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parser.yy @ 71a422a

Last change on this file since 71a422a was 71a422a, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 10 months ago
add additional debug printing, remove push/pop associated with parameter passing because local declarations are disallowed
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File size: 175.9 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Jul 12 06:14:16 2023
13	// Update Count : 6382
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "SynTree/Type.h" // for Type
51	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
52	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
53	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
54	#include "ParserTypes.h"
55	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
56	#include "TypedefTable.h"
57	#include "TypeData.h"
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
59	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
62
63	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
64	#ifdef __clang__
65	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
66	#endif
67
68	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
69	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
70	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
71
72	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
73
74	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
75	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
76	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
77	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
78	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
79	//
80	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
81	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
82	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
83
84	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
85	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
86	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
87	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
88	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
89	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
90	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
91	} // if
92	} else {
93	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
94	to = "u8" + to;
95	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
96	} else {
97	to = from[0] + to;
98	} // if
99	} // if
100	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
101	} // if
102	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
103	return true;
104	} // appendStr
105
106	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
107	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
108	assert( declList );
109	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
110	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
111	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
112	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
113
114	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( declList->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
115	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
116	} // for
117	declList->addType( cl );
118	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
119	return declList;
120	} // distAttr
121
122	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
123	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
124	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
125	iter->set_extension( true );
126	} // for
127	} // distExt
128
129	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
130	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
131	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
132	iter->set_inLine( true );
133	} // for
134	} // distInl
135
136	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
137	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
138	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
139	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
140	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
141	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
142	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
143	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
144	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
145	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
146	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
147	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
148	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
149	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
150	DeclarationNode newnode;
151	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
152	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
153	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
154	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
155	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
156	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
157	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
158	} // if
159	} else { // just SC qualifiers
160	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
161	} // if
162	} // for
163	delete qualifiers;
164	} // distQual
165
166	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
167	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
168	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
169	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
170	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
171	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
172	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
173
174	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
175	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
176	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
177	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
178	} // if
179	} // rebindForall
180
181	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
182	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
183	return name;
184	} // build_postfix_name
185
186	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
187	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
188	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
189	stringstream ss;
190	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
191	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
192	return nullptr;
193	} // if
194	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
195	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
196	} // if
197	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
198
199	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
200	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
201	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
202	return temp;
203	} // fieldDecl
204
205	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
206	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
207	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
208	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "syntax error, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
209	#define MISSING_LOW "syntax error, missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
210	#define MISSING_HIGH "syntax error, missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
211
212	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
213	const CodeLocation & location,
214	DeclarationNode * init,
215	enum OperKinds compop,
216	ExpressionNode * comp,
217	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
218	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
219	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
220	compop,
221	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
222	comp ) );
223	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
224	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
225	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
226	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
227	inc ) );
228	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
229	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
230	}
231
232	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
233	if ( index->initializer ) {
234	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
235	} // if
236	if ( index->next ) {
237	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
238	} // if
239	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
240	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
241	} // forCtrl
242
243	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
244	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
245	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
246	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
247	} // if
248	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
249	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
250	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
251	);
252	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
253	} // forCtrl
254
255	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
256	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
257	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
258	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
259	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
260	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
261	} else {
262	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
263	} // if
264	} else {
265	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed. ." ); return nullptr;
266	} // if
267	} // forCtrl
268
269	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
270	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, adjacent identifiers \"", identifier1, "\" and \"", identifier2, "\" are not meaningful in a", kind, ".\n"
271	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter." ) );
272	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
273
274	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
275	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, identifier \"", identifier, "\" cannot appear before a ", kind, ".\n"
276	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter." ) );
277	} // IdentifierBeforeType
278
279	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
280
281	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
282	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
283	if ( N ) { \
284	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
285	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
286	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
287	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
288	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
289	} else { \
290	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
291	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
292	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
293	}
294	%}
295
296	%define parse.error verbose
297
298	// Types declaration for productions
299
300	%union {
301	Token tok;
302	ExpressionNode * expr;
303	DeclarationNode * decl;
304	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
305	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
306	StatementNode * stmt;
307	ClauseNode * clause;
308	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
309	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
310	CondCtl * ifctl;
311	ForCtrl * forctl;
312	LabelNode * labels;
313	InitializerNode * init;
314	OperKinds oper;
315	std::string * str;
316	bool is_volatile;
317	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
318	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
319	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
320	}
321
322	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
323
324	// keywords
325	%token TYPEDEF
326	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
327	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
328	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
329	%token NORETURN // C11
330	%token CONST VOLATILE
331	%token RESTRICT // C99
332	%token ATOMIC // C11
333	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
334	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
335	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
336	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
337	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
338	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
339	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
340	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
341	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
342	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
343	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
344	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
345	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
346	// %token RESUME // CFA
347	%token LABEL // GCC
348	%token SUSPEND // CFA
349	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
350	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
351	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
352	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
353	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
354	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
355
356	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
357	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
358	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
359	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
360	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
361	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
362	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
363	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
364	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
365
366	// multi-character operators
367	%token ARROW // ->
368	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
369	%token LS RS // << >>
370	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
371	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
372	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
373
374	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
375	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
376	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
377	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
378
379	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
380	%token ATassign // @=
381
382	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
383	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
384	%type<expr> string_literal
385	%type<str> string_literal_list
386
387	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
388
389	// expressions
390	%type<expr> constant
391	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
392	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
393	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
394	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
395	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
396	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
397	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
398	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
399	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
400	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
401	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
402	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
403	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
404	%type<expr> subrange
405	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
406	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
407	%type<labels> label_list
408	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
409	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
410	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
411	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
412
413	// statements
414	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
415	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
416	%type<stmt> selection_statement if_statement
417	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
418	%type<expr> case_value
419	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
420	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
421	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
422	%type<stmt> with_statement
423	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
424	%type<stmt> exception_statement
425	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
426	%type<except_kind> handler_key
427	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
428	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
429	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
430	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
431	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
432
433	// declarations
434	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
435	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
436	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
437
438	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
439	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
440
441	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
442
443	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
444
445	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
446	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
447
448	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
449
450	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
451	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
452
453	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
454
455	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
456	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
457
458	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
459
460	%type<decl> exception_declaration
461
462	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
463	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
464
465	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
466
467	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
468	%type<decl> identifier_list
469
470	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
471	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
472	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
473
474	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
475
476	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
477	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
478
479	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
480	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
481
482	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
483
484	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
485
486	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
487	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
488	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
489
490	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
491
492	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
493
494	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
495
496	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
497
498	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
499	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
500
501	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
502	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
503
504	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
505	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
506
507	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
508
509	%type<decl> type type_no_function
510	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
511
512	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list
513
514	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
515	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
516
517	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
518	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
519
520	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
521
522	// initializers
523	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
524
525	// designators
526	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
527
528
529	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
530	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
531	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
532	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
533	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
534
535	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
536	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
537	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
538	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
539	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
540	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
541	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
542	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
543	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
544	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
545	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
546	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
547	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
548	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
549
550
551	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
552	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
553	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
554	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
555	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
556	// must be:
557	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
558	// The same problem occurs here:
559	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
560	// must be:
561	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
562
563	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
564	%precedence TYPEGENname
565	%precedence '}'
566	%precedence '('
567
568	// %precedence RESUME
569	// %precedence '{'
570	// %precedence ')'
571
572	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
573
574	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
575
576	%%
577	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
578
579	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
580	// which are lexically identical.
