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1146	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1147	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1148	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1149	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1150	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1151	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1152	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1153	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1154	;
1155
1156	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1157	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1158	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1159	// '[' ']'
1160	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1161	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1162	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1163	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1164	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (new ExpressionNode( nullptr ))->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1165	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1166	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, $3->set_last( $6 ) ) ); }
1167	;
1168
1169	tuple_expression_list:
1170	assignment_expression
1171	\| '@' // CFA
1172	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1173	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1174	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1175	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1176	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1177	;
1178
1179	comma_expression:
1180	assignment_expression
1181	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1182	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1183	;
1184
1185	comma_expression_opt:
1186	// empty
1187	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1188	\| comma_expression
1189	;
1190
1191	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1192
1193	statement:
1194	labeled_statement
1195	\| compound_statement
1196	\| expression_statement
1197	\| selection_statement
1198	\| iteration_statement
1199	\| jump_statement
1200	\| with_statement
1201	\| mutex_statement
1202	\| waitfor_statement
1203	\| waituntil_statement
1204	\| corun_statement
1205	\| cofor_statement
1206	\| exception_statement
1207	\| enable_disable_statement
1208	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1209	\| asm_statement
1210	\| DIRECTIVE
1211	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1212	;
1213
1214	labeled_statement:
1215	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1216	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1217	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1218	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1219	{
1220	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntx error, label \"%s\" must be associated with a statement, "
1221	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement.\n"
1222	"Move the label or terminate with a semicolon.", $1.str->c_str() );
1223	$$ = nullptr;
1224	}
1225	;
1226
1227	compound_statement:
1228	'{' '}'
1229	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1230	\| '{' push
1231	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1232	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1233	pop '}'
1234	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1235	;
1236
1237	statement_decl_list: // C99
1238	statement_decl
1239	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1240	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1241	;
1242
1243	statement_decl:
1244	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1245	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1246	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1247	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1248	\| function_definition
1249	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1250	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1251	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1252	\| statement
1253	;
1254
1255	statement_list_nodecl:
1256	statement
1257	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1258	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1259	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1260	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body,"
1261	" i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1262	;
1263
1264	expression_statement:
1265	comma_expression_opt ';'
1266	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1267	;
1268
1269	// "if", "switch", and "choose" require parenthesis around the conditional. See the following ambiguities without
1270	// parenthesis:
1271	//
1272	// if x + y + z; => "if ( x + y ) + z" or "if ( x ) + y + z"
1273	//
1274	// switch O { }
1275	//
1276	// O{} => object-constructor for conditional, switch body ???
1277	// O{} => O for conditional followed by switch body
1278	//
1279	// C++ has this problem, as it has the same constructor syntax.
1280	//
1281	// switch sizeof ( T ) { }
1282	//
1283	// sizeof ( T ) => sizeof of T for conditional followed by switch body
1284	// sizeof ( T ) => sizeof of compound literal (T){ }, closing parenthesis ???
1285	//
1286	// Note the two grammar rules for sizeof (alignof)
1287	//
1288	// \| SIZEOF unary_expression
1289	// \| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
1290	//
1291	// where the first DOES NOT require parenthesis! And C++ inherits this problem from C.
1292
1293	selection_statement:
1294	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1295	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1296	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1297	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1298	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1299	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1300	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1301	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1302	{
1303	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1304	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1305	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1306	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1307	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1308	// statement.
1309	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw ) ) ) : sw;
1310	}
1311	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1312	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1313	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1315	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1316	{
1317	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1318	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw ) ) ) : sw;
1319	}
1320	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1321	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1322	;
1323
1324	conditional_declaration:
1325	comma_expression
1326	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1327	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1328	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1329	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1330	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1331	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1332	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1333	;
1334
1335	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1336	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1337
1338	case_value: // CFA
1339	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1340	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1341	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1342	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1343	;
1344
1345	case_value_list: // CFA
1346	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1347	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1348	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1349	;
1350
1351	case_label: // CFA
1352	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1353	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1354	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1355	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1356	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1357	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1358	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1359	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1360	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1361	;
1362
1363	case_label_list: // CFA
1364	case_label
1365	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1366	;
1367
1368	case_clause: // CFA
1369	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1370	;
1371
1372	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1373	// empty
1374	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1375	\| switch_clause_list
1376	;
1377
1378	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1379	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1380	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1381	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1382	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1383	;
1384
1385	iteration_statement:
1386	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1387	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1388	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1389	{
1390	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1391	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1392	}
1393	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1394	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1395	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1396	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1397	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1398	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1399	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1400	{
1401	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1402	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1403	}
1404	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1405	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1406	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1407	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1408	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1409	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1410	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1411	{
1412	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1413	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1414	}
1415	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1416	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1417	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1418	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1419	;
1420
1421	for_control_expression_list:
1422	for_control_expression
1423	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1424	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1425	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1426	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1427	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1428	{
1429	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1430	if ( $1->condition ) {
1431	if ( $3->condition ) {
1432	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1433	} // if
1434	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1435	if ( $1->change ) {
1436	if ( $3->change ) {
1437	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1438	} // if
1439	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1440	$$ = $1;
1441	}
1442	;
1443
1444	for_control_expression:
1445	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1446	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1447	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1448	{
1449	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1450	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1451	}
1452	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1453	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1454
1455	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1456	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1457	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1458	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1459
1460	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1461	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1462	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1463	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1464
1465	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1466	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1467	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1468	{
1469	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1470	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1471	}
1472	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1473	{
1474	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1475	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1476	}
1477	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1478	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1479	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1480	{
1481	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1482	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1483	}
1484	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1485	{
1486	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1487	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1488	}
1489	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1490	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1491	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1492	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1493	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1494	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1495	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1496	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1497	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1498	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1499
1500	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1501	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1502	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1503	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1504
1505	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1506	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1507	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1508	{
