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Last change on this file since 80c72a7 was 4cc585b, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
first attempt to normalize push/pop, and fix K&R parsing bug
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File size: 111.9 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sun Aug 20 09:21:54 2017
13	// Update Count : 2573
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
54	using namespace std;
55
56	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
57	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
58	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
59
60	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
61
62	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
63	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
64	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
65	} // appendStr
66
67	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
68	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
69	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
70	//cur->addType( specifier );
71	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
72	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
73	} // for
74	declList->addType( cl );
75	// delete cl;
76	return declList;
77	} // distAttr
78
79	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
80	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
81	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
82	iter->set_extension( true );
83	} // for
84	} // distExt
85
86	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
87	%}
88
89	// Types declaration
90	%union
91	{
92	Token tok;
93	ParseNode * pn;
94	ExpressionNode * en;
95	DeclarationNode * decl;
96	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
97	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
98	StatementNode * sn;
99	ConstantExpr * constant;
100	IfCtl * ifctl;
101	ForCtl * fctl;
102	LabelNode * label;
103	InitializerNode * in;
104	OperKinds op;
105	std::string * str;
106	bool flag;
107	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
108	}
109
110	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
111
112	// keywords
113	%token TYPEDEF
114	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
115	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
116	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
117	%token NORETURN // C11
118	%token CONST VOLATILE
119	%token RESTRICT // C99
120	%token ATOMIC // C11
121	%token FORALL LVALUE MUTEX VIRTUAL // CFA
122	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
123	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
124	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
125	%token VALIST // GCC
126	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
127	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
128	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
129	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
130	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
131	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
132	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
133	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT WITH // CFA
134	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
135	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
136
137	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
138	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
139	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
140	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
141	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
142	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
143	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
144	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
145
146	// multi-character operators
147	%token ARROW // ->
148	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
149	%token LS RS // << >>
150	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
151	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
152	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
153
154	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
155	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
156	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
157	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
158
159	%token ATassign // @=
160
161	%type<tok> identifier no_attr_identifier
162	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
163	%type<constant> string_literal
164	%type<str> string_literal_list
165
166	// expressions
167	%type<en> constant
168	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
169	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
170	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
171	%type<en> cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
172	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
173	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
174	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
175	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
176	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
177	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initialize_opt
178	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
179	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
180	%type<en> subrange
181	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
182	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
183	%type<label> label_list
184	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
185	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
186	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
187
188	// statements
189	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
190	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
191	%type<sn> with_statement exception_statement asm_statement
192	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
193	%type<sn> statement statement_list
194	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
195	%type<sn> with_clause_opt
196	%type<en> case_value
197	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
198	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
199	%type<sn> /* handler_list */ handler_clause finally_clause
200	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
201
202	// declarations
203	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
204	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
205	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
206
207	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
208	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
209
210	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
211
212	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
213
214	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
215
216	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
217
218	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
219	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
220
221	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
222
223	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
224	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
225
226	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
227
228	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
229	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
230
231	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
232
233	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
234	%type<decl> identifier_list
235
236	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
237	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
238	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
239
240	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
241
242	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
243	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
244
245	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
246	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
247
248	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
249
250	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
251
252	%type<decl> c_declaration
253	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
254	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
255
256	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
257	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
258
259	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
260
261	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
262
263	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
264
265	%type<tclass> type_class
266	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
267
268	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
269	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
270
271	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
272
273	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
274
275	%type<decl> type type_no_function
276	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
277
278	%type<en> type_list
279
280	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
281	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
282
283	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
284	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
285
286	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
287
288	// initializers
289	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
290
291	// designators
292	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
293
294
295	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
296	// is ambiguous:
297	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
298	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
299	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
300
301	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
302	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
303
304	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
305
306	%%
307	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
308
309	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
310	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
311	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
312	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
313	//
314	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
315	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
316	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
317	//
318	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
319	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
320	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
321	//
322	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
323	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
324	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
325	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
326	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
327	//
328	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
329	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
330	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
331	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
332	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
333	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
334	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
335
336	push:
337	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
338	;
339
340	pop:
341	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
342	;
343
344	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
345
346	constant:
347	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
348	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
349	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
350	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
351	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
352	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
353	;
354
355	identifier:
356	IDENTIFIER
357	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
358	;
359
360	no_attr_identifier:
361	IDENTIFIER
362	;
363
364	string_literal:
365	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
366	;
367
368	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
369	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
370	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
371	{
372	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
373	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
374	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
375	}
376	;
377
378	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
379
380	primary_expression:
381	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
382	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
383	\| tuple
384	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
385	{ $$ = $2; }
386	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
387	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
388	\| primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
389	{
390	Token fn;
391	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
392	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
393	}
394	\| type_name '.' no_attr_identifier // CFA, nested type
395	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
396	\| type_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
397	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
398	;
399
400	postfix_expression:
401	primary_expression
402	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
403	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
404	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
405	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
406	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
407	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
408	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
409	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
