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parser.yy @ 5ea06d6

ADTaaron-thesisarm-ehast-experimentalcleanup-dtorsdeferred_resndemanglerenumforall-pointer-decayjacob/cs343-translationjenkins-sandboxnew-astnew-ast-unique-exprnew-envno_listpersistent-indexerpthread-emulationqualifiedEnumresolv-newwith_gc

Last change on this file since 5ea06d6 was fbcde64, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
remove duplication in compound literal, support aggregate-type compound literals
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 111.0 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Thu Mar 30 15:42:32 2017
13	// Update Count : 2318
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68
69	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
70	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
71	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
72	//cur->addType( specifier );
73	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
74	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
75	} // for
76	declList->addType( cl );
77	// delete cl;
78	return declList;
79	} // distAttr
80
81	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
82	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
83	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
84	iter->set_extension( true );
85	} // for
86	} // distExt
87	%}
88
89	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
90
91	// keywords
92	%token TYPEDEF
93	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
94	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
95	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
96	%token NORETURN // C11
97	%token CONST VOLATILE
98	%token RESTRICT // C99
99	%token ATOMIC // C11
100	%token FORALL LVALUE MUTEX // CFA
101	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED ZERO_T ONE_T
102	%token VALIST // GCC
103	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
104	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
105	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
106	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
107	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
108	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
109	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
110	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
111	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
112	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
113	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
114
115	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
116	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
117	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
118	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
119	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
120	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
121	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
122	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
123	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
124
125	// multi-character operators
126	%token ARROW // ->
127	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
128	%token LS RS // << >>
129	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
130	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
131	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
132
133	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
134	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
135	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
136	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
137
138	%token ATassign // @=
139
140	// Types declaration
141	%union
142	{
143	Token tok;
144	ParseNode * pn;
145	ExpressionNode * en;
146	DeclarationNode * decl;
147	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
148	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
149	StatementNode * sn;
150	ConstantExpr * constant;
151	ForCtl * fctl;
152	LabelNode * label;
153	InitializerNode * in;
154	OperKinds op;
155	std::string * str;
156	bool flag;
157	}
158
159	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
160	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
161	%type<constant> string_literal
162	%type<str> string_literal_list
163
164	// expressions
165	%type<en> constant
166	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
167	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
168	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
169	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
170	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
171	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
172	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
173	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
174	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
175	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
176	%type<en> subrange
177	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
178	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
179	%type<label> label_list
180	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
181	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
182
183	// statements
184	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
185	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
186	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
187	%type<sn> statement statement_list
188	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
189	%type<sn> case_clause
190	%type<en> case_value
191	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
192	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
193	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
194
195	// declarations
196	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
197	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
198	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
199
200	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
201	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
202
203	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
204
205	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
206
207	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
208
209	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
210
211	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
212	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
213
214	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
215
216	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
217	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
218
219	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
220
221	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
222	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
223
224	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
225
226	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
227	%type<decl> identifier_list
228
229	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
230	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
231	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
232
233	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
234
235	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
236	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
237
238	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
239	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
240
241	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
242
243	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
244
245	%type<decl> c_declaration
246	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
247	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
248
249	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
250	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
251
252	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
253
254	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
255
256	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
257
258	%type<tclass> type_class
259	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
260
261	%type<decl> typedef typedef_type_specifier typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
262
263	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
264
265	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
266	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
267
268	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
269	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
270
271	%type<en> type_name_list
272
273	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
274	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
275
276	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
277	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
278
279	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
280
281	// initializers
282	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
283
284	// designators
285	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
286
287
288	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
289	// is ambiguous:
290	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
291	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
292	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
293
294	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
295	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
296
297	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
298
299	%%
300	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
301
302	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
303	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
304	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
305	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
306	//
307	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
308	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
309	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
310	//
311	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
312	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
313	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
314	//
315	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
316	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
317	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
318	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
319	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
320	//
321	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
322	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
323	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
324	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
325	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
326	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
327	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
328
329	push:
330	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
331	;
332
333	pop:
334	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
335	;
336
337	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
338
339	constant:
340	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
341	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
342	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
343	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
344	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
345	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
346	;
347
348	identifier:
349	IDENTIFIER
350	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
351	\| zero_one // CFA
352	;
353
354	no_01_identifier:
355	IDENTIFIER
356	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
357	;
358
359	no_attr_identifier:
360	IDENTIFIER
361	\| zero_one // CFA
362	;
363
364	zero_one: // CFA
365	ZERO
366	\| ONE
367	;
368
369	string_literal:
370	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
371	;
372
373	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
374	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
375	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
376	{
377	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
378	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
379	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
380	}
381	;
382
383	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
384
385	primary_expression:
386	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
387	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
388	\| zero_one
389	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ) ); }
390	\| tuple
391	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
392	{ $$ = $2; }
393	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
