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parser.yy @ a3e1f8f

ADTaaron-thesisarm-ehast-experimentalcleanup-dtorsctordeferred_resndemanglerenumforall-pointer-decayjacob/cs343-translationjenkins-sandboxmemorynew-astnew-ast-unique-exprnew-envno_listpersistent-indexerpthread-emulationqualifiedEnumresolv-newwith_gc

Last change on this file since a3e1f8f was 8e9cbb2, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
add more code to handle gcc extension and test program, second attempt
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File size: 104.1 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Thu Jun 30 21:15:54 2016
13	// Update Count : 1657
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45	extern char *yytext;
46
47	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
48
49	#include <cstdio>
50	#include <stack>
51	#include "lex.h"
52	#include "parser.h"
53	#include "ParseNode.h"
54	#include "TypedefTable.h"
55	#include "TypeData.h"
56	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
57
58	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
59	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
60	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
61	TypedefTable typedefTable;
62	%}
63
64	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
65
66	// keywords
67	%token TYPEDEF
68	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
69	%token INLINE // C99
70	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
71	%token CONST VOLATILE
72	%token RESTRICT // C99
73	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
74	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
75	%token VALIST // GCC
76	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
77	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
78	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
79	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
80	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
81	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
82	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
83	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
84	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
85	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
86
87	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
88	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
89	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
90	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
91	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
92
93	// multi-character operators
94	%token ARROW // ->
95	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
96	%token LS RS // << >>
97	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
98	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
99	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
100
101	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
102	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
103	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
104	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
105
106	%token ATassign // @=
107
108	// Types declaration
109	%union
110	{
111	Token tok;
112	ParseNode *pn;
113	ExpressionNode *en;
114	DeclarationNode *decl;
115	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
116	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
117	StatementNode *sn;
118	ConstantNode *constant;
119	LabelNode *label;
120	InitializerNode *in;
121	bool flag;
122	}
123
124	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
125	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
126	%type<constant> string_literal_list
127
128	// expressions
129	%type<constant> constant
130	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
131	%type<en> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
132	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
133	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
134	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
135	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
136	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
137	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
138	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
139	%type<en> subrange
140	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
141	%type<label> label_list
142	%type<constant> asm_clobbers_list_opt
143	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
144
145	// statements
146	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
147	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
148	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
149	%type<sn> statement statement_list
150	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
151	%type<sn> case_clause
152	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
153	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
154	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
155	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
156
157	// declarations
158	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
159	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
160	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
161
162	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
163	%type<decl> aggregate_name
164
165	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
166
167	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
168
169	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
170
171	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
172
173	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
174
175	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
176	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
177
178	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
179
180	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
181	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
182
183	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
184
185	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
186	%type<en> field field_list
187
188	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
189
190	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
191	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
192
193	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
194	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
195	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
196
197	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
198
199	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
200	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
201
202	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
203	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
204
205	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
206
207	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
208
209	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
210	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
211
212	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
213	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
214
215	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
216
217	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
218
219	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
220
221	%type<tclass> type_class
222	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
223
224	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
225	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
226	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
227	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
228
229	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
230	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
231
232	%type<en> type_name_list
233
234	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
235
236	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
237	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
238
239	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
240
241	// initializers
242	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
243
244	// designators
245	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
246
247
248	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
249	// is ambiguous:
250	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
251	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
252	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
253
254	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
255	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
256
257	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
258
259	%%
260	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
261
262	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
263	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
264	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
265	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
266	//
267	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
268	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
269	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
270	//
271	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
272	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
273	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
274	//
275	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
276	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
277	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
278	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
279	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
280	//
281	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
282	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
283	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
284	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
285	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
286	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
287	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
288
289	push:
290	{
291	typedefTable.enterScope();
292	}
293	;
294
295	pop:
296	{
297	typedefTable.leaveScope();
298	}
299	;
300
301	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
302
303	constant:
304	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
305	INTEGERconstant { $$ = makeConstant( ConstantNode::Integer, $1 ); }
306	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = makeConstant( ConstantNode::Float, $1 ); }
307	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = makeConstant( ConstantNode::Character, $1 ); }
308	;
309
310	identifier:
311	IDENTIFIER
312	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
313	\| zero_one // CFA
314	;
315
316	no_01_identifier:
317	IDENTIFIER
318	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
319	;
320
321	no_attr_identifier:
322	IDENTIFIER
323	\| zero_one // CFA
324	;
325
326	zero_one: // CFA
327	ZERO
328	\| ONE
329	;
330
331	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
332	STRINGliteral { $$ = makeConstantStr( ConstantNode::String, $1 ); }
333	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->appendstr( $2 ); }
334	;
335
336	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
337
338	primary_expression:
339	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
340	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
341	\| zero_one
342	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
343	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
344	{ $$ = $2; }
345	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
346	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode( $2 ); }
347	;
348
349	postfix_expression:
350	primary_expression
351	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
352	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
353	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
354	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
355	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
356	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Index ), $1, $4 ); }
357	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $3 ); }
359	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
360	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
361	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
362	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
363	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
364	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
365	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
366	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
367	\| postfix_expression ICR
368	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::IncrPost ), $1 ); }
369	\| postfix_expression DECR
370	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DecrPost ), $1 ); }
371	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
372	{ $$ = new CompoundLiteralNode( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ); }
373	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
374	{
375	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
376	$$ = new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_link( $3 ) );
377	}
378	;
379
380	argument_expression_list:
381	argument_expression
382	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
383	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
384	;
385
386	argument_expression:
387	// empty
388	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
389	\| assignment_expression
390	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
391	{ $$ = $3->set_argName( $1 ); }
392	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_type_name is allowed in this context. However, there is insufficient
393	// look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the tuple form must be used
394	// with an appropriate semantic check.