1509	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1510	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1511	}
1512	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1513	{
1514	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1515	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1516	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1517	}
1518	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1519	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1520
1521	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1522	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1523	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1524	{
1525	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1526	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1527	}
1528	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1529	{
1530	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1531	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1532	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1533	}
1534	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1535	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1536	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1537	{
1538	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1539	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1540	}
1541	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1542	{
1543	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1544	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1545	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1546	}
1547	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1548	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1549
1550	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1551	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1552	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1553	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1554
1555	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1556	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1557	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1558	{
1559	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1560	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1561	}
1562	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1563	{
1564	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1565	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1566	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1567	}
1568
1569	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1570	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1571	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1572	{
1573	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1574	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1575	}
1576	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1577	{
1578	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1579	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1580	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1581	}
1582	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1583	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1584	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1585	{
1586	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1587	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1588	}
1589	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1590	{
1591	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1592	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1593	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1594	}
1595	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1596	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1597
1598	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1599	{
1600	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1601	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1602	}
1603	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1604	{
1605	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) {
1606	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr;
1607	}
1608	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1609	}
1610	;
1611
1612	downupdowneq:
1613	ErangeDown
1614	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1615	\| ErangeUpEq
1616	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1617	\| ErangeDownEq
1618	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1619	;
1620
1621	updown:
1622	'~'
1623	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1624	\| ErangeDown
1625	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1626	;
1627
1628	updowneq:
1629	updown
1630	\| ErangeUpEq
1631	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1632	\| ErangeDownEq
1633	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1634	;
1635
1636	jump_statement:
1637	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1638	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1639	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1640	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1641	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1642	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1643	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1644	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1645	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1646	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1647	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1648	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1649	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1650	\| CONTINUE ';'
1651	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1652	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1653	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1654	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1655	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1656	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1657	\| BREAK ';'
1658	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1659	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1660	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1661	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1662	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1663	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1664	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1665	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1666	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1667	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1668	\| SUSPEND ';'
1669	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1670	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1671	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1672	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1673	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1674	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1675	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1676	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1677	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1678	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1679	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1680	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1681	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1682	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1683	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1684	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1685	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1686	;
1687
1688	fall_through_name: // CFA
1689	FALLTHRU
1690	\| FALLTHROUGH
1691	;
1692
1693	with_statement:
1694	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1695	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1696	;
1697
1698	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1699	mutex_statement:
1700	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1701	{
1702	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1703	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1704	}
1705	;
1706
1707	when_clause:
1708	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1709	;
1710
1711	when_clause_opt:
1712	// empty
1713	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1714	\| when_clause
1715	;
1716
1717	cast_expression_list:
1718	cast_expression
1719	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1720	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1721	;
1722
1723	timeout:
1724	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1725	;
1726
1727	wor:
1728	OROR
1729	\| WOR
1730
1731	waitfor:
1732	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1733	{ $$ = $3; }
1734	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1735	{ $$ = $3->set_last( $5 ); }
1736	;
1737
1738	wor_waitfor_clause:
1739	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1740	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1741	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1742	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1743	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1744	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1745	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1746	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1747	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1748	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1749	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1750	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1751	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1752	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1753	;
1754
1755	waitfor_statement:
1756	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1757	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1758	;
1759
1760	wand:
1761	ANDAND
1762	\| WAND
1763	;
1764
1765	waituntil:
1766	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1767	{ $$ = $3; }
1768	;
1769
1770	waituntil_clause:
1771	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1772	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1773	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1774	{ $$ = $2; }
1775	;
1776
1777	wand_waituntil_clause:
1778	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1779	{ $$ = $1; }
1780	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1781	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1782	;
1783
1784	wor_waituntil_clause:
1785	wand_waituntil_clause
1786	{ $$ = $1; }
1787	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1788	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1789	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1790	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1791	;
1792
1793	waituntil_statement:
1794	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1795	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1796	;
1797
1798	corun_statement:
1799	CORUN statement
1800	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_corun( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1801	;
1802
1803	cofor_statement:
1804	COFOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement
1805	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_cofor( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1806	;
1807
1808	exception_statement:
1809	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1810	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1811	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1812	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1813	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1814	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1815	;
1816
1817	handler_clause:
1818	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1819	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1820	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1821	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1822	;
1823
1824	handler_predicate_opt:
1825	// empty
1826	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1827	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1828	;
1829
1830	handler_key:
1831	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1832	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1833	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1834	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1835	;
1836
1837	finally_clause:
1838	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1839	;
1840
1841	exception_declaration:
1842	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1843	type_specifier_nobody
1844	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1845	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1846	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1847	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1848	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1849	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1850	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1851	;
1852
1853	enable_disable_statement:
1854	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1855	;
1856
1857	enable_disable_key:
1858	ENABLE
1859	\| DISABLE
1860	;
1861
1862	asm_statement:
1863	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1864	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1865	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1866	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1867	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1868	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1869	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1870	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1871	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1872	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1873	;
1874
1875	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1876	// empty
1877	{ $$ = false; }
1878	\| VOLATILE
1879	{ $$ = true; }
1880	;
1881
1882	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1883	// empty
1884	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1885	\| asm_operands_list
1886	;
1887
1888	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1889	asm_operand
1890	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1891	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1892	;
1893
1894	asm_operand: // GCC
1895	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1896	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1897	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1898	{
