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parser.yy @ 9939dc3

ADTast-experimentalpthread-emulationqualifiedEnum

Last change on this file since 9939dc3 was d8454b9, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 2 years ago
add better error message for attributes after "with" clause, commented out print statements that will be removed shortly
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 152.5 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sat May 14 09:16:22 2022
13	// Update Count : 5401
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <stack>
47	using namespace std;
48
49	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
54	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
55	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
56
57	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
58
59	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
60	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
61	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
62
63	stack<LinkageSpec::Spec> linkageStack;
64
65	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
66	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
67	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
68	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
69	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
70	//
71	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
72	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
73	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
74
75	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
76	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
77	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
78	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
79	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
80	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
81	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
82	} // if
83	} else {
84	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
85	to = "u8" + to;
86	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
87	} else {
88	to = from[0] + to;
89	} // if
90	} // if
91	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
92	} // if
93	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
94	return true;
95	} // appendStr
96
97	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
98	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
99	assert( declList );
100	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
101	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
102	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
103	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
104
105	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
106	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
107	} // for
108	declList->addType( cl );
109	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
110	return declList;
111	} // distAttr
112
113	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
114	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
115	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
116	iter->set_extension( true );
117	} // for
118	} // distExt
119
120	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
121	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
122	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
123	iter->set_inLine( true );
124	} // for
125	} // distInl
126
127	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
128	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
129	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
130	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
131	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
132	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
133	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
134	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
135	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
136	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
137	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
138	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
139	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
140	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
141	DeclarationNode newnode;
142	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
143	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
144	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
145	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
146	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
147	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
148	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
149	} // if
150	} else { // just SC qualifiers
151	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
152	} // if
153	} // for
154	delete qualifiers;
155	} // distQual
156
157	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
158	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
159	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
160	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
161	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
162	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
163	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
164
165	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
166	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
167	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
168	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
169	} // if
170	} // rebindForall
171
172	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
173	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
174	return name;
175	} // build_postfix_name
176
177	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
178	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
179	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
180	stringstream ss;
181	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
182	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
183	return nullptr;
184	} // if
185	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
186	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
187	} // if
188	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
189
190	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
191	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
192	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
193	return temp;
194	} // fieldDecl
195
196	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
197	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
198	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
199	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
200	} // if
201	// type = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( "__for_control_index_constraints__" ) ) ), type ) );
202	return new ForCtrl(
203	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
204	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
205	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : 0,
206	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
207	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : 0 );
208	} // forCtrl
209
210	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
211	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
212	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
213	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
214	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
215	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
216	} else {
217	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
218	} // if
219	} else {
220	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
221	} // if
222	} // forCtrl
223
224	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
225
226	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
227	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
228	if ( N ) { \
229	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
230	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
231	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
232	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
233	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
234	} else { \
235	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
236	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
237	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
238	}
239	%}
240
241	%define parse.error verbose
242
243	// Types declaration for productions
244	%union {
245	Token tok;
246	ParseNode * pn;
247	ExpressionNode * en;
248	DeclarationNode * decl;
249	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
250	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
251	StatementNode * sn;
252	WaitForStmt * wfs;
253	Expression * constant;
254	CondCtl * ifctl;
255	ForCtrl * fctl;
256	enum OperKinds compop;
257	LabelNode * label;
258	InitializerNode * in;
259	OperKinds op;
260	std::string * str;
261	bool flag;
262	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
263	GenericExpr * genexpr;
264	}
265
266	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
267
268	// keywords
269	%token TYPEDEF
270	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
271	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
272	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
273	%token NORETURN // C11
274	%token CONST VOLATILE
275	%token RESTRICT // C99
276	%token ATOMIC // C11
277	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
278	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
279	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
280	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
281	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
282	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
283	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
284	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VALIST AUTO_TYPE // GCC
285	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
286	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
287	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
288	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
289	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
290	// %token RESUME // CFA
291	%token LABEL // GCC
292	%token SUSPEND // CFA
293	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
294	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
295	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
296	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
297	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
298	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
299
300	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
301	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
302	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
303	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
304	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
305	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
306	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
307	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
308	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
309
310	// multi-character operators
311	%token ARROW // ->
312	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
313	%token LS RS // << >>
314	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
315	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
316	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
317
318	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
319	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
320	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
321	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
322
323	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
324	%token ATassign // @=
325
326	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
327	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
328	%type<constant> string_literal
329	%type<str> string_literal_list
330
331	// expressions
332	%type<en> constant
333	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
334	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
335	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
336	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
337	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
338	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
339	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
340	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
341	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
342	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
343	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
344	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
345	%type<compop> inclexcl
346	%type<en> subrange
347	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
348	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
349	%type<label> label_list
350	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
351	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
352	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
353	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
354
355	// statements
356	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
357	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
358	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
359	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
360	%type<en> case_value
361	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
362	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
363	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
364	%type<sn> with_statement
365	%type<en> with_clause_opt
366	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
367	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
368	%type<sn> mutex_statement
369	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
370	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
371	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
372
373	// declarations
374	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
375	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
376	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
377
378	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
379	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
380
381	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
382
383	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
384
385	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
386	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
387
388	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
389
390	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
391	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
392
393	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
394
395	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
396	%type<in> enumerator_value_opt
397
398	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
399
400	%type<decl> exception_declaration
401
402	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
403	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
404
405	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
406
407	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
408	%type<decl> identifier_list
409
410	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
411	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
412	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
413
414	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
415
416	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
417	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
418
419	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
420	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
421
422	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
423
424	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
425
426	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
427	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
428	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
429
430	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
431
432	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
433
434	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
435
436	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
437
438	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
439	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
440
441	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
442	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
443
444	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
445
446	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
447
448	%type<decl> type type_no_function
449	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
450
451	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
452
453	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
454	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
455
456	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
457	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
458
459	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
460
461	// initializers
462	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
463
464	// designators
465	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
466
467
468	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
469	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
470	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
471	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
472	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
473
474	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
475	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
476	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
477	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
478	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
479	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
480	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
481	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
482	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
483	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
484	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
485
486
487	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
488	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
489	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
490	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
491	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
492	// must be:
493	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
494	// The same problem occurs here:
495	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
496	// must be:
497	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
498
499	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
500	%precedence TYPEGENname
501	%precedence '}'
502	%precedence '('
503
504	// %precedence RESUME
505	// %precedence '{'
506	// %precedence ')'
507
508	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
509
510	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
511
512	%%
513	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
514
515	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
516	// which are lexically identical.
517	//
518	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
519	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
520	//
521	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
522	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
523	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
524	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
525	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
526	//
527	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
528	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
529	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
530	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
531	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
532	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
533	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
534	//
535	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
536	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
537	// around the list separator.
