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Last change on this file since 9a8930f was a61fea9a, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 10 years ago
enable AM_MAINTAINER_MODE, add operator ?{}, formatting
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 98.7 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Jun 3 22:03:06 2015
13	// Update Count : 1020
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on
17	// the C grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While
18	// parts have been copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to
19	// constitute a new grammar. In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it
20	// parses less incorrect language syntax that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless,
21	// there are still several semantic checks required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is
22	// extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
23
24	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got
25	// stuck with the grammar.
26
27	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
28	//
29	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
30	//
31	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This
32	// grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
33	//
34	// 1. nested functions
35	// 2. generalized lvalues
36	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
37	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
38	//
39	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for
40	// Cforall (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language
41	// concepts. All of the syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above,
42	// there is one unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is
43	// discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule.
44
45	%{
46	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
47	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "lex.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
57
58	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
59	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
60	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
61	TypedefTable typedefTable;
62	%}
63
64	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
65
66	// keywords
67	%token TYPEDEF
68	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
69	%token INLINE // C99
70	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
71	%token CONST VOLATILE
72	%token RESTRICT // C99
73	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
74	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
75	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
76	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
77	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
78	%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT // CFA
79	%token SIZEOF
80	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
81	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
82	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH FINALLY THROW // CFA
83	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
84	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
85
86	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
87	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
88	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
89	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
90	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
91
92	// multi-character operators
93	%token ARROW // ->
94	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
95	%token LS RS // << >>
96	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
97	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
98	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
99
100	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
101	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
102	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
103	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
104
105	// Types declaration
106	%union
107	{
108	Token tok;
109	ParseNode *pn;
110	ExpressionNode *en;
111	DeclarationNode *decl;
112	DeclarationNode::TyCon aggKey;
113	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
114	StatementNode *sn;
115	ConstantNode *constant;
116	InitializerNode *in;
117	}
118
119	%type<tok> zero_one identifier no_attr_identifier no_01_identifier
120	%type<tok> identifier_or_typedef_name no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name
121	%type<constant> string_literal_list
122
123	// expressions
124	%type<constant> constant
125	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
126	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
127	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
128	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
129	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
130	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
131	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
132	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
133	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
134	%type<en> subrange
135
136	// statements
137	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
138	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
139	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
140	%type<sn> statement statement_list
141	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
142	%type<sn> case_clause
143	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
144	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
145	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
146	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
147
148	// declarations
149	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
150	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
151	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
152
153	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
154	%type<decl> aggregate_name
155
156	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
157
158	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
159
160	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
161
162	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
163
164	%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
165
166	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
167	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
168
169	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
170
171	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
172	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
173
174	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
175
176	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
177	%type<en> field field_list
178
179	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
180
181	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
182	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
183
184	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
185	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
186	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
187
188	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
189
190	%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
191	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
192
193	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
194	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
195
196	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
197
198	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
199
200	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
201	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
202
203	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
204	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
205
206	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_typedef
207
208	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
209
210	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
211
212	%type<tclass> type_class
213	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
214
215	%type<decl> typedef typedef_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
216	%type<decl> typedef_function typedef_parameter_array typedef_parameter_function typedef_parameter_ptr
217	%type<decl> typedef_parameter_redeclarator typedef_ptr typedef_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
218	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier
219
220	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
221	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
222
223	%type<en> type_name_list
224
225	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
226
227	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
228	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
229
230	// initializers
231	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
232
233	// designators
234	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
235
236
237	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
238	// is ambiguous:
239	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
240	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
241	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
242
243	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
244	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
245
246	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
247
248	%%
249	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
250
251	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal
252	// symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a
253	// purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic
254	// constructs. Hence, this grammar uses the ANSI style.
255	//
256	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance,
257	// those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types.
258	// This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
259	//
260	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context
261	// information, it accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that
262	// it has just read. Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of
263	// identifiers change.
264	//
265	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its
266	// class in a local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can
267	// be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing
268	// between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of
269	// the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "type" declarations).
270	//
271	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and
272	// closing of scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do
273	// not always occur within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly
274	// necessary from a semantic point of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing
275	// conflicts -- the parser may not have enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new
276	// scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the
277	// grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve
278	// conflicts of this sort.
279
280	push:
281	{
282	typedefTable.enterScope();
283	}
284	;
285
286	pop:
287	{
288	typedefTable.leaveScope();
289	}
290	;
291
292	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
293
294	constant:
295	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type
296	// "enumeration constant".
297	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Integer, $1); }
298	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Float, $1); }
299	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Character, $1); }
300	;
301
302	identifier:
303	IDENTIFIER
304	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
305	\| zero_one // CFA
306	;
307
308	no_01_identifier:
309	IDENTIFIER
310	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
311	;
312
313	no_attr_identifier:
314	IDENTIFIER
315	;
316
317	zero_one: // CFA
318	ZERO
319	\| ONE
320	;
321
322	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
323	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::String, $1); }
324	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->append( $2 ); }
325	;
326
327	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
328
329	primary_expression:
330	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
331	{ $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
332	\| zero_one
333	{ $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
334	\| constant
335	{ $$ = $1; }
336	\| string_literal_list
337	{ $$ = $1; }
338	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
339	{ $$ = $2; }
340	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
341	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode($2); }
342	;
343
344	postfix_expression:
345	primary_expression
346	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
347	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error:
348	// subscripting a matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards
349	// compatible, there seems to be little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is
350	// possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is equivalent to the old x[i,j].