410	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
411	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
412	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
413	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
414	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
415	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
416	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
417	{
418	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
419	}
420	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
421	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
422	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
423	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
424	\| postfix_expression ICR
425	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
426	\| postfix_expression DECR
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
428	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
429	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
430	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
431	{
432	Token fn;
433	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
434	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
435	}
436	;
437
438	argument_expression_list:
439	argument_expression
440	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
441	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
442	;
443
444	argument_expression:
445	// empty
446	{ $$ = nullptr; }
447	// \| '@' // use default argument
448	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
449	\| assignment_expression
450	;
451
452	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
453	field
454	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
455	;
456
457	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
458	field_name
459	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
460	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
461	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
462	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
463	\| field_name '.' field
464	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
465	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
466	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
467	\| field_name ARROW field
468	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
469	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
470	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
471	;
472
473	field_name:
474	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
475	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
476	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
477	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
478	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
479	{
480	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
481	}
482	;
483
484	fraction_constants:
485	// empty
486	{ $$ = nullptr; }
487	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
488	{
489	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
490	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
491	}
492	;
493
494	unary_expression:
495	postfix_expression
496	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
497	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
498	\| constant
499	{ $$ = $1; }
500	\| string_literal
501	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
502	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
503	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
504	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
505	// { * X; } // dereference X
506	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
507	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
508	{
509	switch ( $1 ) {
510	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
511	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
512	break;
513	case OperKinds::PointTo:
514	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
515	break;
516	default:
517	assert( false );
518	}
519	}
520	\| unary_operator cast_expression
521	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
522	\| ICR unary_expression
523	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
524	\| DECR unary_expression
525	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
526	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
527	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
528	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
529	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
530	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
532	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
534	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
535	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
536	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
537	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
538	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
539	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
540	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type ')'
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
542	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
543	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
544	;
545
546	ptrref_operator:
547	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
548	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
549	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
550	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
551	;
552
553	unary_operator:
554	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
555	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
556	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
557	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
558	;
559
560	cast_expression:
561	unary_expression
562	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
563	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
564	// VIRTUAL cannot be opt because of look ahead issues
565	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression
566	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( nullptr, $4 ) ); }
567	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression
568	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( $3, $5 ) ); }
569	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
570	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
571	;
572
573	exponential_expression:
574	cast_expression
575	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
576	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
577	;
578
579	multiplicative_expression:
580	exponential_expression
581	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
585	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
587	;
588
589	additive_expression:
590	multiplicative_expression
591	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
593	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
594	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
595	;
596
597	shift_expression:
598	additive_expression
599	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
603	;
604
605	relational_expression:
606	shift_expression
607	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
608	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
609	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
610	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
611	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
613	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
614	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
615	;
616
617	equality_expression:
618	relational_expression
619	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
620	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
621	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
622	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
623	;
624
625	AND_expression:
626	equality_expression
627	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
628	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
629	;
630
631	exclusive_OR_expression:
632	AND_expression
633	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
634	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
635	;
636
637	inclusive_OR_expression:
638	exclusive_OR_expression
639	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
640	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
641	;
642
643	logical_AND_expression:
644	inclusive_OR_expression
645	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
646	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
647	;
648
649	logical_OR_expression:
650	logical_AND_expression
651	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
652	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
653	;
654
655	conditional_expression:
656	logical_OR_expression
657	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
658	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
659	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
660	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
661	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
662	;
663
664	constant_expression:
665	conditional_expression
666	;
667
668	assignment_expression:
669	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
670	conditional_expression
671	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
673	;
674
675	assignment_expression_opt:
676	// empty
677	{ $$ = nullptr; }
678	\| assignment_expression
679	;
680
681	assignment_operator:
682	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
683	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
684	\| EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
685	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
686	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
687	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
688	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
689	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
690	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
691	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
692	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
693	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
694	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
695	;
696
697	tuple: // CFA, tuple
698	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
699	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
700	// '[' ']'
701	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
702	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
703	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
704	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
705	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
706	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
707	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
708	;
709
710	tuple_expression_list:
711	assignment_expression_opt
712	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
713	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
714	;
715
716	comma_expression:
717	assignment_expression
718	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
719	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
720	;
721
722	comma_expression_opt:
723	// empty
724	{ $$ = nullptr; }
725	\| comma_expression
726	;
727
728	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
729
730	statement:
731	labeled_statement
732	\| compound_statement
733	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
734	\| selection_statement
735	\| iteration_statement
736	\| jump_statement
737	\| with_statement
738	\| exception_statement
739	\| asm_statement
740
741	labeled_statement:
742	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
743	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
744	{
745	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
746	}
747	;
748
749	compound_statement:
750	'{' '}'
751	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
752	\| '{'
753	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
754	// requires its own scope.
755	push push
756	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
757	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
758	pop '}'
759	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
760	;
761
762	block_item_list: // C99
763	block_item
764	\| block_item_list push block_item
765	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
766	;
767
768	block_item:
769	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
770	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
771	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
772	{
773	distExt( $2 );
774	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
775	}
776	\| function_definition
777	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
778	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
779	{
780	distExt( $2 );
781	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
782	}
783	\| statement pop
784	;
785
786	statement_list:
787	statement
788	\| statement_list statement
789	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
790	;
791
792	expression_statement:
793	comma_expression_opt ';'
794	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
795	;
796
797	selection_statement:
798	IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
799	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
800	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, nullptr ) ); }
801	\| IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
802	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
803	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
804	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
805	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
806	{
807	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
808	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
809	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
810	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
811	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
812	// statement.
