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parser.yy @ 90c3b1c

ADTaaron-thesisarm-ehast-experimentalcleanup-dtorsctordeferred_resndemanglerenumforall-pointer-decaygc_noraiijacob/cs343-translationjenkins-sandboxmemorynew-astnew-ast-unique-exprnew-envno_listpersistent-indexerpthread-emulationqualifiedEnumresolv-newstringwith_gc

Last change on this file since 90c3b1c was 90c3b1c, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
compile CFA with C++11, further update refrat with lstlisting macros, support varags, enumeration initialization, add implicit separators to output streams, update example programs that print
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 102.8 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sun Feb 28 11:49:18 2016
13	// Update Count : 1492
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. nested functions
34	// 2. generalized lvalues
35	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
36	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
37	//
38	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
39	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
40	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
41	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
42	// grammar rule.
43
44	%{
45	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
46	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
47	extern char *yytext;
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "lex.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
58
59	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
60	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
61	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
62	TypedefTable typedefTable;
63	%}
64
65	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
66
67	// keywords
68	%token TYPEDEF
69	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
70	%token INLINE // C99
71	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
72	%token CONST VOLATILE
73	%token RESTRICT // C99
74	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
75	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
76	%token VALIST // GCC
77	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
78	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
79	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
80	%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT // CFA
81	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
82	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
83	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
84	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
85	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
86	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
87
88	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
89	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
90	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
91	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
92	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
93
94	// multi-character operators
95	%token ARROW // ->
96	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
97	%token LS RS // << >>
98	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
99	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
100	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
101
102	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
103	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
104	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
105	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
106
107	%token ATassign // @=
108
109	// Types declaration
110	%union
111	{
112	Token tok;
113	ParseNode *pn;
114	ExpressionNode *en;
115	DeclarationNode *decl;
116	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
117	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
118	StatementNode *sn;
119	ConstantNode *constant;
120	LabelNode *label;
121	InitializerNode *in;
122	bool flag;
123	}
124
125	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
126	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
127	%type<constant> string_literal_list
128
129	// expressions
130	%type<constant> constant
131	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
132	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
133	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
134	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
135	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
136	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
137	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
138	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
139	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
140	%type<en> subrange
141	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
142	%type<label> label_list
143	%type<constant> asm_clobbers_list_opt
144	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
145
146	// statements
147	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
148	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
149	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
150	%type<sn> statement statement_list
151	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
152	%type<sn> case_clause
153	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
154	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
155	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
156	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
157
158	// declarations
159	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
160	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
161	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
162
163	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
164	%type<decl> aggregate_name
165
166	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
167
168	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
169
170	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
171
172	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
173
174	%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
175
176	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
177	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
178
179	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
180
181	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
182	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
183
184	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
185
186	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
187	%type<en> field field_list
188
189	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
190
191	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
192	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
193
194	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
195	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
196	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
197
198	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
199
200	%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
201	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
202
203	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
204	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
205
206	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
207
208	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
209
210	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
211	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
212
213	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
214	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
215
216	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
217
218	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
219
220	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
221
222	%type<tclass> type_class
223	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
224
225	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
226	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
227	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
228	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
229
230	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
231	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
232
233	%type<en> type_name_list
234
235	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
236
237	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
238	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
239
240	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
241
242	// initializers
243	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
244
245	// designators
246	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
247
248
249	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
250	// is ambiguous:
251	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
252	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
253	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
254
255	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
256	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
257
258	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
259
260	%%
261	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
262
263	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
264	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
265	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
266	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
267	//
268	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
269	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
270	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
271	//
272	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
273	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
274	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
275	//
276	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
277	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
278	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
279	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
280	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
281	//
282	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
283	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
284	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
285	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
286	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
287	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
288	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
289
290	push:
291	{
292	typedefTable.enterScope();
293	}
294	;
295
296	pop:
297	{
298	typedefTable.leaveScope();
299	}
300	;
301
302	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
303
304	constant:
305	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
306	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Integer, $1 ); }
307	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Float, $1 ); }
308	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Character, $1 ); }
309	;
310
311	identifier:
312	IDENTIFIER
313	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
314	\| zero_one // CFA
315	;
316
317	no_01_identifier:
318	IDENTIFIER
319	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
320	;
321
322	no_attr_identifier:
323	IDENTIFIER
324	\| zero_one // CFA
325	;
326
327	zero_one: // CFA
328	ZERO
329	\| ONE
330	;
331
332	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
333	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::String, $1 ); }
334	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->appendstr( $2 ); }
335	;
336
337	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
338
339	primary_expression:
340	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
341	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
342	\| zero_one
343	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
344	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
345	{ $$ = $2; }
346	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
347	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode( $2 ); }
348	;
349
350	postfix_expression:
351	primary_expression
352	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
353	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error: subscripting a
354	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
355	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
356	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
357	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Index ), $1, $4 ); }
358	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
359	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $3 ); }
360	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
361	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
362	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
363	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
364	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
365	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
366	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
367	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
368	\| postfix_expression ICR
369	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::IncrPost ), $1 ); }
370	\| postfix_expression DECR
371	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DecrPost ), $1 ); }
372	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
373	{ $$ = 0; }
374	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
375	{
376	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
377	$$ = new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_link( $3 ) );
378	}
379	;
380
381	argument_expression_list:
382	argument_expression
383	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
384	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
385	;
386
387	argument_expression:
388	// empty
389	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
390	\| assignment_expression
391	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
392	{ $$ = $3->set_argName( $1 ); }
393	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_type_name is allowed in this context. However, there is insufficient
394	// look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the tuple form must be used
395	// with an appropriate semantic check.