1899	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1900	delete $2.str;
1901	}
1902	;
1903
1904	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1905	// empty
1906	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1907	\| string_literal
1908	{ $$ = $1; }
1909	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1910	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1911	;
1912
1913	label_list:
1914	identifier
1915	{
1916	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1917	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1918	}
1919	\| label_list ',' identifier
1920	{
1921	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1922	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1923	}
1924	;
1925
1926	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1927
1928	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1929	// empty
1930	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1931	\| declaration_list
1932	;
1933
1934	declaration_list:
1935	declaration
1936	\| declaration_list declaration
1937	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1938	;
1939
1940	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1941	// empty
1942	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1943	\| KR_parameter_list
1944	;
1945
1946	KR_parameter_list:
1947	c_declaration ';'
1948	{ $$ = $1; }
1949	\| KR_parameter_list c_declaration ';'
1950	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1951	;
1952
1953	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1954	// empty
1955	\| local_label_declaration_list
1956	;
1957
1958	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1959	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1960	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1961	;
1962
1963	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1964	identifier_or_type_name
1965	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1966	;
1967
1968	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1969	c_declaration ';'
1970	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1971	\| static_assert // C11
1972	;
1973
1974	static_assert:
1975	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1976	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
1977	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1978	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1979
1980	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1981	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1982	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1983	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1984	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1985	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1986	//
1987	// CFA C
1988	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1989	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1990
1991	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1992	cfa_variable_declaration
1993	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1994	\| cfa_function_declaration
1995	\| type_declaring_list
1996	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1997	\| trait_specifier
1998	;
1999
2000	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
2001	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
2002	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
2003	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
2004	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
2005	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
2006	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2007	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
2008	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2009	;
2010
2011	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
2012	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2013	// storage-class
2014	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2015	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
2016	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2017	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
2018	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2019	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
2020	;
2021
2022	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
2023	cfa_function_specifier
2024	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2025	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2026	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2027	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2028	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2029	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2030	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
2031	{
2032	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
2033	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
2034	ret->type = maybeCopy( $1->type->base );
2035	$$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
2036	}
2037	;
2038
2039	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
2040	'[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2041	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2042	\| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2043	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2044	// \| '[' ']' TYPEGENname '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2045	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2046
2047	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
2048	//
2049	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
2050	// '[' ']' type_specifier
2051	//
2052	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
2053	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
2054	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2055	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2056	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
2057	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2058	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
2059	;
2060
2061	cfa_function_return: // CFA
2062	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
2063	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2064	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2065	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
2066	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->set_last( $5 ) ); }
2067	;
2068
2069	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
2070	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
2071	{
2072	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
2073	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2074	}
2075	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2076	{
2077	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2078	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2079	}
2080	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ',' identifier
2081	{
2082	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2083	$$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $3 ) );
2084	}
2085	;
2086
2087	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2088	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2089
2090	typedef_declaration:
2091	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2092	{
2093	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2094	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2095	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2096	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2097	}
2098	\| typedef_declaration ',' declarator
2099	{
2100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2101	$$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneBaseType( $3 )->addTypedef() );
2102	}
2103	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2104	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2105	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2106	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2107	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2108	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2109	;
2110
2111	typedef_expression:
2112	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2113	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2114	{
2115	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2116	}
2117	\| typedef_expression ',' identifier '=' assignment_expression
2118	{
2119	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2120	}
2121	;
2122
2123	c_declaration:
2124	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2125	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2126	\| typedef_declaration
2127	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2128	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2129	{
2130	assert( $1->type );
2131	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2132	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2133	}
2134	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2135	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2136	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2137	}
2138	}
2139	;
2140
2141	declaring_list:
2142	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2143	// storage-class
2144	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2145	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2146	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2147	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2148
2149	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2150	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2151	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2152	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2153
2154	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2155	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2156	;
2157
2158	general_function_declarator:
2159	function_type_redeclarator
2160	\| function_declarator
2161	;
2162
2163	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2164	basic_declaration_specifier
2165	\| type_declaration_specifier
2166	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2167	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2168	{
2169	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of \"%s\" declaration.",
2170	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ) );
2171	$$ = nullptr;
2172	}
2173	;
2174
2175	invalid_types:
2176	aggregate_key
2177	\| basic_type_name
2178	\| indirect_type
2179	;
2180
2181	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2182	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2183	//
2184	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2185	//
2186	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2187	basic_declaration_specifier
2188	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2189	\| type_declaration_specifier
2190	;
2191
2192	type_specifier: // type specifier
2193	basic_type_specifier
2194	\| sue_type_specifier
2195	\| type_type_specifier
2196	;
2197
2198	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2199	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2200	//
2201	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2202	//
2203	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2204	basic_type_specifier
2205	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2206	\| type_type_specifier
2207	;
2208
2209	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2210	// empty
2211	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2212	\| type_qualifier_list
2213	;
2214
2215	type_qualifier_list:
2216	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2217	//
2218	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2219	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2220	// appeared only once.
2221	type_qualifier
2222	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2223	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2224	;
2225
2226	type_qualifier:
2227	type_qualifier_name
2228	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2229	\| attribute // trick handles most attribute locations
2230	;
2231
2232	type_qualifier_name:
2233	CONST
2234	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Const ); }
2235	\| RESTRICT
2236	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Restrict ); }
2237	\| VOLATILE
2238	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Volatile ); }
2239	\| ATOMIC
2240	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Atomic ); }
2241
2242	// forall must be a CV qualifier because it can appear in places where SC qualifiers are disallowed.
2243	//
2244	// void foo( forall( T ) T (*)( T ) ); // forward declaration
2245	// void bar( static int ); // static disallowed (gcc/CFA)
2246	\| forall
2247	{ $$ = build_forall( $1 ); }
2248	;
2249
2250	forall:
2251	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2252	{ $$ = $3; }
2253	;
2254
2255	declaration_qualifier_list:
2256	storage_class_list
2257	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2258	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2259	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2260	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2261	;
2262
2263	storage_class_list:
2264	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2265	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2266	//
2267	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2268	// specifiers in a declaration.
2269	storage_class
2270	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2271	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2272	;
2273
2274	storage_class:
2275	EXTERN
2276	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Extern ); }
2277	\| STATIC
2278	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Static ); }
2279	\| AUTO
2280	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Auto ); }
2281	\| REGISTER
2282	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Register ); }
2283	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2284	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalGcc ); }
2285	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2286	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalC11 ); }
2287	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2288	\| INLINE // C99
2289	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Inline ); }
2290	\| FORTRAN // C99
2291	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Fortran ); }
2292	\| NORETURN // C11
2293	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Noreturn ); }
2294	;
2295
2296	basic_type_name:
2297	basic_type_name_type
2298	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2299	;
2300
2301	// Just an intermediate value for conversion.