538	//
539	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
540	// push pop push pop
541
542	push:
543	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
544	;
545
546	pop:
547	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
548	;
549
550	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
551
552	constant:
553	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
554	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
555	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
556	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
557	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
558	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
559	;
560
561	quasi_keyword: // CFA
562	TIMEOUT
563	\| WOR
564	\| CATCH
565	\| RECOVER
566	\| CATCHRESUME
567	\| FIXUP
568	\| FINALLY
569	;
570
571	identifier:
572	IDENTIFIER
573	\| quasi_keyword
574	;
575
576	identifier_at:
577	identifier
578	\| '@' // CFA
579	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
580	;
581
582	string_literal:
583	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
584	;
585
586	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
587	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
588	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
589	{
590	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
591	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
592	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
593	}
594	;
595
596	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
597
598	primary_expression:
599	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
601	\| quasi_keyword
602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
603	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
604	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
605	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( $1 ) ); }
607	\| tuple
608	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
609	{ $$ = $2; }
610	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
611	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast<CompoundStmt *>(maybeMoveBuild<Statement>($2) ) ) ); }
612	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
613	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
614	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
615	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
616	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
617	{
618	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
619	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
620	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
621	}
622	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
623	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
624	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
625	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
626	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // syntax error
627	{
628	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Adjacent identifiers are not meaningful in an expression. "
629	"Possible problem is identifier \"", *$1.str,
630	"\" is a misspelled typename or an incorrectly specified type name, "
631	"e.g., missing generic parameter or missing struct/union/enum before typename." ) );
632	$$ = nullptr;
633	}
634	\| IDENTIFIER direct_type // syntax error
635	{
636	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Identifier \"", *$1.str, "\" cannot appear before a type. "
637	"Possible problem is misspelled storage or CV qualifier." ) );
638	$$ = nullptr;
639	}
640	;
641
642	generic_assoc_list: // C11
643	generic_association
644	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
645	{
646	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
647	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
648	delete $3;
649	$$ = $1;
650	}
651	;
652
653	generic_association: // C11
654	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
655	{
656	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
657	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } );
658	}
659	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
660	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } ); }
661	;
662
663	postfix_expression:
664	primary_expression
665	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
666	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
667	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
668	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
669	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
670	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
671	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
672	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
673	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
674	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
675	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
676	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
677	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
678	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
679	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, new ExpressionNode( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
680	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
681	{
682	Token fn;
683	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
684	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
685	}
686	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
687	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
688	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
689	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
690	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
691	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
692	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
693	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
694	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
695	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
696	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
697	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
698	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
699	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
700	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
701	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
702	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
703	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
704	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
705	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
706	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
707	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
708	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
709	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
710	\| postfix_expression ICR
711	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
712	\| postfix_expression DECR
713	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
714	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
715	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
716	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
717	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
718	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
719	{
720	Token fn;
721	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
722	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
723	}
724	;
725
726	argument_expression_list_opt:
727	// empty
728	{ $$ = nullptr; }
729	\| argument_expression_list
730	;
731
732	argument_expression_list:
733	argument_expression
734	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
735	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
736	;
737
738	argument_expression:
739	'@' // CFA, default parameter
740	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
741	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
742	\| assignment_expression
743	;
744
745	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
746	field
747	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
748	;
749
750	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
751	field_name
752	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
753	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
754	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
755	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
756	\| field_name '.' field
757	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
758	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
759	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
760	\| field_name ARROW field
761	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
762	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
763	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
764	;
765
766	field_name:
767	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
768	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
769	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
770	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
771	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
772	{
773	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
774	}
775	;
776
777	fraction_constants_opt:
778	// empty
779	{ $$ = nullptr; }
780	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
781	{
782	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
783	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
784	}
785	;
786
787	unary_expression:
788	postfix_expression
789	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
790	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
791	\| constant
792	\| string_literal
793	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
794	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
795	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
796	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
797	// { * X; } // dereference X
798	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
799	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
800	{
801	switch ( $1 ) {
802	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
803	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) );
804	break;
805	case OperKinds::PointTo:
806	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
807	break;
808	case OperKinds::And:
809	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ) );
810	break;
811	default:
812	assert( false );
813	}
814	}
815	\| unary_operator cast_expression
816	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
817	\| ICR unary_expression
818	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
819	\| DECR unary_expression
820	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
821	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
823	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
825	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
827	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
829	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
831	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
832	{
833	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
834	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
835	}
836	;
837
838	ptrref_operator:
839	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
840	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
841	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
842	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
843	;
844
845	unary_operator:
846	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
847	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
848	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
849	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
850	;
851
852	cast_expression:
853	unary_expression
854	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
855	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
856	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
857	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
858	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
859	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
860	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
861	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
862	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
863	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
864	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
865	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
866	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
867	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
868	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
869	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
870	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
871	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
872	;
873
874	qualifier_cast_list:
875	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
876	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
877	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
878	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
879	;
880
881	cast_modifier:
882	'-'
883	\| '+'
884	;
885
886	exponential_expression:
887	cast_expression
888	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
889	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
890	;
891
892	multiplicative_expression:
893	exponential_expression
894	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
895	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
896	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
897	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
898	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
899	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
900	;
901
902	additive_expression:
903	multiplicative_expression
904	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
905	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
906	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
907	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
908	;
909
910	shift_expression:
911	additive_expression
912	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
913	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
914	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
915	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
916	;
917
918	relational_expression:
919	shift_expression
920	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
921	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
922	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
923	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
924	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
926	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
927	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
928	;
929
930	equality_expression:
931	relational_expression
932	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
933	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
934	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
935	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
936	;
937
938	AND_expression:
939	equality_expression
940	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
941	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
942	;
943