396	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
397	{ $$ = $7->set_argName( $3 ); }
398	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
399	{ $$ = $9->set_argName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
400	;
401
402	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
403	field
404	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
405	;
406
407	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
408	no_attr_identifier
409	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
410	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
411	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
412	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
413	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
414	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
415	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
416	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
417	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
418	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
419	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
420	;
421
422	unary_expression:
423	postfix_expression
424	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc"
425	// still requires semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
426	\| constant
427	{ $$ = $1; }
428	\| string_literal_list
429	{ $$ = $1; }
430	\| ICR unary_expression
431	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Incr ), $2 ); }
432	\| DECR unary_expression
433	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Decr ), $2 ); }
434	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
435	{ $$ = $2; }
436	\| unary_operator cast_expression
437	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
438	\| '!' cast_expression
439	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neg ), $2 ); }
440	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
441	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PointTo ), $2 ); }
442	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
443	// { * X; } // dereference X
444	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
445	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
446	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
447	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), $2 ); }
448	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
449	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
450	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
451	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OffsetOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ), new VarRefNode( $5 )); }
452	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
453	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 )); }
454	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
455	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
456	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
457	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
458	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
459	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), $2 ); }
460	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
461	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ) ); }
462	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
463	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LabelAddress ), new VarRefNode( $2, true ) ); }
464	;
465
466	unary_operator:
467	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ); }
468	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnPlus ); }
469	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnMinus ); }
470	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitNeg ); }
471	;
472
473	cast_expression:
474	unary_expression
475	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
476	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
477	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
478	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
479	;
480
481	multiplicative_expression:
482	cast_expression
483	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
484	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mul ), $1, $3 ); }
485	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
486	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Div ), $1, $3 ); }
487	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
488	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mod ), $1, $3 ); }
489	;
490
491	additive_expression:
492	multiplicative_expression
493	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
494	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Plus ), $1, $3 ); }
495	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
496	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Minus ), $1, $3 ); }
497	;
498
499	shift_expression:
500	additive_expression
501	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
502	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LShift ), $1, $3 ); }
503	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
504	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RShift ), $1, $3 ); }
505	;
506
507	relational_expression:
508	shift_expression
509	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
510	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LThan ), $1, $3 ); }
511	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
512	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GThan ), $1, $3 ); }
513	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
514	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
515	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
516	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
517	;
518
519	equality_expression:
520	relational_expression
521	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
522	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Eq ), $1, $3 ); }
523	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
524	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neq ), $1, $3 ); }
525	;
526
527	AND_expression:
528	equality_expression
529	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
530	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitAnd ), $1, $3 ); }
531	;
532
533	exclusive_OR_expression:
534	AND_expression
535	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
536	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Xor ), $1, $3 ); }
537	;
538
539	inclusive_OR_expression:
540	exclusive_OR_expression
541	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
542	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitOr ), $1, $3 ); }
543	;
544
545	logical_AND_expression:
546	inclusive_OR_expression
547	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
548	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ), $1, $3 ); }
549	;
550
551	logical_OR_expression:
552	logical_AND_expression
553	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
554	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Or ), $1, $3 ); }
555	;
556
557	conditional_expression:
558	logical_OR_expression
559	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
560	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
561	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
562	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::NCond ), $1, $4 ); }
563	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
564	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
565	;
566
567	constant_expression:
568	conditional_expression
569	;
570
571	assignment_expression:
572	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
573	conditional_expression
574	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
575	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); }
576	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
577	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( $2, $1, $3 ); }
578	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
579	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
580	;
581
582	assignment_expression_opt:
583	// empty
584	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
585	\| assignment_expression
586	;
587
588	tuple: // CFA, tuple
589	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
590	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
591	'[' ']'
592	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
593	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
594	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
595	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
596	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
597	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
598	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
599	;
600
601	tuple_expression_list:
602	assignment_expression_opt
603	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
604	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
605	;
606
607	assignment_operator:
608	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MulAssn ); }
609	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DivAssn ); }
610	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ModAssn ); }
611	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PlusAssn ); }
612	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MinusAssn ); }
613	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LSAssn ); }
614	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RSAssn ); }
615	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AndAssn ); }
616	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ERAssn ); }
617	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OrAssn ); }
618	;
619
620	comma_expression:
621	assignment_expression
622	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list( $3 ); }
623	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Comma ), $1, $3 ); }
624	;
625
626	comma_expression_opt:
627	// empty
628	{ $$ = 0; }
629	\| comma_expression
630	;
631
632	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
633
634	statement:
635	labeled_statement
636	\| compound_statement
637	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
638	\| selection_statement
639	\| iteration_statement
640	\| jump_statement
641	\| exception_statement
642	\| asm_statement
643	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
644	{
645	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
646	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
647	(ExpressionNode *)(new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ), $2 ))->set_link( $4 ) ), 0 );
648	}
649	;
650
651	labeled_statement:
652	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
653	{
654	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
655	}
656	;
657
658	compound_statement:
659	'{' '}'
660	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
661	\| '{'
662	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
663	// requires its own scope
664	push push
665	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
666	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
667	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
668	;
669
670	block_item_list: // C99
671	block_item
672	\| block_item_list push block_item
673	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
674	;
675
676	block_item:
677	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
678	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
679	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
680	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
681	\| function_definition
682	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
683	\| statement pop
684	;
685
686	statement_list:
687	statement
688	\| statement_list statement
689	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
690	;
691
692	expression_statement:
693	comma_expression_opt ';'
694	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0 ); }
695	;
696
697	selection_statement:
698	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
699	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
700	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, $5 ); }
701	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
702	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7 )) ); }
703	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
704	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5 ); }
705	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
706	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8 ); /* xxx */ }
707	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is performed
708	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial declaration list can
709	// never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it.