2302	basic_type_name_type:
2303	VOID
2304	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2305	\| BOOL // C99
2306	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2307	\| CHAR
2308	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2309	\| INT
2310	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2311	\| INT128
2312	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2313	\| UINT128
2314	{ $$ = addType( build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Int128 ), build_signedness( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2315	\| FLOAT
2316	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2317	\| DOUBLE
2318	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2319	\| uuFLOAT80
2320	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2321	\| uuFLOAT128
2322	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2323	\| uFLOAT16
2324	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2325	\| uFLOAT32
2326	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2327	\| uFLOAT32X
2328	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2329	\| uFLOAT64
2330	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2331	\| uFLOAT64X
2332	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2333	\| uFLOAT128
2334	{ $$ = build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2335	\| DECIMAL32
2336	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2337	\| DECIMAL64
2338	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2339	\| DECIMAL128
2340	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2341	\| COMPLEX // C99
2342	{ $$ = build_complex_type( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2343	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2344	{ $$ = build_complex_type( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2345	\| SIGNED
2346	{ $$ = build_signedness( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2347	\| UNSIGNED
2348	{ $$ = build_signedness( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2349	\| SHORT
2350	{ $$ = build_length( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2351	\| LONG
2352	{ $$ = build_length( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2353	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2354	{ $$ = build_builtin_type( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2355	\| AUTO_TYPE
2356	{ $$ = build_builtin_type( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2357	\| vtable
2358	;
2359
2360	vtable_opt:
2361	// empty
2362	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2363	\| vtable
2364	;
2365
2366	vtable:
2367	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2368	{ $$ = build_vtable_type( $3 ); }
2369	;
2370
2371	default_opt:
2372	// empty
2373	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2374	\| DEFAULT
2375	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2376	;
2377
2378	basic_declaration_specifier:
2379	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2380	basic_type_specifier
2381	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2382	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2383	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2384	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2385	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2386	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2387	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2388	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2389	;
2390
2391	basic_type_specifier:
2392	direct_type
2393	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2394	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2395	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2396	;
2397
2398	direct_type:
2399	basic_type_name
2400	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2401	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2402	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2403	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2404	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2405	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2406	;
2407
2408	indirect_type:
2409	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2410	{ $$ = $3; }
2411	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2413	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2414	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2415	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2417	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_builtin_type( DeclarationNode::Zero ) ); }
2419	\| ONE_T // CFA
2420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_builtin_type( DeclarationNode::One ) ); }
2421	;
2422
2423	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2424	sue_type_specifier
2425	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2426	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2427	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2428	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2429	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2430	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2431	;
2432
2433	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2434	elaborated_type
2435	\| type_qualifier_list
2436	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2437	elaborated_type
2438	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2439	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2440	{
2441	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2442	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2443	}
2444	;
2445
2446	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2447	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2448	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2449	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2450	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2451	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2452	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2453	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2454	;
2455
2456	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2457	elaborated_type_nobody
2458	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2459	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2460	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2461	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2462	;
2463
2464	type_declaration_specifier:
2465	type_type_specifier
2466	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2467	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2468	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2469	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2470	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2471	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2472	;
2473
2474	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2475	type_name
2476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2477	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2478	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2479	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2480	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2481	;
2482
2483	type_name:
2484	TYPEDEFname
2485	{ $$ = build_typedef( $1 ); }
2486	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2487	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( build_global_scope(), build_typedef( $2 ) ); }
2488	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2489	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( $1, build_typedef( $3 ) ); }
2490	\| typegen_name
2491	\| '.' typegen_name
2492	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( build_global_scope(), $2 ); }
2493	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2494	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( $1, $3 ); }
2495	;
2496
2497	typegen_name: // CFA
2498	TYPEGENname
2499	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, nullptr ); }
2500	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2501	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, nullptr ); }
2502	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2503	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, $3 ); }
2504	;
2505
2506	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2507	aggregate_type
2508	\| enum_type
2509	;
2510
2511	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2512	aggregate_type_nobody
2513	\| enum_type_nobody
2514	;
2515
2516	// ************************ AGGREGATE *****************************
2517
2518	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2519	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2520	{ forall = false; } // reset
2521	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2522	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2523	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2524	{
2525	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2526	forall = false; // reset
2527	}
2528	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2529	{
2530	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2531	}
2532	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2533	{
2534	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2535	forall = false; // reset
2536	}
2537	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2538	{
2539	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_typedef( $3 ) );
2540	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2541	}
2542	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2543	{
2544	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2545	forall = false; // reset
2546	}
2547	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2548	{
2549	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_gen( $3, nullptr ) );
2550	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2551	}
2552	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2553	;
2554
2555	type_parameters_opt:
2556	// empty
2557	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2558	\| '(' type_list ')'
2559	{ $$ = $2; }
2560	;
2561
2562	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2563	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2564	{
2565	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2566	forall = false; // reset
2567	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2568	}
2569	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2570	{
2571	forall = false; // reset
2572	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2573	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2574	if ( $3->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2575	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $3 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2576	} else {
2577	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->symbolic.name, $3->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2578	$3->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2579	$3->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2580	delete $3;
2581	}
2582	}
2583	;
2584
2585	aggregate_key:
2586	aggregate_data
2587	\| aggregate_control
2588	;
2589
2590	aggregate_data:
2591	STRUCT vtable_opt
2592	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2593	\| UNION
2594	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2595	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2596	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2597	;
2598
2599	aggregate_control: // CFA
2600	MONITOR
2601	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2602	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2603	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2604	\| GENERATOR
2605	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2606	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2607	{
2608	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2609	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2610	}
2611	\| COROUTINE
2612	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2613	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2614	{
2615	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2616	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2617	}
2618	\| THREAD
2619	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2620	\| MUTEX THREAD
2621	{
2622	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2623	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2624	}
2625	;
2626
2627	field_declaration_list_opt:
2628	// empty
2629	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2630	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2631	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->set_last( $2 ) : $2; }
2632	;
2633
2634	field_declaration:
2635	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2636	{
2637	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2638	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2639	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2640	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2641	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2642	// } // for
2643	}
2644	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2645	{
2646	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." );
2647	$$ = nullptr;
2648	}
2649	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2650	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2651	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2652	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2653	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2654	{
2655	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2656	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2657	} // if
2658	$3->inLine = true;
2659	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2660	distInl( $3 );
2661	}
2662	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2663	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2664	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2665	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2666	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2667	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2668	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2669	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2670	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2671	\| static_assert // C11
2672	;
2673
2674	field_declaring_list_opt:
2675	// empty
2676	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2677	\| field_declarator
2678	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2679	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2680	;
2681
2682	field_declarator:
2683	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2685	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2686	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2687	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2688	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2689	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2690	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2691	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2692	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2693	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2694	;
2695
2696	field_abstract_list_opt:
2697	// empty
2698	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2699	\| field_abstract
2700	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2701	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2702	;
2703
2704	field_abstract:
2705	// no bit fields
2706	variable_abstract_declarator
2707	;
2708
2709	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2710	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2711	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2712	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2713	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2714	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2715	;
2716
2717	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2718	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2719	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2720	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2721	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2722	;
2723
2724	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2725	// empty
2726	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2727	\| bit_subrange_size
2728	;
2729
2730	bit_subrange_size:
2731	':' assignment_expression
2732	{ $$ = $2; }
2733	;
2734
2735	// ************************ ENUMERATION *****************************
2736
2737	enum_type:
2738	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2739	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2740	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2741	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2742	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2743	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2744	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2745	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2746	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2747	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2748	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2749	{
2750	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
2751	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2752	}
2753	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2754	}
2755	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2756	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2757	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2758	{
2759	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2760	}
2761	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2762	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2763	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2764	{
2765	if ( $3 && ($3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0) ) {
2766	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2767	}
2768	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6, "enum_type 2" );
2769	}
2770	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2771	{
2772	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2773	}
2774	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2775	{
2776	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2777	}
2778	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2779	{
2780	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2781	}
2782	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2783	{
2784	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2785	}
2786	\| enum_type_nobody
2787	;
2788
2789	hide_opt:
2790	// empty
2791	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2792	\| '!'