944	exclusive_OR_expression:
945	AND_expression
946	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
947	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
948	;
949
950	inclusive_OR_expression:
951	exclusive_OR_expression
952	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
953	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
954	;
955
956	logical_AND_expression:
957	inclusive_OR_expression
958	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
959	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
960	;
961
962	logical_OR_expression:
963	logical_AND_expression
964	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
965	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
966	;
967
968	conditional_expression:
969	logical_OR_expression
970	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
971	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
972	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
973	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
975	;
976
977	constant_expression:
978	conditional_expression
979	;
980
981	assignment_expression:
982	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
983	conditional_expression
984	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
985	{
986	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
987	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
988	// } else {
989	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) );
990	// } // if
991	}
992	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
993	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
994	;
995
996	assignment_expression_opt:
997	// empty
998	{ $$ = nullptr; }
999	\| assignment_expression
1000	;
1001
1002	assignment_operator:
1003	simple_assignment_operator
1004	\| compound_assignment_operator
1005	;
1006
1007	simple_assignment_operator:
1008	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1009	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1010	;
1011
1012	compound_assignment_operator:
1013	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1014	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1015	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1016	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1017	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1018	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1019	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1020	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1021	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1022	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1023	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1024	;
1025
1026	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1027	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1028	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1029	// '[' ']'
1030	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1031	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1032	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1033	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1034	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1035	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1036	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1037	;
1038
1039	tuple_expression_list:
1040	assignment_expression
1041	\| '@' // CFA
1042	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1043	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1044	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1045	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1046	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1047	;
1048
1049	comma_expression:
1050	assignment_expression
1051	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1052	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1053	;
1054
1055	comma_expression_opt:
1056	// empty
1057	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1058	\| comma_expression
1059	;
1060
1061	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
1062
1063	statement:
1064	labeled_statement
1065	\| compound_statement
1066	\| expression_statement
1067	\| selection_statement
1068	\| iteration_statement
1069	\| jump_statement
1070	\| with_statement
1071	\| mutex_statement
1072	\| waitfor_statement
1073	\| exception_statement
1074	\| enable_disable_statement
1075	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1076	\| asm_statement
1077	\| DIRECTIVE
1078	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1079	;
1080
1081	labeled_statement:
1082	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1083	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1084	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1085	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // syntax error
1086	{
1087	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1088	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1089	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1090	$$ = nullptr;
1091	}
1092	;
1093
1094	compound_statement:
1095	'{' '}'
1096	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1097	\| '{' push
1098	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1099	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1100	pop '}'
1101	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1102	;
1103
1104	statement_decl_list: // C99
1105	statement_decl
1106	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1107	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1108	;
1109
1110	statement_decl:
1111	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1112	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1113	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1114	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1115	\| function_definition
1116	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1117	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1118	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1119	\| statement
1120	;
1121
1122	statement_list_nodecl:
1123	statement
1124	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1125	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1126	\| statement_list_nodecl error // syntax error
1127	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1128	;
1129
1130	expression_statement:
1131	comma_expression_opt ';'
1132	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1133	\| MUTEX '(' ')' comma_expression ';'
1134	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( nullptr, new StatementNode( build_expr( $4 ) ) ) ); }
1135	;
1136
1137	selection_statement:
1138	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1139	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1140	push if_statement pop
1141	{ $$ = $2; }
1142	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1143	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1144	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1145	{
1146	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1147	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1148	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1149	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1150	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1151	// statement.
1152	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1153	}
1154	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1155	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1156	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1157	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1158	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1159	{
1160	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1161	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1162	}
1163	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1164	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1165	;
1166
1167	if_statement:
1168	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1169	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1170	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1171	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1172	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), maybe_build_compound( $7 ) ) ); }
1173	;
1174
1175	conditional_declaration:
1176	comma_expression
1177	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1178	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1179	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1180	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1181	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1182	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1183	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1184	;
1185
1186	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1187	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1188
1189	case_value: // CFA
1190	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1191	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1192	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1193	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1194	;
1195
1196	case_value_list: // CFA
1197	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1198	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1199	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1200	;
1201
1202	case_label: // CFA
1203	CASE error // syntax error
1204	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing case list after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1205	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1206	\| CASE case_value_list error // syntax error
1207	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1208	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1209	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1210	\| DEFAULT error // syntax error
1211	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1212	;
1213
1214	case_label_list: // CFA
1215	case_label
1216	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1217	;
1218
1219	case_clause: // CFA
1220	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ); }
1221	;
1222
1223	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1224	// empty
1225	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1226	\| switch_clause_list
1227	;
1228
1229	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1230	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1231	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1232	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1233	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1234	;
1235
1236	iteration_statement:
1237	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1238	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new CondCtl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1239	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1240	{
1241	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new CondCtl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) );
1242	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1243	}
1244	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1245	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ) ) ); }
1246	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1247	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1248	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1249	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1250	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1251	{
1252	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) );
1253	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1254	}
1255	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1256	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1257	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1258	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1259	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1260	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1261	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1262	{
1263	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) );
1264	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1265	}
1266	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1267	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ) ) ); }
1268	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1269	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1270	;
1271
1272	for_control_expression_list:
1273	for_control_expression
1274	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1275	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1276	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1277	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1278	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1279	{
1280	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1281	if ( $1->condition ) {
1282	if ( $3->condition ) {
1283	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1284	} // if
1285	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1286	if ( $1->change ) {
1287	if ( $3->change ) {
1288	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1289	} // if
1290	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1291	$$ = $1;
1292	}
1293	;
1294
1295	for_control_expression:
1296	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1297	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1298	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1299	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1300	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1301	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1302
1303	\| comma_expression // CFA
1304	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1305	OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1306	\| '=' comma_expression // CFA
1307	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1308	OperKinds::LEThan, $2->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1309	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1310	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1311	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1312	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, $5 ); }
1313	\| comma_expression ';' // CFA
1314	{ $$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0u" ) ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1315	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1316	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1317	OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1318	\| comma_expression ';' '=' comma_expression // CFA
1319	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1320	OperKinds::LEThan, $4->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1321	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1322	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1323	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1324	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, $7 ); }
1325
1326	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1327	{
1328	SemanticError( yylloc, "Array interator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1329	$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1330	}
1331
1332	// There is a S/R conflicit if ~ and -~ are factored out.