581	//
582	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
583	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
584	//
585	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
586	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
587	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
588	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
589	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
590	//
591	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
592	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
593	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
594	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
595	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
596	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
597	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
598	//
599	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
600	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
601	// around the list separator.
602	//
603	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
604	// push pop push pop
605
606	push:
607	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
608	;
609
610	pop:
611	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
612	;
613
614	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
615
616	constant:
617	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
618	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
619	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
620	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
621	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
622	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
623	;
624
625	quasi_keyword: // CFA
626	TIMEOUT
627	\| WAND
628	\| WOR
629	\| CATCH
630	\| RECOVER
631	\| CATCHRESUME
632	\| FIXUP
633	\| FINALLY
634	;
635
636	identifier:
637	IDENTIFIER
638	\| quasi_keyword
639	;
640
641	identifier_at:
642	identifier
643	\| '@' // CFA
644	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
645	;
646
647	string_literal:
648	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
649	;
650
651	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
652	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
653	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
654	{
655	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
656	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
657	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
658	}
659	;
660
661	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
662
663	primary_expression:
664	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
665	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
666	\| quasi_keyword
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
668	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
669	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
670	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
671	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
672	\| tuple
673	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
674	{ $$ = $2; }
675	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
676	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
677	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
678	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
679	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
680	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
681	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
682	{
683	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
684	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
685	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
686	}
687	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
688	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
689	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
690	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
691	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
692	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "n expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
693	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
694	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
695	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
696	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
697	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
698	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
699	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
700	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
701	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
702	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
703	;
704
705	generic_assoc_list: // C11
706	generic_association
707	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
708	{
709	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
710	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
711	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
712	delete $3;
713	$$ = $1;
714	}
715	;
716
717	generic_association: // C11
718	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
719	{
720	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
721	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
722	}
723	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
724	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
725	;
726
727	postfix_expression:
728	primary_expression
729	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
730	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
731	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
732	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
733	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
734	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
735	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
736	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
737	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
738	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
739	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
740	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
741	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
742	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
743	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
744	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
745	{
746	Token fn;
747	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
748	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
749	}
750	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
751	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
752	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
753	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
754	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg") ) ),
755	(ExpressionNode )($3->set_last( (ExpressionNode )($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) )) ) ); }
756	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
757	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
758	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
759	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
760	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
761	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
762	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
763	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
764	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
765	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
766	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
767	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
768	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
769	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
770	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
771	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
772	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
773	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
774	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
775	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
776	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
777	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
778	\| postfix_expression ICR
779	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
780	\| postfix_expression DECR
781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
782	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
783	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
784	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
785	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
786	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
787	{
788	Token fn;
789	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
790	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
791	}
792	;
793
794	argument_expression_list_opt:
795	// empty
796	{ $$ = nullptr; }
797	\| argument_expression_list
798	;
799
800	argument_expression_list:
801	argument_expression
802	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
803	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
804	;
805
806	argument_expression:
807	'@' // CFA, default parameter
808	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
809	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
810	\| assignment_expression
811	;
812
813	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
814	field
815	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
816	;
817
818	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
819	field_name
820	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
821	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
822	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
824	\| field_name '.' field
825	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
826	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
828	\| field_name ARROW field
829	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
830	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
831	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
832	;
833
834	field_name:
835	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
836	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
837	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
838	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
839	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
840	{
841	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
842	}
843	;
844
845	fraction_constants_opt:
846	// empty
847	{ $$ = nullptr; }
848	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
849	{
850	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
851	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
852	}
853	;
854
855	unary_expression:
856	postfix_expression
857	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
858	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
859	\| constant
860	\| string_literal
861	{ $$ = $1; }
862	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
863	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
864	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
865	// { * X; } // dereference X
866	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
867	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
868	{
869	switch ( $1 ) {
870	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
871	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
872	break;
873	case OperKinds::PointTo:
874	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
875	break;
876	case OperKinds::And:
877	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
878	break;
879	default:
880	assert( false );
881	}
882	}
883	\| unary_operator cast_expression
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
885	\| ICR unary_expression
886	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
887	\| DECR unary_expression
888	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
889	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
890	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
891	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
892	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
893	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
894	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
895	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
896	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
897	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
898	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
899	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
900	{
901	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
902	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
903	}
904	;
905
906	ptrref_operator:
907	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
908	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
909	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
910	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
911	;
912
913	unary_operator:
914	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
915	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
916	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
917	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
918	;
919
920	cast_expression:
921	unary_expression
922	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
923	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
924	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
926	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
927	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
928	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
929	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
930	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
931	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
932	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
933	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
934	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
935	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
936	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
937	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
938	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
939	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
940	;
941
942	qualifier_cast_list:
943	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
944	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
945	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
946	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
947	;
948
949	cast_modifier:
950	'-'
951	\| '+'
952	;
953
954	exponential_expression:
955	cast_expression
956	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
957	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
958	;
959
960	multiplicative_expression:
961	exponential_expression
962	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
963	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
964	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
965	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
966	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
967	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
968	;
969
970	additive_expression:
971	multiplicative_expression
972	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
973	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
974	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
975	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
976	;
977
978	shift_expression:
979	additive_expression
980	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
981	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
982	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
983	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
984	;
985
986	relational_expression:
987	shift_expression
988	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
989	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
990	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
991	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
992	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
993	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
994	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
995	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
996	;
997
998	equality_expression:
999	relational_expression
1000	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1001	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1002	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1003	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1004	;
1005
1006	AND_expression:
1007	equality_expression
1008	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1009	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1010	;
1011
1012	exclusive_OR_expression:
1013	AND_expression
1014	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1015	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1016	;
1017
1018	inclusive_OR_expression:
1019	exclusive_OR_expression
1020	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1021	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1022	;
1023
1024	logical_AND_expression:
1025	inclusive_OR_expression
1026	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1027	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1028	;
1029
1030	logical_OR_expression:
1031	logical_AND_expression
1032	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1033	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1034	;
1035
1036	conditional_expression:
1037	logical_OR_expression
1038	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1039	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1040	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
1041	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1042	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $1->clone(), $4 ) ); }
1043	;
1044
1045	constant_expression:
1046	conditional_expression
1047	;
1048
1049	assignment_expression:
1050	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1051	conditional_expression
1052	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1053	{
1054	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1055	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1056	// } else {
1057	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1058	// } // if
1059	}
1060	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1061	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1062	;
1063
1064	assignment_expression_opt:
1065	// empty
1066	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1067	\| assignment_expression
1068	;
1069
1070	assignment_operator:
1071	simple_assignment_operator
1072	\| compound_assignment_operator
1073	;
1074
1075	simple_assignment_operator:
1076	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1077	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1078	;
1079
1080	compound_assignment_operator:
1081	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1082	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1083	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1084	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1085	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1086	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1087	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1088	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1089	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1090	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1091	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1092	;
1093
1094	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1095	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1096	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1097	// '[' ']'
1098	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1099	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1100	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1101	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1102	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1103	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1104	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1105	;
1106
1107	tuple_expression_list:
1108	assignment_expression
1109	\| '@' // CFA
1110	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1111	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1112	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1113	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1114	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1115	;
1116
1117	comma_expression:
1118	assignment_expression
1119	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1120	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1121	;
1122
1123	comma_expression_opt:
1124	// empty
1125	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1126	\| comma_expression
1127	;
1128
1129	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1130
1131	statement:
1132	labeled_statement
1133	\| compound_statement
1134	\| expression_statement
1135	\| selection_statement
1136	\| iteration_statement
1137	\| jump_statement
1138	\| with_statement
1139	\| mutex_statement
1140	\| waitfor_statement
1141	\| waituntil_statement
1142	\| exception_statement
1143	\| enable_disable_statement
1144	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1145	\| asm_statement
1146	\| DIRECTIVE
1147	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1148	;
1149
1150	labeled_statement:
1151	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1152	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1153	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1154	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1155	{
1156	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntx error, label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1157	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1158	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1159	$$ = nullptr;
1160	}
1161	;
1162
1163	compound_statement:
1164	'{' '}'
1165	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1166	\| '{' push
1167	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1168	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1169	pop '}'
1170	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1171	;
1172
1173	statement_decl_list: // C99
1174	statement_decl
1175	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1176	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1177	;
1178
1179	statement_decl:
1180	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1181	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1182	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1183	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1184	\| function_definition
1185	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1186	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1187	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1188	\| statement
1189	;
1190
1191	statement_list_nodecl:
1192	statement
1193	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1194	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1195	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1196	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1197	;
1198
1199	expression_statement:
1200	comma_expression_opt ';'
1201	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1202	;
1203
1204	selection_statement:
1205	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1206	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1207	push if_statement pop
1208	{ $$ = $2; }
1209	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1210	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1211	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1212	{
1213	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1214	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1215	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1216	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1217	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1218	// statement.