710	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
711	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5 ); }
712	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
713	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8 ); }
714	;
715
716	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
717	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
718
719	case_value: // CFA
720	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
721	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
722	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
723	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
724	;
725
726	case_value_list: // CFA
727	case_value
728	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
729	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents( $1 ))->set_link( $3 ) ); }
730	;
731
732	case_label: // CFA
733	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Case, $2, 0 ); }
734	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Default ); }
735	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
736	;
737
738	case_label_list: // CFA
739	case_label
740	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
741	;
742
743	case_clause: // CFA
744	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
745	;
746
747	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
748	// empty
749	{ $$ = 0; }
750	\| switch_clause_list
751	;
752
753	switch_clause_list: // CFA
754	case_label_list statement_list
755	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
756	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
757	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
758	;
759
760	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
761	// empty
762	{ $$ = 0; }
763	\| choose_clause_list
764	;
765
766	choose_clause_list: // CFA
767	case_label_list fall_through
768	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
769	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
770	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3 ))); }
771	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
772	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
773	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
774	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4 ))))); }
775	;
776
777	fall_through_opt: // CFA
778	// empty
779	{ $$ = 0; }
780	\| fall_through
781	;
782
783	fall_through: // CFA
784	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
785	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
786	;
787
788	iteration_statement:
789	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
790	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::While, $3, $5 ); }
791	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
792	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Do, $5, $2 ); }
793	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
794	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::For, $4, $6 ); }
795	;
796
797	for_control_expression:
798	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
799	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $4, $6 ); }
800	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
801	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $2, $4 ); }
802	;
803
804	jump_statement:
805	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
806	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $2 ); }
807	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
808	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3 );
809	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
810	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $3 ); }
811	\| CONTINUE ';'
812	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
813	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue ); }
814	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
815	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
816	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
817	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue, $2 ); }
818	\| BREAK ';'
819	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
820	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break ); }
821	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
822	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
823	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
824	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
825	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
826	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Return, $2, 0 ); }
827	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';'
828	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
829	// \| THROW ';'
830	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
831	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';'
832	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
833	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';'
834	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
835	// \| THROWRESUME ';'
836	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
837	;
838
839	exception_statement:
840	TRY compound_statement handler_list
841	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
842	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
843	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
844	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
845	{
846	$3->set_link( $4 );
847	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 ))));
848	}
849	;
850
851	handler_list:
852	// There must be at least one catch clause
853	handler_clause
854	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
855	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
856	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
857	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
858	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
859	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
860	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
861	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
862	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
863	;
864
865	handler_clause:
866	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
867	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
868	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
869	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
870	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
871	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
872	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
873	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
874	;
875
876	finally_clause:
877	FINALLY compound_statement
878	{
879	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2 );
880	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
881	}
882	;
883
884	exception_declaration:
885	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
886	//
887	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
888	//
889	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
890	type_specifier
891	\| type_specifier declarator
892	{
893	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
894	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
895	}
896	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
897	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
898	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
899	{
900	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
901	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
902	}
903	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
904	;
905
906	asm_statement:
907	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
908	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, 0 ); }
909	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
910	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6 ); }
911	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
912	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8 ); }
913	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
914	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ); }
915	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
916	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ); }
917	;
918
919	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
920	// empty
921	{ $$ = false; }
922	\| VOLATILE
923	{ $$ = true; }
924	;
925
926	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
927	// empty
928	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
929	\| asm_operands_list
930	;
931
932	asm_operands_list: // GCC
933	asm_operand
934	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
935	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
936	;
937
938	asm_operand: // GCC
939	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
940	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( 0, $1, $3 ); }
941	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
942	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( $2, $4, $6 ); }
943	;
944
945	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
946	// empty
947	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
948	\| string_literal_list
949	{ $$ = $1; }
950	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
951	{ $$ = (ConstantNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
952	;
953
954	label_list:
955	no_attr_identifier
956	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->append_label( $1 ); }
957	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
958	{ $$ = $1; $1->append_label( $3 ); }
959	;
960
961	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
962
963	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
964	pop
965	{ $$ = 0; }
966	\| declaration_list
967	;
968
969	declaration_list:
970	declaration
971	\| declaration_list push declaration
972	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
973	;
974
975	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
976	pop
977	{ $$ = 0; }
978	\| old_declaration_list
979	;
980
981	old_declaration_list:
982	old_declaration
983	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
984	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
985	;
986
987	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
988	// empty
989	\| local_label_declaration_list
990	;
991
992	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
993	LABEL local_label_list ';'
994	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
995	;
996
997	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
998	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
999	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1000	;
1001
1002	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1003	new_declaration
1004	\| old_declaration
1005	;
1006
1007	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1008	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1009	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1010	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1011	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1012	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1013	//
1014	// CFA C
1015	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1016	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1017
1018	new_declaration: // CFA
1019	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1020	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1021	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1022	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1023	\| context_specifier pop ';'
1024	;
1025
1026	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1027	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1028	{
1029	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1030	$$ = $1;
1031	}
1032	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1033	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1034	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1035	{
1036	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1037	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1038	}
1039	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1040	{
1041	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1042	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1043	}
1044	;
1045
1046	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1047	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1048	// storage-class
1049	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1050	{
1051	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1052	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1053	}
1054	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1055	{
1056	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1057	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1058	}
1059	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1060	{
1061	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1062	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1063	}
1064	;
1065
1066	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1067	new_function_specifier
1068	{
1069	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1070	$$ = $1;
1071	}
1072	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1073	{
1074	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1075	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1076	}
1077	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1078	{
1079	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1080	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1081	}
1082	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1083	{
1084	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1085	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1086	}
1087	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1088	{
1089	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1090	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1091	}
1092	;
1093
1094	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1095	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1096	{
1097	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1098	}
1099	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1100	// {
1101	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1102	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1103	// }
1104	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1105	// {
1106	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1107	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1108	// }
1109	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1110	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1111	//
1112	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1113	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1114	//
1115	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1116	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1117	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1118	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1119	{
1120	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1121	}
1122	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1123	{
1124	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1125	}
1126	;
1127
1128	new_function_return: // CFA
1129	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1130	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1131	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1132	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1133	// ']'.