813	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
814	}
815	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
816	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
817	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
818	{
819	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
820	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
821	}
822	;
823
824	if_control_expression:
825	comma_expression pop
826	{ $$ = new IfCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
827	\| c_declaration pop // no semi-colon
828	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
829	\| cfa_declaration pop // no semi-colon
830	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
831	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
832	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, $2 ); }
833	;
834
835	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
836	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
837
838	case_value: // CFA
839	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
840	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
841	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
842	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
843	;
844
845	case_value_list: // CFA
846	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
847	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
848	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
849	;
850
851	case_label: // CFA
852	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
853	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
854	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
855	;
856
857	case_label_list: // CFA
858	case_label
859	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
860	;
861
862	case_clause: // CFA
863	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
864	;
865
866	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
867	// empty
868	{ $$ = nullptr; }
869	\| switch_clause_list
870	;
871
872	switch_clause_list: // CFA
873	case_label_list statement_list
874	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
875	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
876	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
877	;
878
879	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
880	// empty
881	{ $$ = nullptr; }
882	\| choose_clause_list
883	;
884
885	choose_clause_list: // CFA
886	case_label_list fall_through
887	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
888	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
889	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
890	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
891	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
892	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
893	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
894	;
895
896	fall_through_opt: // CFA
897	// empty
898	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
899	\| fall_through
900	;
901
902	fall_through: // CFA
903	FALLTHRU
904	{ $$ = nullptr; }
905	\| FALLTHRU ';'
906	{ $$ = nullptr; }
907	;
908
909	iteration_statement:
910	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
911	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
912	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
913	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
914	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
915	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
916	;
917
918	for_control_expression:
919	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
920	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
921	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
922	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
923	;
924
925	jump_statement:
926	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
927	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
928	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
929	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
930	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
931	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
932	\| CONTINUE ';'
933	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
934	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
935	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
936	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
937	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
938	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
939	\| BREAK ';'
940	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
941	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
942	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
943	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
944	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
945	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
946	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
947	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
948	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
949	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
950	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
951	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
952	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
953	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
954	;
955
956	with_statement:
957	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' compound_statement
958	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)0; } // FIX ME
959	;
960
961	exception_statement:
962	TRY compound_statement handler_clause
963	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
964	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
965	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
966	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
967	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
968	;
969
970	//handler_list:
971	// handler_clause
972	// // ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
973	// \| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
974	// { $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
975	// \| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
976	// { $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
977	// \| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
978	// { $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
979	// \| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
980	// { $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
981	// ;
982
983	handler_clause:
984	handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
985	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $5, $7, $9 ) ); }
986	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
987	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $6, $8, $10 ) ) ); }
988	;
989
990	handler_predicate_opt:
991	//empty
992	{ $$ = nullptr; }
993	\| ';' conditional_expression
994	{ $$ = $2; }
995	;
996
997	handler_key:
998	CATCH
999	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1000	\| CATCHRESUME
1001	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1002	;
1003
1004	finally_clause:
1005	FINALLY compound_statement
1006	{
1007	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
1008	}
1009	;
1010
1011	exception_declaration:
1012	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1013	type_specifier_nobody
1014	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1015	{
1016	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1017	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1018	}
1019	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1020	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1021	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
1022	{
1023	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1024	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1025	}
1026	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1027	;
1028
1029	asm_statement:
1030	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1031	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1032	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1033	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1034	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1035	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1036	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1037	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1038	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1039	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1040	;
1041
1042	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1043	// empty
1044	{ $$ = false; }
1045	\| VOLATILE
1046	{ $$ = true; }
1047	;
1048
1049	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1050	// empty
1051	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1052	\| asm_operands_list
1053	;
1054
1055	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1056	asm_operand
1057	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1058	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1059	;
1060
1061	asm_operand: // GCC
1062	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1063	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1064	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1065	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1066	;
1067
1068	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1069	// empty
1070	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1071	\| string_literal
1072	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1073	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1074	// set_last return ParseNode *
1075	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1076	;
1077
1078	label_list:
1079	no_attr_identifier
1080	{
1081	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1082	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1083	}
1084	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1085	{
1086	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1087	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1088	}
1089	;
1090
1091	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1092
1093	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1094	pop
1095	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1096	\| declaration_list
1097	;
1098
1099	declaration_list:
1100	declaration
1101	\| declaration_list push declaration
1102	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1103	;
1104
1105	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1106	// empty
1107	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1108	\| KR_declaration_list
1109	;
1110
1111	KR_declaration_list:
1112	push c_declaration pop ';'
1113	{ $$ = $2; }
1114	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1115	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1116	;
1117
1118	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1119	// empty
1120	\| local_label_declaration_list
1121	;
1122
1123	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1124	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1125	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1126	;
1127
1128	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1129	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1130	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1131	;
1132
1133	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1134	c_declaration pop ';'
1135	\| cfa_declaration pop ';' // CFA
1136	;
1137
1138	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1139	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1140	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1141	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1142	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1143	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1144	//
1145	// CFA C
1146	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1147	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1148
1149	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1150	cfa_variable_declaration
1151	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1152	\| cfa_function_declaration
1153	\| type_declaring_list
1154	\| trait_specifier
1155	;
1156
1157	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1158	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1159	{
1160	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1161	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1162	}
1163	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1164	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1165	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1166	{
1167	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1168	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1169	}
1170	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1171	{
1172	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1173	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1174	}
1175	;
1176
1177	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1178	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1179	// storage-class
1180	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1181	{
1182	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1183	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1184	}
1185	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1186	{
1187	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1188	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1189	}
1190	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1191	{
1192	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1193	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1194	}
1195	;
1196
1197	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1198	cfa_function_specifier
1199	{
1200	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1201	$$ = $1;
1202	}
1203	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1204	{
1205	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1206	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1207	}
1208	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1209	{
1210	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1211	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1212	}
1213	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1214	{
1215	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1216	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1217	}
1218	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1219	{
1220	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1221	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1222	}
1223	;
1224
1225	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1226	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1227	// {
1228	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1229	// }
1230	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1231	// {
1232	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1233	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1234	// }
1235	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1236	// {
1237	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1238	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1239	// }
1240	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1241	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1242	//
1243	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1244	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1245	//
1246	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1247	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1248	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1249	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1250	{
1251	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1252	}
1253	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1254	{
1255	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1256	}
1257	;
1258
1259	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1260	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1261	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1262	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1263	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1264	// ']'.