1219	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1220	}
1221	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1222	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1223	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1224	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1225	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1226	{
1227	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1228	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1229	}
1230	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1231	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1232	;
1233
1234	if_statement:
1235	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1236	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1237	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1238	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1239	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1240	;
1241
1242	conditional_declaration:
1243	comma_expression
1244	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1245	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1246	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1247	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1248	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1249	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1250	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1251	;
1252
1253	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1254	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1255
1256	case_value: // CFA
1257	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1258	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1259	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1260	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1261	;
1262
1263	case_value_list: // CFA
1264	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1265	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1266	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1267	;
1268
1269	case_label: // CFA
1270	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1271	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1272	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1273	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1274	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1275	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1276	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1277	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1278	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1279	;
1280
1281	case_label_list: // CFA
1282	case_label
1283	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1284	;
1285
1286	case_clause: // CFA
1287	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1288	;
1289
1290	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1291	// empty
1292	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1293	\| switch_clause_list
1294	;
1295
1296	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1297	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1298	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1299	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1300	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1301	;
1302
1303	iteration_statement:
1304	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1305	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1306	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1307	{
1308	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1309	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1310	}
1311	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1312	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1313	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1315	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1316	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1317	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1318	{
1319	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1320	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1321	}
1322	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1323	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1324	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1325	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1326	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1327	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1328	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1329	{
1330	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1331	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1332	}
1333	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1334	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1335	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1336	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1337	;
1338
1339	for_control_expression_list:
1340	for_control_expression
1341	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1342	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1343	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1344	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1345	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1346	{
1347	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1348	if ( $1->condition ) {
1349	if ( $3->condition ) {
1350	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1351	} // if
1352	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1353	if ( $1->change ) {
1354	if ( $3->change ) {
1355	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1356	} // if
1357	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1358	$$ = $1;
1359	}
1360	;
1361
1362	for_control_expression:
1363	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1364	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1365	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1366	{
1367	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1368	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1369	}
1370	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1371	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1372
1373	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1374	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1375	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1376	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1377
1378	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1379	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1380	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1381	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1382
1383	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1384	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1385	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1386	{
1387	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1388	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1389	}
1390	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1391	{
1392	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1393	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1394	}
1395	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1396	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1397	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1398	{
1399	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1400	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1401	}
1402	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1403	{
1404	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1405	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1406	}
1407	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1408	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1409	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1410	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1411	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1412	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1413	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1414	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1415	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1416	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1417
1418	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1419	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1420	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1421	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1422
1423	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1424	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1425	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1426	{
1427	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1428	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1429	}
1430	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1431	{
1432	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1433	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1434	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1435	}
1436	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1437	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1438
1439	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1440	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1441	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1442	{
1443	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1444	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1445	}
1446	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1447	{
1448	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1449	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1450	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1451	}
1452	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1453	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1454	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1455	{
1456	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1457	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1458	}
1459	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1460	{
1461	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1462	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1463	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1464	}
1465	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1466	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1467
1468	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1469	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1470	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1471	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1472
1473	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1474	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1475	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1476	{
1477	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1478	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1479	}
1480	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1481	{
1482	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1483	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1484	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1485	}
1486
1487	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1488	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1489	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1490	{
1491	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1492	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1493	}
1494	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1495	{
1496	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1497	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1498	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1499	}
1500	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1501	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1502	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1503	{
1504	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1505	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1506	}
1507	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1508	{
1509	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1510	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1511	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1512	}
1513	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1514	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1515
1516	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1517	{
1518	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1519	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1520	}
1521	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1522	{
1523	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) {
1524	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr;
1525	}
1526	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1527	}
1528	;
1529
1530	downupdowneq:
1531	ErangeDown
1532	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1533	\| ErangeUpEq
1534	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1535	\| ErangeDownEq
1536	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1537	;
1538
1539	updown:
1540	'~'
1541	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1542	\| ErangeDown
1543	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1544	;
1545
1546	updowneq:
1547	updown
1548	\| ErangeUpEq
1549	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1550	\| ErangeDownEq
1551	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1552	;
1553
1554	jump_statement:
1555	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1556	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1557	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1558	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1559	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1560	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1561	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1562	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1563	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1564	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1565	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1566	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1567	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1568	\| CONTINUE ';'
1569	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1570	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1571	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1572	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1573	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1574	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1575	\| BREAK ';'
1576	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1577	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1578	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1579	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1580	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1581	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1582	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1583	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1584	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1585	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1586	\| SUSPEND ';'
1587	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1588	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1589	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1590	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1591	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1592	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1593	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1594	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1595	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1596	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1597	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1598	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1599	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1600	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1601	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1602	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1603	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1604	;
1605
1606	fall_through_name: // CFA
1607	FALLTHRU
1608	\| FALLTHROUGH
1609	;
1610
1611	with_statement:
1612	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1613	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1614	;
1615
1616	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1617	mutex_statement:
1618	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1619	{
1620	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1621	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1622	}
1623	;
1624
1625	when_clause:
1626	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1627	;
1628
1629	when_clause_opt:
1630	// empty
1631	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1632	\| when_clause
1633	;
1634
1635	cast_expression_list:
1636	cast_expression
1637	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1638	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1639	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1640	;
1641
1642	timeout:
1643	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1644	;
1645
1646	wor:
1647	OROR
1648	\| WOR
1649
1650	waitfor:
1651	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1652	{ $$ = $3; }
1653	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1654	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1655	;
1656
1657	wor_waitfor_clause:
1658	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1659	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1660	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1661	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1662	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1663	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1664	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1665	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1666	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1667	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1668	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1669	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1670	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1671	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1672	;
1673
1674	waitfor_statement:
1675	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1676	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1677	;
1678
1679	wand:
1680	ANDAND
1681	\| WAND
1682	;
1683
1684	waituntil:
1685	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1686	{ $$ = $3; }
1687	;
1688
1689	waituntil_clause:
1690	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1691	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1692	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1693	{ $$ = $2; }
1694	;
1695
1696	wand_waituntil_clause:
1697	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1698	{ $$ = $1; }
1699	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1700	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1701	;
1702
1703	wor_waituntil_clause:
1704	wand_waituntil_clause
1705	{ $$ = $1; }
1706	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1707	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1708	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1709	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1710	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1711	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_timeout( yylloc, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1712	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1713	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1714	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1715	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1716	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1,
1717	new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR,
1718	build_waituntil_timeout( yylloc, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ),
1719	build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ) ) ); }
1720	;
1721
1722	waituntil_statement:
1723	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1724	// SKULLDUGGERY: create an empty compound statement to test parsing of waituntil statement.
