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parser.yy @ 7ff35e0e

ADTast-experimentalenumforall-pointer-decayjacob/cs343-translationnew-ast-unique-exprpthread-emulationqualifiedEnum

Last change on this file since 7ff35e0e was 9380add, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 3 years ago
formatting, remove spurious semi-colon at end of vtable rule
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 145.3 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Tue Jun 29 09:12:47 2021
13	// Update Count : 5027
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <stack>
47	using namespace std;
48
49	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
54	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
55	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
56
57	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
58	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
59	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
60
61	stack<LinkageSpec::Spec> linkageStack;
62
63	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
64	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
65	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
66	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
67	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
68	//
69	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
70	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
71	// i.e., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
72
73	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
74	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
75	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
76	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
77	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
78	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
79	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
80	} // if
81	} else {
82	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
83	to = "u8" + to;
84	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
85	} else {
86	to = from[0] + to;
87	} // if
88	} // if
89	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
90	} // if
91	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
92	return true;
93	} // appendStr
94
95	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
96	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
97	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
98	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
99	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
100	} // for
101	declList->addType( cl );
102	return declList;
103	} // distAttr
104
105	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
106	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
107	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
108	iter->set_extension( true );
109	} // for
110	} // distExt
111
112	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
113	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
114	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
115	iter->set_inLine( true );
116	} // for
117	} // distInl
118
119	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
120	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
121	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
122	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
123	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
124	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
125	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
126	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
127	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
128	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
129	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
130	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
131	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
132	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
133	DeclarationNode newnode;
134	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
135	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
136	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
137	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
138	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
139	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
140	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
141	} // if
142	} else { // just SC qualifiers
143	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
144	} // if
145	} // for
146	delete qualifiers;
147	} // distQual
148
149	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
150	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
151	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
152	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
153	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
154	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
155	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
156
157	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
158	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
159	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
160	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
161	} // if
162	} // rebindForall
163
164	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
165	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
166	return name;
167	} // build_postfix_name
168
169	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
170	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
171	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
172	stringstream ss;
173	typeSpec->type->print( ss );
174	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
175	return nullptr;
176	} // if
177	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
178	} // if
179	return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
180	} // fieldDecl
181
182	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
183	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
184	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
185	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
186	} // if
187	return new ForCtrl(
188	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
189	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
190	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : 0,
191	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
192	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : 0 );
193	} // forCtrl
194
195	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
196	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
197	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
198	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
199	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
200	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
201	} else {
202	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
203	} // if
204	} else {
205	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
206	} // if
207	} // forCtrl
208
209	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
210
211	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
212	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
213	if ( N ) { \
214	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
215	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
216	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
217	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
218	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
219	} else { \
220	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
221	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
222	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
223	}
224	%}
225
226	%define parse.error verbose
227
228	// Types declaration for productions
229	%union {
230	Token tok;
231	ParseNode * pn;
232	ExpressionNode * en;
233	DeclarationNode * decl;
234	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
235	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
236	StatementNode * sn;
237	WaitForStmt * wfs;
238	Expression * constant;
239	IfCtrl * ifctl;
240	ForCtrl * fctl;
241	enum OperKinds compop;
242	LabelNode * label;
243	InitializerNode * in;
244	OperKinds op;
245	std::string * str;
246	bool flag;
247	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
248	GenericExpr * genexpr;
249	}
250
251	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
252
253	// keywords
254	%token TYPEDEF
255	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
256	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
257	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
258	%token NORETURN // C11
259	%token CONST VOLATILE
260	%token RESTRICT // C99
261	%token ATOMIC // C11
262	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
263	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
264	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
265	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
266	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
267	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
268	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
269	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VALIST AUTO_TYPE // GCC
270	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
271	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
272	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
273	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
274	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
275	// %token RESUME // CFA
276	%token LABEL // GCC
277	%token SUSPEND // CFA
278	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
279	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
280	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
281	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
282	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
283	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
284
285	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
286	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
287	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
288	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
289	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
290	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
291	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
292	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
293	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
294
295	// multi-character operators
296	%token ARROW // ->
297	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
298	%token LS RS // << >>
299	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
300	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
301	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
302
303	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
304	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
305	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
306	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
307
308	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
309	%token ATassign // @=
310
311	%type<tok> identifier
312	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name attr_name
313	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
314	%type<constant> string_literal
315	%type<str> string_literal_list
316
317	// expressions
318	%type<en> constant
319	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
320	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
321	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
322	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
323	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
324	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
325	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
326	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
327	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
328	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression default_initializer_opt
329	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
330	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
331	%type<compop> inclexcl
332	%type<en> subrange
333	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
334	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
335	%type<label> label_list
336	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
337	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
338	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
339	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
340
341	// statements
342	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
343	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
344	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
345	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
346	%type<en> case_value
347	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
348	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
349	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
350	%type<sn> with_statement
351	%type<en> with_clause_opt
352	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
353	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
354	%type<sn> mutex_statement
355	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
356	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
357	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
358
359	// declarations
360	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
361	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
362	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
363
364	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
365	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
366
367	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
368
369	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
370
371	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
372	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
373
374	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
375
376	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
377	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
378
379	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
380
381	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
382	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
383
384	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
385
386	%type<decl> exception_declaration
387
388	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
389	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
390
391	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
392
393	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
394	%type<decl> identifier_list
395
396	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
397	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
398	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
399
400	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
401
402	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
403	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
404
405	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
406	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
407
408	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
409
410	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
411
412	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
413	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
414	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
415
416	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
417
418	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
419
420	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
421
422	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
423
424	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
425	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
426
427	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
428	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
429
430	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
431
432	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
433
434	%type<decl> type type_no_function
435	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
436
437	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
438
439	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
440	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
441
442	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
443	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
444
445	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
446
447	// initializers
448	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
449
450	// designators
451	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
452
453
454	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
455	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
456	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
457	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
458	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
459
460	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
461	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
462	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
463	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
464	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
465	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
466	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
467	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
468	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
469	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
470	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
471
472
473	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
474	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
475	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
476	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
477	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
478	// must be:
479	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
480	// The same problem occurs here:
481	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
482	// must be:
483	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
484
485	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
486	%precedence TYPEGENname
487	%precedence '}'
488	%precedence '('
489
490	// %precedence RESUME
491	// %precedence '{'
492	// %precedence ')'
493
494	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
495
496	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
497
498	%%
499	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
500
501	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
502	// which are lexically identical.