1265	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1266	;
1267
1268	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1269	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1270	{
1271	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1272	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1273	}
1274	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1275	{
1276	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1277	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1278	}
1279	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1280	{
1281	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1282	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1283	}
1284	;
1285
1286	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1287	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1288
1289	typedef_declaration:
1290	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1291	{
1292	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1293	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1294	}
1295	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1296	{
1297	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1298	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1299	}
1300	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1301	{
1302	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1303	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1304	}
1305	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1306	{
1307	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1308	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1309	}
1310	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1311	{
1312	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1313	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1314	}
1315	;
1316
1317	typedef_expression:
1318	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1319	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1320	{
1321	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1322	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1323	}
1324	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1325	{
1326	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1327	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1328	}
1329	;
1330
1331	//c_declaration:
1332	// declaring_list pop ';'
1333	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1334	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1335	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1336	// ;
1337	//
1338	//declaring_list:
1339	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1340	// // storage-class
1341	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1342	// {
1343	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1344	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1345	// }
1346	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1347	// {
1348	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1349	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1350	// }
1351	// ;
1352
1353	c_declaration:
1354	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1355	{
1356	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1357	}
1358	\| typedef_declaration
1359	\| typedef_expression // GCC, naming expression type
1360	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1361	;
1362
1363	declaring_list:
1364	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1365	// storage-class
1366	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1367	{
1368	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1369	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1370	}
1371	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1372	{
1373	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1374	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1375	}
1376	;
1377
1378	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1379	basic_declaration_specifier
1380	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1381	\| type_declaration_specifier
1382	;
1383
1384	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1385	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1386	//
1387	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1388	//
1389	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1390	basic_declaration_specifier
1391	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1392	\| type_declaration_specifier
1393	;
1394
1395	type_specifier: // type specifier
1396	basic_type_specifier
1397	\| sue_type_specifier
1398	\| type_type_specifier
1399	;
1400
1401	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1402	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1403	//
1404	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1405	//
1406	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1407	basic_type_specifier
1408	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1409	\| type_type_specifier
1410	;
1411
1412	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1413	// empty
1414	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1415	\| type_qualifier_list
1416	;
1417
1418	type_qualifier_list:
1419	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1420	//
1421	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1422	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1423	// appeared only once.
1424	type_qualifier
1425	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1426	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1427	;
1428
1429	type_qualifier:
1430	type_qualifier_name
1431	\| attribute
1432	;
1433
1434	type_qualifier_name:
1435	CONST
1436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1437	\| RESTRICT
1438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1439	\| VOLATILE
1440	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1441	\| LVALUE // CFA
1442	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Lvalue ); }
1443	\| MUTEX
1444	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1445	\| ATOMIC
1446	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1447	\| FORALL '('
1448	{
1449	typedefTable.enterScope();
1450	}
1451	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1452	{
1453	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1454	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1455	}
1456	;
1457
1458	declaration_qualifier_list:
1459	storage_class_list
1460	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1461	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1462	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1463	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1464	;
1465
1466	storage_class_list:
1467	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1468	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1469	//
1470	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1471	// specifiers in a declaration.