1134	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1135	;
1136
1137	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1138	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1139	{
1140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1141	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1142	}
1143	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1144	{
1145	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1146	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1147	}
1148	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1149	{
1150	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1151	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1152	}
1153	;
1154
1155	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1156	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1157
1158	typedef_declaration:
1159	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1160	{
1161	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1162	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1163	}
1164	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1165	{
1166	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1167	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1168	}
1169	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1170	{
1171	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1172	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1173	}
1174	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1175	{
1176	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1177	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1178	}
1179	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1180	{
1181	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1182	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1183	}
1184	;
1185
1186	typedef_expression:
1187	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1188	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1189	{
1190	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1191	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1192	}
1193	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1194	{
1195	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1196	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1197	}
1198	;
1199
1200	old_declaration:
1201	declaring_list pop ';'
1202	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1203	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1204	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1205	;
1206
1207	declaring_list:
1208	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1209	// storage-class
1210	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1211	{
1212	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1213	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1214	}
1215	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1216	{
1217	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1218	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1219	}
1220	;
1221
1222	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1223	basic_declaration_specifier
1224	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1225	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1226	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1227	;
1228
1229	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1230	basic_type_specifier
1231	\| sue_type_specifier
1232	\| typedef_type_specifier
1233	\| typegen_type_specifier
1234	;
1235
1236	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1237	// empty
1238	{ $$ = 0; }
1239	\| type_qualifier_list
1240	;
1241
1242	type_qualifier_list:
1243	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1244	//
1245	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1246	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1247	// appeared only once.
1248	type_qualifier
1249	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1250	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1251	;
1252
1253	type_qualifier:
1254	type_qualifier_name
1255	\| attribute
1256	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1257	;
1258
1259	type_qualifier_name:
1260	CONST
1261	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1262	\| RESTRICT
1263	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1264	\| VOLATILE
1265	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1266	\| LVALUE // CFA
1267	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1268	\| ATOMIC
1269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1270	\| FORALL '('
1271	{
1272	typedefTable.enterScope();
1273	}
1274	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1275	{
1276	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1277	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1278	}
1279	;
1280
1281	declaration_qualifier_list:
1282	storage_class_list
1283	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1284	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1285	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1286	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1287	;
1288
1289	storage_class_list:
1290	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1291	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1292	//
1293	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1294	// specifiers in a declaration.