503	//
504	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
505	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
506	//
507	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
508	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
509	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
510	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
511	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
512	//
513	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
514	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
515	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
516	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
517	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
518	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
519	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
520	//
521	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
522	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
523	// around the list separator.
524	//
525	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
526	// push pop push pop
527
528	push:
529	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
530	;
531
532	pop:
533	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
534	;
535
536	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
537
538	constant:
539	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
540	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
541	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
542	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
543	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
544	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
545	;
546
547	quasi_keyword: // CFA
548	TIMEOUT
549	\| WOR
550	\| CATCH
551	\| RECOVER
552	\| CATCHRESUME
553	\| FIXUP
554	\| FINALLY
555	;
556
557	identifier:
558	IDENTIFIER
559	\| quasi_keyword
560	\| '@' // CFA
561	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
562	;
563
564	string_literal:
565	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
566	;
567
568	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
569	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
570	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
571	{
572	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
573	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
574	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
575	}
576	;
577
578	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
579
580	primary_expression:
581	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
583	\| quasi_keyword
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
585	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
586	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
587	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( $1 ) ); }
589	\| tuple
590	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
591	{ $$ = $2; }
592	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
593	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast<CompoundStmt *>(maybeMoveBuild<Statement>($2) ) ) ); }
594	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
595	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
596	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
597	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
598	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
599	{
600	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
601	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
602	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
603	}
604	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
605	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
606	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
607	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
608	;
609
610	generic_assoc_list: // C11
611	generic_association
612	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
613	{
614	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
615	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
616	delete $3;
617	$$ = $1;
618	}
619	;
620
621	generic_association: // C11
622	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
623	{
624	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
625	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } );
626	}
627	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
628	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } ); }
629	;
630
631	postfix_expression:
632	primary_expression
633	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
634	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
635	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
636	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array subscript is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
637	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
638	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
639	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
640	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
641	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
642	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
643	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
644	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
645	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
646	{
647	Token fn;
648	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
649	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
650	}
651	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
652	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
653	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
654	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
655	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
657	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
658	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
659	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
660	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
661	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
662	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
663	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
664	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
665	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
667	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
669	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
671	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
673	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
674	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
675	\| postfix_expression ICR
676	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
677	\| postfix_expression DECR
678	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
679	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
680	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
681	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
683	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
684	{
685	Token fn;
686	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
687	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
688	}
689	;
690
691	argument_expression_list_opt:
692	// empty
693	{ $$ = nullptr; }
694	\| argument_expression
695	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
696	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
697	;
698
699	argument_expression:
700	'@' // CFA, default parameter
701	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
702	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
703	\| assignment_expression
704	;
705
706	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
707	field
708	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
709	;
710
711	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
712	field_name
713	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
714	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
715	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
716	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
717	\| field_name '.' field
718	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
719	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
720	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
721	\| field_name ARROW field
722	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
723	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
724	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
725	;
726
727	field_name:
728	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
729	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
730	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
731	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
732	\| identifier fraction_constants_opt
733	{
734	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
735	}
736	;
737
738	fraction_constants_opt:
739	// empty
740	{ $$ = nullptr; }
741	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
742	{
743	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
744	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
745	}
746	;
747
748	unary_expression:
749	postfix_expression
750	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
751	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
752	\| constant
753	\| string_literal
754	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
755	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
756	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
757	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
758	// { * X; } // dereference X
759	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
760	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
761	{
762	switch ( $1 ) {
763	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
764	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) );
765	break;
766	case OperKinds::PointTo:
767	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
768	break;
769	case OperKinds::And:
770	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ) );
771	break;
772	default:
773	assert( false );
774	}
775	}
776	\| unary_operator cast_expression
777	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
778	\| ICR unary_expression
779	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
780	\| DECR unary_expression
781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
782	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
783	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
784	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
785	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
786	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
787	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
788	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
789	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
790	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
791	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
792	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
793	{
794	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
795	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
796	}
797	;
798
799	ptrref_operator:
800	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
801	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
802	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
803	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
804	;
805
806	unary_operator:
807	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
808	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
809	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
810	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
811	;
812
813	cast_expression:
814	unary_expression
815	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
816	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
817	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
818	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
819	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
820	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
821	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
823	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
825	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
826	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
827	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
828	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
829	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
830	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
831	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
832	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
833	;
834
835	qualifier_cast_list:
836	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
837	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
838	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
839	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
840	;
841
842	cast_modifier:
843	'-'
844	\| '+'
845	;
846
847	exponential_expression:
848	cast_expression
849	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
850	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
851	;
852
853	multiplicative_expression:
854	exponential_expression
855	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
856	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
857	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
858	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
859	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
860	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
861	;
862
863	additive_expression:
864	multiplicative_expression
865	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
866	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
867	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
868	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
869	;
870
871	shift_expression:
872	additive_expression
873	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
874	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
875	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
876	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
877	;
878
879	relational_expression:
880	shift_expression
881	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
882	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
883	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
885	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
886	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
887	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
888	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
889	;
890
891	equality_expression:
892	relational_expression
893	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
894	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
895	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
896	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
897	;
898
899	AND_expression:
900	equality_expression
901	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
902	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
903	;
904
905	exclusive_OR_expression:
906	AND_expression
907	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
908	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
909	;
910
911	inclusive_OR_expression:
912	exclusive_OR_expression
913	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
914	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
915	;
916
917	logical_AND_expression:
918	inclusive_OR_expression
919	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
920	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
921	;
922
923	logical_OR_expression:
924	logical_AND_expression
925	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
926	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
927	;
928
929	conditional_expression:
930	logical_OR_expression
931	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
932	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
933	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
934	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
935	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
936	;
937
938	constant_expression:
939	conditional_expression
940	;
941
942	assignment_expression:
943	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
944	conditional_expression
945	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
946	{
947	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
948	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
949	// } else {
950	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) );
951	// } // if
952	}
953	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
954	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
955	;
956
957	assignment_expression_opt:
958	// empty
959	{ $$ = nullptr; }
960	\| assignment_expression
961	;
962
963	assignment_operator:
964	simple_assignment_operator
965	\| compound_assignment_operator
966	;
967
968	simple_assignment_operator:
969	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
970	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
971	;
972
973	compound_assignment_operator:
974	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
975	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
976	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
977	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
978	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
979	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
980	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
981	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
982	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
983	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
984	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
985	;
986
987	tuple: // CFA, tuple
988	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
989	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
990	// '[' ']'
991	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
992	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
993	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
994	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
995	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
996	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
997	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
998	;
999
1000	tuple_expression_list:
1001	assignment_expression
1002	\| '@' // CFA
1003	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1004	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1005	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1006	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1007	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1008	;
1009
1010	comma_expression:
1011	assignment_expression
1012	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1013	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1014	;
1015
1016	comma_expression_opt:
1017	// empty
1018	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1019	\| comma_expression
1020	;
1021
1022	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
1023
1024	statement:
1025	labeled_statement
1026	\| compound_statement
1027	\| expression_statement
1028	\| selection_statement
1029	\| iteration_statement
1030	\| jump_statement
1031	\| with_statement
1032	\| mutex_statement
1033	\| waitfor_statement
1034	\| exception_statement
1035	\| enable_disable_statement
1036	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1037	\| asm_statement
1038	\| DIRECTIVE
1039	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1040	;
1041
1042	labeled_statement:
1043	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1044	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1045	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1046	;
1047
1048	compound_statement:
1049	'{' '}'
1050	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1051	\| '{' push
1052	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1053	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1054	pop '}'
1055	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1056	;
1057
1058	statement_decl_list: // C99
1059	statement_decl
1060	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1061	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1062	;
1063
1064	statement_decl:
1065	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1066	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1067	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1068	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1069	\| function_definition
1070	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1071	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1072	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1073	\| statement
1074	;
1075
1076	statement_list_nodecl:
1077	statement
1078	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1079	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1080	;
1081
1082	expression_statement:
1083	comma_expression_opt ';'
1084	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1085	;
1086
1087	selection_statement:
1088	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1089	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1090	push if_statement pop
1091	{ $$ = $2; }
1092	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1093	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1094	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1095	{
1096	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1097	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1098	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1099	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1100	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1101	// statement.