394	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
395	;
396
397	postfix_expression:
398	primary_expression
399	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
400	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
401	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
402	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
403	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
404	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
405	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
406	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
407	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
408	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
409	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
410	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
411	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
412	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
413	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
414	{
415	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
416	}
417	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
418	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
419	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
420	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
421	\| postfix_expression ICR
422	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
423	\| postfix_expression DECR
424	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
425	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
426	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
427	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
428	{
429	Token fn;
430	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
431	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
432	}
433	;
434
435	argument_expression_list:
436	argument_expression
437	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
438	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
439	;
440
441	argument_expression:
442	// empty
443	{ $$ = nullptr; }
444	// \| '@' // use default argument
445	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
446	\| assignment_expression
447	;
448
449	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
450	field
451	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
452	;
453
454	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
455	field_name
456	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
457	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
458	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
459	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
460	\| field_name '.' field
461	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
462	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
463	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
464	\| field_name ARROW field
465	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
466	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
467	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
468	;
469
470	field_name:
471	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
472	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
473	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
474	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
475	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
476	{
477	if( ($1) == "0" \|\| ($1) == "1" ) {
478	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ), $2 ) );
479	} else {
480	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
481	}
482	}
483	;
484
485	fraction_constants:
486	// empty
487	{ $$ = nullptr; }
488	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
489	{
490	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
491	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
492	}
493	;
494
495	unary_expression:
496	postfix_expression
497	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
498	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
499	\| constant
500	{ $$ = $1; }
501	\| string_literal
502	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
503	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
504	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
505	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
506	// { * X; } // dereference X
507	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
508	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
509	{
510	switch ( $1 ) {
511	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
512	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
513	break;
514	case OperKinds::PointTo:
515	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
516	break;
517	default:
518	assert( false );
519	}
520	}
521	\| unary_operator cast_expression
522	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
523	\| ICR unary_expression
524	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
525	\| DECR unary_expression
526	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
527	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
528	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
529	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
530	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
531	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
532	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
533	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
534	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
535	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
536	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
537	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
538	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
539	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
540	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
541	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
542	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
543	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
544	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
545	;
546
547	ptrref_operator:
548	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
549	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
550	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
551	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
552	;
553
554	unary_operator:
555	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
556	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
557	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
558	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
559	;
560
561	cast_expression:
562	unary_expression
563	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
564	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
565	// \| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
566	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
567	;
568
569	multiplicative_expression:
570	cast_expression
571	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
573	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
575	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
576	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
577	;
578
579	additive_expression:
580	multiplicative_expression
581	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
585	;
586
587	shift_expression:
588	additive_expression
589	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
590	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
591	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
593	;
594
595	relational_expression:
596	shift_expression
597	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
598	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
599	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
603	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
604	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
605	;
606
607	equality_expression:
608	relational_expression
609	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
610	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
611	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
613	;
614
615	AND_expression:
616	equality_expression
617	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
618	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
619	;
620
621	exclusive_OR_expression:
622	AND_expression
623	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
624	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
625	;
626
627	inclusive_OR_expression:
628	exclusive_OR_expression
629	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
630	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
631	;
632
633	logical_AND_expression:
634	inclusive_OR_expression
635	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
636	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
637	;
638
639	logical_OR_expression:
640	logical_AND_expression
641	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
642	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
643	;
644
645	conditional_expression:
646	logical_OR_expression
647	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
648	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
649	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
650	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
651	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
652	// \| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
653	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
654	;
655
656	constant_expression:
657	conditional_expression
658	;
659
660	assignment_expression:
661	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
662	conditional_expression
663	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
664	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
665	// \| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
666	// { $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
667	;
668
669	assignment_expression_opt:
670	// empty
671	{ $$ = nullptr; }
672	\| assignment_expression
673	;
674
675	assignment_operator:
676	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
677	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
678	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
679	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
680	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
681	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
682	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
683	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
684	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
685	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
686	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
687	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
688	;
689
690	tuple: // CFA, tuple
691	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
692	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
693	// '[' ']'
694	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
695	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
696	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
697	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
698	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
699	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
700	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
701	;
702
703	tuple_expression_list:
704	assignment_expression_opt
705	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
706	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
707	;
708
709	comma_expression:
710	assignment_expression
711	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
712	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
713	;
714
715	comma_expression_opt:
716	// empty
717	{ $$ = nullptr; }
718	\| comma_expression
719	;
720
721	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
722
723	statement:
724	labeled_statement
725	\| compound_statement
726	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
727	\| selection_statement
728	\| iteration_statement
729	\| jump_statement
730	\| exception_statement
731	\| asm_statement
732	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
733	{
734	Token fn;
735	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
736	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
737	}
738	;
739
740	labeled_statement:
741	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
742	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
743	{
744	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
745	}
746	;
747
748	compound_statement:
749	'{' '}'
750	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
751	\| '{'
752	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
753	// requires its own scope.