1472	storage_class
1473	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1474	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1475	;
1476
1477	storage_class:
1478	EXTERN
1479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1480	\| STATIC
1481	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1482	\| AUTO
1483	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1484	\| REGISTER
1485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1486	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1488	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1489	\| INLINE // C99
1490	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1491	\| FORTRAN // C99
1492	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1493	\| NORETURN // C11
1494	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1495	;
1496
1497	basic_type_name:
1498	CHAR
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1500	\| DOUBLE
1501	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1502	\| FLOAT
1503	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1504	\| INT
1505	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1506	\| LONG
1507	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1508	\| SHORT
1509	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1510	\| SIGNED
1511	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1512	\| UNSIGNED
1513	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1514	\| VOID
1515	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1516	\| BOOL // C99
1517	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1518	\| COMPLEX // C99
1519	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1520	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1521	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1522	\| ZERO_T
1523	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1524	\| ONE_T
1525	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1526	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1527	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1528	;
1529
1530	basic_declaration_specifier:
1531	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1532	basic_type_specifier
1533	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1534	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1535	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1536	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1537	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1538	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1539	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1540	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1541	;
1542
1543	basic_type_specifier:
1544	direct_type
1545	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1546	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1547	;
1548
1549	direct_type:
1550	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1551	basic_type_name
1552	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1553	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1554	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1555	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1556	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1557	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1558	;
1559
1560	indirect_type:
1561	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1562	{ $$ = $3; }
1563	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1564	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1565	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1566	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1567	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1568	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1569	;
1570
1571	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1572	sue_type_specifier
1573	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1574	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1575	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1576	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1577	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1578	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1579	;
1580
1581	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1582	elaborated_type
1583	\| type_qualifier_list
1584	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1585	elaborated_type
1586	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1587	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1588	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1589	;
1590
1591	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1592	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1593	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1594	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1595	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1596	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1597	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1598	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1599	;
1600
1601	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1602	elaborated_type_nobody
1603	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1604	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1605	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1606	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1607	;
1608
1609	type_declaration_specifier:
1610	type_type_specifier
1611	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1612	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1613	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1614	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1615	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1616	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1617	;
1618
1619	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1620	type_name
1621	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1622	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1623	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1624	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1625	;
1626
1627	type_name:
1628	TYPEDEFname
1629	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1630	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1631	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ); } // FIX ME
1632	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1633	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ); } // FIX ME
1634	\| typegen_name
1635	\| '.' typegen_name
1636	{ $$ = $2; } // FIX ME
1637	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1638	{ $$ = $3; } // FIX ME
1639	;
1640
1641	typegen_name: // CFA
1642	TYPEGENname '(' ')'
1643	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1644	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1646	;
1647
1648	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1649	aggregate_type
1650	\| enum_type
1651	;
1652
1653	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1654	aggregate_type_nobody
1655	\| enum_type_nobody
1656	;
1657
1658	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1659	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1660	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1661	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1662	{
1663	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1664	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1665	forall = false; // reset
1666	}
1667	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1668	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1669	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1670	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1671	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1672	;
1673
1674	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1675	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier
1676	{
1677	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1678	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1679	}
1680	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname
1681	{
1682	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1683	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1684	}
1685	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA
1686	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1687	;
1688
1689	aggregate_key:
1690	STRUCT
1691	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1692	\| UNION
1693	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1694	\| COROUTINE
1695	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1696	\| MONITOR
1697	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1698	\| THREAD
1699	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1700	;
1701
1702	field_declaration_list:
1703	// empty
1704	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1705	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1706	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1707	;
1708
1709	field_declaration:
1710	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1711	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1712	{
1713	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1714	$$ = $2;
1715	}
1716	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1717	{
1718	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1719	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1720	{
1721	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1722	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1723	}
1724	;
1725
1726	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1727	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1728	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1729	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1730	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1731	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1732	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1733	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1734	;
1735
1736	field_declaring_list:
1737	field_declarator
1738	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1739	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1740	;
1741
1742	field_declarator:
1743	// empty
1744	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1745	// '@'
1746	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1747	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1749	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1750	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1751	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1752	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1753	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1754	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1755	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1756	;
1757
1758	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1759	// empty
1760	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1761	\| bit_subrange_size
1762	{ $$ = $1; }
1763	;
1764
1765	bit_subrange_size:
1766	':' constant_expression
1767	{ $$ = $2; }
1768	;
1769
1770	enum_type: // enum
1771	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1772	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1773	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1774	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1775	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1776	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1777	\| enum_type_nobody
1778	;
1779
1780	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1781	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1782	{
1783	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1784	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1785	}
1786	;
1787
1788	enumerator_list:
1789	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1791	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1792	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1793	;
1794
1795	enumerator_value_opt:
1796	// empty
1797	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1798	\| '=' constant_expression
1799	{ $$ = $2; }
1800	;
1801
1802	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1803
1804	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1805	// empty
1806	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1807	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1808	;
1809
1810	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1811	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1812	\| cfa_parameter_list
1813	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1814	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1815	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1816	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1817	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1818	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1819	;
1820
1821	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1822	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1823	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1824	cfa_parameter_declaration
1825	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1826	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1827	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1828	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1829	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1830	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1831	;
1832
1833	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1834	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1835	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1836	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1837	;
1838
1839	parameter_type_list_opt:
1840	// empty
1841	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1842	\| parameter_type_list
1843	;
1844
1845	parameter_type_list:
1846	parameter_list
1847	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1848	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1849	;
1850
1851	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1852	abstract_parameter_declaration
1853	\| parameter_declaration
1854	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1855	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1856	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1857	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1858	;
1859
1860	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1861	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1862
1863	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1864	parameter_declaration
1865	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1866	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1867	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1868	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1869	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1870	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1871	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1872	\| cfa_function_specifier
1873	;
1874
1875	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1876	abstract_parameter_declaration
1877	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1878	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1879	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1880	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1881	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1882	\| cfa_abstract_function
1883	;
1884
1885	parameter_declaration:
1886	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1887	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1888	{
1889	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1890	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1891	}
1892	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initialize_opt
1893	{
1894	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1895	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1896	}