1102	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1103	}
1104	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1105	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1106	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1107	{
1108	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1109	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1110	}
1111	;
1112
1113	if_statement:
1114	IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
1115	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1116	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1117	\| IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
1118	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), maybe_build_compound( $7 ) ) ); }
1119	;
1120
1121	if_control_expression:
1122	comma_expression
1123	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1124	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1125	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1126	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1127	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1128	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1129	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, $2 ); }
1130	;
1131
1132	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1133	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1134
1135	case_value: // CFA
1136	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1137	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1138	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1139	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1140	;
1141
1142	case_value_list: // CFA
1143	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1144	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1145	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1146	;
1147
1148	case_label: // CFA
1149	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1150	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1151	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1152	;
1153
1154	//label_list_opt:
1155	// // empty
1156	// \| identifier_or_type_name ':'
1157	// \| label_list_opt identifier_or_type_name ':'
1158	// ;
1159
1160	case_label_list: // CFA
1161	case_label
1162	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1163	;
1164
1165	case_clause: // CFA
1166	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ); }
1167	;
1168
1169	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1170	// empty
1171	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1172	\| switch_clause_list
1173	;
1174
1175	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1176	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1177	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1178	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1179	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1180	;
1181
1182	iteration_statement:
1183	WHILE '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement pop
1184	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $4, maybe_build_compound( $6 ) ) ); }
1185	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement // CFA => while ( 1 )
1186	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new IfCtrl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1187	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1188	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1189	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1190	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1191	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression_list ')' statement pop
1192	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, maybe_build_compound( $6 ) ) ); }
1193	\| FOR '(' ')' statement // CFA => for ( ;; )
1194	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1195	;
1196
1197	for_control_expression_list:
1198	for_control_expression
1199	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1200	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1201	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1202	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1203	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1204	{
1205	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1206	if ( $1->condition ) {
1207	if ( $3->condition ) {
1208	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1209	} // if
1210	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1211	if ( $1->change ) {
1212	if ( $3->change ) {
1213	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1214	} // if
1215	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1216	$$ = $1;
1217	}
1218	;
1219
1220	for_control_expression:
1221	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1222	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1223	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1224	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1225	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1226	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1227
1228	\| comma_expression // CFA
1229	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1230	OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1231	\| '=' comma_expression // CFA
1232	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1233	OperKinds::LEThan, $2->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1234	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1235	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1236	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1237	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, $5 ); }
1238	\| comma_expression ';' // CFA
1239	{ $$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0u" ) ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1240	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1241	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1242	OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1243	\| comma_expression ';' '=' comma_expression // CFA
1244	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1245	OperKinds::LEThan, $4->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1246	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1247	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1248	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1249	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, $7 ); }
1250
1251	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1252	{
1253	SemanticError( yylloc, "Array interator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1254	$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1255	}
1256
1257	// There is a S/R conflicit if ~ and -~ are factored out.