2793	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2794	;
2795
2796	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2797	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2798	{
2799	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2800	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2801	}
2802	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2803	{
2804	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2805	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2806	}
2807	;
2808
2809	enumerator_list:
2810	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2811	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2812	\| INLINE type_name
2813	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->symbolic.name ); }
2814	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2815	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2816	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2817	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2818	;
2819
2820	visible_hide_opt:
2821	hide_opt
2822	\| '^'
2823	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2824	;
2825
2826	enumerator_value_opt:
2827	// empty
2828	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2829	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2830	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2831	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2832	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2833	;
2834
2835	// ************************ FUNCTION PARAMETERS *****************************
2836
2837	parameter_list_ellipsis_opt:
2838	// empty
2839	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2840	\| ELLIPSIS
2841	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2842	\| parameter_list
2843	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2844	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2845	;
2846
2847	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2848	parameter_declaration
2849	\| abstract_parameter_declaration
2850	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2851	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2852	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2853	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2854	;
2855
2856	cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2857	// empty
2858	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_basic_type( DeclarationNode::Void ) ); }
2859	\| ELLIPSIS
2860	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2861	\| cfa_parameter_list
2862	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2863	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2864	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2865	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2866	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2867	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2868	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2869	;
2870
2871	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2872	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2873	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2874	cfa_parameter_declaration
2875	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2876	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2877	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2878	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2879	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2880	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 )->set_last( $5 ); }
2881	;
2882
2883	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2884	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2885	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2886	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2887	;
2888
2889	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2890	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2891
2892	parameter_declaration:
2893	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2894	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2895	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2896	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2897	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2898	;
2899
2900	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2901	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2902	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2903	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2904	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2905	;
2906
2907	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2908	parameter_declaration
2909	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2910	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2911	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2912	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2913	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2914	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2915	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2916	\| cfa_function_specifier // int f( "int fp()" );
2917	;
2918
2919	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2920	abstract_parameter_declaration
2921	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2922	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2923	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2924	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2925	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2926	\| cfa_abstract_function // int f( "int ()" );
2927	;
2928
2929	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2930	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2931	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2932
2933	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2934	identifier
2935	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2936	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2937	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2938	;
2939
2940	identifier_or_type_name:
2941	identifier
2942	\| TYPEDEFname
2943	\| TYPEGENname
2944	;
2945
2946	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2947	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2948	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2949	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2950	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2951	;
2952
2953	type: // typeof, assertion
2954	type_no_function
2955	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2956	;
2957
2958	initializer_opt:
2959	// empty
2960	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2961	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2962	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2963	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2964	;
2965
2966	initializer:
2967	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2968	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2969	;
2970
2971	initializer_list_opt:
2972	// empty
2973	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2974	\| initializer
2975	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2976	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2977	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ); }
2978	;
2979
2980	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2981	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2982	//
2983	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2984	//
2985	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2986	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2987	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2988	// shift/reduce conflicts
2989
2990	designation:
2991	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2992	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2993	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2994	;
2995
2996	designator_list: // C99
2997	designator
2998	\| designator_list designator
2999	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
3000	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
3001	;
3002
3003	designator:
3004	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
3005	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
3006	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
3007	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
3008	{ $$ = $3; }
3009	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
3010	{ $$ = $3; }
3011	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
3012	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
3013	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
3014	{ $$ = $4; }
3015	;
3016
3017	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
3018	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
3019	//
3020	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
3021	//
3022	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
3023	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
3024	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
3025	//
3026	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
3027	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
3028	//
3029	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
3030	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
3031	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
3032	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
3033	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
3034
3035	type_parameter_list: // CFA
3036	type_parameter
3037	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
3038	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3039	;
3040
3041	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
3042	// empty
3043	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3044	\| '=' type
3045	{ $$ = $2; }
3046	;
3047
3048	type_parameter: // CFA
3049	type_class identifier_or_type_name
3050	{
3051	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
3052	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
3053	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
3054	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
3055	}
3056	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3057	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3058	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
3059	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
3060	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3061	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3062	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
3063	{
3064	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
3065	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
3066	}
3067	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
3068	\| assertion_list
3069	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
3070	\| ENUM '(' identifier_or_type_name ')' identifier_or_type_name new_type_class type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3071	{
3072	typedefTable.addToScope( *$3, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 4" );
3073	typedefTable.addToScope( *$5, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 5" );
3074	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $6, $5 )->addTypeInitializer( $7 )->addAssertions( $8 );
3075	}
3076	;
3077
3078	new_type_class: // CFA
3079	// empty
3080	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3081	\| '&'
3082	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3083	\| '*'
3084	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // Dtype + sized
3085	// \| '(' '*' ')' // Gregor made me do it
3086	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3087	\| ELLIPSIS
3088	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3089	;
3090
3091	type_class: // CFA
3092	OTYPE
3093	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3094	\| DTYPE
3095	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3096	\| FTYPE
3097	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3098	\| TTYPE
3099	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3100	;
3101
3102	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3103	// empty
3104	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3105	\| assertion_list
3106	;
3107
3108	assertion_list: // CFA
3109	assertion
3110	\| assertion_list assertion
3111	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
3112	;
3113
3114	assertion: // CFA
3115	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3116	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3117	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3118	{ $$ = $4; }
3119	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3120	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3121	;
3122
3123	type_list: // CFA
3124	type
3125	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3126	\| assignment_expression
3127	\| type_list ',' type
3128	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3129	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3130	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3131	;
3132
3133	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3134	OTYPE type_declarator
3135	{ $$ = $2; }
3136	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3137	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3138	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3139	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3140	;
3141
3142	type_declarator: // CFA
3143	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3144	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3145	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3146	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3147	;
3148
3149	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3150	identifier_or_type_name
3151	{
3152	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3153	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3154	}
3155	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3156	{
3157	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3158	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3159	}
3160	;
3161
3162	trait_specifier: // CFA
3163	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3164	{
3165	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3166	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3167	}
3168	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3169	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3170	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3171	{
3172	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3173	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3174	}
3175	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3176	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3177	;
3178
3179	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3180	trait_declaration
3181	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3182	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4 ); }