351	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Index), $1, $4); }
352	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
353	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $3); }
354	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
355	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
356	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
357	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
359	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
360	\| postfix_expression ICR
361	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::IncrPost), $1); }
362	\| postfix_expression DECR
363	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DecrPost), $1); }
364	// GCC has priority: cast_expression
365	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
366	{ $$ = 0; }
367	;
368
369	argument_expression_list:
370	argument_expression
371	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
372	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
373	;
374
375	argument_expression:
376	// empty
377	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
378	\| assignment_expression
379	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
380	{ $$ = $3->set_asArgName($1); }
381	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name is allowed in this context. However, there is
382	// insufficient look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the
383	// tuple form must be used with an appropriate semantic check.
384	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
385	{ $$ = $7->set_asArgName($3); }
386	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
387	{ $$ = $9->set_asArgName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
388	;
389
390	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
391	field
392	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
393	;
394
395	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
396	no_attr_identifier
397	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
398	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
399	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
400	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
401	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
402	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
403	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
404	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
405	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
406	;
407
408	unary_expression:
409	postfix_expression
410	\| ICR unary_expression
411	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Incr), $2); }
412	\| DECR unary_expression
413	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Decr), $2); }
414	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
415	{ $$ = $2; }
416	\| unary_operator cast_expression
417	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $2); }
418	\| '!' cast_expression
419	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neg), $2); }
420	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
421	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PointTo), $2); }
422	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
423	// { * X; } // dereference X
424	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
425	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
426	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
427	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), $2); }
428	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
429	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
430	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
431	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1)); }
432	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
433	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
434	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
435	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), $3); }
436	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
437	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), $2); }
438	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
439	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
440	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
441	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LabelAddress), new VarRefNode($2, true)); }
442	;
443
444	unary_operator:
445	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AddressOf); }
446	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnPlus); }
447	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnMinus); }
448	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitNeg); }
449	;
450
451	cast_expression:
452	unary_expression
453	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
454	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
455	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
456	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
457	;
458
459	multiplicative_expression:
460	cast_expression
461	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
462	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mul),$1,$3); }
463	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
464	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Div),$1,$3); }
465	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
466	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mod),$1,$3); }
467	;
468
469	additive_expression:
470	multiplicative_expression
471	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
472	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Plus),$1,$3); }
473	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
474	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Minus),$1,$3); }
475	;
476
477	shift_expression:
478	additive_expression
479	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
480	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LShift),$1,$3); }
481	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
482	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RShift),$1,$3); }
483	;
484
485	relational_expression:
486	shift_expression
487	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
488	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LThan),$1,$3); }
489	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
490	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GThan),$1,$3); }
491	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
492	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LEThan),$1,$3); }
493	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
494	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GEThan),$1,$3); }
495	;
496
497	equality_expression:
498	relational_expression
499	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
500	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Eq), $1, $3); }
501	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
502	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neq), $1, $3); }
503	;
504
505	AND_expression:
506	equality_expression
507	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
508	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitAnd), $1, $3); }
509	;
510
511	exclusive_OR_expression:
512	AND_expression
513	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
514	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Xor), $1, $3); }
515	;
516
517	inclusive_OR_expression:
518	exclusive_OR_expression
519	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
520	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitOr), $1, $3); }
521	;
522
523	logical_AND_expression:
524	inclusive_OR_expression
525	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
526	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::And), $1, $3); }
527	;
528
529	logical_OR_expression:
530	logical_AND_expression
531	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
532	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Or), $1, $3); }
533	;
534
535	conditional_expression:
536	logical_OR_expression
537	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
538	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode )mkList(($1,$3,$5))); }
539	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
540	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::NCond),$1,$4); }
541	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
542	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode )mkList(( $1, $3, $5 ))); }
543	;
544
545	constant_expression:
546	conditional_expression
547	;
548
549	assignment_expression:
550	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
551	conditional_expression
552	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
553	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Assign), $1, $3); }
554	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
555	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode($2, $1, $3); }
556	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
557	{ $$ = ($2 == 0) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
558	;
559
560	assignment_expression_opt:
561	// empty
562	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
563	\| assignment_expression
564	;
565
566	tuple: // CFA, tuple
567	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce
568	// conflict with comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
569	'[' push pop ']'
570	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
571	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
572	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
573	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
574	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
575	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
576	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
577	;
578
579	tuple_expression_list:
580	assignment_expression_opt
581	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
582	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
583	;
584
585	assignment_operator:
586	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MulAssn); }
587	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DivAssn); }
588	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ModAssn); }
589	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PlusAssn); }
590	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MinusAssn); }
591	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LSAssn); }
592	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RSAssn); }
593	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AndAssn); }
594	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ERAssn); }
595	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::OrAssn); }
596	;
597
598	comma_expression:
599	assignment_expression
600	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list($3); }
601	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Comma),$1,$3); }
602	;
603
604	comma_expression_opt:
605	// empty
606	{ $$ = 0; }
607	\| comma_expression
608	;
609
610	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
611
612	statement:
613	labeled_statement
614	\| compound_statement
615	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
616	\| selection_statement
617	\| iteration_statement
618	\| jump_statement
619	\| exception_statement
620	\| asm_statement
621	;
622
623	labeled_statement:
624	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
625	{ $$ = $4->add_label($1);}
626	;
627
628	compound_statement:
629	'{' '}'
630	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
631	\| '{'
632	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the
633	// block also requires its own scope
634	push push
635	label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
636	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
637	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
638	;
639
640	block_item_list: // C99
641	block_item
642	\| block_item_list push block_item
643	{ if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($3); $$ = $1; } }
644	;
645
646	block_item:
647	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
648	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
649	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
650	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
651	\| function_definition
652	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
653	\| statement pop
654	;
655
656	statement_list:
657	statement
658	\| statement_list statement
659	{ if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($2); $$ = $1; } }
660	;
661
662	expression_statement:
663	comma_expression_opt ';'
664	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0); }
665	;
666
667	selection_statement:
668	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
669	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
670	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, $5); }
671	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
672	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7)) ); }
673	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
674	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5); }
675	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
676	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8); /* xxx */ }
677	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is
678	// performed before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial
679	// declaration list can never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C
680	// allows it.