1258	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1259	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1260	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' // CFA
1261	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1262	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1263	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1264	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1265	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1266	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1267	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1268	;
1269
1270	inclexcl:
1271	'~'
1272	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1273	\| ErangeUpEq
1274	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1275	\| ErangeDown
1276	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1277	\| ErangeDownEq
1278	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1279	;
1280
1281	jump_statement:
1282	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1283	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1284	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1285	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1286	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1287	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1288	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1289	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1290	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1291	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1292	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1293	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1294	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1295	\| CONTINUE ';'
1296	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1297	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1298	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1299	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1300	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1301	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1302	\| BREAK ';'
1303	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1304	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1305	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1306	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1307	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1308	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1309	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1310	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1311	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1312	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1313	\| SUSPEND ';'
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr ) ); }
1315	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1316	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $2 ) ); }
1317	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1318	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1319	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1320	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1321	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1322	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1323	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1324	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1325	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1326	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1327	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1328	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1329	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1330	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1331	;
1332
1333	fall_through_name: // CFA
1334	FALLTHRU
1335	\| FALLTHROUGH
1336	;
1337
1338	with_statement:
1339	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1340	{
1341	$$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) );
1342	}
1343	;
1344
1345	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1346	mutex_statement:
1347	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1348	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Mutex statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1349	;
1350
1351	when_clause:
1352	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1353	;
1354
1355	when_clause_opt:
1356	// empty
1357	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1358	\| when_clause
1359	;
1360
1361	waitfor:
1362	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1363	{ $$ = $3; }
1364	// \| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1365	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1366	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1367	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1368	;
1369
1370	cast_expression_list:
1371	cast_expression
1372	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1373	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1374	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1375	;
1376
1377	timeout:
1378	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1379	;
1380
1381	waitfor_clause:
1382	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1383	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1384	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1385	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, $5 ); }
1386	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1387	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1388	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1389	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1390	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1391	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement
1392	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1393	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1394	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, maybe_build_compound( $7 ), $5 ); }
1395	;
1396
1397	waitfor_statement:
1398	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1399	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1400	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1401	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1402	;
1403
1404	exception_statement:
1405	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1406	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1407	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1408	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1409	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1410	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1411	;
1412
1413	handler_clause:
1414	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1415	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1416	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1417	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1418	;
1419
1420	handler_predicate_opt:
1421	// empty
1422	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1423	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1424	;
1425
1426	handler_key:
1427	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1428	\| RECOVER { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1429	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1430	\| FIXUP { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1431	;
1432
1433	finally_clause:
1434	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1435	;
1436
1437	exception_declaration:
1438	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1439	type_specifier_nobody
1440	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1441	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1442	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1443	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1444	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1445	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1446	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1447	;
1448
1449	enable_disable_statement:
1450	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1451	;
1452
1453	enable_disable_key:
1454	ENABLE
1455	\| DISABLE
1456	;
1457
1458	asm_statement:
1459	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1460	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1461	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1462	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1463	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1464	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1465	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1466	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1467	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1468	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1469	;
1470
1471	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1472	// empty
1473	{ $$ = false; }
1474	\| VOLATILE
1475	{ $$ = true; }
1476	;
1477
1478	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1479	// empty
1480	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1481	\| asm_operands_list
1482	;
1483
1484	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1485	asm_operand
1486	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1487	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1488	;
1489
1490	asm_operand: // GCC
1491	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1492	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1493	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1494	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $6 ) ) ); }
1495	;
1496
1497	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1498	// empty
1499	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1500	\| string_literal
1501	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1502	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1503	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1504	;
1505
1506	label_list:
1507	identifier
1508	{
1509	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1510	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1511	}
1512	\| label_list ',' identifier
1513	{
1514	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1515	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1516	}
1517	;
1518
1519	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1520
1521	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1522	// empty
1523	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1524	\| declaration_list
1525	;
1526
1527	declaration_list:
1528	declaration
1529	\| declaration_list declaration
1530	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1531	;
1532
1533	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1534	// empty
1535	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1536	\| KR_parameter_list
1537	;
1538
1539	KR_parameter_list:
1540	push c_declaration pop ';'
1541	{ $$ = $2; }
1542	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1543	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1544	;
1545
1546	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1547	// empty
1548	\| local_label_declaration_list
1549	;
1550
1551	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1552	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1553	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1554	;
1555
1556	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1557	identifier_or_type_name
1558	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1559	;
1560
1561	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1562	c_declaration ';'
1563	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1564	\| static_assert // C11
1565	;
1566
1567	static_assert:
1568	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1569	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1570	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1571	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1572
1573	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1574	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1575	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1576	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1577	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1578	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1579	//
1580	// CFA C
1581	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1582	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1583
1584	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1585	cfa_variable_declaration
1586	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1587	\| cfa_function_declaration
1588	\| type_declaring_list
1589	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1590	\| trait_specifier
1591	;
1592
1593	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1594	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1595	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1596	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1597	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1598	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1599	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1600	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1601	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1602	;
1603
1604	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1605	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1606	// storage-class
1607	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1608	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1609	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1610	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1611	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1612	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1613	;
1614
1615	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1616	cfa_function_specifier
1617	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1618	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1619	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1620	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1621	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1622	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1623	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1624	{
1625	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1626	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1627	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1628	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1629	}
1630	;
1631
1632	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1633	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1634	// {
1635	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1636	// }
1637	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1638	// {
1639	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1640	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1641	// }
1642	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1643	// {
1644	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1645	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1646	// }
1647	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1648	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1649	//
1650	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1651	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1652	//
1653	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1654	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1655	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1656	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1657	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1658	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1659	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1660	;
1661
1662	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1663	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1664	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1665	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1666	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1667	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1668	;
1669
1670	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1671	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1672	{
1673	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1674	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1675	}
1676	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1677	{
1678	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1679	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1680	}
1681	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1682	{
1683	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1684	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1685	}
1686	;
1687
1688	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1689	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1690
1691	typedef_declaration:
1692	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1693	{
1694	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1695	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1696	}
1697	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1698	{
1699	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1700	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1701	}
1702	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1703	{
1704	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1705	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1706	}
1707	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1708	{
1709	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1710	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1711	}
1712	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1713	{
1714	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1715	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1716	}
1717	;
1718
1719	typedef_expression:
1720	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1721	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1722	{
1723	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1724	}
1725	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1726	{
1727	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1728	}
1729	;
1730
1731	c_declaration:
1732	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1733	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1734	\| typedef_declaration
1735	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
1736	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1737	;
1738
1739	declaring_list:
1740	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1741	// storage-class
1742	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1743	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1744	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1745	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1746	;
1747
1748	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1749	basic_declaration_specifier
1750	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1751	\| type_declaration_specifier
1752	;
1753
1754	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1755	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1756	//
1757	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1758	//
1759	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1760	basic_declaration_specifier
1761	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1762	\| type_declaration_specifier
1763	;
1764
1765	type_specifier: // type specifier
1766	basic_type_specifier
1767	\| sue_type_specifier
1768	\| type_type_specifier
1769	;
1770
1771	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1772	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1773	//
1774	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1775	//
1776	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1777	basic_type_specifier
1778	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1779	\| type_type_specifier
1780	;
1781
1782	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1783	// empty
1784	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1785	\| type_qualifier_list
1786	;
1787
1788	type_qualifier_list:
1789	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1790	//
1791	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1792	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1793	// appeared only once.
1794	type_qualifier
1795	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1796	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1797	;
1798
1799	type_qualifier:
1800	type_qualifier_name
1801	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
1802	;
1803
1804	type_qualifier_name:
1805	CONST
1806	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1807	\| RESTRICT
1808	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1809	\| VOLATILE
1810	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1811	\| ATOMIC
1812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1813	\| forall
1814	;
1815
1816	forall:
1817	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1818	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
1819	;
1820
1821	declaration_qualifier_list:
1822	storage_class_list
1823	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1824	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1825	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1826	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1827	;
1828
1829	storage_class_list:
1830	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1831	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1832	//
1833	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1834	// specifiers in a declaration.