395	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
396	{ $$ = $7->set_argName( $3 ); }
397	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
398	{ $$ = $9->set_argName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
399	;
400
401	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
402	field
403	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
404	;
405
406	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
407	no_attr_identifier
408	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
409	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
410	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
411	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
412	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
413	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
414	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
415	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
416	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
417	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
418	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
419	;
420
421	unary_expression:
422	postfix_expression
423	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
424	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
425	\| constant
426	{ $$ = $1; }
427	\| string_literal_list
428	{ $$ = $1; }
429	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
430	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
431	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
432	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
433	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
434	// { * X; } // dereference X
435	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
436	\| unary_operator cast_expression
437	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
438	\| ICR unary_expression
439	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Incr ), $2 ); }
440	\| DECR unary_expression
441	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Decr ), $2 ); }
442	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
443	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), $2 ); }
444	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
445	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
446	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
447	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OffsetOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ), new VarRefNode( $5 )); }
448	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
449	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 )); }
450	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
451	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
452	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
453	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
454	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
455	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), $2 ); }
456	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
457	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ) ); }
458	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
459	// { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LabelAddress ), new VarRefNode( $2, true ) ); }
460	;
461
462	ptrref_operator:
463	'*' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PointTo ); }
464	\| '&' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ); }
465	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
466	\| ANDAND { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ); }
467	;
468
469	unary_operator:
470	'+' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnPlus ); }
471	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnMinus ); }
472	\| '!' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neg ); }
473	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitNeg ); }
474	;
475
476	cast_expression:
477	unary_expression
478	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
479	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
480	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
481	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
482	;
483
484	multiplicative_expression:
485	cast_expression
486	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
487	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mul ), $1, $3 ); }
488	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
489	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Div ), $1, $3 ); }
490	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
491	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mod ), $1, $3 ); }
492	;
493
494	additive_expression:
495	multiplicative_expression
496	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
497	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Plus ), $1, $3 ); }
498	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
499	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Minus ), $1, $3 ); }
500	;
501
502	shift_expression:
503	additive_expression
504	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
505	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LShift ), $1, $3 ); }
506	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
507	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RShift ), $1, $3 ); }
508	;
509
510	relational_expression:
511	shift_expression
512	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
513	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LThan ), $1, $3 ); }
514	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
515	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GThan ), $1, $3 ); }
516	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
517	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
518	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
519	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
520	;
521
522	equality_expression:
523	relational_expression
524	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
525	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Eq ), $1, $3 ); }
526	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
527	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neq ), $1, $3 ); }
528	;
529
530	AND_expression:
531	equality_expression
532	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
533	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitAnd ), $1, $3 ); }
534	;
535
536	exclusive_OR_expression:
537	AND_expression
538	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
539	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Xor ), $1, $3 ); }
540	;
541
542	inclusive_OR_expression:
543	exclusive_OR_expression
544	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
545	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitOr ), $1, $3 ); }
546	;
547
548	logical_AND_expression:
549	inclusive_OR_expression
550	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
551	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ), $1, $3 ); }
552	;
553
554	logical_OR_expression:
555	logical_AND_expression
556	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
557	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Or ), $1, $3 ); }
558	;
559
560	conditional_expression:
561	logical_OR_expression
562	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
563	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
564	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
565	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::NCond ), $1, $4 ); }
566	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
567	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
568	;
569
570	constant_expression:
571	conditional_expression
572	;
573
574	assignment_expression:
575	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
576	conditional_expression
577	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
578	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); }
579	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
580	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( $2, $1, $3 ); }
581	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
582	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
583	;
584
585	assignment_expression_opt:
586	// empty
587	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
588	\| assignment_expression
589	;
590
591	tuple: // CFA, tuple
592	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
593	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
594	'[' ']'
595	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
596	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
597	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
598	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
599	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
600	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
601	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
602	;
603
604	tuple_expression_list:
605	assignment_expression_opt
606	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
607	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
608	;
609
610	assignment_operator:
611	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MulAssn ); }
612	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DivAssn ); }
613	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ModAssn ); }
614	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PlusAssn ); }
615	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MinusAssn ); }
616	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LSAssn ); }
617	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RSAssn ); }
618	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AndAssn ); }
619	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ERAssn ); }
620	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OrAssn ); }
621	;
622
623	comma_expression:
624	assignment_expression
625	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list( $3 ); }
626	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Comma ), $1, $3 ); }
627	;
628
629	comma_expression_opt:
630	// empty
631	{ $$ = 0; }
632	\| comma_expression
633	;
634
635	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
636
637	statement:
638	labeled_statement
639	\| compound_statement
640	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
641	\| selection_statement
642	\| iteration_statement
643	\| jump_statement
644	\| exception_statement
645	\| asm_statement
646	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
647	{
648	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
649	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
650	(ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_link( $4 ) ), 0 );
651	}
652	;
653
654	labeled_statement:
655	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
656	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
657	{
658	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
659	}
660	;
661
662	compound_statement:
663	'{' '}'
664	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
665	\| '{'
666	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
667	// requires its own scope
668	push push
669	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
670	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
671	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
672	;
673
674	block_item_list: // C99
675	block_item
676	\| block_item_list push block_item
677	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
678	;
679
680	block_item:
681	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
682	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
683	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
684	{ // mark all fields in list
685	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != NULL; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_link() )
686	iter->set_extension( true );
687	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
688	}
689	\| function_definition
690	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
691	\| statement pop
692	;
693
694	statement_list:
695	statement
696	\| statement_list statement
697	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
698	;
699
700	expression_statement:
701	comma_expression_opt ';'
702	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0 ); }
703	;
704
705	selection_statement:
706	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
707	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
708	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, $5 ); }
709	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
710	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7 )) ); }
711	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
712	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5 ); }
713	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
714	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8 ); /* xxx */ }
715	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is performed
716	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial declaration list can
717	// never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it.