681	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
682	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5); }
683	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
684	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8); }
685	;
686
687	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a
688	// case clause allows a list of values and subranges.
689
690	case_value: // CFA
691	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
692	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
693	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range),$1,$3); }
694	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
695	;
696
697	case_value_list: // CFA
698	case_value
699	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
700	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents($1))->set_link($3) ); }
701	;
702
703	case_label: // CFA
704	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Case, $2, 0); }
705	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Default); }
706	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
707	;
708
709	case_label_list: // CFA
710	case_label
711	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2)); }
712	;
713
714	case_clause: // CFA
715	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
716	;
717
718	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
719	// empty
720	{ $$ = 0; }
721	\| switch_clause_list
722	;
723
724	switch_clause_list: // CFA
725	case_label_list statement_list
726	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
727	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
728	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
729	;
730
731	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
732	// empty
733	{ $$ = 0; }
734	\| choose_clause_list
735	;
736
737	choose_clause_list: // CFA
738	case_label_list fall_through
739	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
740	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
741	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3))); }
742	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
743	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
744	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
745	{ $$ = (StatementNode )($1->set_link($2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4))))); }
746	;
747
748	fall_through_opt: // CFA
749	// empty
750	{ $$ = 0; }
751	\| fall_through
752	;
753
754	fall_through: // CFA
755	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
756	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
757	;
758
759	iteration_statement:
760	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
761	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::While, $3, $5); }
762	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
763	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Do, $5, $2); }
764	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
765	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::For, $4, $6); }
766	;
767
768	for_control_expression:
769	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
770	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $4, $6); }
771	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
772	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $2, $4); }
773	;
774
775	jump_statement:
776	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
777	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $2); }
778	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
779	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto *i+3; =>
780	// goto (i+3); whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (i)+3;
781	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $3); }
782	\| CONTINUE ';'
783	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
784	// statement.
785	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, 0, 0); }
786	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
787	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
788	// statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
789	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, $2); }
790	\| BREAK ';'
791	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
792	// statement.
793	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, 0, 0); }
794	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
795	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
796	// statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
797	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
798	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
799	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Return, $2, 0); }
800	\| THROW assignment_expression ';'
801	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0); }
802	\| THROW ';'
803	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, 0, 0); }
804	;
805
806	exception_statement:
807	TRY compound_statement handler_list
808	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3)))); }
809	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
810	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3)))); }
811	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
812	{
813	$3->set_link($4);
814	$$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3))));
815	}
816	;
817
818	handler_list:
819	// There must be at least one catch clause
820	handler_clause
821	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try
822	// block.
823	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
824	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
825	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
826	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
827	;
828
829	handler_clause:
830	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
831	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt($5, $8); }
832	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
833	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt($6, $9) ); }
834	;
835
836	finally_clause:
837	FINALLY compound_statement
838	{
839	$$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2);
840	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
841	}
842	;
843
844	exception_declaration:
845	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
846	//
847	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
848	//
849	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
850	type_specifier
851	\| type_specifier declarator
852	{
853	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
854	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
855	}
856	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
857	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
858	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
859	{
860	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
861	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
862	}
863	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
864	;
865
866	asm_statement:
867	ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ')' ';'
868	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
869	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
870	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
871	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
872	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
873	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list ')' ';'
874	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
875	;
876
877	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
878	// empty
879	\| asm_operands_list
880	;
881
882	asm_operands_list: // GCC
883	asm_operand
884	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
885	;
886
887	asm_operand: // GCC
888	STRINGliteral '(' constant_expression ')' {}
889	;
890
891	asm_clobbers_list: // GCC
892	STRINGliteral {}
893	\| asm_clobbers_list ',' STRINGliteral
894	;
895
896	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
897
898	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
899	pop
900	{ $$ = 0; }
901	\| declaration_list
902	;
903
904	declaration_list:
905	declaration
906	\| declaration_list push declaration
907	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
908	;
909
910	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
911	pop
912	{ $$ = 0; }
913	\| old_declaration_list
914	;
915
916	old_declaration_list:
917	old_declaration
918	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
919	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
920	;
921
922	label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
923	// empty
924	\| label_declaration_list
925	;
926
927	label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
928	LABEL label_list ';'
929	\| label_declaration_list LABEL label_list ';'
930	;
931
932	label_list: // GCC, local label
933	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
934	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
935	;
936
937	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
938	new_declaration
939	\| old_declaration
940	;
941
942	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and
943	// function declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places
944	// declaration modifiers to the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of
945	// the base type. CFA declaration modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type
946	// specification is distributed across all variables in the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the
947	// new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program block, but cannot be mixed within a specific
948	// declaration.