1835	storage_class
1836	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1837	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1838	;
1839
1840	storage_class:
1841	EXTERN
1842	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1843	\| STATIC
1844	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1845	\| AUTO
1846	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1847	\| REGISTER
1848	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1849	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1850	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1851	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1852	\| INLINE // C99
1853	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1854	\| FORTRAN // C99
1855	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1856	\| NORETURN // C11
1857	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1858	;
1859
1860	basic_type_name:
1861	VOID
1862	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1863	\| BOOL // C99
1864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1865	\| CHAR
1866	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1867	\| INT
1868	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1869	\| INT128
1870	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1871	\| UINT128
1872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
1873	\| FLOAT
1874	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1875	\| DOUBLE
1876	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1877	\| uuFLOAT80
1878	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
1879	\| uuFLOAT128
1880	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
1881	\| uFLOAT16
1882	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
1883	\| uFLOAT32
1884	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
1885	\| uFLOAT32X
1886	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
1887	\| uFLOAT64
1888	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
1889	\| uFLOAT64X
1890	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
1891	\| uFLOAT128
1892	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
1893	\| DECIMAL32
1894	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1895	\| DECIMAL64
1896	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1897	\| DECIMAL128
1898	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1899	\| COMPLEX // C99
1900	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1901	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1902	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1903	\| SIGNED
1904	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1905	\| UNSIGNED
1906	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1907	\| SHORT
1908	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1909	\| LONG
1910	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1911	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1912	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1913	\| AUTO_TYPE
1914	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
1915	\| vtable
1916	;
1917
1918	vtable_opt:
1919	// empty
1920	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1921	\| vtable
1922	;
1923
1924	vtable:
1925	VTABLE '(' type_list ')' default_opt
1926	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1927	;
1928
1929	default_opt:
1930	// empty
1931	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1932	\| DEFAULT
1933	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1934	;
1935
1936	basic_declaration_specifier:
1937	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1938	basic_type_specifier
1939	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1940	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1941	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1942	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1943	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1944	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1945	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1946	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1947	;
1948
1949	basic_type_specifier:
1950	direct_type
1951	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
1952	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1953	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1954	;
1955
1956	direct_type:
1957	basic_type_name
1958	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1959	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1960	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1961	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1962	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1963	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1964	;
1965
1966	indirect_type:
1967	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
1968	{ $$ = $3; }
1969	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
1970	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1971	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
1972	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
1973	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
1974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
1975	\| ZERO_T // CFA
1976	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1977	\| ONE_T // CFA
1978	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1979	;
1980
1981	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1982	sue_type_specifier
1983	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1984	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1985	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1986	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1987	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1988	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1989	;
1990
1991	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1992	elaborated_type
1993	\| type_qualifier_list
1994	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1995	elaborated_type
1996	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1997	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1998	{
1999	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2000	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2001	}
2002	;
2003
2004	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2005	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2006	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2007	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2008	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2009	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2010	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2011	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2012	;
2013
2014	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2015	elaborated_type_nobody
2016	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2017	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2018	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2019	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2020	;
2021
2022	type_declaration_specifier:
2023	type_type_specifier
2024	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2025	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2026	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2027	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2028	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2029	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2030	;
2031
2032	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2033	type_name
2034	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2035	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2036	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2037	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2038	;
2039
2040	type_name:
2041	TYPEDEFname
2042	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2043	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2044	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2045	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2046	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2047	\| typegen_name
2048	\| '.' typegen_name
2049	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2050	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2051	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2052	;
2053
2054	typegen_name: // CFA
2055	TYPEGENname
2056	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2057	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2058	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2059	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2060	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2061	;
2062
2063	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2064	aggregate_type
2065	\| enum_type
2066	;
2067
2068	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2069	aggregate_type_nobody
2070	\| enum_type_nobody
2071	;
2072
2073	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2074	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2075	{ forall = false; } // reset
2076	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2077	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2078	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2079	{
2080	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2081	forall = false; // reset
2082	}
2083	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2084	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2085	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2086	{
2087	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2088	forall = false; // reset
2089	}
2090	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2091	{
2092	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2093	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2094	}
2095	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2096	{
2097	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2098	forall = false; // reset
2099	}
2100	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2101	{
2102	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2103	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2104	}
2105	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2106	;
2107
2108	type_parameters_opt:
2109	// empty
2110	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2111	\| '(' type_list ')'
2112	{ $$ = $2; }
2113	;
2114
2115	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2116	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2117	{
2118	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2119	forall = false; // reset
2120	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2121	}
2122	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2123	{
2124	forall = false; // reset
2125	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2126	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2127	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2128	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2129	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2130	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2131	delete $3;
2132	}
2133	;
2134
2135	aggregate_key:
2136	aggregate_data
2137	\| aggregate_control
2138	;
2139
2140	aggregate_data:
2141	STRUCT vtable_opt
2142	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2143	\| UNION
2144	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2145	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2146	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2147	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2148	;
2149
2150	aggregate_control: // CFA
2151	MONITOR
2152	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2153	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2154	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2155	\| GENERATOR
2156	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2157	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2158	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2159	\| COROUTINE
2160	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2161	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2162	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2163	\| THREAD
2164	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2165	\| MUTEX THREAD
2166	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2167	;
2168
2169	field_declaration_list_opt:
2170	// empty
2171	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2172	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2173	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2174	;
2175
2176	field_declaration:
2177	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2178	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 ); }
2179	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2180	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2181	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2182	{
2183	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2184	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2185	} // if
2186	$3->inLine = true;
2187	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2188	distInl( $3 );
2189	}
2190	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2191	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2192	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2193	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2194	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2195	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2196	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2197	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2198	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2199	\| static_assert // C11
2200	;
2201
2202	field_declaring_list_opt:
2203	// empty
2204	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2205	\| field_declarator
2206	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2207	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2208	;
2209
2210	field_declarator:
2211	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2212	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2213	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2214	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2215	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2216	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2217	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2218	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2219	;
2220
2221	field_abstract_list_opt:
2222	// empty
2223	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2224	\| field_abstract
2225	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2226	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2227	;
2228
2229	field_abstract:
2230	// no bit fields
2231	variable_abstract_declarator
2232	;
2233
2234	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2235	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2236	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2237	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2238	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2239	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2240	;
2241
2242	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2243	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2244	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2245	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2246	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2247	;
2248
2249	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2250	// empty
2251	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2252	\| bit_subrange_size
2253	;
2254
2255	bit_subrange_size:
2256	':' assignment_expression
2257	{ $$ = $2; }
2258	;
2259
2260	enum_type: // enum
2261	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2263	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2264	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2265	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2267	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2268	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2270	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2271	{
2272	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2273	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2274	}
2275	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2276	{
2277	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2278	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2279	}
2280	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2281	{
2282	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2283	}
2284	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2285	{
2286	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2287	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6->name );
2288	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2289	}
2290	\| enum_type_nobody
2291	;
2292
2293	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2294	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2295	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2296	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name // qualified type name
2297	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2298	;
2299
2300	enumerator_list:
2301	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2302	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
2303	\| INLINE type_name
2304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ); }