754	push push
755	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
756	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
757	pop '}'
758	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
759	;
760
761	block_item_list: // C99
762	block_item
763	\| block_item_list push block_item
764	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
765	;
766
767	block_item:
768	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
769	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
770	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
771	{
772	distExt( $2 );
773	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
774	}
775	\| function_definition
776	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
777	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
778	{
779	distExt( $2 );
780	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
781	}
782	\| statement pop
783	;
784
785	statement_list:
786	statement
787	\| statement_list statement
788	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
789	;
790
791	expression_statement:
792	comma_expression_opt ';'
793	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
794	;
795
796	selection_statement:
797	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
798	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
799	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
800	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
801	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
802	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
803	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
804	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
805	{
806	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
807	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
808	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
809	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
810	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
811	// statement.
812	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
813	}
814	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
815	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
816	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
817	{
818	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
819	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
820	}
821	;
822
823	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
824	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
825
826	case_value: // CFA
827	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
828	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
829	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
830	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
831	;
832
833	case_value_list: // CFA
834	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
835	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
836	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
837	;
838
839	case_label: // CFA
840	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
841	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
842	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
843	;
844
845	case_label_list: // CFA
846	case_label
847	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
848	;
849
850	case_clause: // CFA
851	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
852	;
853
854	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
855	// empty
856	{ $$ = nullptr; }
857	\| switch_clause_list
858	;
859
860	switch_clause_list: // CFA
861	case_label_list statement_list
862	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
863	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
864	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
865	;
866
867	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
868	// empty
869	{ $$ = nullptr; }
870	\| choose_clause_list
871	;
872
873	choose_clause_list: // CFA
874	case_label_list fall_through
875	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
876	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
877	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
878	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
879	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
880	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
881	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
882	;
883
884	fall_through_opt: // CFA
885	// empty
886	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
887	\| fall_through
888	;
889
890	fall_through: // CFA
891	FALLTHRU
892	{ $$ = nullptr; }
893	\| FALLTHRU ';'
894	{ $$ = nullptr; }
895	;
896
897	iteration_statement:
898	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
899	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
900	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
901	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
902	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
903	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
904	;
905
906	for_control_expression:
907	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
908	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
909	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
910	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
911	;
912
913	jump_statement:
914	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
915	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
916	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
917	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
918	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
919	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
920	\| CONTINUE ';'
921	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
922	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
923	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
924	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
925	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
926	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
927	\| BREAK ';'
928	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
929	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
930	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
931	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
932	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
934	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
935	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
936	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
938	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
939	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
940	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
941	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
942	;
943
944	exception_statement:
945	TRY compound_statement handler_list
946	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
947	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
948	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
949	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
950	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
951	;
952
953	handler_list:
954	handler_clause
955	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
956	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
957	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
958	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
959	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
960	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
961	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
962	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
963	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
964	;
965
966	handler_clause:
967	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
968	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
969	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
970	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
971	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
972	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
973	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
974	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
975	;
976
977	finally_clause:
978	FINALLY compound_statement
979	{
980	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
981	}
982	;
983
984	exception_declaration:
985	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
986	type_specifier_nobody
987	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
988	{
989	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
990	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
991	}
992	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
993	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
994	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
995	{
996	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
997	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
998	}
999	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1000	;
1001
1002	asm_statement:
1003	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1004	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1005	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1006	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1007	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1008	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1009	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1010	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1011	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1012	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1013	;
1014
1015	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1016	// empty
1017	{ $$ = false; }
1018	\| VOLATILE
1019	{ $$ = true; }
1020	;
1021
1022	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1023	// empty
1024	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1025	\| asm_operands_list
1026	;
1027
1028	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1029	asm_operand
1030	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1031	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1032	;
1033
1034	asm_operand: // GCC
1035	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1036	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1037	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1038	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1039	;
1040
1041	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1042	// empty
1043	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1044	\| string_literal
1045	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1046	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1047	// set_last return ParseNode *
1048	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1049	;
1050
1051	label_list:
1052	no_attr_identifier
1053	{
1054	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1055	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1056	}
1057	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1058	{
1059	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1060	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1061	}
1062	;
1063
1064	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1065
1066	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1067	pop
1068	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1069	\| declaration_list
1070	;
1071
1072	declaration_list:
1073	declaration
1074	\| declaration_list push declaration