949	//
950	// CFA C
951	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
952	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
953
954	new_declaration: // CFA
955	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
956	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
957	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
958	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
959	\| context_specifier pop ';'
960	;
961
962	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
963	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
964	{
965	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
966	$$ = $1;
967	}
968	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
969	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to
970	// preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
971	{
972	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
973	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
974	}
975	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name initializer_opt
976	{
977	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
978	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
979	}
980	;
981
982	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
983	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or
984	// explicit static storage-class
985	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
986	{
987	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
988	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
989	}
990	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
991	{
992	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
993	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
994	}
995	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
996	{
997	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
998	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
999	}
1000	;
1001
1002	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1003	new_function_specifier
1004	{
1005	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1006	$$ = $1;
1007	}
1008	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1009	{
1010	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1011	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1012	}
1013	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1014	{
1015	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1016	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1017	}
1018	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1019	{
1020	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1021	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1022	}
1023	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1024	{
1025	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1026	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1027	}
1028	;
1029
1030	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1031	'[' push pop ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1032	{
1033	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1034	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1035	}
1036	\| '[' push pop ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1037	{
1038	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1039	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1040	}
1041	// identifier_or_typedef_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1042	//
1043	// '[' ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1044	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1045	//
1046	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g. typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this
1047	// must be flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce
1048	// identifier_or_typedef_name.
1049	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1050	// To obtain LR(1), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see
1051	// new_abstract_declarator).
1052	{
1053	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1054	}
1055	\| new_function_return identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1056	{
1057	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1058	}
1059	;
1060
1061	new_function_return: // CFA
1062	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1063	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1064	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1065	// To obtain LR(1), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to
1066	// lookahead to the ']'.
1067	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1068	;
1069
1070	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1071	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1072	{
1073	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1074	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1075	}
1076	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1077	{
1078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1079	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1080	}
1081	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1082	{
1083	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD);
1084	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1085	}
1086	;
1087
1088	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is
1089	// factored out as a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and
1090	// initialization.
1091
1092	typedef_declaration:
1093	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1094	{
1095	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1096	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1097	}
1098	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1099	{
1100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1101	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1102	}
1103	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1104	{
1105	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1106	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1107	}
1108	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1109	{
1110	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1111	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1112	}
1113	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1114	{
1115	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1116	$$ = $4->addQualifiers($1)->addTypedef()->addType($1);
1117	}
1118	;
1119
1120	typedef_expression: // GCC, naming expression type
1121	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1122	{
1123	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD);
1124	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1125	}
1126	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1127	{
1128	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($5), TypedefTable::TD);
1129	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1130	}
1131	;
1132
1133	old_declaration:
1134	declaring_list pop ';'
1135	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1136	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1137	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1138	;
1139
1140	declaring_list:
1141	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or
1142	// explicit static storage-class
1143	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1144	{
1145	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1146	$$ = ($2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer($4);
1147	}
1148	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1149	{
1150	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1151	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer($6) ) );
1152	}
1153	;
1154
1155	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1156	basic_declaration_specifier
1157	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1158	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1159	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1160	;
1161
1162	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1163	basic_type_specifier
1164	\| sue_type_specifier
1165	\| typedef_type_specifier
1166	\| typegen_type_specifier
1167	;
1168
1169	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1170	// empty
1171	{ $$ = 0; }
1172	\| type_qualifier_list
1173	;
1174
1175	type_qualifier_list:
1176	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of
1177	// declaration.
1178	//
1179	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1180	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as
1181	// if it appeared only once.
1182	type_qualifier
1183	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1184	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1185	;
1186
1187	type_qualifier:
1188	type_qualifier_name
1189	\| attribute
1190	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1191	;
1192
1193	type_qualifier_name:
1194	CONST
1195	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1196	\| RESTRICT
1197	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1198	\| VOLATILE
1199	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1200	\| LVALUE // CFA
1201	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1202	\| ATOMIC
1203	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1204	\| FORALL '('
1205	{
1206	typedefTable.enterScope();
1207	}
1208	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1209	{
1210	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1211	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1212	}
1213	;
1214
1215	declaration_qualifier_list:
1216	storage_class_list
1217	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1218	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1219	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1220	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1221	;
1222
1223	storage_class_list:
1224	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration
1225	// and that only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1226	//
1227	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the
1228	// declaration specifiers in a declaration.
1229	storage_class
1230	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1231	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1232	;
1233
1234	storage_class:
1235	storage_class_name
1236	;
1237
1238	storage_class_name:
1239	EXTERN
1240	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1241	\| STATIC
1242	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1243	\| AUTO
1244	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1245	\| REGISTER
1246	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1247	\| INLINE // C99
1248	// INLINE is essentially a storage class specifier for functions, and hence, belongs here.