2305	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2306	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
2307	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2308	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2309	;
2310
2311	enumerator_value_opt:
2312	// empty
2313	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2314	// \| '=' constant_expression
2315	// { $$ = $2; }
2316	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2317	{ $$ = $2->get_expression(); } // FIX ME: enum only deals with constant_expression
2318	;
2319
2320	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2321	// empty
2322	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2323	\| ELLIPSIS
2324	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2325	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2326	\| cfa_parameter_list
2327	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2328	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2329	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2330	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2331	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2332	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2333	;
2334
2335	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2336	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2337	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2338	cfa_parameter_declaration
2339	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2340	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2341	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2342	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2343	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2344	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2345	;
2346
2347	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2348	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2349	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2350	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2351	;
2352
2353	parameter_type_list_opt:
2354	// empty
2355	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2356	\| ELLIPSIS
2357	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2358	\| parameter_list
2359	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2360	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2361	;
2362
2363	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2364	abstract_parameter_declaration
2365	\| parameter_declaration
2366	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2367	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2368	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2369	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2370	;
2371
2372	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2373	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2374
2375	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2376	parameter_declaration
2377	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2378	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2379	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2380	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2381	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2382	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2383	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2384	\| cfa_function_specifier
2385	;
2386
2387	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2388	abstract_parameter_declaration
2389	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2390	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2391	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2392	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2393	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2394	\| cfa_abstract_function
2395	;
2396
2397	parameter_declaration:
2398	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2399	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2400	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2401	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2402	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2403	;
2404
2405	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2406	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2407	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2408	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2409	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2410	;
2411
2412	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2413	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2414	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2415
2416	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2417	identifier
2418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2419	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2420	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2421	;
2422
2423	identifier_or_type_name:
2424	identifier
2425	\| TYPEDEFname
2426	\| TYPEGENname
2427	;
2428
2429	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2430	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2431	\| type_specifier
2432	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2433	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2434	;
2435
2436	type: // typeof, assertion
2437	type_no_function
2438	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2439	;
2440
2441	initializer_opt:
2442	// empty
2443	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2444	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2445	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2446	;
2447
2448	initializer:
2449	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2450	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2451	;
2452
2453	initializer_list_opt:
2454	// empty
2455	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2456	\| initializer
2457	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2458	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2459	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer
2460	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2461	;
2462
2463	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2464	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2465	//
2466	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2467	//
2468	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2469	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2470	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2471	// shift/reduce conflicts
2472
2473	designation:
2474	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2475	\| identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2476	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2477	;
2478
2479	designator_list: // C99
2480	designator
2481	\| designator_list designator
2482	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2483	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2484	;
2485
2486	designator:
2487	'.' identifier // C99, field name
2488	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2489	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2490	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2491	{ $$ = $3; }
2492	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2493	{ $$ = $3; }
2494	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2495	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ) ) ); }
2496	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2497	{ $$ = $4; }
2498	;
2499
2500	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2501	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2502	//
2503	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2504	//
2505	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2506	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2507	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2508	//
2509	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2510	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2511	//
2512	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2513	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2514	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2515	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2516	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2517
2518	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2519	type_parameter
2520	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2521	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2522	;
2523
2524	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2525	// empty
2526	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2527	\| '=' type
2528	{ $$ = $2; }
2529	;
2530
2531	type_parameter: // CFA
2532	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2533	{
2534	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2535	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2536	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2537	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2538	}
2539	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2541	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2542	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2543	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2545	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2546	{
2547	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2548	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2549	}
2550	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2551	\| assertion_list
2552	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2553	;
2554
2555	new_type_class: // CFA
2556	// empty
2557	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2558	\| '&'
2559	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2560	\| '*'
2561	{ $$ = TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2562	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2563	// { $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2564	\| ELLIPSIS
2565	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2566	;
2567
2568	type_class: // CFA
2569	OTYPE
2570	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2571	\| DTYPE
2572	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2573	\| FTYPE
2574	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2575	\| TTYPE
2576	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2577	;
2578
2579	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2580	// empty
2581	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2582	\| assertion_list
2583	;
2584
2585	assertion_list: // CFA
2586	assertion
2587	\| assertion_list assertion
2588	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
2589	;
2590
2591	assertion: // CFA
2592	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2593	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2594	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2595	{ $$ = $4; }
2596	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2597	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2598	;
2599
2600	type_list: // CFA
2601	type
2602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2603	\| assignment_expression
2604	\| type_list ',' type
2605	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
2606	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2607	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2608	;
2609
2610	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2611	OTYPE type_declarator
2612	{ $$ = $2; }
2613	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2614	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2615	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2616	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2617	;
2618
2619	type_declarator: // CFA
2620	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2621	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2622	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2623	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2624	;
2625
2626	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2627	identifier_or_type_name
2628	{
2629	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2630	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2631	}
2632	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2633	{
2634	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2635	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2636	}
2637	;
2638
2639	trait_specifier: // CFA
2640	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2641	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2642	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2643	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2644	;
2645
2646	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2647	trait_declaration
2648	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2649	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2650	;
2651
2652	trait_declaration: // CFA
2653	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2654	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2655	;
2656
2657	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2658	cfa_variable_specifier
2659	\| cfa_function_specifier
2660	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2661	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2662	;
2663
2664	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2665	type_specifier declarator
2666	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2667	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2668	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2669	;
2670
2671	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2672
2673	translation_unit:
2674	// empty, input file
2675	\| external_definition_list
2676	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2677	;
2678
2679	external_definition_list:
2680	push external_definition pop
2681	{ $$ = $2; }
2682	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2683	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2684	;
2685
2686	external_definition_list_opt:
2687	// empty
2688	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2689	\| external_definition_list
2690	;
2691
2692	up:
2693	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2694	;
2695
2696	down:
2697	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2698	;
2699
2700	external_definition:
2701	DIRECTIVE
2702	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ) ); }
2703	\| declaration
2704	\| external_function_definition
2705	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2706	{
2707	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2708	$$ = $2;
2709	}
2710	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2711	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) ); }
2712	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2713	{
2714	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2715	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2716	}
2717	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2718	{
2719	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2720	linkageStack.pop();
2721	$$ = $6;
2722	}
2723	\| type_qualifier_list
2724	{
2725	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2726	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2727	}
2728	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2729	{
2730	distQual( $5, $1 );
2731	forall = false;
2732	$$ = $5;
2733	}
2734	\| declaration_qualifier_list
2735	{
2736	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2737	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2738	}
2739	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2740	{
2741	distQual( $5, $1 );
2742	forall = false;
2743	$$ = $5;
2744	}
2745	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
2746	{
2747	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2748	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2749	}
2750	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2751	{
2752	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
2753	forall = false;
2754	$$ = $6;
2755	}
2756	;
2757
2758	external_function_definition:
2759	function_definition
2760	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2761	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2762	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2763	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2764	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2765	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2766	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
2767	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
2768	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
2769	;
2770
2771	with_clause_opt:
2772	// empty
2773	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
2774	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2775	{ $$ = $3; forall = false; }
2776	;
2777
2778	function_definition:
2779	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2780	{
2781	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
2782	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
2783	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
2784	$$ = $1;
2785	}
2786	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2787	{
2788	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2789	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2790	}
2791	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2792	{