718	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
719	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5 ); }
720	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
721	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8 ); }
722	;
723
724	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
725	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
726
727	case_value: // CFA
728	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
729	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
730	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
731	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
732	;
733
734	case_value_list: // CFA
735	case_value
736	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
737	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents( $1 ))->set_link( $3 ) ); }
738	;
739
740	case_label: // CFA
741	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Case, $2, 0 ); }
742	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Default ); }
743	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
744	;
745
746	case_label_list: // CFA
747	case_label
748	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
749	;
750
751	case_clause: // CFA
752	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
753	;
754
755	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
756	// empty
757	{ $$ = 0; }
758	\| switch_clause_list
759	;
760
761	switch_clause_list: // CFA
762	case_label_list statement_list
763	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
764	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
765	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
766	;
767
768	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
769	// empty
770	{ $$ = 0; }
771	\| choose_clause_list
772	;
773
774	choose_clause_list: // CFA
775	case_label_list fall_through
776	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
777	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
778	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3 ))); }
779	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
780	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
781	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
782	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4 ))))); }
783	;
784
785	fall_through_opt: // CFA
786	// empty
787	{ $$ = 0; }
788	\| fall_through
789	;
790
791	fall_through: // CFA
792	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
793	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
794	;
795
796	iteration_statement:
797	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
798	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::While, $3, $5 ); }
799	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
800	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Do, $5, $2 ); }
801	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
802	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::For, $4, $6 ); }
803	;
804
805	for_control_expression:
806	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
807	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $4, $6 ); }
808	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
809	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $2, $4 ); }
810	;
811
812	jump_statement:
813	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
814	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $2 ); }
815	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
816	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3 );
817	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
818	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $3 ); }
819	\| CONTINUE ';'
820	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
821	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue ); }
822	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
823	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
824	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
825	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue, $2 ); }
826	\| BREAK ';'
827	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
828	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break ); }
829	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
830	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
831	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
832	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
833	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
834	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Return, $2, 0 ); }
835	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';'
836	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
837	// \| THROW ';'
838	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
839	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';'
840	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
841	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';'
842	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
843	// \| THROWRESUME ';'
844	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
845	;
846
847	exception_statement:
848	TRY compound_statement handler_list
849	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
850	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
852	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
853	{
854	$3->set_link( $4 );
855	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 ))));
856	}
857	;
858
859	handler_list:
860	// There must be at least one catch clause
861	handler_clause
862	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
863	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
864	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
865	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
866	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
867	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
868	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
869	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
870	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
871	;
872
873	handler_clause:
874	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
875	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
876	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
877	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
878	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
879	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
880	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
881	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
882	;
883
884	finally_clause:
885	FINALLY compound_statement
886	{
887	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2 );
888	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
889	}
890	;
891
892	exception_declaration:
893	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
894	//
895	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
896	//
897	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
898	type_specifier
899	\| type_specifier declarator
900	{
901	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
902	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
903	}
904	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
905	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
906	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
907	{
908	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
909	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
910	}
911	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
912	;
913
914	asm_statement:
915	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
916	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, 0 ); }
917	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
918	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6 ); }
919	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
920	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8 ); }
921	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
922	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ); }
923	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
924	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ); }
925	;
926
927	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
928	// empty
929	{ $$ = false; }
930	\| VOLATILE
931	{ $$ = true; }
932	;
933
934	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
935	// empty
936	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
937	\| asm_operands_list
938	;
939
940	asm_operands_list: // GCC
941	asm_operand
942	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
943	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
944	;
945
946	asm_operand: // GCC
947	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
948	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( 0, $1, $3 ); }
949	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
950	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( $2, $4, $6 ); }
951	;
952
953	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
954	// empty
955	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
956	\| string_literal_list
957	{ $$ = $1; }
958	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
959	{ $$ = (ConstantNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
960	;
961
962	label_list:
963	no_attr_identifier
964	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->append_label( $1 ); }
965	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
966	{ $$ = $1; $1->append_label( $3 ); }
967	;
968
969	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
970
971	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
972	pop
973	{ $$ = 0; }
974	\| declaration_list
975	;
976
977	declaration_list:
978	declaration
979	\| declaration_list push declaration
980	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
981	;
982
983	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
984	pop
985	{ $$ = 0; }
986	\| old_declaration_list
987	;
988
989	old_declaration_list:
990	old_declaration
991	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
992	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
993	;
994
995	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
996	// empty
997	\| local_label_declaration_list
998	;
999
1000	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1001	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1002	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1003	;
1004