3183	;
3184
3185	trait_declaration: // CFA
3186	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3187	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3188	;
3189
3190	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3191	cfa_variable_specifier
3192	\| cfa_function_specifier
3193	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3194	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3195	;
3196
3197	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3198	type_specifier declarator
3199	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3200	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3201	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3202	;
3203
3204	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3205
3206	translation_unit:
3207	// empty, input file
3208	\| external_definition_list
3209	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->set_last( $1 ) : $1; }
3210	;
3211
3212	external_definition_list:
3213	push external_definition pop
3214	{ $$ = $2; }
3215	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3216	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->set_last( $3 ) : $3; }
3217	;
3218
3219	external_definition_list_opt:
3220	// empty
3221	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3222	\| external_definition_list
3223	;
3224
3225	up:
3226	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3227	;
3228
3229	down:
3230	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3231	;
3232
3233	external_definition:
3234	DIRECTIVE
3235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3236	\| declaration
3237	{
3238	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3239	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3240	// disallowed at the moment.
3241	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static &&
3242	$1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3243	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3244	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3245	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3246	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3247	}
3248	}
3249	}
3250	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3251	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3252	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3253	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3254	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3255	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3256	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3257	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3258	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3259	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3260	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3261	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3262	\| external_function_definition
3263	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3264	{
3265	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3266	$$ = $2;
3267	}
3268	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3270	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3271	{
3272	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3273	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3274	}
3275	up external_definition down
3276	{
3277	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3278	linkageStack.pop();
3279	$$ = $5;
3280	}
3281	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3282	{
3283	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3284	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3285	}
3286	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3287	{
3288	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3289	linkageStack.pop();
3290	$$ = $6;
3291	}
3292	// global distribution
3293	\| type_qualifier_list
3294	{
3295	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3296	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3297	}
3298	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3299	}
3300	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3301	{
3302	distQual( $5, $1 );
3303	forall = false;
3304	$$ = $5;
3305	}
3306	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3307	{
3308	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3309	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3310	}
3311	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3312	}
3313	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3314	{
3315	distQual( $5, $1 );
3316	forall = false;
3317	$$ = $5;
3318	}
3319	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3320	{
3321	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3322	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3323	}
3324	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3325	}
3326	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3327	{
3328	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3329	forall = false;
3330	$$ = $6;
3331	}
3332	;
3333
3334	external_function_definition:
3335	function_definition
3336	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3337	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3338	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3339	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3340	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3341	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3342	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3343	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3344	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3345	;
3346
3347	with_clause_opt:
3348	// empty
3349	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3350	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3351	{
3352	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3353	if ( $5 ) {
3354	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3355	$$ = nullptr;
3356	} // if
3357	}
3358	;
3359
3360	function_definition:
3361	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3362	{
3363	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3364	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3365	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3366	$$ = $1;
3367	}
3368	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3369	{
3370	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3371	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3372	}
3373	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3374	{
3375	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3376	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3377	}
3378	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3379	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3380	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3381	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3382	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3383	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3384	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3385	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3386	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3387
3388	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3389	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3390	{
3391	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3392	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3393	}
3394	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3395	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3396	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3397	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3398	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3399	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3400	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3401	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3402	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3403	;
3404
3405	declarator:
3406	variable_declarator
3407	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3408	\| function_declarator
3409	\| function_type_redeclarator
3410	;
3411
3412	subrange:
3413	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3414	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3415	;
3416
3417	// ************************** ASM ***************************
3418
3419	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3420	// empty
3421	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3422	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3423	{
3424	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3425	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3426	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3427	}
3428	;
3429
3430	// ************************** ATTRIBUTE ***************************
3431
3432	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3433	// empty
3434	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3435	\| attribute_list
3436	;
3437
3438	attribute_list: // GCC
3439	attribute
3440	\| attribute_list attribute
3441	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3442	;
3443
3444	attribute: // GCC
3445	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3446	{ $$ = $4; }
3447	\| ATTRIBUTE '(' attribute_name_list ')' // CFA
3448	{ $$ = $3; }
3449	\| ATTR '(' attribute_name_list ')' // CFA
3450	{ $$ = $3; }
3451	;
3452
3453	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3454	attribute_name
3455	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3456	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3457	;
3458
3459	attribute_name: // GCC
3460	// empty
3461	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3462	\| attr_name
3463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3464	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3465	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3466	;
3467
3468	attr_name: // GCC
3469	IDENTIFIER
3470	\| quasi_keyword
3471	\| TYPEDEFname
3472	\| TYPEGENname
3473	\| FALLTHROUGH
3474	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3475	\| CONST
3476	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3477	;
3478
3479	// ============================================================================
3480	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3481	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3482	// in:
3483	//
3484	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3485	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3486	//
3487	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3488	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3489	// ============================================================================
3490
3491	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3492	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3493	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3494	//
3495	// valid declaration invalid definition
3496	// ----------------- ------------------
3497	// int f; int f {}
3498	// int f; int f {}
3499	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3500	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3501	//
3502	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3503	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3504	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3505
3506	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3507	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3508
3509	paren_identifier:
3510	identifier_at
3511	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3512	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3513	{ $$ = $2; }
3514	;
3515
3516	variable_declarator:
3517	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3518	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3519	\| variable_ptr
3520	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3521	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3522	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3523	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3524	;
3525
3526	variable_ptr:
3527	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3528	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3529	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3530	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3531	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3532	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3533	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3534	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3535	;
3536
3537	variable_array:
3538	paren_identifier array_dimension
3539	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3540	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3541	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3542	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3543	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3544	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3545	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3546	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3547	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3548	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3549	{ $$ = $2; }
3550	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3551	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3552	;
3553
3554	variable_function:
3555	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3556	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3557	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3558	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3559	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3560	{ $$ = $2; }
3561	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3562	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3563	;
3564
3565	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3566	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3567	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3568
3569	function_declarator:
3570	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3571	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3572	\| function_ptr
3573	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3574	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3575	;
3576
3577	function_no_ptr:
3578	paren_identifier '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3579	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3580	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3581	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3582	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3583	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3584	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3585	{ $$ = $2; }
3586	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3587	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3588	;
3589
3590	function_ptr:
3591	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3592	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3593	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3594	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3595	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3596	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3597	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3598	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3599	;
3600
3601	function_array:
3602	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3603	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3604	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3605	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3606	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3607	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3608	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3609	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3610	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3611	{ $$ = $2; }
3612	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3613	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3614	;
3615
3616	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3617	//
3618	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3619	//
3620	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3621	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3622
3623	KR_function_declarator:
3624	KR_function_no_ptr
3625	\| KR_function_ptr
3626	\| KR_function_array
3627	;
3628
3629	KR_function_no_ptr:
3630	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3631	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3632	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3633	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3634	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3635	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3636	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3637	{ $$ = $2; }
3638	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3639	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3640	;
3641
3642	KR_function_ptr:
3643	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3644	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3645	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3646	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3647	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3648	{ $$ = $2; }
3649	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3650	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3651	;
3652
3653	KR_function_array:
3654	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3655	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3656	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3657	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3658	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3659	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3660	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3661	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3662	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3663	{ $$ = $2; }
3664	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3665	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3666	;
3667
3668	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3669	//
3670	// typedef int foo;
3671	// {
3672	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3673	// }
3674
3675	paren_type:
3676	typedef_name
3677	{
3678	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3679	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3680	}
3681	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3682	{ $$ = $2; }
3683	;
3684
3685	variable_type_redeclarator:
3686	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3687	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3688	\| variable_type_ptr
3689	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3690	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3691	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3692	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3693	;
3694
3695	variable_type_ptr:
3696	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3697	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3698	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3699	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3700	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3701	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3702	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3703	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3704	;
3705
3706	variable_type_array:
3707	paren_type array_dimension
3708	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3709	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3710	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3711	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3712	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3713	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3714	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3715	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3716	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3717	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3718	{ $$ = $2; }
3719	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3720	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3721	;
3722
3723	variable_type_function:
3724	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3725	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3726	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3727	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3728	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3729	{ $$ = $2; }
3730	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3731	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3732	;
3733
3734	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3735	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3736	// arrays and functions.
3737
3738	function_type_redeclarator:
3739	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3740	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3741	\| function_type_ptr
3742	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3743	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3744	;
3745
3746	function_type_no_ptr:
3747	paren_type '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3748	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3749	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3750	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3751	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3752	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3753	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3754	{ $$ = $2; }
3755	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3756	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3757	;
3758
3759	function_type_ptr:
3760	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3761	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3762	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3763	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3764	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3765	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3766	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3767	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3768	;
3769
3770	function_type_array:
3771	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3772	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3773	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3774	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3775	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3776	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3777	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3778	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3779	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3780	{ $$ = $2; }
3781	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3782	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3783	;
3784
3785	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3786	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3787	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3788	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3789
3790	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3791	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3792	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3793	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3794	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
3795	OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3796	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3797	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3798	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3799	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3800	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3801	;
3802
3803	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3804	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3805	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3806	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3807	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3808	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3809	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3810	;
3811
3812	identifier_parameter_array:
3813	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3814	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3815	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3816	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3817	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3818	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3819	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3820	{ $$ = $2; }
3821	;
3822
3823	identifier_parameter_function:
3824	paren_identifier '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3825	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3826	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3827	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3828	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3829	{ $$ = $2; }
3830	;
3831
3832	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3833	// e.g.:
3834	//
3835	// typedef int foo;
3836	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3837	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3838	//
3839	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3840
3841	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3842	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3843	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3844	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3845	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
3846	OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3847	\| type_parameter_ptr
3848	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3849	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3850	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3851	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3852	;
3853
3854	typedef_name:
3855	TYPEDEFname
3856	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3857	\| TYPEGENname
3858	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3859	;
3860
3861	type_parameter_ptr:
3862	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3863	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3864	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3865	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3866	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3867	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3868	;
3869
3870	type_parameter_array:
3871	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3872	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3873	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3874	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3875	;
3876
3877	type_parameter_function:
3878	typedef_name '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3879	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3880	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3881	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3882	;
3883
3884	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3885	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3886	//
3887	// sizeof( int );
3888	// sizeof( int * );
3889	// sizeof( int [10] );
3890	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3891	// sizeof( int () );
3892	//
3893	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3894	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3895
3896	abstract_declarator:
3897	abstract_ptr
3898	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3899	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3900	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3901	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3902	;
3903
3904	abstract_ptr:
3905	ptrref_operator
3906	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3907	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3908	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3909	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3910	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3911	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3912	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3913	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3914	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3915	;
3916
3917	abstract_array:
3918	array_dimension
3919	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3920	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3921	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3922	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3923	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3924	{ $$ = $2; }
3925	;
3926
3927	abstract_function:
3928	'(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3929	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3930	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3931	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3932	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3933	{ $$ = $2; }
3934	;
3935
3936	array_dimension:
3937	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3938	'[' ']'
3939	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3940	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3941	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3942	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3943	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3944	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3945	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3946
3947	// If needed, the following parses and does not use comma_expression, so the array structure can be built.