1075	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1076	;
1077
1078	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1079	pop
1080	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1081	\| KR_declaration_list
1082	;
1083
1084	KR_declaration_list:
1085	c_declaration
1086	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration
1087	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1088	;
1089
1090	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1091	// empty
1092	\| local_label_declaration_list
1093	;
1094
1095	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1096	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1097	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1098	;
1099
1100	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1101	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1102	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1103	;
1104
1105	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1106	cfa_declaration
1107	\| c_declaration
1108	;
1109
1110	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1111	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1112	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1113	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1114	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1115	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1116	//
1117	// CFA C
1118	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1119	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1120
1121	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1122	cfa_variable_declaration pop ';'
1123	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1124	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ';'
1125	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1126	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1127	;
1128
1129	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1130	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1131	{
1132	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1133	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1134	}
1135	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1136	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1137	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1138	{
1139	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1140	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1141	}
1142	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1143	{
1144	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1145	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1146	}
1147	;
1148
1149	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1150	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1151	// storage-class
1152	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1153	{
1154	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1155	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1156	}
1157	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1158	{
1159	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1160	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1161	}
1162	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1163	{
1164	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1165	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1166	}
1167	;
1168
1169	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1170	cfa_function_specifier
1171	{
1172	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1173	$$ = $1;
1174	}
1175	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1176	{
1177	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1178	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1179	}
1180	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1181	{
1182	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1183	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1184	}
1185	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1186	{
1187	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1188	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1189	}
1190	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1191	{
1192	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1193	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1194	}
1195	;
1196
1197	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1198	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1199	// {
1200	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1201	// }
1202	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1203	// {
1204	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1205	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1206	// }
1207	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1208	// {
1209	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1210	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1211	// }
1212	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1213	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1214	//
1215	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1216	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1217	//
1218	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1219	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1220	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1221	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1222	{
1223	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1224	}
1225	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1226	{
1227	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1228	}
1229	;
1230
1231	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1232	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1233	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1234	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1235	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1236	// ']'.
1237	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1238	;
1239
1240	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1241	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1242	{
1243	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1244	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1245	}
1246	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1247	{
1248	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1249	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1250	}
1251	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1252	{
1253	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1254	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1255	}
1256	;
1257
1258	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1259	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1260
1261	typedef_declaration:
1262	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1263	{
1264	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1265	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1266	}
1267	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1268	{
1269	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1270	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1271	}
1272	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1273	{
1274	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1275	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1276	}
1277	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1278	{
1279	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1280	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1281	}
1282	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1283	{
1284	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1285	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1286	}
1287	;
1288
1289	typedef_expression:
1290	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1291	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1292	{
1293	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1294	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1295	}
1296	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1297	{
1298	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1299	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1300	}
1301	;
1302
1303	//c_declaration:
1304	// declaring_list pop ';'
1305	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1306	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1307	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1308	// ;
1309	//
1310	//declaring_list:
1311	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1312	// // storage-class
1313	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1314	// {
1315	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1316	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1317	// }
1318	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1319	// {
1320	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1321	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1322	// }
1323	// ;
1324
1325	c_declaration:
1326	declaration_specifier declaring_list pop ';'
1327	{
1328	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1329	}
1330	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1331	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1332	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1333	;
1334
1335	declaring_list:
1336	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1337	// storage-class
1338	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1339	{
1340	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1341	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1342	}
1343	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1344	{
1345	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1346	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1347	}
1348	;
1349
1350	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1351	basic_declaration_specifier
1352	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1353	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1354	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1355	;
1356
1357	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1358	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1359	//
1360	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1361	//
1362	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1363	basic_declaration_specifier
1364	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1365	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1366	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1367	;
1368
1369	type_specifier: // type specifier
1370	basic_type_specifier
1371	\| sue_type_specifier
1372	\| typedef_type_specifier
1373	\| typegen_type_specifier
1374	;
1375
1376	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1377	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1378	//
1379	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1380	//
1381	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1382	basic_type_specifier
1383	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1384	\| typedef_type_specifier
1385	\| typegen_type_specifier
1386	;
1387
1388	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1389	// empty
1390	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1391	\| type_qualifier_list
1392	;
1393
1394	type_qualifier_list:
1395	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1396	//
1397	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1398	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1399	// appeared only once.