1333	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1334	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1335	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' // CFA
1336	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1337	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1338	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1339	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1340	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1341	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1342	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1343	;
1344
1345	inclexcl:
1346	'~'
1347	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1348	\| ErangeUpEq
1349	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1350	\| ErangeDown
1351	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1352	\| ErangeDownEq
1353	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1354	;
1355
1356	jump_statement:
1357	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1358	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1359	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1360	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1361	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1362	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1363	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1364	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1365	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1366	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1367	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1368	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1369	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1370	\| CONTINUE ';'
1371	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1372	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1373	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1374	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1375	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1376	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1377	\| BREAK ';'
1378	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1379	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1380	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1381	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1382	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1383	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1384	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1385	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1386	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1387	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1388	\| SUSPEND ';'
1389	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr ) ); }
1390	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1391	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $2 ) ); }
1392	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1393	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1394	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1395	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1396	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1397	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1398	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1399	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1400	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1401	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1402	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1403	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1404	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1405	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1406	;
1407
1408	fall_through_name: // CFA
1409	FALLTHRU
1410	\| FALLTHROUGH
1411	;
1412
1413	with_statement:
1414	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1415	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) ); }
1416	;
1417
1418	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1419	mutex_statement:
1420	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list ')' statement
1421	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( $3, $5 ) ); }
1422	;
1423
1424	when_clause:
1425	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1426	;
1427
1428	when_clause_opt:
1429	// empty
1430	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1431	\| when_clause
1432	;
1433
1434	waitfor:
1435	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1436	{ $$ = $3; }
1437	// \| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1438	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1439	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1440	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1441	;
1442
1443	cast_expression_list:
1444	cast_expression
1445	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1446	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1447	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1448	;
1449
1450	timeout:
1451	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1452	;
1453
1454	waitfor_clause:
1455	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1456	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1457	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1458	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, $5 ); }
1459	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1460	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1461	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1462	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1463	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1464	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement // syntax error
1465	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1466	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1467	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, maybe_build_compound( $7 ), $5 ); }
1468	;
1469
1470	waitfor_statement:
1471	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1472	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1473	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1474	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1475	;
1476
1477	exception_statement:
1478	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1479	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1480	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1481	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1482	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1483	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1484	;
1485
1486	handler_clause:
1487	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1488	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1489	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1490	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1491	;
1492
1493	handler_predicate_opt:
1494	// empty
1495	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1496	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1497	;
1498
1499	handler_key:
1500	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1501	\| RECOVER { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1502	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1503	\| FIXUP { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1504	;
1505
1506	finally_clause:
1507	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1508	;
1509
1510	exception_declaration:
1511	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1512	type_specifier_nobody
1513	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1514	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1515	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1516	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1517	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1518	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1519	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1520	;
1521
1522	enable_disable_statement:
1523	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1524	;
1525
1526	enable_disable_key:
1527	ENABLE
1528	\| DISABLE
1529	;
1530
1531	asm_statement:
1532	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1533	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1534	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1535	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1536	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1537	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1538	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1539	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1540	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1541	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1542	;
1543
1544	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1545	// empty
1546	{ $$ = false; }
1547	\| VOLATILE
1548	{ $$ = true; }
1549	;
1550
1551	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1552	// empty
1553	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1554	\| asm_operands_list
1555	;
1556
1557	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1558	asm_operand
1559	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1560	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1561	;
1562
1563	asm_operand: // GCC
1564	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1565	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1566	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1567	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $6 ) ) ); }
1568	;
1569
1570	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1571	// empty
1572	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1573	\| string_literal
1574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1575	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1576	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1577	;
1578
1579	label_list:
1580	identifier
1581	{
1582	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1583	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1584	}
1585	\| label_list ',' identifier
1586	{
1587	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1588	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1589	}
1590	;
1591
1592	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1593
1594	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1595	// empty
1596	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1597	\| declaration_list
1598	;
1599
1600	declaration_list:
1601	declaration
1602	\| declaration_list declaration
1603	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1604	;
1605
1606	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1607	// empty
1608	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1609	\| KR_parameter_list
1610	;
1611
1612	KR_parameter_list:
1613	push c_declaration pop ';'
1614	{ $$ = $2; }
1615	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1616	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1617	;
1618
1619	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1620	// empty
1621	\| local_label_declaration_list
1622	;
1623
1624	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1625	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1626	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1627	;
1628
1629	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1630	identifier_or_type_name
1631	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1632	;
1633
1634	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1635	c_declaration ';'
1636	{
1637	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1638	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1639	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1640	// } // for
1641	}
1642	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1643	\| static_assert // C11
1644	;
1645
1646	static_assert:
1647	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1648	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1649	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1650	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1651
1652	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1653	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1654	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1655	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1656	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1657	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1658	//
1659	// CFA C
1660	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1661	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1662
1663	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1664	cfa_variable_declaration
1665	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1666	\| cfa_function_declaration
1667	\| type_declaring_list
1668	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1669	\| trait_specifier
1670	;
1671
1672	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1673	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1674	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1675	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1676	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1677	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1678	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1679	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1680	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1681	;
1682
1683	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1684	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1685	// storage-class
1686	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1687	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1688	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1689	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1690	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1691	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1692	;
1693
1694	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1695	cfa_function_specifier
1696	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1697	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1698	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1699	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1700	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1701	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1702	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1703	{
1704	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1705	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1706	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1707	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1708	}
1709	;
1710
1711	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1712	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1713	// {
1714	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1715	// }
1716	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1717	// {
1718	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1719	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1720	// }
1721	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1722	// {
1723	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1724	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1725	// }
1726	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1727	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1728	//
1729	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1730	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1731	//
1732	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1733	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1734	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1735	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1736	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1737	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1738	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1739	;
1740
1741	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1742	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1743	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1744	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1745	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1746	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1747	;
1748
1749	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1750	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1751	{
1752	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1753	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1754	}
1755	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1756	{
1757	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1758	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1759	}
1760	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1761	{
1762	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1763	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1764	}
1765	;
1766
1767	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1768	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1769
1770	typedef_declaration:
1771	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1772	{
1773	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1774	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1775	}
1776	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1777	{
1778	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1779	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1780	}
1781	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1782	{
1783	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1784	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1785	}
1786	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1787	{
1788	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1789	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1790	}
1791	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1792	{
1793	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1794	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1795	}
1796	;
1797
1798	typedef_expression:
1799	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1800	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1801	{
1802	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1803	}
1804	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1805	{
1806	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1807	}
1808	;
1809
1810	c_declaration:
1811	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1812	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1813	\| typedef_declaration
1814	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
1815	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1816	;
1817
1818	declaring_list:
1819	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1820	// storage-class
1821	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1822	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1823	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1824	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1825	;
1826
1827	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1828	basic_declaration_specifier
1829	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1830	\| type_declaration_specifier
1831	;
1832
1833	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1834	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1835	//
1836	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1837	//
1838	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1839	basic_declaration_specifier
1840	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1841	\| type_declaration_specifier
1842	;
1843
1844	type_specifier: // type specifier
1845	basic_type_specifier
1846	\| sue_type_specifier
1847	{
1848	// printf( "sue_type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1849	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1850	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1851	// } // for
1852	}
1853	\| type_type_specifier
1854	;
1855
1856	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1857	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1858	//
1859	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1860	//
1861	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1862	basic_type_specifier
1863	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1864	\| type_type_specifier
1865	;
1866
1867	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1868	// empty
1869	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1870	\| type_qualifier_list
1871	;
1872
1873	type_qualifier_list:
1874	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1875	//
1876	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1877	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1878	// appeared only once.
1879	type_qualifier
1880	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1881	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1882	;
1883
1884	type_qualifier:
1885	type_qualifier_name
1886	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
1887	;
1888
1889	type_qualifier_name:
1890	CONST
1891	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1892	\| RESTRICT
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1894	\| VOLATILE
1895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1896	\| ATOMIC
1897	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1898	\| forall
1899	;
1900
1901	forall:
1902	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1903	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
1904	;
1905
1906	declaration_qualifier_list:
1907	storage_class_list
1908	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1909	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1910	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1911	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1912	;
1913
1914	storage_class_list:
1915	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1916	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1917	//
1918	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1919	// specifiers in a declaration.