1725	{
1726	$$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) );
1727	// $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, nullptr ) );
1728	}
1729	;
1730
1731	exception_statement:
1732	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1733	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1734	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1735	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1736	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1737	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1738	;
1739
1740	handler_clause:
1741	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1742	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1743	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1744	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1745	;
1746
1747	handler_predicate_opt:
1748	// empty
1749	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1750	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1751	;
1752
1753	handler_key:
1754	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1755	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1756	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1757	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1758	;
1759
1760	finally_clause:
1761	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1762	;
1763
1764	exception_declaration:
1765	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1766	type_specifier_nobody
1767	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1768	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1769	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1770	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1771	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1772	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1773	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1774	;
1775
1776	enable_disable_statement:
1777	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1778	;
1779
1780	enable_disable_key:
1781	ENABLE
1782	\| DISABLE
1783	;
1784
1785	asm_statement:
1786	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1787	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1788	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1789	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1790	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1791	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1792	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1793	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1794	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1795	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1796	;
1797
1798	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1799	// empty
1800	{ $$ = false; }
1801	\| VOLATILE
1802	{ $$ = true; }
1803	;
1804
1805	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1806	// empty
1807	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1808	\| asm_operands_list
1809	;
1810
1811	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1812	asm_operand
1813	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1814	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1815	;
1816
1817	asm_operand: // GCC
1818	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1819	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1820	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1821	{
1822	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1823	delete $2.str;
1824	}
1825	;
1826
1827	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1828	// empty
1829	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1830	\| string_literal
1831	{ $$ = $1; }
1832	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1833	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1834	;
1835
1836	label_list:
1837	identifier
1838	{
1839	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1840	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1841	}
1842	\| label_list ',' identifier
1843	{
1844	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1845	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1846	}
1847	;
1848
1849	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1850
1851	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1852	// empty
1853	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1854	\| declaration_list
1855	;
1856
1857	declaration_list:
1858	declaration
1859	\| declaration_list declaration
1860	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1861	;
1862
1863	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1864	// empty
1865	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1866	\| KR_parameter_list
1867	;
1868
1869	KR_parameter_list:
1870	push c_declaration pop ';'
1871	{ $$ = $2; }
1872	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1873	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1874	;
1875
1876	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1877	// empty
1878	\| local_label_declaration_list
1879	;
1880
1881	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1882	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1883	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1884	;
1885
1886	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1887	identifier_or_type_name
1888	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1889	;
1890
1891	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1892	c_declaration ';'
1893	{
1894	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1895	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1896	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1897	// } // for
1898	}
1899	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1900	\| static_assert // C11
1901	;
1902
1903	static_assert:
1904	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1905	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
1906	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1907	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1908
1909	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1910	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1911	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1912	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1913	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1914	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1915	//
1916	// CFA C
1917	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1918	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1919
1920	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1921	cfa_variable_declaration
1922	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1923	\| cfa_function_declaration
1924	\| type_declaring_list
1925	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1926	\| trait_specifier
1927	;
1928
1929	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1930	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1931	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1932	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1933	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1934	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1935	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1936	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1937	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1938	;
1939
1940	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1941	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1942	// storage-class
1943	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1944	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1945	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1946	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1947	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1948	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1949	;
1950
1951	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1952	cfa_function_specifier
1953	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1954	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1955	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1956	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1957	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1958	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1959	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1960	{
1961	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1962	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1963	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1964	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1965	}
1966	;
1967
1968	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1969	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1970	// {
1971	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, nullptr, true );
1972	// }
1973	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1974	// {
1975	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1976	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1977	// }
1978	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1979	// {
1980	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1981	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1982	// }
1983	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1984	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1985	//
1986	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1987	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1988	//
1989	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1990	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1991	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1992	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1994	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1995	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1996	;
1997
1998	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1999	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
2000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2001	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2002	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
2003	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
2004	;
2005
2006	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
2007	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
2008	{
2009	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
2010	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2011	}
2012	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2013	{
2014	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2015	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2016	}
2017	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
2018	{
2019	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2020	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2021	}
2022	;
2023
2024	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2025	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2026
2027	typedef_declaration:
2028	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2029	{
2030	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2031	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2032	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2033	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2034	}
2035	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
2036	{
2037	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2038	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
2039	}
2040	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2041	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2042	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2043	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2044	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2045	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2046	;
2047
2048	typedef_expression:
2049	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2050	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2051	{
2052	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2053	}
2054	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
2055	{
2056	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2057	}
2058	;
2059
2060	c_declaration:
2061	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2062	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2063	\| typedef_declaration
2064	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2065	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2066	{
2067	assert( $1->type );
2068	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2069	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2070	}
2071	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2072	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2073	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2074	}
2075	}
2076	;
2077
2078	declaring_list:
2079	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2080	// storage-class
2081	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2082	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2083	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2084	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2085
2086	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2087	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2088	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2089	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2090
2091	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2092	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2093	;
2094
2095	general_function_declarator:
2096	function_type_redeclarator
2097	\| function_declarator
2098	;
2099
2100	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2101	basic_declaration_specifier
2102	\| type_declaration_specifier
2103	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2104	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2105	{
2106	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of ",
2107	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ),
2108	" declaration." ) );
2109	$$ = nullptr;
2110	}
2111	;
2112
2113	invalid_types:
2114	aggregate_key
2115	\| basic_type_name
2116	\| indirect_type
2117	;
2118
2119	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2120	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2121	//
2122	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2123	//
2124	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2125	basic_declaration_specifier
2126	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2127	\| type_declaration_specifier
2128	;
2129
2130	type_specifier: // type specifier
2131	basic_type_specifier
2132	\| sue_type_specifier
2133	\| type_type_specifier
2134	;
2135
2136	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2137	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2138	//
2139	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2140	//
2141	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2142	basic_type_specifier
2143	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2144	\| type_type_specifier
2145	;
2146
2147	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2148	// empty
2149	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2150	\| type_qualifier_list
2151	;
2152
2153	type_qualifier_list:
2154	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2155	//
2156	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2157	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2158	// appeared only once.