1005	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1006	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1007	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1008	;
1009
1010	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1011	new_declaration
1012	\| old_declaration
1013	;
1014
1015	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1016	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1017	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1018	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1019	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1020	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1021	//
1022	// CFA C
1023	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1024	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1025
1026	new_declaration: // CFA
1027	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1028	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1029	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1030	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1031	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1032	;
1033
1034	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1035	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1036	{
1037	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1038	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1039	}
1040	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1041	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1042	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1043	{
1044	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1045	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1046	}
1047	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1048	{
1049	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1050	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1051	}
1052	;
1053
1054	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1055	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1056	// storage-class
1057	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1058	{
1059	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1060	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1061	}
1062	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1063	{
1064	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1065	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1066	}
1067	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1068	{
1069	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1070	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1071	}
1072	;
1073
1074	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1075	new_function_specifier
1076	{
1077	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1078	$$ = $1;
1079	}
1080	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1081	{
1082	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1083	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1084	}
1085	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1086	{
1087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1088	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1089	}
1090	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1091	{
1092	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1093	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1094	}
1095	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1096	{
1097	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1098	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1099	}
1100	;
1101
1102	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1103	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1104	{
1105	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1106	}
1107	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1108	// {
1109	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1110	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1111	// }
1112	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1113	// {
1114	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1115	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1116	// }
1117	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1118	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1119	//
1120	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1121	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1122	//
1123	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1124	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1125	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1126	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1127	{
1128	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1129	}
1130	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1131	{
1132	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1133	}
1134	;
1135
1136	new_function_return: // CFA
1137	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1138	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1139	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1140	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1141	// ']'.
1142	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1143	;
1144
1145	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1146	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1147	{
1148	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1149	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1150	}
1151	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1152	{
1153	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1154	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1155	}
1156	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1157	{
1158	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1159	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1160	}
1161	;
1162
1163	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1164	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1165
1166	typedef_declaration:
1167	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1168	{
1169	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1170	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1171	}
1172	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1173	{
1174	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1175	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1176	}
1177	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1178	{
1179	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1180	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1181	}
1182	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1183	{
1184	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1185	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1186	}
1187	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1188	{
1189	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1190	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1191	}
1192	;
1193
1194	typedef_expression:
1195	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1196	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1197	{
1198	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1199	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1200	}
1201	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1202	{
1203	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1204	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1205	}
1206	;
1207
1208	old_declaration:
1209	declaring_list pop ';'
1210	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1211	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1212	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1213	;
1214
1215	declaring_list:
1216	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1217	// storage-class
1218	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1219	{
1220	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1221	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1222	}
1223	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1224	{
1225	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1226	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1227	}
1228	;
1229
1230	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1231	basic_declaration_specifier
1232	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1233	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1234	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1235	;
1236
1237	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1238	basic_type_specifier
1239	\| sue_type_specifier
1240	\| typedef_type_specifier
1241	\| typegen_type_specifier
1242	;
1243
1244	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1245	// empty
1246	{ $$ = 0; }
1247	\| type_qualifier_list
1248	;
1249
1250	type_qualifier_list:
1251	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1252	//
1253	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1254	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1255	// appeared only once.
1256	type_qualifier
1257	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1258	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1259	;
1260
1261	type_qualifier:
1262	type_qualifier_name
1263	\| attribute
1264	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1265	;
1266
1267	type_qualifier_name:
1268	CONST
1269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1270	\| RESTRICT
1271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1272	\| VOLATILE
1273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1274	\| LVALUE // CFA
1275	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1276	\| ATOMIC
1277	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1278	\| FORALL '('
1279	{
1280	typedefTable.enterScope();
1281	}
1282	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1283	{
1284	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1285	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1286	}
1287	;
1288
1289	declaration_qualifier_list:
1290	storage_class_list
1291	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1292	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1293	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1294	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1295	;
1296
1297	storage_class_list:
1298	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1299	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1300	//
1301	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1302	// specifiers in a declaration.