1400	type_qualifier
1401	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1402	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1403	;
1404
1405	type_qualifier:
1406	type_qualifier_name
1407	\| attribute
1408	;
1409
1410	type_qualifier_name:
1411	CONST
1412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1413	\| RESTRICT
1414	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1415	\| VOLATILE
1416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1417	\| LVALUE // CFA
1418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Lvalue ); }
1419	\| MUTEX
1420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1421	\| ATOMIC
1422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1423	\| FORALL '('
1424	{
1425	typedefTable.enterScope();
1426	}
1427	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1428	{
1429	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1430	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1431	}
1432	;
1433
1434	declaration_qualifier_list:
1435	storage_class_list
1436	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1437	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1438	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1439	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1440	;
1441
1442	storage_class_list:
1443	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1444	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1445	//
1446	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1447	// specifiers in a declaration.
1448	storage_class
1449	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1450	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1451	;
1452
1453	storage_class:
1454	EXTERN
1455	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1456	\| STATIC
1457	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1458	\| AUTO
1459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1460	\| REGISTER
1461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1462	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1464	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1465	\| INLINE // C99
1466	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1467	\| FORTRAN // C99
1468	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1469	\| NORETURN // C11
1470	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1471	;
1472
1473	basic_type_name:
1474	CHAR
1475	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1476	\| DOUBLE
1477	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1478	\| FLOAT
1479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1480	\| INT
1481	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1482	\| LONG
1483	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1484	\| SHORT
1485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1486	\| SIGNED
1487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1488	\| UNSIGNED
1489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1490	\| VOID
1491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1492	\| BOOL // C99
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1494	\| COMPLEX // C99
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1496	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1498	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1500	\| ZERO_T
1501	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1502	\| ONE_T
1503	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1504	;
1505
1506	basic_declaration_specifier:
1507	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1508	basic_type_specifier
1509	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1510	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1511	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1512	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1513	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1514	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1515	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1516	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1517	;
1518
1519	basic_type_specifier:
1520	direct_type_name
1521	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1522	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1523	;
1524
1525	direct_type_name:
1526	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1527	basic_type_name
1528	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1529	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1530	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1531	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1532	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1533	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1534	;
1535
1536	indirect_type_name:
1537	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1538	{ $$ = $3; }
1539	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1541	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1542	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1543	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1545	;
1546
1547	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1548	sue_type_specifier
1549	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1550	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1551	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1552	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1553	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1554	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1555	;
1556
1557	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1558	elaborated_type
1559	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type
1560	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1561	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1562	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1563	;
1564
1565	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1566	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1567	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1568	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1569	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1570	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1571	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1572	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1573	;
1574
1575	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1576	elaborated_type_nobody
1577	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1578	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1579	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1580	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1581	;
1582
1583	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1584	typedef_type_specifier
1585	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1586	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1587	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1588	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1589	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1590	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1591	;
1592
1593	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1594	TYPEDEFname
1595	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1596	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1597	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1598	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1599	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1600	;
1601
1602	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1603	aggregate_type
1604	\| enum_type
1605	;
1606
1607	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1608	aggregate_type_nobody
1609	\| enum_type_nobody
1610	;
1611
1612	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1613	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1614	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1615	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1616	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1617	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1618	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1619	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1620	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1621	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1622	;
1623
1624	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1625	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1626	{
1627	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1628	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1629	}
1630	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1631	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1632	;
1633
1634	aggregate_key:
1635	STRUCT
1636	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1637	\| UNION
1638	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1639	\| COROUTINE
1640	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1641	\| MONITOR
1642	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1643	\| THREAD
1644	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1645	;
1646
1647	field_declaration_list:
1648	// empty
1649	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1650	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1651	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1652	;
1653
1654	field_declaration:
1655	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1656	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1657	{
1658	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1659	$$ = $2;
1660	}
1661	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1662	{
1663	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1664	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1665	{
1666	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1667	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1668	}
1669	;
1670
1671	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1672	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1673	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1674	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1675	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1676	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1677	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1678	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1679	;
1680
1681	field_declaring_list:
1682	field_declarator
1683	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1684	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1685	;
1686
1687	field_declarator:
1688	// empty
1689	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1690	// '@'
1691	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1692	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1693	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1694	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1695	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1696	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1697	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1698	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1699	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1700	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1701	;
1702
1703	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1704	// empty
1705	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1706	\| bit_subrange_size
1707	{ $$ = $1; }
1708	;
1709
1710	bit_subrange_size:
1711	':' constant_expression
1712	{ $$ = $2; }
1713	;
1714
1715	enum_type: // enum
1716	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1717	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1718	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1719	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1720	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1721	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1722	\| enum_type_nobody
1723	;
1724
1725	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1726	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1727	{