1897	;
1898
1899	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1900	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initialize_opt
1901	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1902	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1903	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1904	;
1905
1906	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1907	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1908	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1909
1910	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1911	no_attr_identifier
1912	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1913	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1914	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1915	;
1916
1917	identifier_or_type_name:
1918	identifier
1919	\| TYPEDEFname
1920	\| TYPEGENname
1921	;
1922
1923	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1924	no_attr_identifier
1925	\| TYPEDEFname
1926	\| TYPEGENname
1927	;
1928
1929	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1930	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1931	\| type_specifier
1932	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1933	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1934	;
1935
1936	type: // typeof, assertion
1937	type_no_function
1938	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1939	;
1940
1941	initializer_opt:
1942	// empty
1943	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1944	\| '=' initializer
1945	{ $$ = $2; }
1946	\| '=' VOID
1947	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1948	\| ATassign initializer
1949	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1950	;
1951
1952	initializer:
1953	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1954	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1955	;
1956
1957	initializer_list:
1958	// empty
1959	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1960	\| initializer
1961	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1962	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1963	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1964	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1965	;
1966
1967	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1968	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1969	//
1970	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1971	//
1972	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1973	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1974	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1975	// shift/reduce conflicts
1976
1977	designation:
1978	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1979	\| no_attr_identifier ':' // GCC, field name
1980	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1981	;
1982
1983	designator_list: // C99
1984	designator
1985	\| designator_list designator
1986	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1987	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1988	;
1989
1990	designator:
1991	'.' no_attr_identifier // C99, field name
1992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1993	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1994	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1995	{ $$ = $3; }
1996	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1997	{ $$ = $3; }
1998	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1999	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
2000	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2001	{ $$ = $4; }
2002	;
2003
2004	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2005	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2006	//
2007	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2008	//
2009	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2010	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2011	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2012	//
2013	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2014	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2015	//
2016	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2017	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2018	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2019	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2020	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2021
2022	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2023	type_parameter
2024	{ $$ = $1; }
2025	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2026	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2027	;
2028
2029	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2030	// empty
2031	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2032	\| '=' type
2033	{ $$ = $2; }
2034	;
2035
2036	type_parameter: // CFA
2037	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2038	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2039	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2040	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2041	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2042	;
2043
2044	type_class: // CFA
2045	OTYPE
2046	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2047	\| DTYPE
2048	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2049	\| FTYPE
2050	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2051	\| TTYPE
2052	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2053	;
2054
2055	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2056	// empty
2057	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2058	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2059	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2060	;
2061
2062	assertion: // CFA
2063	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2064	{
2065	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2066	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2067	}
2068	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2069	{ $$ = $4; }
2070	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_list ')'
2071	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2072	;
2073
2074	type_list: // CFA
2075	type
2076	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2077	\| assignment_expression
2078	\| type_list ',' type
2079	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2080	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2081	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2082	;
2083
2084	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2085	OTYPE type_declarator
2086	{ $$ = $2; }
2087	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2088	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2089	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2090	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2091	;
2092
2093	type_declarator: // CFA
2094	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2095	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2096	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2097	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2098	;
2099
2100	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2101	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2102	{
2103	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2104	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2105	}
2106	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2107	{
2108	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2109	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2110	}
2111	;
2112
2113	trait_specifier: // CFA
2114	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2115	{
2116	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2117	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2118	}
2119	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2120	{
2121	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2122	typedefTable.enterScope();
2123	}
2124	trait_declaration_list '}'
2125	{
2126	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2127	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2128	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2129	}
2130	;
2131
2132	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2133	trait_declaration
2134	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2135	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2136	;
2137
2138	trait_declaration: // CFA
2139	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2140	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2141	;
2142
2143	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2144	cfa_variable_specifier
2145	{
2146	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2147	$$ = $1;
2148	}
2149	\| cfa_function_specifier
2150	{
2151	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2152	$$ = $1;
2153	}
2154	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2155	{
2156	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2157	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2158	}
2159	;
2160
2161	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2162	type_specifier declarator
2163	{
2164	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2165	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2166	}
2167	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2168	{
2169	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2170	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2171	}
2172	;
2173
2174	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2175
2176	translation_unit:
2177	// empty
2178	{} // empty input file
2179	\| external_definition_list
2180	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2181	;
2182
2183	external_definition_list:
2184	external_definition
2185	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2186	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2187	;
2188
2189	external_definition_list_opt:
2190	// empty
2191	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2192	\| external_definition_list
2193	;
2194
2195	external_definition:
2196	declaration
2197	\| external_function_definition
2198	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2199	{
2200	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2201	}
2202	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2203	{
2204	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2205	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageUpdate( linkage, $2 );
2206	}
2207	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2208	{
2209	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2210	linkageStack.pop();
2211	$$ = $5;
2212	}
2213	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2214	{
2215	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2216	$$ = $2;
2217	}
2218	;
2219
2220	external_function_definition:
2221	function_definition
2222	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2223	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2224	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2225	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2226	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2227	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2228	{
2229	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2230	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2231	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2232	}
2233	\| KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2234	{
2235	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2236	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2237	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2238	}
2239	;
2240
2241	with_clause_opt:
2242	// empty
2243	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)0; } // FIX ME
2244	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2245	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)0; } // FIX ME
2246	;
2247
2248	function_definition:
2249	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2250	{
2251	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2252	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2253	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2254	}
2255	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2256	{
2257	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2258	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2259	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addType( $1 );
2260	}
2261	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2262	{
2263	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2264	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2265	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2266	}
2267	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2268	{
2269	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2270	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2271	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2272	}
2273	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2274	{
2275	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2276	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2277	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2278	}
2279
2280	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2281	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2282	{
2283	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2284	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2285	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2286	}
2287	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2288	{
2289	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2290	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2291	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2292	}
2293
2294	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2295	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2296	{
2297	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2298	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2299	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2300	}
2301	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2302	{
2303	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2304	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2305	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2306	}
2307	;
2308
2309	declarator:
2310	variable_declarator
2311	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2312	\| function_declarator
2313	;
2314
2315	subrange:
2316	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2317	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2318	;
2319
2320	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2321	// empty
2322	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2323	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2324	{
2325	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2326	name->asmName = $3;
2327	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2328	}
2329	;
2330
2331	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2332	// empty
2333	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2334	\| attribute_list
2335	;
2336
2337	attribute_list: // GCC
2338	attribute
2339	\| attribute_list attribute
2340	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2341	;
2342
2343	attribute: // GCC
2344	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2345	{ $$ = $4; }
2346	;
2347
2348	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2349	attribute_name
2350	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2351	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2352	;
2353
2354	attribute_name: // GCC
2355	// empty
2356	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2357	\| attr_name
2358	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2359	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2361	;
2362
2363	attr_name: // GCC
2364	IDENTIFIER
2365	\| TYPEDEFname
2366	\| TYPEGENname