3948	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' push array_dimension_list pop ']' // CFA
3949
3950	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3951	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3952	\| multi_array_dimension
3953	;
3954
3955	// array_dimension_list:
3956	// assignment_expression
3957	// \| array_dimension_list ',' assignment_expression
3958	// ;
3959
3960	array_type_list:
3961	basic_type_name
3962	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3963	\| type_name
3964	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3965	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3966	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3967	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3968	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3969	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3970	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3971	;
3972
3973	upupeq:
3974	'~'
3975	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3976	\| ErangeUpEq
3977	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3978	;
3979
3980	multi_array_dimension:
3981	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3982	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3983	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3984	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3985	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3986	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3987	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3988	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3989	;
3990
3991	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3992	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3993	//
3994	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3995	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3996	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3997	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3998	//
3999	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
4000	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
4001	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
4002	//
4003	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
4004	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
4005	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
4006	//
4007	// For example:
4008	//
4009	// typedef float T;
4010	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
4011	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
4012	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
4013	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
4014	//
4015	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
4016	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
4017	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
4018	// functions.
4019
4020	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
4021	// empty
4022	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4023	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
4024	;
4025
4026	abstract_parameter_declarator:
4027	abstract_parameter_ptr
4028	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
4029	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
4030	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
4031	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4032	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
4033	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4034	;
4035
4036	abstract_parameter_ptr:
4037	ptrref_operator
4038	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4039	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4040	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4041	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
4042	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4043	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
4044	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4045	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4046	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4047	;
4048
4049	abstract_parameter_array:
4050	array_parameter_dimension
4051	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
4052	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4053	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4054	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4055	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4056	{ $$ = $2; }
4057	;
4058
4059	abstract_parameter_function:
4060	'(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4061	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
4062	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4063	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4064	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4065	{ $$ = $2; }
4066	;
4067
4068	array_parameter_dimension:
4069	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
4070	array_parameter_1st_dimension
4071	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
4072	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
4073	\| multi_array_dimension
4074	;
4075
4076	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
4077	//
4078	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
4079	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
4080
4081	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4082	'[' ']'
4083	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
4084	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
4085	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4086	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4087	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
4088	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
4089	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
4090	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4091	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4092	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
4093	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
4094	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
4095	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
4096	;
4097
4098	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
4099	//
4100	// struct S {
4101	// int;
4102	// int *;
4103	// int [10];
4104	// int (*)();
4105	// };
4106
4107	variable_abstract_declarator:
4108	variable_abstract_ptr
4109	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4110	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4111	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4112	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4113	;
4114
4115	variable_abstract_ptr:
4116	ptrref_operator
4117	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4118	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4119	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4120	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4121	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4122	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4123	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4124	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4125	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4126	;
4127
4128	variable_abstract_array:
4129	array_dimension
4130	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4131	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4132	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4133	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4134	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4135	{ $$ = $2; }
4136	;
4137
4138	variable_abstract_function:
4139	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4140	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4141	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4142	{ $$ = $2; }
4143	;
4144
4145	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4146	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4147
4148	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4149	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4150	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4151	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4152	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4153	;
4154
4155	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4156	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4157	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4158	;
4159
4160	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4161	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4162	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4163	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4164	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4165	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4166	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4167	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4168	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4169	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4170	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4171	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4172	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4173	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4174	;
4175
4176	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4177	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4178	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4179	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4180	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4181	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4182	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4183	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4184	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4185	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4186	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4187	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4188	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4189
4190	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4191	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4192	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4193	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4194	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4195	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4196	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4197	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4198	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4199	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4200	;
4201
4202	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4203	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4204	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4205	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4206	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4207	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4208	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4209	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4210	// appear in this context.
4211	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4212	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4213	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4214	;
4215
4216	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4217	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4218	//
4219	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4220	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4221	//
4222	// These rules need LR(3):
4223	//
4224	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4225	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
4226	//
4227	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4228	//
4229	// [int, int] t;
4230	// [int, int] f( int );
4231	//
4232	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4233	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4234	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4235	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4236
4237	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4238	cfa_abstract_tuple
4239	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4240	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4241	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4242	;
4243
4244	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4245	cfa_abstract_ptr
4246	\| cfa_abstract_array
4247	;
4248
4249	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4250	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4251	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4252	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4253	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4254	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4255	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4256	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4257	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4258	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4259	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4260	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4261	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4262	;
4263
4264	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4265	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4266	// empty (void) function return type.
4267	'[' ']' type_specifier
4268	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4269	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4270	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4271	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4272	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4273	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4274	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4275	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4276	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4277	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4278	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4279	;
4280
4281	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4282	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4283	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4284	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4285	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4286	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4287	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4288	;
4289
4290	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4291	'[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
4292	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4293	\| cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
4294	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4295	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
4296	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4297	;
4298
4299	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4300	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4301	//
4302	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4303	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4304	//
4305	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4306	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4307	//
4308	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4309	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4310
4311	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4312
4313	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4314	// empty
4315	\| ','
4316	;
4317
4318	default_initializer_opt:
4319	// empty
4320	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4321	\| '=' assignment_expression
4322	{ $$ = $2; }
4323	;
4324
4325	%%
4326
4327	// ----end of grammar----
4328
4329	// Local Variables: //
4330	// mode: c++ //
4331	// tab-width: 4 //
4332	// compile-command: "bison -Wcounterexamples parser.yy" //
4333	// End: //

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