1249	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1250	\| FORTRAN // C99
1251	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1252	;
1253
1254	basic_type_name:
1255	CHAR
1256	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1257	\| DOUBLE
1258	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1259	\| FLOAT
1260	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1261	\| INT
1262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1263	\| LONG
1264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1265	\| SHORT
1266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1267	\| SIGNED
1268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1269	\| UNSIGNED
1270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1271	\| VOID
1272	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1273	\| BOOL // C99
1274	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1275	\| COMPLEX // C99
1276	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1277	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1278	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1279	;
1280
1281	basic_declaration_specifier:
1282	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1283	basic_type_specifier
1284	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1285	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1286	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1287	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1288	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1289	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1290	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1291	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1292	;
1293
1294	basic_type_specifier:
1295	direct_type_name
1296	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1297	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1298	;
1299
1300	direct_type_name:
1301	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1302	basic_type_name
1303	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1304	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1305	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1306	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1307	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1308	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1309	;
1310
1311	indirect_type_name:
1312	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1313	{ $$ = $3; }
1314	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1316	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1318	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1320	;
1321
1322	sue_declaration_specifier:
1323	sue_type_specifier
1324	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1325	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1326	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1327	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1328	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1329	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1330	;
1331
1332	sue_type_specifier:
1333	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1334	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1335	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1336	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1337	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1338	;
1339
1340	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1341	typedef_type_specifier
1342	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1343	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1344	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1345	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1346	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1347	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1348	;
1349
1350	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1351	TYPEDEFname
1352	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1353	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1354	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1355	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1356	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1357	;
1358
1359	elaborated_type_name:
1360	aggregate_name
1361	\| enum_name
1362	;
1363
1364	aggregate_name:
1365	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1366	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1367	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1368	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, 0 ); }
1369	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1370	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, $4 ); }
1371	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1372	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, 0, $8 ); }
1373	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1374	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, 0 ); }
1375	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1376	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, $9 ); }
1377	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1378	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, $8, $11 ); }
1379	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_name_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1380	// push and pop are only to prevent S/R conflicts
1381	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, 0, $4, 0 ); }
1382	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1383	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $10, $4, $8, $12 ); }
1384	;
1385
1386	aggregate_key:
1387	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1388	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1389	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1390	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1391	;
1392
1393	field_declaration_list:
1394	field_declaration
1395	{ $$ = $1; }
1396	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1397	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1398	;
1399
1400	field_declaration:
1401	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1402	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1403	{ $$ = $2; }
1404	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1405	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1406	{ $$ = $2; }
1407	;
1408
1409	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1410	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1411	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1412	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1413	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1414	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1415	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1416	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1417	;
1418
1419	field_declaring_list:
1420	type_specifier field_declarator
1421	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1422	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1423	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1424	;
1425
1426	field_declarator:
1427	// empty
1428	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1429	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1431	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1432	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1433	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1434	\| typedef_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1435	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1436	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1437	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1438	;
1439
1440	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1441	// empty
1442	{ $$ = 0; }
1443	\| bit_subrange_size
1444	{ $$ = $1; }
1445	;
1446
1447	bit_subrange_size:
1448	':' constant_expression
1449	{ $$ = $2; }
1450	;
1451
1452	enum_key:
1453	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1454	;
1455
1456	enum_name:
1457	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1459	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1460	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1461	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1462	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1463	;
1464
1465	enumerator_list:
1466	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1467	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1468	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1469	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1470	;
1471
1472	enumerator_value_opt:
1473	// empty
1474	{ $$ = 0; }
1475	\| '=' constant_expression
1476	{ $$ = $2; }
1477	;
1478
1479	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1480
1481	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1482	// empty
1483	{ $$ = 0; }
1484	\| new_parameter_type_list
1485	;
1486
1487	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1488	new_abstract_parameter_list
1489	\| new_parameter_list
1490	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1491	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1492	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1493	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1494	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1495	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1496	;
1497
1498	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1499	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last
1500	// new_abstract_parameter_list is factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get
1501	// lookahead to the ']'.
1502	new_parameter_declaration
1503	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1504	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1505	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1506	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1507	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1508	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1509	;
1510
1511	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1512	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1513	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1514	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1515	;
1516
1517	parameter_type_list_opt:
1518	// empty
1519	{ $$ = 0; }
1520	\| parameter_type_list
1521	;
1522
1523	parameter_type_list:
1524	parameter_list
1525	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1526	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1527	;
1528
1529	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1530	abstract_parameter_declaration
1531	\| parameter_declaration
1532	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1533	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1534	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1535	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1536	;
1537
1538	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different
1539	// semantics for typedef name by using typedef_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and
1540	// function prototypes.
1541
1542	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1543	parameter_declaration
1544	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1545	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1546	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1547	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1548	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1549	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1550	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1551	\| new_function_specifier
1552	;
1553
1554	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1555	abstract_parameter_declaration
1556	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1557	\| new_abstract_tuple
1558	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1559	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1560	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1561	\| new_abstract_function
1562	;
1563
1564	parameter_declaration:
1565	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1566	{
1567	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1568	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1569	}
1570	\| declaration_specifier typedef_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1571	{
1572	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1573	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1574	}
1575	;
1576
1577	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1578	declaration_specifier
1579	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1580	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1581	;
1582
1583	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1584	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is
1585	// based only on identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1586
1587	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1588	no_attr_identifier
1589	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1590	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1591	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1592	;
1593
1594	identifier_or_typedef_name:
1595	identifier
1596	\| TYPEDEFname
1597	\| TYPEGENname
1598	;
1599
1600	no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1601	no_01_identifier
1602	\| TYPEDEFname
1603	\| TYPEGENname
1604	;
1605
1606	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1607	no_attr_identifier
1608	\| TYPEDEFname
1609	\| TYPEGENname
1610	;
1611
1612	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1613	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1614	\| type_specifier
1615	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1616	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1617	;
1618
1619	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1620	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1621	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1622	\| type_specifier
1623	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1624	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1625	;
1626
1627	initializer_opt:
1628	// empty
1629	{ $$ = 0; }
1630	\| '=' initializer { $$ = $2; }
1631	;
1632
1633	initializer:
1634	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode($1); }
1635	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode($2, true); }
1636	;
1637
1638	initializer_list:
1639	initializer
1640	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1641	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link($3) ); }
1642	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1643	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators($3) ) ); }
1644	;
1645
1646	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is
1647	// use of '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1648	//
1649	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1650	//
1651	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this
1652	// case, CFA changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC
1653	// does uses ":" for field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be
1654	// supported either due to shift/reduce conflicts
1655
1656	designation:
1657	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1658	\| no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name ':' // GCC, field name
1659	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1660	;
1661
1662	designator_list: // C99
1663	designator
1664	\| designator_list designator { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link( $2 )); }
1665	;
1666
1667	designator:
1668	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // C99, field name
1669	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $2 ); }
1670	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1671	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with
1672	// tuple.