2159	type_qualifier
2160	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2161	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2162	;
2163
2164	type_qualifier:
2165	type_qualifier_name
2166	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
2167	;
2168
2169	type_qualifier_name:
2170	CONST
2171	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
2172	\| RESTRICT
2173	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
2174	\| VOLATILE
2175	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
2176	\| ATOMIC
2177	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
2178	\| forall
2179	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $1 ); }
2180	;
2181
2182	forall:
2183	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2184	{ $$ = $3; }
2185	;
2186
2187	declaration_qualifier_list:
2188	storage_class_list
2189	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2190	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2191	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2192	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2193	;
2194
2195	storage_class_list:
2196	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2197	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2198	//
2199	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2200	// specifiers in a declaration.
2201	storage_class
2202	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2203	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2204	;
2205
2206	storage_class:
2207	EXTERN
2208	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
2209	\| STATIC
2210	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
2211	\| AUTO
2212	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
2213	\| REGISTER
2214	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
2215	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2216	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalGcc ); }
2217	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2218	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalC11 ); }
2219	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2220	\| INLINE // C99
2221	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
2222	\| FORTRAN // C99
2223	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
2224	\| NORETURN // C11
2225	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
2226	;
2227
2228	basic_type_name:
2229	VOID
2230	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2231	\| BOOL // C99
2232	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2233	\| CHAR
2234	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2235	\| INT
2236	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2237	\| INT128
2238	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2239	\| UINT128
2240	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2241	\| FLOAT
2242	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2243	\| DOUBLE
2244	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2245	\| uuFLOAT80
2246	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2247	\| uuFLOAT128
2248	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2249	\| uFLOAT16
2250	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2251	\| uFLOAT32
2252	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2253	\| uFLOAT32X
2254	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2255	\| uFLOAT64
2256	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2257	\| uFLOAT64X
2258	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2259	\| uFLOAT128
2260	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2261	\| DECIMAL32
2262	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2263	\| DECIMAL64
2264	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2265	\| DECIMAL128
2266	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2267	\| COMPLEX // C99
2268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2269	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2271	\| SIGNED
2272	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2273	\| UNSIGNED
2274	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2275	\| SHORT
2276	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2277	\| LONG
2278	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2279	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2280	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2281	\| AUTO_TYPE
2282	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2283	\| vtable
2284	;
2285
2286	vtable_opt:
2287	// empty
2288	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2289	\| vtable
2290	;
2291
2292	vtable:
2293	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2294	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2295	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2296	;
2297
2298	default_opt:
2299	// empty
2300	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2301	\| DEFAULT
2302	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2303	;
2304
2305	basic_declaration_specifier:
2306	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2307	basic_type_specifier
2308	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2309	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2310	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2311	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2312	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2313	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2314	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2315	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2316	;
2317
2318	basic_type_specifier:
2319	direct_type
2320	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2321	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2322	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2323	;
2324
2325	direct_type:
2326	basic_type_name
2327	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2328	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2329	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2330	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2331	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2332	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2333	;
2334
2335	indirect_type:
2336	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2337	{ $$ = $3; }
2338	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2340	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2342	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2343	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2344	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2345	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2346	\| ONE_T // CFA
2347	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2348	;
2349
2350	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2351	sue_type_specifier
2352	{
2353	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2354	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2355	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2356	// } // for
2357	}
2358	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2359	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2360	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2361	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2362	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2363	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2364	;
2365
2366	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2367	elaborated_type
2368	{
2369	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2370	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2371	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2372	// } // for
2373	}
2374	\| type_qualifier_list
2375	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2376	elaborated_type
2377	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2378	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2379	{
2380	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2381	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2382	}
2383	;
2384
2385	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2386	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2387	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2388	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2389	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2390	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2391	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2392	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2393	;
2394
2395	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2396	elaborated_type_nobody
2397	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2398	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2399	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2400	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2401	;
2402
2403	type_declaration_specifier:
2404	type_type_specifier
2405	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2406	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2407	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2408	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2409	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2410	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2411	;
2412
2413	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2414	type_name
2415	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2416	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2417	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2418	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2419	;
2420
2421	type_name:
2422	TYPEDEFname
2423	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2424	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2425	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2426	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2427	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2428	\| typegen_name
2429	\| '.' typegen_name
2430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2431	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2432	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2433	;
2434
2435	typegen_name: // CFA
2436	TYPEGENname
2437	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2438	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2439	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2440	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2441	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2442	;
2443
2444	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2445	aggregate_type
2446	{
2447	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2448	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2449	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2450	// } // for
2451	}
2452	\| enum_type
2453	;
2454
2455	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2456	aggregate_type_nobody
2457	\| enum_type_nobody
2458	;
2459
2460	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2461	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2462	{ forall = false; } // reset
2463	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2464	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2465	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2466	{
2467	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2468	forall = false; // reset
2469	}
2470	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2471	{
2472	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2473	}
2474	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2475	{
2476	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2477	forall = false; // reset
2478	}
2479	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2480	{
2481	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2482	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2483	}
2484	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2485	{
2486	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2487	forall = false; // reset
2488	}
2489	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2490	{
2491	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2492	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2493	}
2494	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2495	;
2496
2497	type_parameters_opt:
2498	// empty
2499	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2500	\| '(' type_list ')'
2501	{ $$ = $2; }
2502	;
2503
2504	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2505	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2506	{
2507	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2508	forall = false; // reset
2509	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2510	}
2511	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2512	{
2513	forall = false; // reset
2514	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2515	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2516	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2517	if ( $3->type->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->type->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2518	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 );
2519	} else {
2520	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2521	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2522	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2523	delete $3;
2524	}
2525	}
2526	;
2527
2528	aggregate_key:
2529	aggregate_data
2530	\| aggregate_control
2531	;
2532
2533	aggregate_data:
2534	STRUCT vtable_opt
2535	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2536	\| UNION
2537	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2538	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2539	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2540	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2541	;
2542
2543	aggregate_control: // CFA
2544	MONITOR
2545	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2546	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2547	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2548	\| GENERATOR
2549	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2550	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2551	{
2552	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2553	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2554	}
2555	\| COROUTINE
2556	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2557	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2558	{
2559	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2560	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2561	}
2562	\| THREAD
2563	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2564	\| MUTEX THREAD
2565	{
2566	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2567	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2568	}
2569	;
2570
2571	field_declaration_list_opt:
2572	// empty
2573	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2574	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2575	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2576	;
2577
2578	field_declaration:
2579	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2580	{
2581	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2582	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2583	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2584	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2585	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2586	// } // for
2587	}
2588	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2589	{
2590	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." ) );
2591	$$ = nullptr;
2592	}
2593	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2594	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2595	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2596	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2597	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2598	{
2599	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2600	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2601	} // if
2602	$3->inLine = true;
2603	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2604	distInl( $3 );
2605	}
2606	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2607	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2608	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2609	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2610	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2611	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2612	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2613	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2614	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2615	\| static_assert // C11
2616	;
2617
2618	field_declaring_list_opt:
2619	// empty
2620	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2621	\| field_declarator
2622	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2623	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2624	;
2625
2626	field_declarator:
2627	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2628	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2629	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2630	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2631	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2632	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2633	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2634	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2635	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2636	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2637	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2638	;
2639
2640	field_abstract_list_opt:
2641	// empty
2642	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2643	\| field_abstract
2644	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2645	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2646	;
2647
2648	field_abstract:
2649	// no bit fields
2650	variable_abstract_declarator
2651	;
2652
2653	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2654	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2655	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2656	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2657	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2658	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2659	;
2660
2661	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2662	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2663	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2664	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2665	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2666	;
2667
2668	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2669	// empty
2670	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2671	\| bit_subrange_size
2672	;
2673
2674	bit_subrange_size:
2675	':' assignment_expression
2676	{ $$ = $2; }
2677	;
2678
2679	enum_type:
2680	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2681	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2682	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2683	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2684	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2685	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2686	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2687	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2688	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2689	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2690	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2691	{
2692	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
2693	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2694	}
2695	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2696	}
2697	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2698	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2699	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2700	{
2701	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2702	}
2703	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2704	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2705	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2706	{
2707	if ( $3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) {
2708	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2709	}
2710	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6, "enum_type 2" );
2711	}
2712	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2713	{
2714	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2715	}
2716	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2717	{
2718	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2719	}
2720	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2721	{
2722	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2723	}
2724	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2725	{
2726	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2727	}
2728	\| enum_type_nobody
2729	;
2730
2731	hide_opt:
2732	// empty
2733	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2734	\| '!'