1920	storage_class
1921	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1922	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1923	;
1924
1925	storage_class:
1926	EXTERN
1927	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1928	\| STATIC
1929	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1930	\| AUTO
1931	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1932	\| REGISTER
1933	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1934	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1935	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1936	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1937	\| INLINE // C99
1938	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1939	\| FORTRAN // C99
1940	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1941	\| NORETURN // C11
1942	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1943	;
1944
1945	basic_type_name:
1946	VOID
1947	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1948	\| BOOL // C99
1949	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1950	\| CHAR
1951	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1952	\| INT
1953	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1954	\| INT128
1955	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1956	\| UINT128
1957	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
1958	\| FLOAT
1959	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1960	\| DOUBLE
1961	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1962	\| uuFLOAT80
1963	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
1964	\| uuFLOAT128
1965	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
1966	\| uFLOAT16
1967	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
1968	\| uFLOAT32
1969	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
1970	\| uFLOAT32X
1971	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
1972	\| uFLOAT64
1973	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
1974	\| uFLOAT64X
1975	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
1976	\| uFLOAT128
1977	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
1978	\| DECIMAL32
1979	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1980	\| DECIMAL64
1981	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1982	\| DECIMAL128
1983	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1984	\| COMPLEX // C99
1985	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1986	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1987	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1988	\| SIGNED
1989	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1990	\| UNSIGNED
1991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1992	\| SHORT
1993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1994	\| LONG
1995	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1996	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1997	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1998	\| AUTO_TYPE
1999	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2000	\| vtable
2001	;
2002
2003	vtable_opt:
2004	// empty
2005	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2006	\| vtable
2007	;
2008
2009	vtable:
2010	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2011	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2012	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2013	;
2014
2015	default_opt:
2016	// empty
2017	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2018	\| DEFAULT
2019	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2020	;
2021
2022	basic_declaration_specifier:
2023	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2024	basic_type_specifier
2025	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2026	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2027	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2028	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2029	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2030	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2031	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2032	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2033	;
2034
2035	basic_type_specifier:
2036	direct_type
2037	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2038	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2039	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2040	;
2041
2042	direct_type:
2043	basic_type_name
2044	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2045	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2046	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2047	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2048	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2049	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2050	;
2051
2052	indirect_type:
2053	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2054	{ $$ = $3; }
2055	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2056	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2057	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2058	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2059	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2060	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2061	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2062	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2063	\| ONE_T // CFA
2064	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2065	;
2066
2067	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2068	sue_type_specifier
2069	{
2070	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2071	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2072	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2073	// } // for
2074	}
2075	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2076	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2077	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2078	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2079	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2080	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2081	;
2082
2083	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2084	elaborated_type
2085	{
2086	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2087	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2088	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2089	// } // for
2090	}
2091	\| type_qualifier_list
2092	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2093	elaborated_type
2094	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2095	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2096	{
2097	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2098	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2099	}
2100	;
2101
2102	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2103	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2104	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2105	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2106	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2107	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2108	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2109	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2110	;
2111
2112	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2113	elaborated_type_nobody
2114	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2115	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2116	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2117	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2118	;
2119
2120	type_declaration_specifier:
2121	type_type_specifier
2122	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2123	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2124	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2125	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2126	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2127	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2128	;
2129
2130	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2131	type_name
2132	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2133	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2134	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2135	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2136	;
2137
2138	type_name:
2139	TYPEDEFname
2140	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2141	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2142	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2143	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2144	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2145	\| typegen_name
2146	\| '.' typegen_name
2147	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2148	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2149	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2150	;
2151
2152	typegen_name: // CFA
2153	TYPEGENname
2154	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2155	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2156	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2157	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2158	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2159	;
2160
2161	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2162	aggregate_type
2163	{
2164	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2165	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2166	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2167	// } // for
2168	}
2169	\| enum_type
2170	;
2171
2172	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2173	aggregate_type_nobody
2174	\| enum_type_nobody
2175	;
2176
2177	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2178	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2179	{ forall = false; } // reset
2180	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2181	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2182	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2183	{
2184	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2185	forall = false; // reset
2186	}
2187	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2188	{
2189	// printf( "aggregate_type1 %s\n", $3.str->c_str() );
2190	// if ( $2 )
2191	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $2->attributes ) ) {
2192	// printf( "copySpecifiers12 %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2193	// } // for
2194	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2195	// printf( "aggregate_type2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2196	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2197	// printf( "aggregate_type3 %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2198	// } // for
2199	}
2200	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2201	{
2202	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2203	forall = false; // reset
2204	}
2205	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2206	{
2207	// printf( "AGG3\n" );
2208	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2209	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2210	}
2211	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2212	{
2213	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2214	forall = false; // reset
2215	}
2216	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2217	{
2218	// printf( "AGG4\n" );
2219	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2220	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2221	}
2222	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2223	;
2224
2225	type_parameters_opt:
2226	// empty
2227	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2228	\| '(' type_list ')'
2229	{ $$ = $2; }
2230	;
2231
2232	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2233	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2234	{
2235	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2236	forall = false; // reset
2237	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2238	}
2239	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2240	{
2241	forall = false; // reset
2242	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2243	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2244	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2245	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2246	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2247	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2248	delete $3;
2249	}
2250	;
2251
2252	aggregate_key:
2253	aggregate_data
2254	\| aggregate_control
2255	;
2256
2257	aggregate_data:
2258	STRUCT vtable_opt
2259	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2260	\| UNION
2261	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2262	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2263	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2264	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2265	;
2266
2267	aggregate_control: // CFA
2268	MONITOR
2269	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2270	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2271	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2272	\| GENERATOR
2273	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2274	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2275	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2276	\| COROUTINE
2277	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2278	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2279	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2280	\| THREAD
2281	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2282	\| MUTEX THREAD
2283	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2284	;
2285
2286	field_declaration_list_opt:
2287	// empty
2288	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2289	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2290	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2291	;
2292
2293	field_declaration:
2294	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2295	{
2296	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2297	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2298	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2299	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2300	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2301	// } // for
2302	}
2303	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2304	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2305	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2306	{
2307	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2308	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2309	} // if
2310	$3->inLine = true;
2311	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2312	distInl( $3 );
2313	}
2314	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2315	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2316	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2317	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2318	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2319	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2320	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2321	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2322	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2323	\| static_assert // C11
2324	;
2325
2326	field_declaring_list_opt:
2327	// empty
2328	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2329	\| field_declarator
2330	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2331	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2332	;
2333
2334	field_declarator:
2335	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2337	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2338	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2339	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2340	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2341	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2342	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2343	;
2344
2345	field_abstract_list_opt:
2346	// empty
2347	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2348	\| field_abstract
2349	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2350	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2351	;
2352
2353	field_abstract:
2354	// no bit fields
2355	variable_abstract_declarator
2356	;
2357
2358	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2359	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2360	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2361	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2362	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2363	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2364	;
2365
2366	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2367	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2368	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2369	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2370	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2371	;
2372
2373	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2374	// empty
2375	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2376	\| bit_subrange_size
2377	;
2378
2379	bit_subrange_size:
2380	':' assignment_expression
2381	{ $$ = $2; }
2382	;
2383
2384	enum_type:
2385	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2386	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2387	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2388	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2389	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2390	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2391	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2392	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2393	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2394	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2395	{
2396	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 )
2397	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2398
2399	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2400	}
2401	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2402	{