1303	storage_class
1304	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1305	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1306	;
1307
1308	storage_class:
1309	storage_class_name
1310	;
1311
1312	storage_class_name:
1313	EXTERN
1314	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1315	\| STATIC
1316	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1317	\| AUTO
1318	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1319	\| REGISTER
1320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1321	\| INLINE // C99
1322	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1323	\| FORTRAN // C99
1324	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1325	\| NORETURN // C11
1326	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1327	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1328	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1329	;
1330
1331	basic_type_name:
1332	CHAR
1333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1334	\| DOUBLE
1335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1336	\| FLOAT
1337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1338	\| INT
1339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1340	\| LONG
1341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1342	\| SHORT
1343	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1344	\| SIGNED
1345	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1346	\| UNSIGNED
1347	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1348	\| VOID
1349	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1350	\| BOOL // C99
1351	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1352	\| COMPLEX // C99
1353	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1354	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1355	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1356	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1357	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1358	;
1359
1360	basic_declaration_specifier:
1361	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1362	basic_type_specifier
1363	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1364	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1365	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1366	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1367	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1368	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1369	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1370	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1371	;
1372
1373	basic_type_specifier:
1374	direct_type_name
1375	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1376	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1377	;
1378
1379	direct_type_name:
1380	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1381	basic_type_name
1382	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1383	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1384	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1385	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1386	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1387	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1388	;
1389
1390	indirect_type_name:
1391	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1392	{ $$ = $3; }
1393	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1394	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1395	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1396	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1397	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1398	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1399	;
1400
1401	sue_declaration_specifier:
1402	sue_type_specifier
1403	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1404	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1405	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1406	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1407	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1408	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1409	;
1410
1411	sue_type_specifier:
1412	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1413	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1414	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1415	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1416	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1417	;
1418
1419	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1420	typedef_type_specifier
1421	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1422	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1423	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1424	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1425	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1426	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1427	;
1428
1429	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1430	TYPEDEFname
1431	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1432	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1433	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1434	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1435	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1436	;
1437
1438	elaborated_type_name:
1439	aggregate_name
1440	\| enum_name
1441	;
1442
1443	aggregate_name:
1444	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1445	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1446	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1447	{
1448	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1449	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0 );
1450	}
1451	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1452	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1453	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1454	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $5); }
1455	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6 ); }
1457	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1458	{ $$ = $2; }
1459	;
1460
1461	aggregate_key:
1462	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1464	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1465	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1466	;
1467
1468	field_declaration_list:
1469	field_declaration
1470	{ $$ = $1; }
1471	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1472	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1473	;
1474
1475	field_declaration:
1476	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1477	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1478	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1479	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1480	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1481	{ // mark all fields in list
1482	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != NULL; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_link() )
1483	iter->set_extension( true );
1484	$$ = $2;
1485	}
1486	;
1487
1488	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1489	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1490	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1491	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1492	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1493	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1494	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1495	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1496	;
1497
1498	field_declaring_list:
1499	type_specifier field_declarator
1500	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1501	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1502	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1503	;
1504
1505	field_declarator:
1506	// empty
1507	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1508	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1509	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1510	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1511	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1512	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1513	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1514	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1515	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1516	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1517	;
1518
1519	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1520	// empty
1521	{ $$ = 0; }
1522	\| bit_subrange_size
1523	{ $$ = $1; }
1524	;
1525
1526	bit_subrange_size:
1527	':' constant_expression
1528	{ $$ = $2; }
1529	;
1530
1531	enum_key:
1532	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1533	;
1534
1535	enum_name:
1536	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1537	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1538	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1539	{
1540	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1541	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1542	}
1543	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1544	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1545	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1546	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1547	;
1548
1549	enumerator_list:
1550	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1551	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1552	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1553	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1554	;
1555
1556	enumerator_value_opt:
1557	// empty
1558	{ $$ = 0; }
1559	\| '=' constant_expression
1560	{ $$ = $2; }
1561	;
1562
1563	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1564
1565	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1566	// empty
1567	{ $$ = 0; }
1568	\| new_parameter_type_list
1569	;
1570
1571	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1572	new_abstract_parameter_list
1573	\| new_parameter_list
1574	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1575	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1576	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1577	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1578	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1579	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1580	;
1581
1582	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1583	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1584	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1585	new_parameter_declaration
1586	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1587	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1588	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1589	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1590	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1591	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1592	;
1593
1594	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1595	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1596	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1597	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1598	;
1599
1600	parameter_type_list_opt:
1601	// empty
1602	{ $$ = 0; }
1603	\| parameter_type_list
1604	;
1605
1606	parameter_type_list:
1607	parameter_list
1608	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1609	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1610	;
1611
1612	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1613	abstract_parameter_declaration
1614	\| parameter_declaration
1615	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1616	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1617	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1618	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1619	;
1620
1621	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1622	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1623
1624	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1625	parameter_declaration
1626	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1627	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1628	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1629	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1630	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1631	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1632	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1633	\| new_function_specifier
1634	;
1635
1636	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1637	abstract_parameter_declaration
1638	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1639	\| new_abstract_tuple
1640	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1641	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1642	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1643	\| new_abstract_function
1644	;
1645
1646	parameter_declaration:
1647	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1648	{
1649	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1650	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1651	}
1652	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1653	{
1654	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1655	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1656	}
1657	;
1658
1659	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1660	declaration_specifier
1661	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1662	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1663	;