1295	storage_class
1296	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1297	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1298	;
1299
1300	storage_class:
1301	storage_class_name
1302	;
1303
1304	storage_class_name:
1305	EXTERN
1306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1307	\| STATIC
1308	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1309	\| AUTO
1310	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1311	\| REGISTER
1312	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1313	\| INLINE // C99
1314	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1315	\| FORTRAN // C99
1316	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1317	\| NORETURN // C11
1318	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1319	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1321	;
1322
1323	basic_type_name:
1324	CHAR
1325	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1326	\| DOUBLE
1327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1328	\| FLOAT
1329	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1330	\| INT
1331	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1332	\| LONG
1333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1334	\| SHORT
1335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1336	\| SIGNED
1337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1338	\| UNSIGNED
1339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1340	\| VOID
1341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1342	\| BOOL // C99
1343	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1344	\| COMPLEX // C99
1345	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1346	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1347	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1348	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1349	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1350	;
1351
1352	basic_declaration_specifier:
1353	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1354	basic_type_specifier
1355	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1356	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1357	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1358	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1359	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1361	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1362	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1363	;
1364
1365	basic_type_specifier:
1366	direct_type_name
1367	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1368	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1369	;
1370
1371	direct_type_name:
1372	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1373	basic_type_name
1374	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1375	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1376	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1377	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1378	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1379	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1380	;
1381
1382	indirect_type_name:
1383	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1384	{ $$ = $3; }
1385	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1386	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1387	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1388	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1389	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1390	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1391	;
1392
1393	sue_declaration_specifier:
1394	sue_type_specifier
1395	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1396	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1397	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1398	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1399	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1400	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1401	;
1402
1403	sue_type_specifier:
1404	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1405	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1406	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1407	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1408	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1409	;
1410
1411	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1412	typedef_type_specifier
1413	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1414	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1415	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1416	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1417	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1418	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1419	;
1420
1421	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1422	TYPEDEFname
1423	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1424	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1425	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1426	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1427	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1428	;
1429
1430	elaborated_type_name:
1431	aggregate_name
1432	\| enum_name
1433	;
1434
1435	aggregate_name:
1436	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1437	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1438	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1439	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0 ); }
1440	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1441	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $4 ); }
1442	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1443	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6 ); }
1444	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1445	{ $$ = $2; }
1446	;
1447
1448	aggregate_key:
1449	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1450	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1451	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1452	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1453	;
1454
1455	field_declaration_list:
1456	field_declaration
1457	{ $$ = $1; }
1458	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1459	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1460	;
1461
1462	field_declaration:
1463	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1464	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1465	{ $$ = $2; }
1466	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1467	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1468	{ $$ = $2; }
1469	;
1470
1471	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1472	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1473	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1474	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1475	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1476	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1477	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1478	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1479	;
1480
1481	field_declaring_list:
1482	type_specifier field_declarator
1483	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1484	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1485	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1486	;
1487
1488	field_declarator:
1489	// empty
1490	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1491	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1492	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1493	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1494	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1495	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1496	\| type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1497	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1498	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1499	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1500	;
1501
1502	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1503	// empty
1504	{ $$ = 0; }
1505	\| bit_subrange_size
1506	{ $$ = $1; }
1507	;
1508
1509	bit_subrange_size:
1510	':' constant_expression
1511	{ $$ = $2; }
1512	;
1513
1514	enum_key:
1515	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1516	;
1517
1518	enum_name:
1519	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1520	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1521	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1522	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1523	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1524	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1525	;
1526
1527	enumerator_list:
1528	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1529	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1530	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1531	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1532	;
1533
1534	enumerator_value_opt:
1535	// empty
1536	{ $$ = 0; }
1537	\| '=' constant_expression
1538	{ $$ = $2; }
1539	;
1540
1541	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1542
1543	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1544	// empty
1545	{ $$ = 0; }
1546	\| new_parameter_type_list
1547	;
1548
1549	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1550	new_abstract_parameter_list
1551	\| new_parameter_list
1552	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1553	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1554	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1555	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1556	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1557	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1558	;
1559
1560	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1561	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1562	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1563	new_parameter_declaration
1564	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1565	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1566	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1567	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1568	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1569	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1570	;
1571
1572	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1573	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1574	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1575	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1576	;
1577
1578	parameter_type_list_opt:
1579	// empty
1580	{ $$ = 0; }
1581	\| parameter_type_list
1582	;
1583
1584	parameter_type_list:
1585	parameter_list
1586	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1587	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1588	;
1589
1590	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1591	abstract_parameter_declaration
1592	\| parameter_declaration
1593	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1594	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1595	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1596	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1597	;
1598
1599	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1600	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1601
1602	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1603	parameter_declaration
1604	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1605	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1606	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1607	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1608	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1609	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1610	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1611	\| new_function_specifier
1612	;
1613
1614	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1615	abstract_parameter_declaration
1616	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1617	\| new_abstract_tuple
1618	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1619	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1620	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1621	\| new_abstract_function
1622	;
1623
1624	parameter_declaration:
1625	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1626	{
1627	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1628	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1629	}
1630	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1631	{
1632	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1633	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1634	}
1635	;
1636
1637	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1638	declaration_specifier
1639	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1640	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1641	;
1642
1643	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1644	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1645	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1646
1647	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1648	no_attr_identifier