1673	{ $$ = $3; }
1674	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1675	{ $$ = $3; }
1676	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1677	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $3, $5); }
1678	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1679	{ $$ = $4; }
1680	;
1681
1682	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type
1683	// parameters, rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1684	//
1685	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1686	//
1687	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used
1688	// for object and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with
1689	// initializers provide definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide
1690	// opaque types.
1691	//
1692	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at
1693	// the call site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1694	//
1695	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1696	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble
1697	// subclass hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare
1698	// that a type or types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used
1699	// to declare requirements on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1700
1701	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1702	typegen_type_specifier
1703	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1704	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1705	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1706	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1707	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1708	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1709	;
1710
1711	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1712	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1713	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1714	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1715	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $2, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1716	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1717	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1718	;
1719
1720	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1721	type_parameter assignment_opt
1722	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1723	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1724	;
1725
1726	type_parameter: // CFA
1727	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1728	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD); }
1729	assertion_list_opt
1730	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1731	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1732	;
1733
1734	type_class: // CFA
1735	TYPE
1736	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1737	\| DTYPE
1738	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1739	\| FTYPE
1740	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1741	;
1742
1743	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1744	// empty
1745	{ $$ = 0; }
1746	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1747	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1748	;
1749
1750	assertion: // CFA
1751	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1752	{
1753	typedefTable.openContext( *($2) );
1754	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1755	}
1756	\| '\|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1757	{ $$ = $4; }
1758	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1759	{ $$ = 0; }
1760	;
1761
1762	type_name_list: // CFA
1763	type_name
1764	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1765	\| assignment_expression
1766	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1767	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link(new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1768	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1769	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
1770	;
1771
1772	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1773	TYPE type_declarator
1774	{ $$ = $2; }
1775	\| storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1776	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1777	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1778	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1779	;
1780
1781	type_declarator: // CFA
1782	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1783	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1784	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1785	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1786	;
1787
1788	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1789	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1790	{
1791	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TD);
1792	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1793	}
1794	\| no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1795	{
1796	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TG);
1797	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1798	}
1799	;
1800
1801	context_specifier: // CFA
1802	CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1803	{
1804	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1805	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1806	}
1807	\| CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1808	{
1809	typedefTable.enterContext( *($2) );
1810	typedefTable.enterScope();
1811	}
1812	context_declaration_list '}'
1813	{
1814	typedefTable.leaveContext();
1815	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1816	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1817	}
1818	;
1819
1820	context_declaration_list: // CFA
1821	context_declaration
1822	\| context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1823	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1824	;
1825
1826	context_declaration: // CFA
1827	new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1828	\| context_declaring_list pop ';'
1829	;
1830
1831	new_context_declaring_list: // CFA
1832	new_variable_specifier
1833	{
1834	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1835	$$ = $1;
1836	}
1837	\| new_function_specifier
1838	{
1839	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1840	$$ = $1;
1841	}
1842	\| new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1843	{
1844	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *($5), TypedefTable::ID );
1845	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1846	}
1847	;
1848
1849	context_declaring_list: // CFA
1850	type_specifier declarator
1851	{
1852	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1853	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1854	}
1855	\| context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1856	{
1857	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1858	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1859	}
1860	;
1861
1862	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1863
1864	translation_unit:
1865	// empty
1866	{} // empty input file
1867	\| external_definition_list
1868	{
1869	if ( theTree ) {
1870	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1871	} else {
1872	theTree = $1;
1873	}
1874	}
1875	;
1876
1877	external_definition_list:
1878	external_definition
1879	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1880	{ $$ = ($1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1881	;
1882
1883	external_definition_list_opt:
1884	// empty
1885	{ $$ = 0; }
1886	\| external_definition_list
1887	;
1888
1889	external_definition:
1890	declaration
1891	\| external_function_definition
1892	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1893	{}
1894	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1895	{
1896	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1897	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1898	}
1899	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1900	{
1901	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1902	linkageStack.pop();
1903	$$ = $5;
1904	}
1905	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1906	{ $$ = $2; }
1907	;
1908
1909	external_function_definition:
1910	function_definition
1911
1912	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant
1913	// amount of code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible
1914	// because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would
1915	// preclude this concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier.
1916	// OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1917	\| function_declarator compound_statement
1918	{
1919	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1920	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1921	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1922	}
1923	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1924	{
1925	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1926	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1927	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1928	}
1929	;
1930
1931	function_definition:
1932	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
1933	{
1934	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1935	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1936	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1937	}
1938	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
1939	{
1940	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1941	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1942	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
1943	}
1944	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1945	{
1946	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1947	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1948	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1949	}
1950	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1951	{
1952	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1953	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1954	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1955	}
1956	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1957	{
1958	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1959	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1960	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1961	}
1962
1963	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1964	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1965	{
1966	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1967	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1968	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
1969	}
1970	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1971	{
1972	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1973	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1974	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1975	}
1976
1977	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1978	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1979	{
1980	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1981	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1982	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1983	}
1984	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1985	{
1986	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1987	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1988	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1989	}
1990	;
1991
1992	declarator:
1993	variable_declarator
1994	\| function_declarator
1995	\| typedef_redeclarator
1996	;
1997
1998	subrange:
1999	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2000	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $1, $3); }
2001	;
2002
2003	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2004	// empty
2005	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2006	;
2007
2008	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2009	// empty
2010	\| attribute_list
2011	;
2012
2013	attribute_list: // GCC
2014	attribute
2015	\| attribute_list attribute
2016	;
2017
2018	attribute: // GCC
2019	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2020	;
2021
2022	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2023	attrib
2024	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2025	;
2026
2027	attrib: // GCC
2028	// empty
2029	\| any_word
2030	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2031	;
2032
2033	any_word: // GCC
2034	identifier_or_typedef_name {}
2035	\| storage_class_name {}
2036	\| basic_type_name {}
2037	\| type_qualifier {}
2038	;
2039
2040	// ============================================================================
2041	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are
2042	// necessary because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage
2043	// in an expression, as in:
2044	//
2045	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2046	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2047	//
2048	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some
2049	// or all of the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a
2050	// particular context.