2403	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2404	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2405	}
2406	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2407	{
2408	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $10, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2409	}
2410	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2411	{
2412	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2413	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6->name );
2414	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $9, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2415	}
2416	\| enum_type_nobody
2417	;
2418
2419	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2420	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2421	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2422	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name // qualified type name
2423	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2424	;
2425
2426	enumerator_list:
2427	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2428	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $1, $2 ); }
2429	\| INLINE type_name
2430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ); }
2431	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2432	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $3, $4 ) ); }
2433	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2434	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2435	;
2436
2437	enumerator_value_opt:
2438	// empty
2439	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2440	// \| '=' constant_expression
2441	// { $$ = $2; }
2442	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2443	{ $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2444	;
2445
2446	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2447	// empty
2448	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2449	\| ELLIPSIS
2450	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2451	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2452	\| cfa_parameter_list
2453	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2454	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2455	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2456	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2457	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2458	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2459	;
2460
2461	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2462	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2463	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2464	cfa_parameter_declaration
2465	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2466	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2467	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2468	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2469	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2470	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2471	;
2472
2473	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2474	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2475	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2476	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2477	;
2478
2479	parameter_type_list_opt:
2480	// empty
2481	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2482	\| ELLIPSIS
2483	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2484	\| parameter_list
2485	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2486	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2487	;
2488
2489	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2490	abstract_parameter_declaration
2491	\| parameter_declaration
2492	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2493	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2494	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2495	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2496	;
2497
2498	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2499	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2500
2501	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2502	parameter_declaration
2503	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2504	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2505	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2506	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2507	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2508	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2509	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2510	\| cfa_function_specifier
2511	;
2512
2513	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2514	abstract_parameter_declaration
2515	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2516	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2517	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2518	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2519	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2520	\| cfa_abstract_function
2521	;
2522
2523	parameter_declaration:
2524	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2525	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2526	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2527	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2528	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2529	;
2530
2531	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2532	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2533	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2534	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2535	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2536	;
2537
2538	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2539	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2540	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2541
2542	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2543	identifier
2544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2545	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2546	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2547	;
2548
2549	identifier_or_type_name:
2550	identifier
2551	\| TYPEDEFname
2552	\| TYPEGENname
2553	;
2554
2555	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2556	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2557	\| type_specifier
2558	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2559	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2560	;
2561
2562	type: // typeof, assertion
2563	type_no_function
2564	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2565	;
2566
2567	initializer_opt:
2568	// empty
2569	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2570	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2571	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2572	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2573	;
2574
2575	initializer:
2576	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2577	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2578	;
2579
2580	initializer_list_opt:
2581	// empty
2582	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2583	\| initializer
2584	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2585	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2586	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2587	;
2588
2589	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2590	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2591	//
2592	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2593	//
2594	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2595	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2596	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2597	// shift/reduce conflicts
2598
2599	designation:
2600	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2601	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2603	;
2604
2605	designator_list: // C99
2606	designator
2607	\| designator_list designator
2608	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2609	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2610	;
2611
2612	designator:
2613	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2614	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2615	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2616	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2617	{ $$ = $3; }
2618	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2619	{ $$ = $3; }
2620	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2621	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ) ) ); }
2622	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2623	{ $$ = $4; }
2624	;
2625
2626	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2627	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2628	//
2629	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2630	//
2631	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2632	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2633	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2634	//
2635	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2636	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2637	//
2638	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2639	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2640	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2641	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2642	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2643
2644	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2645	type_parameter
2646	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2647	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2648	;
2649
2650	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2651	// empty
2652	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2653	\| '=' type
2654	{ $$ = $2; }
2655	;
2656
2657	type_parameter: // CFA
2658	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2659	{
2660	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2661	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2662	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2663	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2664	}
2665	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2666	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2667	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2668	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2669	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2670	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2671	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2672	{
2673	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2674	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2675	}
2676	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2677	\| assertion_list
2678	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2679	;
2680
2681	new_type_class: // CFA
2682	// empty
2683	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2684	\| '&'
2685	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2686	\| '*'
2687	{ $$ = TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2688	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2689	// { $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2690	\| ELLIPSIS
2691	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2692	;
2693
2694	type_class: // CFA
2695	OTYPE
2696	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2697	\| DTYPE
2698	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2699	\| FTYPE
2700	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2701	\| TTYPE
2702	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2703	;
2704
2705	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2706	// empty
2707	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2708	\| assertion_list
2709	;
2710
2711	assertion_list: // CFA
2712	assertion
2713	\| assertion_list assertion
2714	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
2715	;
2716
2717	assertion: // CFA
2718	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2719	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2720	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2721	{ $$ = $4; }
2722	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2723	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2724	;
2725
2726	type_list: // CFA
2727	type
2728	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2729	\| assignment_expression
2730	\| type_list ',' type
2731	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
2732	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2733	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2734	;
2735
2736	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2737	OTYPE type_declarator
2738	{ $$ = $2; }
2739	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2740	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2741	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2742	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2743	;
2744
2745	type_declarator: // CFA
2746	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2747	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2748	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2749	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2750	;
2751
2752	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2753	identifier_or_type_name
2754	{
2755	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2756	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2757	}
2758	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2759	{
2760	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2761	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2762	}
2763	;
2764
2765	trait_specifier: // CFA
2766	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2767	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2768	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2769	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2770	;
2771
2772	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2773	trait_declaration
2774	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2775	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2776	;
2777
2778	trait_declaration: // CFA
2779	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2780	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2781	;
2782
2783	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2784	cfa_variable_specifier
2785	\| cfa_function_specifier
2786	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2787	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2788	;
2789
2790	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2791	type_specifier declarator
2792	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2793	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2794	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2795	;
2796
2797	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2798
2799	translation_unit:
2800	// empty, input file
2801	\| external_definition_list
2802	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2803	;
2804
2805	external_definition_list:
2806	push external_definition pop
2807	{ $$ = $2; }
2808	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2809	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2810	;
2811
2812	external_definition_list_opt:
2813	// empty
2814	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2815	\| external_definition_list
2816	;
2817
2818	up:
2819	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2820	;
2821
2822	down:
2823	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2824	;
2825
2826	external_definition:
2827	DIRECTIVE
2828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ) ); }
2829	\| declaration
2830	\| external_function_definition
2831	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2832	{
2833	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2834	$$ = $2;
2835	}
2836	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2837	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) ); }
2838	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2839	{
2840	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2841	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2842	}
2843	up external_definition down
2844	{
2845	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2846	linkageStack.pop();
2847	$$ = $5;
2848	}
2849	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2850	{
2851	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2852	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2853	}
2854	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2855	{
2856	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2857	linkageStack.pop();
2858	$$ = $6;
2859	}
2860	\| type_qualifier_list
2861	{
2862	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2863	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2864	}
2865	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2866	{
2867	distQual( $5, $1 );
2868	forall = false;
2869	$$ = $5;
2870	}
2871	\| declaration_qualifier_list
2872	{
2873	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2874	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2875	}
2876	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2877	{
2878	distQual( $5, $1 );
2879	forall = false;
2880	$$ = $5;
2881	}
2882	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
2883	{
2884	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2885	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2886	}
2887	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2888	{
2889	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
2890	forall = false;
2891	$$ = $6;
2892	}
2893	;
2894
2895	external_function_definition:
2896	function_definition
2897	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2898	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2899	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2900	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2901	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2902	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2903	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