2793	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2794	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2795	}
2796	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2797	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2798	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2799	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2800	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2801	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2802	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2803	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2804	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2805
2806	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2807	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2808	{
2809	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2810	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
2811	}
2812	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2813	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2814	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2815	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2816	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2817	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2818	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2819	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2820	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2821	;
2822
2823	declarator:
2824	variable_declarator
2825	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2826	\| function_declarator
2827	;
2828
2829	subrange:
2830	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2831	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
2832	;
2833
2834	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2835	// empty
2836	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2837	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2838	{
2839	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2840	name->asmName = $3;
2841	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2842	}
2843	;
2844
2845	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2846	// empty
2847	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2848	\| attribute_list
2849	;
2850
2851	attribute_list: // GCC
2852	attribute
2853	\| attribute_list attribute
2854	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2855	;
2856
2857	attribute: // GCC
2858	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2859	{ $$ = $4; }
2860	;
2861
2862	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2863	attribute_name
2864	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2865	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2866	;
2867
2868	attribute_name: // GCC
2869	// empty
2870	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2871	\| attr_name
2872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2873	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
2874	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2875	;
2876
2877	attr_name: // GCC
2878	IDENTIFIER
2879	\| quasi_keyword
2880	\| TYPEDEFname
2881	\| TYPEGENname
2882	\| FALLTHROUGH
2883	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2884	\| CONST
2885	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2886	;
2887
2888	// ============================================================================
2889	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2890	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2891	// in:
2892	//
2893	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2894	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2895	//
2896	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2897	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2898	// ============================================================================
2899
2900	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2901	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2902	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2903	//
2904	// valid declaration invalid definition
2905	// ----------------- ------------------
2906	// int f; int f {}
2907	// int f; int f {}
2908	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2909	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2910	//
2911	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2912	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2913	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2914
2915	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2916	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2917
2918	paren_identifier:
2919	identifier
2920	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2921	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2922	{ $$ = $2; }
2923	;
2924
2925	variable_declarator:
2926	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2927	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2928	\| variable_ptr
2929	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2930	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2931	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2932	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2933	;
2934
2935	variable_ptr:
2936	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2937	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2938	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2939	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2940	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2941	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2942	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2943	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2944	;
2945
2946	variable_array:
2947	paren_identifier array_dimension
2948	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2949	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2950	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2951	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2952	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2953	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2954	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2955	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2956	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2957	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2958	{ $$ = $2; }
2959	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2960	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2961	;
2962
2963	variable_function:
2964	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2965	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2966	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2967	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2968	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2969	{ $$ = $2; }
2970	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2971	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2972	;
2973
2974	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2975	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2976	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2977
2978	function_declarator:
2979	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2980	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2981	\| function_ptr
2982	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2983	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2984	;
2985
2986	function_no_ptr:
2987	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2988	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2989	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2990	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2991	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2992	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2993	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2994	{ $$ = $2; }
2995	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2996	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2997	;
2998
2999	function_ptr:
3000	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3001	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3002	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3003	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3004	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3005	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3006	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3007	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3008	;
3009
3010	function_array:
3011	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3012	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3013	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3014	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3015	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3016	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3017	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3018	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3019	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3020	{ $$ = $2; }
3021	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3022	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3023	;
3024
3025	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3026	//
3027	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3028	//
3029	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3030	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3031
3032	KR_function_declarator:
3033	KR_function_no_ptr
3034	\| KR_function_ptr
3035	\| KR_function_array
3036	;
3037
3038	KR_function_no_ptr:
3039	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3040	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3041	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3042	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3043	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3044	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3045	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3046	{ $$ = $2; }
3047	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3048	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3049	;
3050
3051	KR_function_ptr:
3052	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3053	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3054	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3055	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3056	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3057	{ $$ = $2; }
3058	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3059	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3060	;
3061
3062	KR_function_array:
3063	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3064	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3065	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3066	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3067	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3068	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3069	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3070	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3071	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3072	{ $$ = $2; }
3073	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3074	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3075	;
3076
3077	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3078	//
3079	// typedef int foo;
3080	// {
3081	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3082	// }
3083	//
3084	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3085	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3086
3087	paren_type:
3088	typedef_name
3089	{
3090	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3091	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3092	}
3093	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3094	{ $$ = $2; }
3095	;
3096
3097	variable_type_redeclarator:
3098	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3099	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3100	\| type_ptr
3101	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
3102	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3103	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
3104	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3105	;
3106
3107	type_ptr:
3108	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3109	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3110	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3111	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3112	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3113	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3114	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3115	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3116	;
3117
3118	type_array:
3119	paren_type array_dimension
3120	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3121	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3122	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3123	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3124	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3125	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3126	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3127	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3128	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3129	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3130	{ $$ = $2; }
3131	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3132	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3133	;
3134
3135	type_function:
3136	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3137	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3138	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3139	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3140	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3141	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3142	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3143	{ $$ = $2; }
3144	\| '(' attribute_list type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3145	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3146	;
3147
3148	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3149	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3150	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3151	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3152
3153	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3154	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3155	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3156	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3157	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3158	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3159	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3160	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3161	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3162	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3163	;
3164
3165	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3166	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3167	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3168	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3169	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3170	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3171	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3172	;
3173
3174	identifier_parameter_array:
3175	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3176	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3177	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3178	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3179	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3180	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3181	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3182	{ $$ = $2; }
3183	;
3184
3185	identifier_parameter_function:
3186	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3187	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3188	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3189	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3190	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3191	{ $$ = $2; }
3192	;
3193
3194	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3195	// e.g.:
3196	//
3197	// typedef int foo;
3198	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3199	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3200	//
3201	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3202
3203	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3204	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3205	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3206	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3207	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3208	\| type_parameter_ptr
3209	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3210	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3211	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3212	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3213	;
3214
3215	typedef_name:
3216	TYPEDEFname
3217	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3218	\| TYPEGENname
3219	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3220	;
3221
3222	type_parameter_ptr:
3223	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3224	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3225	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3226	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3227	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3228	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3229	;