1728	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1729	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1730	}
1731	;
1732
1733	enumerator_list:
1734	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1735	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1736	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1737	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1738	;
1739
1740	enumerator_value_opt:
1741	// empty
1742	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1743	\| '=' constant_expression
1744	{ $$ = $2; }
1745	;
1746
1747	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1748
1749	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1750	// empty
1751	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1752	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1753	;
1754
1755	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1756	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1757	\| cfa_parameter_list
1758	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1759	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1760	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1761	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1762	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1763	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1764	;
1765
1766	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1767	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1768	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1769	cfa_parameter_declaration
1770	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1771	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1772	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1773	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1774	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1775	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1776	;
1777
1778	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1779	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1780	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1781	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1782	;
1783
1784	parameter_type_list_opt:
1785	// empty
1786	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1787	\| parameter_type_list
1788	;
1789
1790	parameter_type_list:
1791	parameter_list
1792	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1793	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1794	;
1795
1796	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1797	abstract_parameter_declaration
1798	\| parameter_declaration
1799	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1800	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1801	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1802	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1803	;
1804
1805	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1806	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1807
1808	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1809	parameter_declaration
1810	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1811	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1812	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1813	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1814	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1815	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1816	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1817	\| cfa_function_specifier
1818	;
1819
1820	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1821	abstract_parameter_declaration
1822	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1823	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1824	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1825	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1826	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1827	\| cfa_abstract_function
1828	;
1829
1830	parameter_declaration:
1831	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1832	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1833	{
1834	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1835	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1836	}
1837	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1838	{
1839	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1840	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1841	}
1842	;
1843
1844	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1845	declaration_specifier_nobody assignment_opt
1846	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1847	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1848	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1849	;
1850
1851	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1852	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1853	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1854
1855	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1856	no_attr_identifier
1857	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1858	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1859	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1860	;
1861
1862	identifier_or_type_name:
1863	identifier
1864	\| TYPEDEFname
1865	\| TYPEGENname
1866	;
1867
1868	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1869	no_01_identifier
1870	\| TYPEDEFname
1871	\| TYPEGENname
1872	;
1873
1874	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1875	no_attr_identifier
1876	\| TYPEDEFname
1877	\| TYPEGENname
1878	;
1879
1880	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1881	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1882	\| type_specifier
1883	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1884	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1885	;
1886
1887	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1888	type_name_no_function
1889	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1890	;
1891
1892	initializer_opt:
1893	// empty
1894	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1895	\| '=' initializer
1896	{ $$ = $2; }
1897	\| ATassign initializer
1898	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1899	;
1900
1901	initializer:
1902	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1903	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1904	;
1905
1906	initializer_list:
1907	// empty
1908	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1909	\| initializer
1910	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1911	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1912	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1913	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1914	;
1915
1916	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1917	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1918	//
1919	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1920	//
1921	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1922	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1923	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1924	// shift/reduce conflicts
1925
1926	designation:
1927	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1928	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1929	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1930	;
1931
1932	designator_list: // C99
1933	designator
1934	\| designator_list designator
1935	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1936	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1937	;
1938
1939	designator:
1940	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1941	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1942	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1943	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1944	{ $$ = $3; }
1945	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1946	{ $$ = $3; }
1947	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1948	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1949	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1950	{ $$ = $4; }
1951	;
1952
1953	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1954	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1955	//
1956	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1957	//
1958	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1959	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1960	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1961	//
1962	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1963	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1964	//
1965	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1966	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1967	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1968	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1969	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1970
1971	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1972	typegen_type_specifier
1973	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1974	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1975	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1976	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1977	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1978	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1979	;
1980
1981	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1982	typegen_name
1983	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1984	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1985	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1986	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1987	;
1988
1989	typegen_name: // CFA
1990	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1992	;
1993
1994	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1995	type_parameter assignment_opt
1996	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1997	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1998	;
1999
2000	type_parameter: // CFA
2001	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2002	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2003	assertion_list_opt
2004	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
2005	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2006	;
2007
2008	type_class: // CFA
2009	OTYPE
2010	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2011	\| DTYPE
2012	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2013	\| FTYPE
2014	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2015	\| TTYPE
2016	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2017	;
2018
2019	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2020	// empty
2021	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2022	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2023	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2024	;
2025
2026	assertion: // CFA
2027	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
2028	{
2029	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2030	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2031	}
2032	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2033	{ $$ = $4; }
2034	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
2035	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2036	;
2037
2038	type_name_list: // CFA
2039	type_name
2040	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2041	\| assignment_expression
2042	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
2043	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2044	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
2045	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2046	;
2047
2048	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2049	OTYPE type_declarator
2050	{ $$ = $2; }
2051	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2052	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2053	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2054	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2055	;
2056
2057	type_declarator: // CFA
2058	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2059	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2060	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