2904	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
2905	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
2906	;
2907
2908	with_clause_opt:
2909	// empty
2910	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
2911	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2912	{
2913	$$ = $3; forall = false;
2914	if ( $5 ) {
2915	SemanticError( yylloc, "Attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
2916	$$ = nullptr;
2917	} // if
2918	}
2919	;
2920
2921	function_definition:
2922	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2923	{
2924	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
2925	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
2926	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
2927	$$ = $1;
2928	}
2929	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2930	{
2931	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2932	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2933	}
2934	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2935	{
2936	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2937	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2938	}
2939	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2940	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2941	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2942	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2943	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2944	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2945	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2946	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2947	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2948
2949	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2950	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2951	{
2952	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2953	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
2954	}
2955	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2956	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2957	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2958	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2959	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2960	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2961	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2962	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2963	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2964	;
2965
2966	declarator:
2967	variable_declarator
2968	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2969	\| function_declarator
2970	;
2971
2972	subrange:
2973	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
2975	;
2976
2977	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2978	// empty
2979	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2980	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2981	{
2982	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2983	name->asmName = $3;
2984	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2985	}
2986	;
2987
2988	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2989	// empty
2990	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2991	\| attribute_list
2992	;
2993
2994	attribute_list: // GCC
2995	attribute
2996	\| attribute_list attribute
2997	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2998	;
2999
3000	attribute: // GCC
3001	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3002	{ $$ = $4; }
3003	;
3004
3005	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3006	attribute_name
3007	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3008	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3009	;
3010
3011	attribute_name: // GCC
3012	// empty
3013	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3014	\| attr_name
3015	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3016	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3017	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3018	;
3019
3020	attr_name: // GCC
3021	IDENTIFIER
3022	\| quasi_keyword
3023	\| TYPEDEFname
3024	\| TYPEGENname
3025	\| FALLTHROUGH
3026	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3027	\| CONST
3028	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3029	;
3030
3031	// ============================================================================
3032	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3033	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3034	// in:
3035	//
3036	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3037	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3038	//
3039	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3040	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3041	// ============================================================================
3042
3043	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3044	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3045	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3046	//
3047	// valid declaration invalid definition
3048	// ----------------- ------------------
3049	// int f; int f {}
3050	// int f; int f {}
3051	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3052	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3053	//
3054	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3055	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3056	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3057
3058	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3059	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3060
3061	paren_identifier:
3062	identifier_at
3063	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3064	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3065	{ $$ = $2; }
3066	;
3067
3068	variable_declarator:
3069	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3070	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3071	\| variable_ptr
3072	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3073	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3074	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3075	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3076	;
3077
3078	variable_ptr:
3079	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3080	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3081	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3082	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3083	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3084	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3085	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3086	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3087	;
3088
3089	variable_array:
3090	paren_identifier array_dimension
3091	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3092	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3093	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3094	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3095	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3096	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3097	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3098	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3099	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3100	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3101	{ $$ = $2; }
3102	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3103	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3104	;
3105
3106	variable_function:
3107	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3108	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3109	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3110	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3111	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3112	{ $$ = $2; }
3113	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3114	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3115	;
3116
3117	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3118	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3119	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3120
3121	function_declarator:
3122	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3123	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3124	\| function_ptr
3125	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3126	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3127	;
3128
3129	function_no_ptr:
3130	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3131	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3132	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3133	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3134	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3135	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3136	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3137	{ $$ = $2; }
3138	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3139	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3140	;
3141
3142	function_ptr:
3143	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3144	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3145	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3146	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3147	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3148	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3149	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3150	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3151	;
3152
3153	function_array:
3154	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3155	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3156	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3157	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3158	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3159	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3160	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3161	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3162	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3163	{ $$ = $2; }
3164	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3165	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3166	;
3167
3168	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3169	//
3170	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3171	//
3172	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3173	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3174
3175	KR_function_declarator:
3176	KR_function_no_ptr
3177	\| KR_function_ptr
3178	\| KR_function_array
3179	;
3180
3181	KR_function_no_ptr:
3182	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3183	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3184	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3185	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3186	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3187	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3188	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3189	{ $$ = $2; }
3190	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3191	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3192	;
3193
3194	KR_function_ptr:
3195	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3196	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3197	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3198	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3199	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3200	{ $$ = $2; }
3201	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3202	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3203	;
3204
3205	KR_function_array:
3206	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3207	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3208	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3209	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3210	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3211	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3212	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3213	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3214	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3215	{ $$ = $2; }
3216	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3217	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3218	;
3219
3220	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3221	//
3222	// typedef int foo;
3223	// {
3224	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3225	// }
3226	//
3227	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3228	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3229
3230	paren_type:
3231	typedef_name
3232	{
3233	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3234	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3235	}
3236	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3237	{ $$ = $2; }
3238	;
3239
3240	variable_type_redeclarator:
3241	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3242	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3243	\| type_ptr
3244	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
3245	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3246	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
3247	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3248	;
3249
3250	type_ptr:
3251	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3252	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3253	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3254	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3255	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3256	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3257	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3258	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3259	;
3260
3261	type_array:
3262	paren_type array_dimension
3263	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3264	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3265	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3266	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3267	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3268	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3269	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3270	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3271	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3272	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3273	{ $$ = $2; }
3274	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3275	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3276	;
3277
3278	type_function:
3279	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3280	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3281	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3282	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3283	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3284	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3285	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3286	{ $$ = $2; }
3287	\| '(' attribute_list type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3288	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3289	;
3290
3291	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3292	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3293	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3294	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3295
3296	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3297	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3298	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3299	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3300	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3301	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3302	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3303	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3304	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3305	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3306	;
3307
3308	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3309	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3310	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3311	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3312	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3313	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3314	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3315	;
3316
3317	identifier_parameter_array:
3318	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3319	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3320	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3321	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3322	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3323	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3324	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3325	{ $$ = $2; }
3326	;
3327
3328	identifier_parameter_function:
3329	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3330	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3331	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3332	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3333	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3334	{ $$ = $2; }
3335	;
3336
3337	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3338	// e.g.:
3339	//
3340	// typedef int foo;
3341	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3342	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3343	//
3344	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3345
3346	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3347	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3348	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3349	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3350	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3351	\| type_parameter_ptr
3352	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3353	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3354	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3355	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3356	;
3357
3358	typedef_name:
3359	TYPEDEFname