1664
1665	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1666	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1667	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1668
1669	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1670	no_attr_identifier
1671	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1672	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1673	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1674	;
1675
1676	identifier_or_type_name:
1677	identifier
1678	\| TYPEDEFname
1679	\| TYPEGENname
1680	;
1681
1682	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1683	no_01_identifier
1684	\| TYPEDEFname
1685	\| TYPEGENname
1686	;
1687
1688	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1689	no_attr_identifier
1690	\| TYPEDEFname
1691	\| TYPEGENname
1692	;
1693
1694	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1695	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1696	\| type_specifier
1697	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1698	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1699	;
1700
1701	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1702	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1703	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1704	\| type_specifier
1705	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1706	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1707	;
1708
1709	initializer_opt:
1710	// empty
1711	{ $$ = 0; }
1712	\| '=' initializer
1713	{ $$ = $2; }
1714	\| ATassign initializer
1715	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1716	;
1717
1718	initializer:
1719	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1720	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1721	;
1722
1723	initializer_list:
1724	// empty
1725	{ $$ = 0; }
1726	\| initializer
1727	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1728	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 ) ); }
1729	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1730	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1731	;
1732
1733	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1734	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1735	//
1736	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1737	//
1738	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1739	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1740	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1741	// shift/reduce conflicts
1742
1743	designation:
1744	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1745	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1746	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1747	;
1748
1749	designator_list: // C99
1750	designator
1751	\| designator_list designator
1752	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
1753	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
1754	;
1755
1756	designator:
1757	// lexer ambiguity: designator ".0" is floating-point constant or designator for name 0 only ".0" and ".1"
1758	// allowed => semantic check
1759	FLOATINGconstant
1760	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $1 ) ); }
1761	\| '.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1762	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $2 ) ); }
1763	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1764	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1765	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1766	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1767	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1768	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1769	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $3, $5 ), true ); }
1770	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1771	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $4 ); }
1772	;
1773
1774	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1775	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1776	//
1777	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1778	//
1779	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1780	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1781	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1782	//
1783	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1784	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1785	//
1786	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1787	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1788	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1789	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1790	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1791
1792	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1793	typegen_type_specifier
1794	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1795	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1796	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1797	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1798	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1799	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1800	;
1801
1802	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1803	typegen_name
1804	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1805	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1806	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1807	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1808	;
1809
1810	typegen_name: // CFA
1811	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1813	;
1814
1815	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1816	type_parameter assignment_opt
1817	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1818	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1819	;
1820
1821	type_parameter: // CFA
1822	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1823	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1824	assertion_list_opt
1825	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1826	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1827	;
1828
1829	type_class: // CFA
1830	OTYPE
1831	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1832	\| DTYPE
1833	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1834	\| FTYPE
1835	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1836	;
1837
1838	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1839	// empty
1840	{ $$ = 0; }
1841	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1842	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1843	;
1844
1845	assertion: // CFA
1846	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1847	{
1848	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1849	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1850	}
1851	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1852	{ $$ = $4; }
1853	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1854	{ $$ = 0; }
1855	;
1856
1857	type_name_list: // CFA
1858	type_name
1859	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1860	\| assignment_expression
1861	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1862	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1863	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1864	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
1865	;
1866
1867	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1868	OTYPE type_declarator
1869	{ $$ = $2; }
1870	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1871	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1872	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1873	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1874	;
1875
1876	type_declarator: // CFA
1877	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1878	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1879	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1880	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1881	;
1882
1883	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1884	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1885	{
1886	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1887	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1888	}
1889	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1890	{
1891	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1892	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1893	}
1894	;
1895
1896	trait_specifier: // CFA
1897	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1898	{
1899	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1900	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1901	}
1902	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1903	{
1904	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1905	typedefTable.enterScope();
1906	}
1907	trait_declaration_list '}'
1908	{
1909	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1910	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1911	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1912	}
1913	;
1914
1915	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1916	trait_declaration
1917	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1918	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1919	;
1920
1921	trait_declaration: // CFA
1922	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1923	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1924	;
1925
1926	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1927	new_variable_specifier
1928	{
1929	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1930	$$ = $1;
1931	}
1932	\| new_function_specifier
1933	{
1934	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1935	$$ = $1;
1936	}
1937	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1938	{
1939	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1940	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1941	}
1942	;
1943
1944	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1945	type_specifier declarator
1946	{
1947	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1948	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1949	}
1950	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1951	{
1952	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1953	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1954	}
1955	;
1956
1957	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1958
1959	translation_unit:
1960	// empty
1961	{} // empty input file
1962	\| external_definition_list
1963	{
1964	if ( theTree ) {
1965	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1966	} else {
1967	theTree = $1;
1968	}
1969	}
1970	;
1971
1972	external_definition_list:
1973	external_definition
1974	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1975	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1976	;
1977
1978	external_definition_list_opt:
1979	// empty
1980	{ $$ = 0; }
1981	\| external_definition_list
1982	;
1983
1984	external_definition:
1985	declaration
1986	\| external_function_definition
1987	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1988	{}
1989	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1990	{
1991	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1992	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1993	}
1994	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1995	{
1996	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1997	linkageStack.pop();
1998	$$ = $5;
1999	}
2000	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2001	{ // mark all fields in list
2002	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != NULL; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_link() )
2003	iter->set_extension( true );
2004	$$ = $2;
2005	}
2006	;
2007
2008	external_function_definition:
2009	function_definition
2010	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2011	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2012	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2013	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2014	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2015	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2016	{
2017	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2018	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2019	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2020	}
2021	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2022	{
2023	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2024	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2025	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2026	}
2027	;
2028
2029	function_definition:
2030	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2031	{
2032	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2033	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2034	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2035	}
2036	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2037	{
2038	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2039	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2040	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2041	}
2042	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2043	{
2044	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2045	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2046	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2047	}
2048	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2049	{