2735	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2736	;
2737
2738	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2739	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2740	{
2741	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2742	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2743	}
2744	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2745	{
2746	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2747	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2748	}
2749	;
2750
2751	enumerator_list:
2752	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2753	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2754	\| INLINE type_name
2755	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->type->symbolic.name ); }
2756	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2757	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2758	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2759	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2760	;
2761
2762	visible_hide_opt:
2763	hide_opt
2764	\| '^'
2765	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2766	;
2767
2768	enumerator_value_opt:
2769	// empty
2770	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2771	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2772	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2773	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2774	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2775	;
2776
2777	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2778	// empty
2779	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2780	\| ELLIPSIS
2781	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2782	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2783	\| cfa_parameter_list
2784	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2785	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2786	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2787	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2788	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2789	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2790	;
2791
2792	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2793	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2794	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2795	cfa_parameter_declaration
2796	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2797	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2798	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2799	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2800	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2801	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2802	;
2803
2804	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2805	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2806	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2807	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2808	;
2809
2810	parameter_type_list_opt:
2811	// empty
2812	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2813	\| ELLIPSIS
2814	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2815	\| parameter_list
2816	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2817	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2818	;
2819
2820	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2821	abstract_parameter_declaration
2822	\| parameter_declaration
2823	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2824	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2825	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2826	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2827	;
2828
2829	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2830	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2831
2832	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2833	parameter_declaration
2834	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2835	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2836	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2837	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2838	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2839	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2840	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2841	\| cfa_function_specifier
2842	;
2843
2844	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2845	abstract_parameter_declaration
2846	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2847	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2848	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2849	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2850	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2851	\| cfa_abstract_function
2852	;
2853
2854	parameter_declaration:
2855	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2856	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2857	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2858	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2859	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2860	;
2861
2862	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2863	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2864	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2865	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2866	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2867	;
2868
2869	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2870	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2871	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2872
2873	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2874	identifier
2875	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2876	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2877	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2878	;
2879
2880	identifier_or_type_name:
2881	identifier
2882	\| TYPEDEFname
2883	\| TYPEGENname
2884	;
2885
2886	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2887	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2888	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2889	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2890	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2891	;
2892
2893	type: // typeof, assertion
2894	type_no_function
2895	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2896	;
2897
2898	initializer_opt:
2899	// empty
2900	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2901	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2902	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2903	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2904	;
2905
2906	initializer:
2907	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2908	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2909	;
2910
2911	initializer_list_opt:
2912	// empty
2913	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2914	\| initializer
2915	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2916	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2917	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2918	;
2919
2920	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2921	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2922	//
2923	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2924	//
2925	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2926	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2927	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2928	// shift/reduce conflicts
2929
2930	designation:
2931	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2932	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2933	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2934	;
2935
2936	designator_list: // C99
2937	designator
2938	\| designator_list designator
2939	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2940	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2941	;
2942
2943	designator:
2944	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2945	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
2946	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2947	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2948	{ $$ = $3; }
2949	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2950	{ $$ = $3; }
2951	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2952	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
2953	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2954	{ $$ = $4; }
2955	;
2956
2957	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2958	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2959	//
2960	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2961	//
2962	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2963	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2964	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2965	//
2966	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2967	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2968	//
2969	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2970	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2971	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2972	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2973	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2974
2975	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2976	type_parameter
2977	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2978	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2979	;
2980
2981	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2982	// empty
2983	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2984	\| '=' type
2985	{ $$ = $2; }
2986	;
2987
2988	type_parameter: // CFA
2989	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2990	{
2991	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
2992	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2993	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2994	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2995	}
2996	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2997	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2998	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2999	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
3000	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3001	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3002	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
3003	{
3004	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
3005	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
3006	}
3007	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
3008	\| assertion_list
3009	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
3010	;
3011
3012	new_type_class: // CFA
3013	// empty
3014	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3015	\| '&'
3016	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3017	\| '*'
3018	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
3019	// \| '(' '*' ')'
3020	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3021	\| ELLIPSIS
3022	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3023	;
3024
3025	type_class: // CFA
3026	OTYPE
3027	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3028	\| DTYPE
3029	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3030	\| FTYPE
3031	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3032	\| TTYPE
3033	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3034	;
3035
3036	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3037	// empty
3038	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3039	\| assertion_list
3040	;
3041
3042	assertion_list: // CFA
3043	assertion
3044	\| assertion_list assertion
3045	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
3046	;
3047
3048	assertion: // CFA
3049	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3050	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3051	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3052	{ $$ = $4; }
3053	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3054	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3055	;
3056
3057	type_list: // CFA
3058	type
3059	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3060	\| assignment_expression
3061	\| type_list ',' type
3062	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3063	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3064	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
3065	;
3066
3067	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3068	OTYPE type_declarator
3069	{ $$ = $2; }
3070	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3071	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3072	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3073	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3074	;
3075
3076	type_declarator: // CFA
3077	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3078	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3079	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3080	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3081	;
3082
3083	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3084	identifier_or_type_name
3085	{
3086	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3087	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3088	}
3089	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3090	{
3091	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3092	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3093	}
3094	;
3095
3096	trait_specifier: // CFA
3097	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3098	{
3099	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3100	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3101	}
3102	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3103	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3104	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3105	{
3106	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3107	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3108	}
3109	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3110	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3111	;
3112
3113	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3114	trait_declaration
3115	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3116	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
3117	;
3118
3119	trait_declaration: // CFA
3120	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3121	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3122	;
3123
3124	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3125	cfa_variable_specifier
3126	\| cfa_function_specifier
3127	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3128	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3129	;
3130
3131	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3132	type_specifier declarator
3133	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3134	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3135	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3136	;
3137
3138	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3139
3140	translation_unit:
3141	// empty, input file
3142	\| external_definition_list
3143	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
3144	;
3145
3146	external_definition_list:
3147	push external_definition pop
3148	{ $$ = $2; }
3149	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3150	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
3151	;
3152
3153	external_definition_list_opt:
3154	// empty
3155	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3156	\| external_definition_list
3157	;
3158
3159	up:
3160	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3161	;
3162
3163	down:
3164	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3165	;
3166
3167	external_definition:
3168	DIRECTIVE
3169	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3170	\| declaration
3171	{
3172	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3173	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3174	// disallowed at the moment.