2051	// ============================================================================
2052
2053	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2054	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of
2055	// declarators to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2056	//
2057	// valid declaration invalid definition
2058	// ----------------- ------------------
2059	// int f; int f {}
2060	// int f; int f {}
2061	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2062	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2063	//
2064	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function
2065	// declarators, hence variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2066	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2067
2068	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern
2069	// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2070
2071	variable_declarator:
2072	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2073	\| variable_ptr
2074	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2075	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2076	;
2077
2078	paren_identifier:
2079	identifier
2080	{
2081	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2082	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2083	}
2084	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2085	{ $$ = $2; }
2086	;
2087
2088	variable_ptr:
2089	'*' variable_declarator
2090	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2091	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2092	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2093	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2094	{ $$ = $2; }
2095	;
2096
2097	variable_array:
2098	paren_identifier array_dimension
2099	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2100	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2101	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2102	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2103	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2104	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2105	{ $$ = $2; }
2106	;
2107
2108	variable_function:
2109	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2110	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2111	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2112	{ $$ = $2; }
2113	;
2114
2115	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot
2116	// be nested, there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested
2117	// functions requires further separation of variable and function declarators in typedef_redeclarator. The
2118	// pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2119
2120	function_declarator:
2121	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2122	\| function_ptr
2123	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2124	;
2125
2126	function_no_ptr:
2127	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2128	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2129	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2130	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2131	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2132	{ $$ = $2; }
2133	;
2134
2135	function_ptr:
2136	'*' function_declarator
2137	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2138	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2139	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2140	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2141	{ $$ = $2; }
2142	;
2143
2144	function_array:
2145	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2146	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2147	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2148	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2149	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2150	{ $$ = $2; }
2151	;
2152
2153	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a
2154	// typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and
2155	// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2156
2157	old_function_declarator:
2158	old_function_no_ptr
2159	\| old_function_ptr
2160	\| old_function_array
2161	;
2162
2163	old_function_no_ptr:
2164	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2165	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2166	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2167	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2168	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2169	{ $$ = $2; }
2170	;
2171
2172	old_function_ptr:
2173	'*' old_function_declarator
2174	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2175	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2176	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2177	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2178	{ $$ = $2; }
2179	;
2180
2181	old_function_array:
2182	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2183	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2184	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2185	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2186	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2187	{ $$ = $2; }
2188	;
2189
2190	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a typedef name, e.g.:
2191	//
2192	// typedef int foo;
2193	// {
2194	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2195	// }
2196	//
2197	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2198	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2199
2200	typedef_redeclarator:
2201	paren_typedef attribute_list_opt
2202	\| typedef_ptr
2203	\| typedef_array attribute_list_opt
2204	\| typedef_function attribute_list_opt
2205	;
2206
2207	paren_typedef:
2208	TYPEDEFname
2209	{
2210	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2211	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2212	}
2213	\| '(' paren_typedef ')'
2214	{ $$ = $2; }
2215	;
2216
2217	typedef_ptr:
2218	'*' typedef_redeclarator
2219	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2220	\| '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_redeclarator
2221	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2222	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')'
2223	{ $$ = $2; }
2224	;
2225
2226	typedef_array:
2227	paren_typedef array_dimension
2228	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2229	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')' array_dimension
2230	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2231	\| '(' typedef_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2232	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2233	\| '(' typedef_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2234	{ $$ = $2; }
2235	;
2236
2237	typedef_function:
2238	paren_typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2239	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2240	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2241	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2242	\| '(' typedef_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2243	{ $$ = $2; }
2244	;
2245
2246	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a
2247	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern
2248	// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2249	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2250
2251	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2252	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2253	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2254	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2255	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2256	;
2257
2258	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2259	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2260	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2261	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2262	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2263	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2264	{ $$ = $2; }
2265	;
2266
2267	identifier_parameter_array:
2268	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2269	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2270	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2271	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2272	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2273	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2274	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2275	{ $$ = $2; }
2276	;
2277
2278	identifier_parameter_function:
2279	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2280	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2281	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2282	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2283	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2284	{ $$ = $2; }
2285	;
2286
2287	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a
2288	// typedef name, e.g.:
2289	//
2290	// typedef int foo;
2291	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2292	//
2293	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern
2294	// handles the special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2295	//
2296	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2297	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2298	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2299	//
2300	// which precludes the following cases:
2301	//
2302	// typedef float T;
2303	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2304	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2305	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2306	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2307	//
2308	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type
2309	// list, and not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes
2310	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and
2311	// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2312
2313	typedef_parameter_redeclarator:
2314	typedef attribute_list_opt
2315	\| typedef_parameter_ptr
2316	\| typedef_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2317	\| typedef_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2318	;
2319
2320	typedef:
2321	TYPEDEFname
2322	{
2323	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2324	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2325	}
2326	;
2327
2328	typedef_parameter_ptr:
2329	'*' typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2330	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2331	\| '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2332	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2333	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')'
2334	{ $$ = $2; }
2335	;
2336
2337	typedef_parameter_array:
2338	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2339	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2340	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2341	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2342	;
2343
2344	typedef_parameter_function:
2345	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2346	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2347	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2348	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2349	;
2350
2351	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2352	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2353	//
2354	// sizeof( int );
2355	// sizeof( int [10] );
2356	//
2357	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2358	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2359
2360	abstract_declarator:
2361	abstract_ptr
2362	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2363	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2364	;
2365
2366	abstract_ptr:
2367	'*'
2368	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2369	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2370	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2371	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2372	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2373	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2374	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2375	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2376	{ $$ = $2; }
2377	;
2378
2379	abstract_array:
2380	array_dimension
2381	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2382	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2383	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2384	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2385	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2386	{ $$ = $2; }
2387	;
2388
2389	abstract_function:
2390	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2391	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2392	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2393	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2394	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2395	{ $$ = $2; }
2396	;
2397
2398	array_dimension:
2399	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2400	'[' push pop ']'
2401	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2402	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension
2403	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $5 ); }
2404	\| multi_array_dimension
2405	;
2406
2407	multi_array_dimension:
2408	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2409	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2410	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2412	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2413	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2414	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2415	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2416	;
2417
2418	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2419	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2420	//
2421	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2422	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2423	//
2424	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2425	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2426
2427	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2428	abstract_parameter_ptr
2429	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2430	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2431	;
2432
2433	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2434	'*'
2435	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2436	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2437	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2438	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2439	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2440	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2441	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2442	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2443	{ $$ = $2; }
2444	;
2445
2446	abstract_parameter_array:
2447	array_parameter_dimension
2448	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2449	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2450	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2451	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2452	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2453	{ $$ = $2; }
2454	;
2455
2456	abstract_parameter_function:
2457	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2459	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2460	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2461	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2462	{ $$ = $2; }
2463	;
2464
2465	array_parameter_dimension:
2466	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2467	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2468	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2469	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2470	\| multi_array_dimension
2471	;
2472
2473	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2474	//
2475	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall
2476	// appear only in a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the
2477	// outermost array type derivation."
2478
2479	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2480	'[' push pop ']'
2481	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2482	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2483	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2484	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2485	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2486	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2487	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2488	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2490	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2492	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2494	;
2495
2496	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type
2497	// applies, e.g.:
2498	//
2499	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2500	//
2501	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2502	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2503
2504	variable_abstract_declarator:
2505	variable_abstract_ptr
2506	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2507	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2508	;
2509
2510	variable_abstract_ptr:
2511	'*'
2512	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2513	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2514	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2515	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2516	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2517	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2518	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2519	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2520	{ $$ = $2; }
2521	;
2522
2523	variable_abstract_array:
2524	array_dimension
2525	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2526	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2527	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2528	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2529	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2530	{ $$ = $2; }
2531	;
2532
2533	variable_abstract_function:
2534	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2535	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2536	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2537	{ $$ = $2; }
2538	;
2539
2540	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either
2541	// an identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2542
2543	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2544	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2545	\| new_abstract_tuple
2546	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2547	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2548	;
2549
2550	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2551	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2552	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2553	;
2554
2555	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2556	'*' type_specifier
2557	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2558	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2559	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2560	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2561	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2562	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2563	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2564	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2565	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2566	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2567	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2568	;
2569
2570	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2571	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due
2572	// to shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2573	'[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2574	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2575	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2576	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2577	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2578	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2579	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2580	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2581	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2582	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2583	\| '[' push pop ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2584	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2585	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2586	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2587	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2588	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2589	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2590	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2591	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2592	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2593	;
2594
2595	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2596	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2597	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2598	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2600	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2601	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2602	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2603	// appear in this context.
2604	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2605	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2606	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2607	;
2608
2609	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is
2610	// no identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2611	//
2612	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2613	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2614	//
2615	// These rules need LR(3):
2616	//
2617	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name
2618	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2619	//
2620	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2621	//
2622	// [int, int] t;
2623	// [int, int] f( int );
2624	//
2625	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_typedef_name to know when to reduce
2626	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the
2627	// necessary lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and
2628	// tuple declarations are duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2629
2630	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2631	new_abstract_tuple
2632	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2633	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2634	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2635	;
2636
2637	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2638	new_abstract_ptr
2639	\| new_abstract_array
2640	;
2641
2642	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2643	'*' type_specifier
2644	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2645	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2646	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2647	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2648	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2649	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2650	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2651	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2652	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2653	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2654	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2655	;
2656
2657	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2658	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce
2659	// conflict with empty (void) function return type.
2660	'[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2661	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2662	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2663	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2664	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2665	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2666	\| '[' push pop ']' new_abstract_ptr
2667	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2668	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2669	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2670	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2671	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2672	;
2673
2674	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2675	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2676	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2677	;
2678
2679	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2680	'[' push pop ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2681	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0 ); }
2682	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2683	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2684	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2685	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2686	;
2687
2688	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration
2689	// specifiers in each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and
2690	// type name."
2691	//
2692	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the
2693	// beginning of the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2694	//
2695	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2696	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2697	//
2698	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter
2699	// identifier and declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an
2700	// obsolescent feature.
2701
2702	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2703
2704	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2705	// empty
2706	\| ','
2707	;
2708
2709	assignment_opt:
2710	// empty
2711	{ $$ = 0; }
2712	\| '=' assignment_expression
2713	{ $$ = $2; }
2714	;
2715
2716	%%
2717	// ----end of grammar----
2718
2719	void yyerror( char *string ) {
2720	using std::cout;
2721	using std::endl;
2722	cout << "Error ";
2723	if ( yyfilename ) {
2724	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2725	}
2726	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << *(yylval.tok.str) << "\"" << endl;
2727	}
2728
2729	// Local Variables: //
2730	// fill-column: 110 //
2731	// tab-width: 4 //
2732	// mode: c++ //
2733	// compile-command: "make install" //
2734	// End: //

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