3230
3231	type_parameter_array:
3232	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3233	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3234	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3235	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3236	;
3237
3238	type_parameter_function:
3239	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3240	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3241	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3242	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3243	;
3244
3245	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3246	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3247	//
3248	// sizeof( int );
3249	// sizeof( int * );
3250	// sizeof( int [10] );
3251	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3252	// sizeof( int () );
3253	//
3254	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3255	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3256
3257	abstract_declarator:
3258	abstract_ptr
3259	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3260	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3261	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3262	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3263	;
3264
3265	abstract_ptr:
3266	ptrref_operator
3267	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3268	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3270	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3271	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3272	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3273	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3274	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3275	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3276	;
3277
3278	abstract_array:
3279	array_dimension
3280	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3281	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3282	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3283	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3284	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3285	{ $$ = $2; }
3286	;
3287
3288	abstract_function:
3289	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3290	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3291	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3292	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3293	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3294	{ $$ = $2; }
3295	;
3296
3297	array_dimension:
3298	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3299	'[' ']'
3300	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3301	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3302	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3303	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']'
3304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, 0, false ) ); }
3305	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3306	\| multi_array_dimension
3307	;
3308
3309	multi_array_dimension:
3310	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3312	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3314	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3315	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3316	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3317	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3318	;
3319
3320	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3321	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3322	//
3323	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3324	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3325	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3326	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3327	//
3328	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3329	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3330	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3331	//
3332	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3333	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3334	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3335	//
3336	// For example:
3337	//
3338	// typedef float T;
3339	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3340	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3341	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3342	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3343	//
3344	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3345	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3346	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3347	// functions.
3348
3349	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3350	abstract_parameter_ptr
3351	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3352	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3353	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3354	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3355	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3356	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3357	;
3358
3359	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3360	ptrref_operator
3361	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3362	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3363	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3364	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3365	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3366	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3367	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3368	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3369	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3370	;
3371
3372	abstract_parameter_array:
3373	array_parameter_dimension
3374	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3375	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3376	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3377	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3378	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3379	{ $$ = $2; }
3380	;
3381
3382	abstract_parameter_function:
3383	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3384	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3385	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3386	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3387	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3388	{ $$ = $2; }
3389	;
3390
3391	array_parameter_dimension:
3392	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3393	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3394	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3395	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3396	\| multi_array_dimension
3397	;
3398
3399	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3400	//
3401	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3402	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3403
3404	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3405	'[' ']'
3406	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3407	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3408	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3409	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3410	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3412	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3413	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3414	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3415	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3417	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3419	;
3420
3421	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3422	//
3423	// struct S {
3424	// int;
3425	// int *;
3426	// int [10];
3427	// int (*)();
3428	// };
3429
3430	variable_abstract_declarator:
3431	variable_abstract_ptr
3432	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3433	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3434	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3435	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3436	;
3437
3438	variable_abstract_ptr:
3439	ptrref_operator
3440	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3441	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3442	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3443	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3444	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3445	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3446	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3447	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3448	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3449	;
3450
3451	variable_abstract_array:
3452	array_dimension
3453	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3454	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3455	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3456	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3457	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3458	{ $$ = $2; }
3459	;
3460
3461	variable_abstract_function:
3462	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3463	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3464	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3465	{ $$ = $2; }
3466	;
3467
3468	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3469	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3470
3471	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3472	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3473	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3474	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3475	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3476	;
3477
3478	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3479	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3480	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3481	;
3482
3483	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3484	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3485	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3486	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3487	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3488	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3489	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3490	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3491	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3492	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3493	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3494	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3495	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3496	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3497	;
3498
3499	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3500	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3501	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3502	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3503	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3504	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3505	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3506	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3507	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3508	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3509	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3510	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3511	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3512
3513	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3514	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3515	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3516	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3517	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3518	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3519	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3520	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3521	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3522	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3523	;
3524
3525	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3526	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3527	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3528	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3529	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3530	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3531	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3532	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3533	// appear in this context.
3534	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3535	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3536	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3537	;
3538
3539	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3540	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3541	//
3542	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3543	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3544	//
3545	// These rules need LR(3):
3546	//
3547	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3548	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3549	//
3550	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3551	//
3552	// [int, int] t;
3553	// [int, int] f( int );
3554	//
3555	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3556	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3557	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3558	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3559
3560	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3561	cfa_abstract_tuple
3562	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3563	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3564	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3565	;
3566
3567	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3568	cfa_abstract_ptr
3569	\| cfa_abstract_array
3570	;
3571
3572	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3573	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3574	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3575	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3576	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3577	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3578	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3579	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3580	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3581	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3582	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3583	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3584	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3585	;
3586
3587	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3588	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3589	// empty (void) function return type.
3590	'[' ']' type_specifier
3591	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3592	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3593	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3594	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3595	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3596	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3597	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3598	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3599	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3600	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3601	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3602	;
3603
3604	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3605	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3606	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3607	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3608	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3609	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3610	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3611	;
3612
3613	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3614	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3615	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3616	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3618	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3619	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3620	;
3621
3622	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3623	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3624	//
3625	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3626	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3627	//
3628	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3629	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3630	//
3631	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3632	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3633
3634	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3635
3636	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3637	// empty
3638	\| ','
3639	;
3640
3641	default_initializer_opt:
3642	// empty
3643	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3644	\| '=' assignment_expression
3645	{ $$ = $2; }
3646	;
3647
3648	%%
3649
3650	// ----end of grammar----
3651
3652	// Local Variables: //
3653	// mode: c++ //
3654	// tab-width: 4 //
3655	// compile-command: "make install" //
3656	// End: //

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