2061	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2062	;
2063
2064	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2065	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2066	{
2067	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2068	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2069	}
2070	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2071	{
2072	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2073	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2074	}
2075	;
2076
2077	trait_specifier: // CFA
2078	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2079	{
2080	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2081	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2082	}
2083	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2084	{
2085	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2086	typedefTable.enterScope();
2087	}
2088	trait_declaration_list '}'
2089	{
2090	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2091	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2092	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2093	}
2094	;
2095
2096	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2097	trait_declaration
2098	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2099	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2100	;
2101
2102	trait_declaration: // CFA
2103	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2104	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2105	;
2106
2107	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2108	cfa_variable_specifier
2109	{
2110	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2111	$$ = $1;
2112	}
2113	\| cfa_function_specifier
2114	{
2115	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2116	$$ = $1;
2117	}
2118	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2119	{
2120	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2121	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2122	}
2123	;
2124
2125	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2126	type_specifier declarator
2127	{
2128	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2129	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2130	}
2131	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2132	{
2133	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2134	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2135	}
2136	;
2137
2138	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2139
2140	translation_unit:
2141	// empty
2142	{} // empty input file
2143	\| external_definition_list
2144	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2145	;
2146
2147	external_definition_list:
2148	external_definition
2149	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2150	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2151	;
2152
2153	external_definition_list_opt:
2154	// empty
2155	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2156	\| external_definition_list
2157	;
2158
2159	external_definition:
2160	declaration
2161	\| external_function_definition
2162	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2163	{
2164	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2165	}
2166	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2167	{
2168	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2169	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2170	}
2171	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2172	{
2173	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2174	linkageStack.pop();
2175	$$ = $5;
2176	}
2177	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2178	{
2179	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2180	$$ = $2;
2181	}
2182	;
2183
2184	external_function_definition:
2185	function_definition
2186	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2187	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2188	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2189	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2190	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2191	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2192	{
2193	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2194	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2195	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2196	}
2197	\| KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2198	{
2199	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2200	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2201	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2202	}
2203	;
2204
2205	function_definition:
2206	cfa_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2207	{
2208	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2209	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2210	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2211	}
2212	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2213	{
2214	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2215	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2216	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2217	}
2218	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2219	{
2220	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2221	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2222	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2223	}
2224	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2225	{
2226	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2227	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2228	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2229	}
2230	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2231	{
2232	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2233	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2234	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2235	}
2236
2237	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2238	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2239	{
2240	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2241	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2242	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2243	}
2244	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2245	{
2246	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2247	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2248	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2249	}
2250
2251	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2252	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2253	{
2254	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2255	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2256	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2257	}
2258	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2259	{
2260	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2261	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2262	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2263	}
2264	;
2265
2266	declarator:
2267	variable_declarator
2268	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2269	\| function_declarator
2270	;
2271
2272	subrange:
2273	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2274	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2275	;
2276
2277	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2278	// empty
2279	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2280	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2281	{
2282	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2283	name->asmName = $3;
2284	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2285	}
2286	;
2287
2288	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2289	// empty
2290	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2291	\| attribute_list
2292	;
2293
2294	attribute_list: // GCC
2295	attribute
2296	\| attribute_list attribute
2297	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2298	;
2299
2300	attribute: // GCC
2301	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2302	{ $$ = $4; }
2303	;
2304
2305	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2306	attribute_name
2307	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2308	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2309	;
2310
2311	attribute_name: // GCC
2312	// empty
2313	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2314	\| attr_name
2315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2316	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2318	;
2319
2320	attr_name: // GCC
2321	IDENTIFIER
2322	\| TYPEDEFname
2323	\| TYPEGENname
2324	\| CONST
2325	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ) }; }
2326	;
2327
2328	// ============================================================================
2329	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2330	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2331	// in:
2332	//
2333	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2334	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2335	//
2336	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2337	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2338	// ============================================================================
2339
2340	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2341	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2342	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2343	//
2344	// valid declaration invalid definition
2345	// ----------------- ------------------
2346	// int f; int f {}
2347	// int f; int f {}
2348	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2349	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2350	//
2351	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2352	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2353	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2354
2355	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2356	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2357
2358	variable_declarator:
2359	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2361	\| variable_ptr
2362	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2363	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2364	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2365	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2366	;
2367
2368	paren_identifier:
2369	identifier
2370	{
2371	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2372	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2373	}
2374	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2375	{ $$ = $2; }
2376	;
2377
2378	variable_ptr:
2379	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2380	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2381	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2382	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2383	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2384	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2385	;
2386
2387	variable_array:
2388	paren_identifier array_dimension
2389	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2390	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2391	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2392	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2393	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2394	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2395	{ $$ = $2; }
2396	;
2397
2398	variable_function:
2399	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2400	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2401	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2402	{ $$ = $2; }
2403	;
2404
2405	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2406	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2407	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2408
2409	function_declarator:
2410	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2411	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2412	\| function_ptr