1649	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1650	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1651	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1652	;
1653
1654	identifier_or_type_name:
1655	identifier
1656	\| TYPEDEFname
1657	\| TYPEGENname
1658	;
1659
1660	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1661	no_01_identifier
1662	\| TYPEDEFname
1663	\| TYPEGENname
1664	;
1665
1666	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1667	no_attr_identifier
1668	\| TYPEDEFname
1669	\| TYPEGENname
1670	;
1671
1672	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1673	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1674	\| type_specifier
1675	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1676	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1677	;
1678
1679	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1680	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1681	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1682	\| type_specifier
1683	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1684	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1685	;
1686
1687	initializer_opt:
1688	// empty
1689	{ $$ = 0; }
1690	\| '=' initializer
1691	{ $$ = $2; }
1692	\| ATassign initializer
1693	{ $$ = $2; }
1694	;
1695
1696	initializer:
1697	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1698	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1699	;
1700
1701	initializer_list:
1702	// empty
1703	{ $$ = 0; }
1704	\| initializer
1705	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1706	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 ) ); }
1707	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1708	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1709	;
1710
1711	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1712	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1713	//
1714	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1715	//
1716	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1717	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1718	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1719	// shift/reduce conflicts
1720
1721	designation:
1722	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1723	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1724	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1725	;
1726
1727	designator_list: // C99
1728	designator
1729	\| designator_list designator
1730	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
1731	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
1732	;
1733
1734	designator:
1735	// lexer ambiguity: designator ".0" is floating-point constant or designator for name 0
1736	// only ".0" and ".1" allowed => semantic check
1737	FLOATINGconstant
1738	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $1 ) ); }
1739	\| '.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1740	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $2 ) ); }
1741	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1742	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1743	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1744	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1745	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1746	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1747	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $3, $5 ), true ); }
1748	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1749	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $4 ); }
1750	;
1751
1752	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1753	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1754	//
1755	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1756	//
1757	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1758	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1759	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1760	//
1761	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1762	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1763	//
1764	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1765	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1766	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1767	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1768	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1769
1770	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1771	typegen_type_specifier
1772	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1773	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1774	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1775	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1776	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1777	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1778	;
1779
1780	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1781	typegen_name
1782	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1783	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1784	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1785	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1786	;
1787
1788	typegen_name: // CFA
1789	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1791	;
1792
1793	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1794	type_parameter assignment_opt
1795	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1796	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1797	;
1798
1799	type_parameter: // CFA
1800	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1801	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1802	assertion_list_opt
1803	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1804	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1805	;
1806
1807	type_class: // CFA
1808	TYPE
1809	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1810	\| DTYPE
1811	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1812	\| FTYPE
1813	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1814	;
1815
1816	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1817	// empty
1818	{ $$ = 0; }
1819	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1820	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1821	;
1822
1823	assertion: // CFA
1824	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1825	{
1826	typedefTable.openContext( *$2 );
1827	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1828	}
1829	\| '\|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1830	{ $$ = $4; }
1831	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1832	{ $$ = 0; }
1833	;
1834
1835	type_name_list: // CFA
1836	type_name
1837	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1838	\| assignment_expression
1839	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1840	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1841	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1842	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
1843	;
1844
1845	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1846	TYPE type_declarator
1847	{ $$ = $2; }
1848	\| storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1849	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1850	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1851	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1852	;
1853
1854	type_declarator: // CFA
1855	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1856	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1857	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1858	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1859	;
1860
1861	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1862	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1863	{
1864	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1865	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1866	}
1867	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1868	{
1869	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1870	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1871	}
1872	;
1873
1874	context_specifier: // CFA
1875	CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1876	{
1877	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1878	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1879	}
1880	\| CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1881	{
1882	typedefTable.enterContext( *$2 );
1883	typedefTable.enterScope();
1884	}
1885	context_declaration_list '}'
1886	{
1887	typedefTable.leaveContext();
1888	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1889	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1890	}
1891	;
1892
1893	context_declaration_list: // CFA
1894	context_declaration
1895	\| context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1896	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1897	;
1898
1899	context_declaration: // CFA
1900	new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1901	\| context_declaring_list pop ';'
1902	;
1903
1904	new_context_declaring_list: // CFA
1905	new_variable_specifier
1906	{
1907	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1908	$$ = $1;
1909	}
1910	\| new_function_specifier
1911	{
1912	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1913	$$ = $1;
1914	}
1915	\| new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1916	{
1917	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1918	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1919	}
1920	;
1921
1922	context_declaring_list: // CFA
1923	type_specifier declarator
1924	{
1925	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1926	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1927	}
1928	\| context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1929	{
1930	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1931	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1932	}
1933	;
1934
1935	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1936
1937	translation_unit:
1938	// empty
1939	{} // empty input file
1940	\| external_definition_list
1941	{
1942	if ( theTree ) {
1943	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1944	} else {
1945	theTree = $1;
1946	}
1947	}
1948	;
1949
1950	external_definition_list:
1951	external_definition
1952	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1953	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1954	;
1955
1956	external_definition_list_opt:
1957	// empty
1958	{ $$ = 0; }
1959	\| external_definition_list
1960	;
1961
1962	external_definition:
1963	declaration
1964	\| external_function_definition
1965	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1966	{}
1967	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1968	{
1969	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1970	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1971	}
1972	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1973	{
1974	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1975	linkageStack.pop();
1976	$$ = $5;
1977	}
1978	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1979	{ $$ = $2; }
1980	;
1981
1982	external_function_definition:
1983	function_definition
1984	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
1985	// code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible because
1986	// function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would preclude this
1987	// concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1988	\| function_declarator compound_statement
1989	{
1990	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1991	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1992	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1993	}
1994	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1995	{
1996	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1997	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1998	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1999	}
2000	;
2001
2002	function_definition:
2003	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2004	{
2005	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2006	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2007	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2008	}
2009	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2010	{
2011	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2012	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2013	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2014	}
2015	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2016	{
2017	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2018	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2019	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2020	}
2021	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2022	{
2023	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2024	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2025	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2026	}
2027	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2028	{
2029	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2030	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2031	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2032	}