2050	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2051	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2052	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2053	}
2054	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2055	{
2056	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2057	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2058	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2059	}
2060
2061	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2062	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2063	{
2064	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2065	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2066	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2067	}
2068	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2069	{
2070	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2071	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2072	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2073	}
2074
2075	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2076	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2077	{
2078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2079	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2080	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2081	}
2082	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2083	{
2084	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2085	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2086	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2087	}
2088	;
2089
2090	declarator:
2091	variable_declarator
2092	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2093	\| function_declarator
2094	;
2095
2096	subrange:
2097	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2098	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
2099	;
2100
2101	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2102	// empty
2103	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2104	;
2105
2106	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2107	// empty
2108	{ $$ = 0; }
2109	\| attribute_list
2110	;
2111
2112	attribute_list: // GCC
2113	attribute
2114	\| attribute_list attribute
2115	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2116	;
2117
2118	attribute: // GCC
2119	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2120	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2121	{ $$ = 0; }
2122	;
2123
2124	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2125	attrib
2126	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2127	;
2128
2129	attrib: // GCC
2130	// empty
2131	\| any_word
2132	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2133	;
2134
2135	any_word: // GCC
2136	identifier_or_type_name {}
2137	\| storage_class_name {}
2138	\| basic_type_name {}
2139	\| type_qualifier {}
2140	;
2141
2142	// ============================================================================
2143	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2144	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2145	// in:
2146	//
2147	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2148	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2149	//
2150	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2151	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2152	// ============================================================================
2153
2154	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2155	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2156	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2157	//
2158	// valid declaration invalid definition
2159	// ----------------- ------------------
2160	// int f; int f {}
2161	// int f; int f {}
2162	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2163	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2164	//
2165	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2166	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2167	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2168
2169	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2170	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2171
2172	variable_declarator:
2173	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2174	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2175	\| variable_ptr
2176	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2177	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2178	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2179	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2180	;
2181
2182	paren_identifier:
2183	identifier
2184	{
2185	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2186	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2187	}
2188	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2189	{ $$ = $2; }
2190	;
2191
2192	variable_ptr:
2193	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2194	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2195	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2196	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2197	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2198	{ $$ = $2; }
2199	;
2200
2201	variable_array:
2202	paren_identifier array_dimension
2203	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2204	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2205	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2206	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2207	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2208	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2209	{ $$ = $2; }
2210	;
2211
2212	variable_function:
2213	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2214	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2215	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2216	{ $$ = $2; }
2217	;
2218
2219	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2220	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2221	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2222
2223	function_declarator:
2224	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2225	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2226	\| function_ptr
2227	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2228	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2229	;
2230
2231	function_no_ptr:
2232	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2233	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2234	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2235	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2236	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2237	{ $$ = $2; }
2238	;
2239
2240	function_ptr:
2241	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2242	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2243	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2244	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2245	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2246	{ $$ = $2; }
2247	;
2248
2249	function_array:
2250	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2251	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2252	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2253	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2254	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2255	{ $$ = $2; }
2256	;
2257
2258	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2259	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2260	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2261
2262	old_function_declarator:
2263	old_function_no_ptr
2264	\| old_function_ptr
2265	\| old_function_array
2266	;
2267
2268	old_function_no_ptr:
2269	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2270	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2271	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2272	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2273	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2274	{ $$ = $2; }
2275	;
2276
2277	old_function_ptr:
2278	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2279	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2280	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2281	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2282	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2283	{ $$ = $2; }
2284	;
2285
2286	old_function_array:
2287	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2288	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2289	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2290	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2291	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2292	{ $$ = $2; }
2293	;
2294
2295	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2296	//
2297	// typedef int foo;
2298	// {
2299	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2300	// }
2301	//
2302	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2303	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2304
2305	variable_type_redeclarator:
2306	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2307	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2308	\| type_ptr
2309	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2310	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2311	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2312	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2313	;
2314
2315	paren_type:
2316	typedef
2317	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2318	{ $$ = $2; }
2319	;
2320
2321	type_ptr:
2322	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2323	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2324	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2325	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2326	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2327	{ $$ = $2; }
2328	;
2329
2330	type_array:
2331	paren_type array_dimension
2332	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2333	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2334	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2335	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2336	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2337	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2338	{ $$ = $2; }
2339	;
2340
2341	type_function:
2342	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2343	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2344	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2345	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2346	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2347	{ $$ = $2; }
2348	;
2349
2350	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2351	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2352	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2353	// arrays and functions.
2354
2355	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2356	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2357	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2358	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2359	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2361	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2362	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2363	;
2364
2365	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2366	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2367	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2368	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2369	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2370	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2371	{ $$ = $2; }
2372	;
2373
2374	identifier_parameter_array:
2375	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2376	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2377	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2378	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2379	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2380	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2381	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2382	{ $$ = $2; }
2383	;
2384
2385	identifier_parameter_function:
2386	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2387	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2388	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2389	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2390	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2391	{ $$ = $2; }
2392	;
2393
2394	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2395	// e.g.:
2396	//
2397	// typedef int foo;
2398	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2399	//
2400	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2401	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2402	//
2403	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2404	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2405	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2406	//
2407	// For example:
2408	//
2409	// typedef float T;
2410	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2411	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2412	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2413	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2414	//
2415	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2416	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2417	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2418	// functions.