2367	\| CONST
2368	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2369	;
2370
2371	// ============================================================================
2372	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2373	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2374	// in:
2375	//
2376	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2377	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2378	//
2379	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2380	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2381	// ============================================================================
2382
2383	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2384	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2385	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2386	//
2387	// valid declaration invalid definition
2388	// ----------------- ------------------
2389	// int f; int f {}
2390	// int f; int f {}
2391	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2392	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2393	//
2394	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2395	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2396	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2397
2398	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2399	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2400
2401	variable_declarator:
2402	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2403	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2404	\| variable_ptr
2405	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2406	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2407	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2408	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2409	;
2410
2411	paren_identifier:
2412	identifier
2413	{
2414	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2415	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2416	}
2417	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2418	{ $$ = $2; }
2419	;
2420
2421	variable_ptr:
2422	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2423	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2424	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2425	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2426	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2427	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2428	;
2429
2430	variable_array:
2431	paren_identifier array_dimension
2432	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2433	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2434	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2435	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2436	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2437	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2438	{ $$ = $2; }
2439	;
2440
2441	variable_function:
2442	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2443	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2444	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2445	{ $$ = $2; }
2446	;
2447
2448	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2449	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2450	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2451
2452	function_declarator:
2453	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2454	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2455	\| function_ptr
2456	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2457	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2458	;
2459
2460	function_no_ptr:
2461	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2462	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2463	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2464	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2465	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2466	{ $$ = $2; }
2467	;
2468
2469	function_ptr:
2470	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2471	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2472	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2473	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2474	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2475	{ $$ = $2; }
2476	;
2477
2478	function_array:
2479	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2480	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2481	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2482	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2483	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2484	{ $$ = $2; }
2485	;
2486
2487	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2488	//
2489	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2490	//
2491	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2492	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2493
2494	KR_function_declarator:
2495	KR_function_no_ptr
2496	\| KR_function_ptr
2497	\| KR_function_array
2498	;
2499
2500	KR_function_no_ptr:
2501	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2502	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2503	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2504	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2505	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2506	{ $$ = $2; }
2507	;
2508
2509	KR_function_ptr:
2510	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2511	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2512	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2513	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2514	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2515	{ $$ = $2; }
2516	;
2517
2518	KR_function_array:
2519	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2520	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2521	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2522	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2523	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2524	{ $$ = $2; }
2525	;
2526
2527	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2528	//
2529	// typedef int foo;
2530	// {
2531	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2532	// }
2533	//
2534	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2535	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2536
2537	variable_type_redeclarator:
2538	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2539	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2540	\| type_ptr
2541	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2542	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2543	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2544	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2545	;
2546
2547	paren_type:
2548	typedef
2549	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2550	{ $$ = $2; }
2551	;
2552
2553	type_ptr:
2554	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2555	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2556	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2557	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2558	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2559	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2560	;
2561
2562	type_array:
2563	paren_type array_dimension
2564	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2565	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2566	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2567	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2568	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2569	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2570	{ $$ = $2; }
2571	;
2572
2573	type_function:
2574	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2575	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2576	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2577	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2578	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2579	{ $$ = $2; }
2580	;
2581
2582	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2583	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2584	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2585	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2586
2587	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2588	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2589	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2590	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2591	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2592	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2593	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2594	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2595	;
2596
2597	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2598	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2599	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2600	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2601	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2602	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2603	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2604	;
2605
2606	identifier_parameter_array:
2607	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2608	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2609	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2610	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2611	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2612	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2613	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2614	{ $$ = $2; }
2615	;
2616
2617	identifier_parameter_function:
2618	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2619	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2620	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2621	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2622	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2623	{ $$ = $2; }
2624	;
2625
2626	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2627	// e.g.:
2628	//
2629	// typedef int foo;
2630	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2631	//
2632	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2633
2634	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2635	typedef attribute_list_opt
2636	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2637	\| type_parameter_ptr
2638	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2639	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2640	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2641	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2642	;
2643
2644	typedef:
2645	TYPEDEFname
2646	{
2647	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2648	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2649	}
2650	\| TYPEGENname
2651	{
2652	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2653	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2654	}
2655	;
2656
2657	type_parameter_ptr:
2658	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2659	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2660	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2661	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2662	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2663	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2664	;
2665
2666	type_parameter_array:
2667	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2668	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2669	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2670	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2671	;
2672
2673	type_parameter_function:
2674	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2675	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2676	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2677	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2678	;
2679
2680	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2681	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2682	//
2683	// sizeof( int );
2684	// sizeof( int * );
2685	// sizeof( int [10] );
2686	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2687	// sizeof( int () );
2688	//
2689	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2690	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2691
2692	abstract_declarator:
2693	abstract_ptr
2694	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2695	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2696	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2697	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2698	;
2699
2700	abstract_ptr:
2701	ptrref_operator
2702	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2703	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2704	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2705	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2706	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2707	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2708	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2709	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2710	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2711	;
2712
2713	abstract_array:
2714	array_dimension
2715	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2716	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2717	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2718	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2719	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2720	{ $$ = $2; }
2721	;
2722
2723	abstract_function:
2724	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2725	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2726	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2727	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2728	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2729	{ $$ = $2; }
2730	;
2731
2732	array_dimension:
2733	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2734	'[' ']'
2735	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2736	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2737	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2738	\| multi_array_dimension
2739	;
2740
2741	multi_array_dimension:
2742	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2743	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2744	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2745	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2746	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2747	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2748	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2749	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2750	;
2751
2752	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2753	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2754	//
2755	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2756	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2757	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2758	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2759	//
2760	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2761	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2762	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2763	//
2764	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2765	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2766	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2767	//
2768	// For example:
2769	//
2770	// typedef float T;
2771	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2772	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2773	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2774	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2775	//
2776	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2777	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2778	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2779	// functions.