2033
2034	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2035	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2036	{
2037	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2038	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2039	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2040	}
2041	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2042	{
2043	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2044	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2045	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2046	}
2047
2048	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2049	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2050	{
2051	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2052	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2053	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2054	}
2055	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2056	{
2057	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2058	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2059	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2060	}
2061	;
2062
2063	declarator:
2064	variable_declarator
2065	\| function_declarator
2066	\| type_redeclarator
2067	;
2068
2069	subrange:
2070	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2071	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
2072	;
2073
2074	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2075	// empty
2076	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2077	;
2078
2079	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2080	// empty
2081	{ $$ = 0; }
2082	\| attribute_list
2083	;
2084
2085	attribute_list: // GCC
2086	attribute
2087	\| attribute_list attribute
2088	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2089	;
2090
2091	attribute: // GCC
2092	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2093	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2094	{ $$ = 0; }
2095	;
2096
2097	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2098	attrib
2099	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2100	;
2101
2102	attrib: // GCC
2103	// empty
2104	\| any_word
2105	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2106	;
2107
2108	any_word: // GCC
2109	identifier_or_type_name {}
2110	\| storage_class_name {}
2111	\| basic_type_name {}
2112	\| type_qualifier {}
2113	;
2114
2115	// ============================================================================
2116	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2117	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2118	// in:
2119	//
2120	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2121	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2122	//
2123	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2124	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2125	// ============================================================================
2126
2127	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2128	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2129	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2130	//
2131	// valid declaration invalid definition
2132	// ----------------- ------------------
2133	// int f; int f {}
2134	// int f; int f {}
2135	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2136	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2137	//
2138	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2139	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2140	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2141
2142	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2143	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2144
2145	variable_declarator:
2146	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2147	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2148	\| variable_ptr
2149	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2150	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2151	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2152	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2153	;
2154
2155	paren_identifier:
2156	identifier
2157	{
2158	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2159	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2160	}
2161	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2162	{ $$ = $2; }
2163	;
2164
2165	variable_ptr:
2166	'*' variable_declarator
2167	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2168	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2169	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2170	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2171	{ $$ = $2; }
2172	;
2173
2174	variable_array:
2175	paren_identifier array_dimension
2176	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2177	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2178	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2179	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2180	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2181	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2182	{ $$ = $2; }
2183	;
2184
2185	variable_function:
2186	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2187	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2188	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2189	{ $$ = $2; }
2190	;
2191
2192	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot be nested,
2193	// there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested functions requires
2194	// further separation of variable and function declarators in type_redeclarator. The pattern precludes returning
2195	// arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2196
2197	function_declarator:
2198	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2199	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2200	\| function_ptr
2201	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2202	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2203	;
2204
2205	function_no_ptr:
2206	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2207	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2208	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2209	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2210	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2211	{ $$ = $2; }
2212	;
2213
2214	function_ptr:
2215	'*' function_declarator
2216	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2217	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2218	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2219	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2220	{ $$ = $2; }
2221	;
2222
2223	function_array:
2224	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2225	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2226	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2227	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2228	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2229	{ $$ = $2; }
2230	;
2231
2232	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2233	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2234	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2235
2236	old_function_declarator:
2237	old_function_no_ptr
2238	\| old_function_ptr
2239	\| old_function_array
2240	;
2241
2242	old_function_no_ptr:
2243	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2244	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2245	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2246	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2247	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2248	{ $$ = $2; }
2249	;
2250
2251	old_function_ptr:
2252	'*' old_function_declarator
2253	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2254	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2255	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2256	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2257	{ $$ = $2; }
2258	;
2259
2260	old_function_array:
2261	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2262	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2263	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2264	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2265	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2266	{ $$ = $2; }
2267	;
2268
2269	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2270	//
2271	// typedef int foo;
2272	// {
2273	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2274	// }
2275	//
2276	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2277	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2278
2279	type_redeclarator:
2280	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2281	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2282	\| type_ptr
2283	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2284	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2285	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2286	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2287	;
2288
2289	paren_type:
2290	typedef
2291	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2292	{ $$ = $2; }
2293	;
2294
2295	type_ptr:
2296	'*' type_redeclarator
2297	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2298	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_redeclarator
2299	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2300	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2301	{ $$ = $2; }
2302	;
2303
2304	type_array:
2305	paren_type array_dimension
2306	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2307	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2308	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2309	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2310	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2311	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2312	{ $$ = $2; }
2313	;
2314
2315	type_function:
2316	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2317	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2318	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2319	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2320	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2321	{ $$ = $2; }
2322	;
2323
2324	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2325	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2326	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2327	// arrays and functions.
2328
2329	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2330	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2331	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2332	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2333	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2334	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2335	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2336	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2337	;
2338
2339	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2340	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2341	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2342	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2343	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2344	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2345	{ $$ = $2; }
2346	;
2347
2348	identifier_parameter_array:
2349	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2350	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2351	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2352	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2353	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2354	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2355	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2356	{ $$ = $2; }
2357	;
2358
2359	identifier_parameter_function:
2360	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2361	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2362	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2363	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2364	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2365	{ $$ = $2; }
2366	;
2367
2368	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2369	// e.g.:
2370	//
2371	// typedef int foo;
2372	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2373	//
2374	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2375	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2376	//
2377	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2378	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2379	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2380	//
2381	// which precludes the following cases:
2382	//
2383	// typedef float T;
2384	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2385	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2386	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2387	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2388	//
2389	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2390	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2391	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2392	// functions.