2419
2420	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2421	typedef attribute_list_opt
2422	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2423	\| type_parameter_ptr
2424	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2425	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2426	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2427	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2428	;
2429
2430	typedef:
2431	TYPEDEFname
2432	{
2433	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2434	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2435	}
2436	\| TYPEGENname
2437	{
2438	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2439	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2440	}
2441	;
2442
2443	type_parameter_ptr:
2444	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2445	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2446	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2447	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2448	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2449	{ $$ = $2; }
2450	;
2451
2452	type_parameter_array:
2453	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2454	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2455	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2456	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2457	;
2458
2459	type_parameter_function:
2460	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2461	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2462	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2463	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2464	;
2465
2466	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2467	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2468	//
2469	// sizeof( int );
2470	// sizeof( int [10] );
2471	//
2472	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2473	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2474
2475	abstract_declarator:
2476	abstract_ptr
2477	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2478	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2479	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2480	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2481	;
2482
2483	abstract_ptr:
2484	ptrref_operator
2485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2486	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2488	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2489	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2490	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2491	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2492	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2493	{ $$ = $2; }
2494	;
2495
2496	abstract_array:
2497	array_dimension
2498	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2499	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2500	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2501	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2502	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2503	{ $$ = $2; }
2504	;
2505
2506	abstract_function:
2507	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2508	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2509	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2510	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2511	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2512	{ $$ = $2; }
2513	;
2514
2515	array_dimension:
2516	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2517	'[' ']'
2518	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2519	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2520	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2521	\| multi_array_dimension
2522	;
2523
2524	multi_array_dimension:
2525	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2526	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2527	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2528	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2529	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2530	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2531	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2532	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2533	;
2534
2535	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2536	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2537	//
2538	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2539	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2540	//
2541	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2542	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2543
2544	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2545	abstract_parameter_ptr
2546	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2547	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2548	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2549	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2550	;
2551
2552	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2553	ptrref_operator
2554	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2555	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2557	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2558	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2559	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2560	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2561	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2562	{ $$ = $2; }
2563	;
2564
2565	abstract_parameter_array:
2566	array_parameter_dimension
2567	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2568	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2569	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2570	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2571	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2572	{ $$ = $2; }
2573	;
2574
2575	abstract_parameter_function:
2576	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2577	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2578	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2579	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2580	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2581	{ $$ = $2; }
2582	;
2583
2584	array_parameter_dimension:
2585	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2586	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2587	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2588	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2589	\| multi_array_dimension
2590	;
2591
2592	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2593	//
2594	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2595	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2596
2597	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2598	'[' ']'
2599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2600	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2601	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2602	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2603	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2604	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2605	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2606	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2607	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2608	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2609	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2610	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2611	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2612	;
2613
2614	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2615	// e.g.:
2616	//
2617	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2618	//
2619	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2620	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2621
2622	variable_abstract_declarator:
2623	variable_abstract_ptr
2624	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2625	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2626	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2627	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2628	;
2629
2630	variable_abstract_ptr:
2631	ptrref_operator
2632	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2633	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2634	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2635	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2636	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2637	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2638	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2639	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2640	{ $$ = $2; }
2641	;
2642
2643	variable_abstract_array:
2644	array_dimension
2645	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2646	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2647	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2648	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2649	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2650	{ $$ = $2; }
2651	;
2652
2653	variable_abstract_function:
2654	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2655	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2656	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2657	{ $$ = $2; }
2658	;
2659
2660	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2661	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2662
2663	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2664	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2665	\| new_abstract_tuple
2666	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2667	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2668	;
2669
2670	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2671	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2672	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2673	;
2674
2675	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2676	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2677	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2678	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2679	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2680	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2681	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2682	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2683	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2684	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2685	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2686	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2687	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2688	;
2689
2690	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2691	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2692	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2693	'[' ']' type_specifier
2694	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2695	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2696	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2697	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2698	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2699	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2700	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2701	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2702	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2703	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2704	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2705	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2706	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2707	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2708	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2709	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2710	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2711	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2712	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2713	;
2714
2715	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2716	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2717	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2718	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2719	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2720	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2721	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2722	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2723	// appear in this context.
2724	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2725	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2726	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2727	;
2728
2729	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2730	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2731	//
2732	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2733	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2734	//
2735	// These rules need LR(3):
2736	//
2737	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2738	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2739	//
2740	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2741	//
2742	// [int, int] t;
2743	// [int, int] f( int );
2744	//
2745	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2746	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2747	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2748	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2749
2750	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2751	new_abstract_tuple
2752	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2753	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2754	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2755	;
2756
2757	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2758	new_abstract_ptr
2759	\| new_abstract_array
2760	;
2761
2762	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2763	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2764	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2765	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2766	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2767	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2768	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2769	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2770	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2771	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2772	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2773	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2774	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2775	;
2776
2777	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2778	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2779	// empty (void) function return type.
2780	'[' ']' type_specifier
2781	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2782	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2783	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2784	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2785	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2786	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2787	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2788	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2789	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2790	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2791	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2792	;
2793
2794	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2795	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2796	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2797	;
2798
2799	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2800	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2802	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2803	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2804	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2806	;
2807
2808	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2809	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2810	//
2811	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2812	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2813	//
2814	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2815	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2816	//
2817	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2818	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2819
2820	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2821
2822	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2823	// empty
2824	\| ','
2825	;
2826
2827	assignment_opt:
2828	// empty
2829	{ $$ = 0; }
2830	\| '=' assignment_expression
2831	{ $$ = $2; }
2832	;
2833
2834	%%
2835	// ----end of grammar----
2836
2837	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2838	std::cout << "Error ";
2839	if ( yyfilename ) {
2840	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2841	} // if
2842	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2843	}
2844
2845	// Local Variables: //
2846	// mode: c++ //
2847	// tab-width: 4 //
2848	// compile-command: "make install" //
2849	// End: //

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