3175	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static && $1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3176	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3177	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3178	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3179	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3180	}
3181	}
3182	}
3183	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3184	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3185	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3186	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3187	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3188	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3189	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3190	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3191	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3192	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3193	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3194	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3195	\| external_function_definition
3196	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3197	{
3198	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3199	$$ = $2;
3200	}
3201	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3202	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3203	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3204	{
3205	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3206	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3207	}
3208	up external_definition down
3209	{
3210	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3211	linkageStack.pop();
3212	$$ = $5;
3213	}
3214	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3215	{
3216	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3217	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3218	}
3219	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3220	{
3221	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3222	linkageStack.pop();
3223	$$ = $6;
3224	}
3225	// global distribution
3226	\| type_qualifier_list
3227	{
3228	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3229	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3230	}
3231	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3232	}
3233	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3234	{
3235	distQual( $5, $1 );
3236	forall = false;
3237	$$ = $5;
3238	}
3239	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3240	{
3241	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3242	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3243	}
3244	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3245	}
3246	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3247	{
3248	distQual( $5, $1 );
3249	forall = false;
3250	$$ = $5;
3251	}
3252	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3253	{
3254	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3255	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3256	}
3257	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3258	}
3259	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3260	{
3261	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3262	forall = false;
3263	$$ = $6;
3264	}
3265	;
3266
3267	external_function_definition:
3268	function_definition
3269	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3270	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3271	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3272	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3273	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3274	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3275	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3276	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3277	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3278	;
3279
3280	with_clause_opt:
3281	// empty
3282	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3283	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3284	{
3285	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3286	if ( $5 ) {
3287	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3288	$$ = nullptr;
3289	} // if
3290	}
3291	;
3292
3293	function_definition:
3294	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3295	{
3296	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3297	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3298	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3299	$$ = $1;
3300	}
3301	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3302	{
3303	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3304	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3305	}
3306	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3307	{
3308	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3309	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3310	}
3311	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3312	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3313	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3314	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3315	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3316	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3317	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3318	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3319	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3320
3321	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3322	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3323	{
3324	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3325	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3326	}
3327	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3328	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3329	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3330	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3331	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3332	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3333	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3334	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3335	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3336	;
3337
3338	declarator:
3339	variable_declarator
3340	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3341	\| function_declarator
3342	\| function_type_redeclarator
3343	;
3344
3345	subrange:
3346	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3347	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3348	;
3349
3350	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3351	// empty
3352	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3353	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3354	{
3355	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3356	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3357	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3358	}
3359	;
3360
3361	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3362	// empty
3363	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3364	\| attribute_list
3365	;
3366
3367	attribute_list: // GCC
3368	attribute
3369	\| attribute_list attribute
3370	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3371	;
3372
3373	attribute: // GCC
3374	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3375	{ $$ = $4; }
3376	;
3377
3378	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3379	attribute_name
3380	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3381	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3382	;
3383
3384	attribute_name: // GCC
3385	// empty
3386	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3387	\| attr_name
3388	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3389	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3390	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3391	;
3392
3393	attr_name: // GCC
3394	IDENTIFIER
3395	\| quasi_keyword
3396	\| TYPEDEFname
3397	\| TYPEGENname
3398	\| FALLTHROUGH
3399	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3400	\| CONST
3401	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3402	;
3403
3404	// ============================================================================
3405	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3406	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3407	// in:
3408	//
3409	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3410	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3411	//
3412	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3413	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3414	// ============================================================================
3415
3416	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3417	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3418	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3419	//
3420	// valid declaration invalid definition
3421	// ----------------- ------------------
3422	// int f; int f {}
3423	// int f; int f {}
3424	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3425	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3426	//
3427	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3428	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3429	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3430
3431	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3432	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3433
3434	paren_identifier:
3435	identifier_at
3436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3437	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3438	{ $$ = $2; }
3439	;
3440
3441	variable_declarator:
3442	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3443	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3444	\| variable_ptr
3445	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3446	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3447	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3448	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3449	;
3450
3451	variable_ptr:
3452	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3453	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3454	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3455	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3456	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3457	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3458	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3459	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3460	;
3461
3462	variable_array:
3463	paren_identifier array_dimension
3464	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3465	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3466	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3467	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3468	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3469	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3470	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3471	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3472	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3473	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3474	{ $$ = $2; }
3475	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3476	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3477	;
3478
3479	variable_function:
3480	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3481	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3482	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3483	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3484	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3485	{ $$ = $2; }
3486	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3487	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3488	;
3489
3490	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3491	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3492	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3493
3494	function_declarator:
3495	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3496	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3497	\| function_ptr
3498	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3499	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3500	;
3501
3502	function_no_ptr:
3503	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3504	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3505	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3506	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3507	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3508	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3509	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3510	{ $$ = $2; }
3511	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3512	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3513	;
3514
3515	function_ptr:
3516	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3517	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3518	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3519	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3520	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3521	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3522	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3523	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3524	;
3525
3526	function_array:
3527	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3528	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3529	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3530	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3531	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3532	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3533	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3534	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3535	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3536	{ $$ = $2; }
3537	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3538	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3539	;
3540
3541	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3542	//
3543	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3544	//
3545	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3546	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3547
3548	KR_function_declarator:
3549	KR_function_no_ptr
3550	\| KR_function_ptr
3551	\| KR_function_array
3552	;
3553
3554	KR_function_no_ptr:
3555	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3556	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3557	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3558	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3559	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3560	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3561	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3562	{ $$ = $2; }
3563	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3564	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3565	;
3566
3567	KR_function_ptr:
3568	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3569	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3570	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3571	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3572	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3573	{ $$ = $2; }
3574	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3575	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3576	;
3577
3578	KR_function_array:
3579	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3580	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3581	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3582	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3583	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3584	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3585	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3586	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3587	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3588	{ $$ = $2; }
3589	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3590	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3591	;
3592
3593	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3594	//
3595	// typedef int foo;
3596	// {
3597	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3598	// }
3599
3600	paren_type:
3601	typedef_name
3602	{
3603	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3604	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3605	}
3606	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3607	{ $$ = $2; }
3608	;
3609
3610	variable_type_redeclarator:
3611	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3612	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3613	\| variable_type_ptr
3614	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3615	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3616	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3617	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3618	;
3619
3620	variable_type_ptr:
3621	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3622	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3623	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3624	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3625	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3626	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3627	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3628	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3629	;
3630
3631	variable_type_array:
3632	paren_type array_dimension
3633	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3634	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3635	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3636	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3637	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3638	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3639	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3640	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3641	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3642	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3643	{ $$ = $2; }
3644	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3645	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3646	;
3647
3648	variable_type_function:
3649	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3650	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3651	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3652	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3653	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3654	{ $$ = $2; }
3655	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3656	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3657	;
3658
3659	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3660	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3661	// arrays and functions.