2393
2394	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2395	typedef attribute_list_opt
2396	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2397	\| type_parameter_ptr
2398	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2399	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2400	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2401	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2402	;
2403
2404	typedef:
2405	TYPEDEFname
2406	{
2407	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2408	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2409	}
2410	\| TYPEGENname
2411	{
2412	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2413	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2414	}
2415	;
2416
2417	type_parameter_ptr:
2418	'*' type_parameter_redeclarator
2419	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2420	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2421	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2422	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2423	{ $$ = $2; }
2424	;
2425
2426	type_parameter_array:
2427	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2428	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2429	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2430	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2431	;
2432
2433	type_parameter_function:
2434	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2435	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2436	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2437	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2438	;
2439
2440	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2441	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2442	//
2443	// sizeof( int );
2444	// sizeof( int [10] );
2445	//
2446	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2447	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2448
2449	abstract_declarator:
2450	abstract_ptr
2451	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2452	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2453	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2454	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2455	;
2456
2457	abstract_ptr:
2458	'*'
2459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2460	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2462	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2463	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2464	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2465	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2466	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2467	{ $$ = $2; }
2468	;
2469
2470	abstract_array:
2471	array_dimension
2472	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2473	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2474	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2475	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2476	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2477	{ $$ = $2; }
2478	;
2479
2480	abstract_function:
2481	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2482	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2483	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2484	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2485	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2486	{ $$ = $2; }
2487	;
2488
2489	array_dimension:
2490	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2491	'[' ']'
2492	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2493	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2494	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2495	\| multi_array_dimension
2496	;
2497
2498	multi_array_dimension:
2499	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2500	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2501	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2502	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2503	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2504	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2505	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2506	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2507	;
2508
2509	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2510	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2511	//
2512	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2513	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2514	//
2515	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2516	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2517
2518	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2519	abstract_parameter_ptr
2520	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2521	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2522	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2523	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2524	;
2525
2526	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2527	'*'
2528	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2529	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2531	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2532	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2533	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2534	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2535	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2536	{ $$ = $2; }
2537	;
2538
2539	abstract_parameter_array:
2540	array_parameter_dimension
2541	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2542	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2543	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2544	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2545	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2546	{ $$ = $2; }
2547	;
2548
2549	abstract_parameter_function:
2550	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2551	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2552	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2553	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2554	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2555	{ $$ = $2; }
2556	;
2557
2558	array_parameter_dimension:
2559	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2560	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2561	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2562	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2563	\| multi_array_dimension
2564	;
2565
2566	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2567	//
2568	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2569	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2570
2571	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2572	'[' ']'
2573	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2574	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2575	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2576	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2577	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2579	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2580	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2581	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2582	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2583	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2584	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2585	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2586	;
2587
2588	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2589	// e.g.:
2590	//
2591	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2592	//
2593	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2594	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2595
2596	variable_abstract_declarator:
2597	variable_abstract_ptr
2598	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2599	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2600	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2601	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2602	;
2603
2604	variable_abstract_ptr:
2605	'*'
2606	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2607	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2608	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2609	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2610	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2611	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2612	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2613	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2614	{ $$ = $2; }
2615	;
2616
2617	variable_abstract_array:
2618	array_dimension
2619	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2620	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2621	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2622	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2623	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2624	{ $$ = $2; }
2625	;
2626
2627	variable_abstract_function:
2628	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2629	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2630	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2631	{ $$ = $2; }
2632	;
2633
2634	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2635	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2636
2637	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2638	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2639	\| new_abstract_tuple
2640	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2641	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2642	;
2643
2644	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2645	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2646	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2647	;
2648
2649	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2650	'*' type_specifier
2651	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2652	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2653	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2654	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2655	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2656	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2657	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2658	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2659	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2660	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2661	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2662	;
2663
2664	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2665	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2666	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2667	'[' ']' type_specifier
2668	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2669	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2670	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2671	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2672	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2673	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2674	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2675	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2676	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2677	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2678	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2679	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2680	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2681	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2682	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2683	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2684	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2685	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2686	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2687	;
2688
2689	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2690	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2691	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2692	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2693	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2694	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2695	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2696	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2697	// appear in this context.
2698	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2699	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2700	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2701	;
2702
2703	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2704	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2705	//
2706	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2707	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2708	//
2709	// These rules need LR(3):
2710	//
2711	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2712	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2713	//
2714	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2715	//
2716	// [int, int] t;
2717	// [int, int] f( int );
2718	//
2719	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2720	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2721	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2722	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2723
2724	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2725	new_abstract_tuple
2726	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2727	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2728	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2729	;
2730
2731	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2732	new_abstract_ptr
2733	\| new_abstract_array
2734	;
2735
2736	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2737	'*' type_specifier
2738	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2739	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2740	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2741	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2742	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2743	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2744	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2745	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2746	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2747	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2748	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2749	;
2750
2751	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2752	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2753	// empty (void) function return type.
2754	'[' ']' type_specifier
2755	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2756	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2757	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2758	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2759	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2760	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2761	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2762	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2763	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2764	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2765	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2766	;
2767
2768	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2769	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2770	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2771	;
2772
2773	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2774	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2775	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2776	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2777	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2778	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2779	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2780	;
2781
2782	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2783	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2784	//
2785	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2786	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2787	//
2788	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2789	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2790	//
2791	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2792	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2793
2794	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2795
2796	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2797	// empty
2798	\| ','
2799	;
2800
2801	assignment_opt:
2802	// empty
2803	{ $$ = 0; }
2804	\| '=' assignment_expression
2805	{ $$ = $2; }
2806	;
2807
2808	%%
2809	// ----end of grammar----
2810
2811	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2812	std::cout << "Error ";
2813	if ( yyfilename ) {
2814	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2815	} // if
2816	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2817	}
2818
2819	// Local Variables: //
2820	// mode: c++ //
2821	// tab-width: 4 //
2822	// compile-command: "make install" //
2823	// End: //

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