3360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3361	\| TYPEGENname
3362	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3363	;
3364
3365	type_parameter_ptr:
3366	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3367	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3368	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3369	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3370	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3371	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3372	;
3373
3374	type_parameter_array:
3375	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3376	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3377	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3378	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3379	;
3380
3381	type_parameter_function:
3382	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3383	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3384	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3385	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3386	;
3387
3388	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3389	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3390	//
3391	// sizeof( int );
3392	// sizeof( int * );
3393	// sizeof( int [10] );
3394	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3395	// sizeof( int () );
3396	//
3397	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3398	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3399
3400	abstract_declarator:
3401	abstract_ptr
3402	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3403	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3404	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3405	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3406	;
3407
3408	abstract_ptr:
3409	ptrref_operator
3410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3411	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3413	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3414	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3415	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3416	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3417	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3418	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3419	;
3420
3421	abstract_array:
3422	array_dimension
3423	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3424	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3425	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3426	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3427	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3428	{ $$ = $2; }
3429	;
3430
3431	abstract_function:
3432	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3433	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3434	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3435	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3436	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3437	{ $$ = $2; }
3438	;
3439
3440	array_dimension:
3441	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3442	'[' ']'
3443	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3444	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3445	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3446	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']'
3447	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, 0, false ) ); }
3448	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3449	\| multi_array_dimension
3450	;
3451
3452	multi_array_dimension:
3453	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3454	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3455	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3457	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3458	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3459	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3460	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3461	;
3462
3463	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3464	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3465	//
3466	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3467	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3468	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3469	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3470	//
3471	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3472	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3473	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3474	//
3475	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3476	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3477	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3478	//
3479	// For example:
3480	//
3481	// typedef float T;
3482	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3483	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3484	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3485	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3486	//
3487	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3488	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3489	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3490	// functions.
3491
3492	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3493	abstract_parameter_ptr
3494	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3496	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3497	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3498	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3499	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3500	;
3501
3502	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3503	ptrref_operator
3504	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3505	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3506	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3507	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3508	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3509	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3510	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3511	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3512	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3513	;
3514
3515	abstract_parameter_array:
3516	array_parameter_dimension
3517	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3518	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3519	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3520	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3521	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3522	{ $$ = $2; }
3523	;
3524
3525	abstract_parameter_function:
3526	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3527	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3528	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3529	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3530	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3531	{ $$ = $2; }
3532	;
3533
3534	array_parameter_dimension:
3535	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3536	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3537	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3538	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3539	\| multi_array_dimension
3540	;
3541
3542	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3543	//
3544	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3545	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3546
3547	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3548	'[' ']'
3549	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3550	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3551	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3552	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3553	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3554	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3555	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3556	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3557	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3558	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3559	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3560	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3561	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3562	;
3563
3564	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3565	//
3566	// struct S {
3567	// int;
3568	// int *;
3569	// int [10];
3570	// int (*)();
3571	// };
3572
3573	variable_abstract_declarator:
3574	variable_abstract_ptr
3575	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3576	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3577	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3578	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3579	;
3580
3581	variable_abstract_ptr:
3582	ptrref_operator
3583	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3584	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3585	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3586	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3587	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3588	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3589	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3590	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3591	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3592	;
3593
3594	variable_abstract_array:
3595	array_dimension
3596	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3597	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3598	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3599	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3600	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3601	{ $$ = $2; }
3602	;
3603
3604	variable_abstract_function:
3605	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3606	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3607	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3608	{ $$ = $2; }
3609	;
3610
3611	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3612	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3613
3614	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3615	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3616	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3617	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3618	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3619	;
3620
3621	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3622	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3623	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3624	;
3625
3626	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3627	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3628	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3629	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3630	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3631	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3632	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3633	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3634	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3635	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3636	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3637	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3638	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3639	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3640	;
3641
3642	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3643	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3644	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3645	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3646	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3647	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3648	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3649	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3650	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3651	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3652	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3653	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3654	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3655
3656	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3657	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3658	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3659	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3660	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3661	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3662	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3663	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3664	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3665	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3666	;
3667
3668	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3669	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3670	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3671	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3672	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3673	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3674	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3675	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3676	// appear in this context.
3677	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3678	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3679	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3680	;
3681
3682	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3683	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3684	//
3685	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3686	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3687	//
3688	// These rules need LR(3):
3689	//
3690	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3691	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3692	//
3693	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3694	//
3695	// [int, int] t;
3696	// [int, int] f( int );
3697	//
3698	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3699	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3700	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3701	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3702
3703	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3704	cfa_abstract_tuple
3705	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3706	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3707	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3708	;
3709
3710	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3711	cfa_abstract_ptr
3712	\| cfa_abstract_array
3713	;
3714
3715	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3716	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3717	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3718	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3719	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3720	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3721	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3722	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3723	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3724	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3725	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3726	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3727	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3728	;
3729
3730	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3731	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3732	// empty (void) function return type.
3733	'[' ']' type_specifier
3734	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3735	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3736	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3737	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3738	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3739	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3740	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3741	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3742	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3743	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3744	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3745	;
3746
3747	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3748	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3749	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3750	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3751	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3752	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3753	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3754	;
3755
3756	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3757	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3758	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3759	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3760	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3761	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3762	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3763	;
3764
3765	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3766	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3767	//
3768	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3769	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3770	//
3771	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3772	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3773	//
3774	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3775	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3776
3777	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3778
3779	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3780	// empty
3781	\| ','
3782	;
3783
3784	default_initializer_opt:
3785	// empty
3786	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3787	\| '=' assignment_expression
3788	{ $$ = $2; }
3789	;
3790
3791	%%
3792
3793	// ----end of grammar----
3794
3795	// Local Variables: //
3796	// mode: c++ //
3797	// tab-width: 4 //
3798	// compile-command: "make install" //
3799	// End: //

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