2780
2781	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2782	abstract_parameter_ptr
2783	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2784	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2785	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2786	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2787	;
2788
2789	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2790	ptrref_operator
2791	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ); }
2792	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2793	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2794	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2795	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ) ); }
2796	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2797	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2798	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2799	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2800	;
2801
2802	abstract_parameter_array:
2803	array_parameter_dimension
2804	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2805	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2806	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2807	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2808	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2809	{ $$ = $2; }
2810	;
2811
2812	abstract_parameter_function:
2813	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2814	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2815	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2816	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2817	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2818	{ $$ = $2; }
2819	;
2820
2821	array_parameter_dimension:
2822	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2823	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2824	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2825	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2826	\| multi_array_dimension
2827	;
2828
2829	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2830	//
2831	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2832	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2833
2834	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2835	'[' ']'
2836	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2837	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2838	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2839	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2840	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2841	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2842	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2843	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2844	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2845	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2846	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2847	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2848	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2849	;
2850
2851	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2852	//
2853	// struct S {
2854	// int;
2855	// int *;
2856	// int [10];
2857	// int (*)();
2858	// };
2859
2860	variable_abstract_declarator:
2861	variable_abstract_ptr
2862	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2863	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2864	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2865	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2866	;
2867
2868	variable_abstract_ptr:
2869	ptrref_operator
2870	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2871	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2873	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2874	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2875	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2876	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2877	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2878	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2879	;
2880
2881	variable_abstract_array:
2882	array_dimension
2883	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2884	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2885	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2886	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2887	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2888	{ $$ = $2; }
2889	;
2890
2891	variable_abstract_function:
2892	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2893	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2894	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2895	{ $$ = $2; }
2896	;
2897
2898	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2899	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2900
2901	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2902	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2903	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2904	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2905	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2906	;
2907
2908	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2909	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2910	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2911	;
2912
2913	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2914	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2915	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2916	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2917	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2918	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2919	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2920	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2921	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2922	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2923	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2924	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2925	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2926	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2927	;
2928
2929	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2930	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2931	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2932	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2933	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2934	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2935	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2936	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2937	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2938	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2939	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2940	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2941	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2942
2943	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2944	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2945	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2946	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2947	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2948	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2949	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2950	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2951	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2952	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2953	;
2954
2955	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2956	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2957	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2958	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2959	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2960	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2961	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2962	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2963	// appear in this context.
2964	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2965	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2966	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2967	;
2968
2969	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2970	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2971	//
2972	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2973	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2974	//
2975	// These rules need LR(3):
2976	//
2977	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2978	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2979	//
2980	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2981	//
2982	// [int, int] t;
2983	// [int, int] f( int );
2984	//
2985	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2986	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2987	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2988	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
2989
2990	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2991	cfa_abstract_tuple
2992	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2993	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2994	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2995	;
2996
2997	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2998	cfa_abstract_ptr
2999	\| cfa_abstract_array
3000	;
3001
3002	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3003	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3004	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
3005	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3006	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
3007	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3008	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
3009	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3010	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
3011	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3012	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
3013	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3014	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
3015	;
3016
3017	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3018	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3019	// empty (void) function return type.
3020	'[' ']' type_specifier
3021	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3022	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3023	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3024	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3025	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3026	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3027	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3028	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3029	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3030	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3031	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3032	;
3033
3034	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3035	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3036	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3037	;
3038
3039	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3040	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3041	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3042	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3043	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3044	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3045	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3046	;
3047
3048	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3049	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3050	//
3051	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3052	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3053	//
3054	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3055	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3056	//
3057	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3058	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3059
3060	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3061
3062	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3063	// empty
3064	\| ','
3065	;
3066
3067	default_initialize_opt:
3068	// empty
3069	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3070	\| '=' assignment_expression
3071	{ $$ = $2; }
3072	;
3073
3074	%%
3075	// ----end of grammar----
3076
3077	extern char *yytext;
3078
3079	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3080	cout << "Error ";
3081	if ( yyfilename ) {
3082	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3083	} // if
3084	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3085	}
3086
3087	// Local Variables: //
3088	// mode: c++ //
3089	// tab-width: 4 //
3090	// compile-command: "make install" //
3091	// End: //

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