3662
3663	function_type_redeclarator:
3664	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3665	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3666	\| function_type_ptr
3667	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3668	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3669	;
3670
3671	function_type_no_ptr:
3672	paren_type '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3673	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3674	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3675	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3676	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3677	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3678	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3679	{ $$ = $2; }
3680	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3681	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3682	;
3683
3684	function_type_ptr:
3685	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3686	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3687	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3688	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3689	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3690	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3691	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3692	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3693	;
3694
3695	function_type_array:
3696	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3697	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3698	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3699	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3700	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3701	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3702	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3703	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3704	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3705	{ $$ = $2; }
3706	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3707	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3708	;
3709
3710	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3711	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3712	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3713	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3714
3715	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3716	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3717	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3718	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3719	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3720	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3721	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3722	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3723	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3724	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3725	;
3726
3727	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3728	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3729	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3730	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3731	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3732	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3733	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3734	;
3735
3736	identifier_parameter_array:
3737	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3738	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3739	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3740	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3741	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3742	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3743	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3744	{ $$ = $2; }
3745	;
3746
3747	identifier_parameter_function:
3748	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3749	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3750	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3751	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3752	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3753	{ $$ = $2; }
3754	;
3755
3756	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3757	// e.g.:
3758	//
3759	// typedef int foo;
3760	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3761	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3762	//
3763	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3764
3765	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3766	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3767	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3768	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3769	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3770	\| type_parameter_ptr
3771	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3772	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3773	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3774	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3775	;
3776
3777	typedef_name:
3778	TYPEDEFname
3779	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3780	\| TYPEGENname
3781	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3782	;
3783
3784	type_parameter_ptr:
3785	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3786	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3787	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3788	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3789	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3790	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3791	;
3792
3793	type_parameter_array:
3794	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3795	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3796	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3797	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3798	;
3799
3800	type_parameter_function:
3801	typedef_name '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3802	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3803	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3804	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3805	;
3806
3807	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3808	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3809	//
3810	// sizeof( int );
3811	// sizeof( int * );
3812	// sizeof( int [10] );
3813	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3814	// sizeof( int () );
3815	//
3816	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3817	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3818
3819	abstract_declarator:
3820	abstract_ptr
3821	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3822	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3823	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3824	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3825	;
3826
3827	abstract_ptr:
3828	ptrref_operator
3829	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3830	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3831	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3832	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3833	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3834	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3835	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3836	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3837	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3838	;
3839
3840	abstract_array:
3841	array_dimension
3842	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3843	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3844	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3845	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3846	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3847	{ $$ = $2; }
3848	;
3849
3850	abstract_function:
3851	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3852	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3853	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3854	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3855	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3856	{ $$ = $2; }
3857	;
3858
3859	array_dimension:
3860	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3861	'[' ']'
3862	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3863	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3865	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3866	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3867	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3868	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3869	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3870	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3871	\| multi_array_dimension
3872	;
3873
3874	array_type_list:
3875	basic_type_name
3876	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3877	\| type_name
3878	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3879	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3880	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3881	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3882	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3883	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3884	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3885	;
3886
3887	upupeq:
3888	'~'
3889	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3890	\| ErangeUpEq
3891	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3892	;
3893
3894	multi_array_dimension:
3895	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3897	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3898	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3899	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3900	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3901	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3902	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3903	;
3904
3905	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3906	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3907	//
3908	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3909	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3910	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3911	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3912	//
3913	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3914	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3915	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3916	//
3917	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3918	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3919	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3920	//
3921	// For example:
3922	//
3923	// typedef float T;
3924	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3925	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3926	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3927	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3928	//
3929	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3930	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3931	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3932	// functions.
3933
3934	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
3935	// empty
3936	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3937	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
3938	;
3939
3940	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3941	abstract_parameter_ptr
3942	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3943	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3944	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3945	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3946	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3947	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3948	;
3949
3950	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3951	ptrref_operator
3952	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3953	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3954	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3955	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3956	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3957	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3958	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3959	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3960	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3961	;
3962
3963	abstract_parameter_array:
3964	array_parameter_dimension
3965	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3966	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3967	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3968	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3969	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3970	{ $$ = $2; }
3971	;
3972
3973	abstract_parameter_function:
3974	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3975	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3976	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3977	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3978	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3979	{ $$ = $2; }
3980	;
3981
3982	array_parameter_dimension:
3983	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3984	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3985	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3986	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3987	\| multi_array_dimension
3988	;
3989
3990	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3991	//
3992	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3993	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3994
3995	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3996	'[' ']'
3997	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3998	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3999	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4001	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
4002	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
4003	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
4004	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4005	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4006	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
4007	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
4008	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
4009	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
4010	;
4011
4012	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
4013	//
4014	// struct S {
4015	// int;
4016	// int *;
4017	// int [10];
4018	// int (*)();
4019	// };
4020
4021	variable_abstract_declarator:
4022	variable_abstract_ptr
4023	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4024	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4025	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4026	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4027	;
4028
4029	variable_abstract_ptr:
4030	ptrref_operator
4031	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4032	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4033	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4034	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4035	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4036	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4037	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4038	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4039	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4040	;
4041
4042	variable_abstract_array:
4043	array_dimension
4044	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4045	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4046	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4047	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4048	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4049	{ $$ = $2; }
4050	;
4051
4052	variable_abstract_function:
4053	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4054	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4055	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4056	{ $$ = $2; }
4057	;
4058
4059	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4060	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4061
4062	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4063	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4064	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4065	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4066	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4067	;
4068
4069	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4070	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4071	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4072	;
4073
4074	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4075	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4076	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4077	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4078	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4079	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4080	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4081	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4082	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4083	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4084	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4085	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4086	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4087	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4088	;
4089
4090	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4091	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4092	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4093	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4094	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4095	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4096	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4097	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4098	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4099	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4100	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4101	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4102	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4103
4104	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4105	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4106	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4107	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4108	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4109	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4110	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4111	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4112	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4113	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4114	;
4115
4116	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4117	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4118	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4119	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4120	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4121	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4122	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4123	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4124	// appear in this context.
4125	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4126	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4127	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4128	;
4129
4130	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4131	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4132	//
4133	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4134	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4135	//
4136	// These rules need LR(3):
4137	//
4138	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4139	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4140	//
4141	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4142	//
4143	// [int, int] t;
4144	// [int, int] f( int );
4145	//
4146	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4147	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4148	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4149	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4150
4151	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4152	cfa_abstract_tuple
4153	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4154	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4155	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4156	;
4157
4158	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4159	cfa_abstract_ptr
4160	\| cfa_abstract_array
4161	;
4162
4163	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4164	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4165	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4166	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4167	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4168	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4169	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4170	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4171	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4172	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4173	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4174	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4175	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4176	;
4177
4178	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4179	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4180	// empty (void) function return type.
4181	'[' ']' type_specifier
4182	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4183	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4184	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4185	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4186	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4187	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4188	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4189	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4190	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4191	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4192	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4193	;
4194
4195	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4196	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4197	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4198	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4199	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4200	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4201	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4202	;
4203
4204	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4205	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4206	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4207	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4208	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4209	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4210	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4211	;
4212
4213	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4214	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4215	//
4216	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4217	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4218	//
4219	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4220	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4221	//
4222	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4223	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4224
4225	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4226
4227	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4228	// empty
4229	\| ','
4230	;
4231
4232	default_initializer_opt:
4233	// empty
4234	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4235	\| '=' assignment_expression
4236	{ $$ = $2; }
4237	;
4238
4239	%%
4240
4241	// ----end of grammar----
4242
4243	// Local Variables: //
4244	// mode: c++ //
4245	// tab-width: 4 //
4246	// compile-command: "make install" //
4247	// End: //

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