2413	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2414	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2415	;
2416
2417	function_no_ptr:
2418	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2419	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2420	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2421	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2422	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2423	{ $$ = $2; }
2424	;
2425
2426	function_ptr:
2427	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2428	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2429	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2430	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2431	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2432	{ $$ = $2; }
2433	;
2434
2435	function_array:
2436	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2437	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2438	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2439	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2440	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2441	{ $$ = $2; }
2442	;
2443
2444	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2445	//
2446	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2447	//
2448	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2449	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2450
2451	KR_function_declarator:
2452	KR_function_no_ptr
2453	\| KR_function_ptr
2454	\| KR_function_array
2455	;
2456
2457	KR_function_no_ptr:
2458	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2459	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2460	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2461	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2462	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2463	{ $$ = $2; }
2464	;
2465
2466	KR_function_ptr:
2467	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2468	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2469	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2470	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2471	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2472	{ $$ = $2; }
2473	;
2474
2475	KR_function_array:
2476	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2477	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2478	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2479	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2480	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2481	{ $$ = $2; }
2482	;
2483
2484	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2485	//
2486	// typedef int foo;
2487	// {
2488	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2489	// }
2490	//
2491	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2492	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2493
2494	variable_type_redeclarator:
2495	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2496	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2497	\| type_ptr
2498	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2499	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2500	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2501	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2502	;
2503
2504	paren_type:
2505	typedef
2506	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2507	{ $$ = $2; }
2508	;
2509
2510	type_ptr:
2511	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2512	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2513	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2514	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2515	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2516	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2517	;
2518
2519	type_array:
2520	paren_type array_dimension
2521	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2522	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2523	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2524	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2525	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2526	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2527	{ $$ = $2; }
2528	;
2529
2530	type_function:
2531	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2532	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2533	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2534	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2535	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2536	{ $$ = $2; }
2537	;
2538
2539	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2540	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2541	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2542	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2543
2544	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2545	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2546	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2547	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2548	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2549	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2550	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2551	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2552	;
2553
2554	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2555	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2556	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2557	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2558	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2559	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2560	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2561	;
2562
2563	identifier_parameter_array:
2564	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2565	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2566	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2567	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2568	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2569	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2570	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2571	{ $$ = $2; }
2572	;
2573
2574	identifier_parameter_function:
2575	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2576	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2577	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2578	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2579	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2580	{ $$ = $2; }
2581	;
2582
2583	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2584	// e.g.:
2585	//
2586	// typedef int foo;
2587	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2588	//
2589	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2590
2591	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2592	typedef attribute_list_opt
2593	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2594	\| type_parameter_ptr
2595	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2596	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2597	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2598	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2599	;
2600
2601	typedef:
2602	TYPEDEFname
2603	{
2604	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2605	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2606	}
2607	\| TYPEGENname
2608	{
2609	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2610	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2611	}
2612	;
2613
2614	type_parameter_ptr:
2615	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2616	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2617	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2618	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2619	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2620	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2621	;
2622
2623	type_parameter_array:
2624	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2625	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2626	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2627	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2628	;
2629
2630	type_parameter_function:
2631	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2632	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2633	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2634	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2635	;
2636
2637	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2638	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2639	//
2640	// sizeof( int );
2641	// sizeof( int * );
2642	// sizeof( int [10] );
2643	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2644	// sizeof( int () );
2645	//
2646	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2647	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2648
2649	abstract_declarator:
2650	abstract_ptr
2651	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2652	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2653	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2654	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2655	;
2656
2657	abstract_ptr:
2658	ptrref_operator
2659	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2660	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2661	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2662	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2663	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2664	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2665	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2666	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2667	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2668	;
2669
2670	abstract_array:
2671	array_dimension
2672	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2673	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2674	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2675	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2676	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2677	{ $$ = $2; }
2678	;
2679
2680	abstract_function:
2681	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2682	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2683	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2684	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2685	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2686	{ $$ = $2; }
2687	;
2688
2689	array_dimension:
2690	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2691	'[' ']'
2692	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2693	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2694	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2695	\| multi_array_dimension
2696	;
2697
2698	multi_array_dimension:
2699	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2700	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2701	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2702	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2703	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2704	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2705	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2706	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2707	;
2708
2709	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2710	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2711	//
2712	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2713	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2714	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2715	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2716	//
2717	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2718	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2719	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2720	//
2721	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2722	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2723	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2724	//
2725	// For example:
2726	//
2727	// typedef float T;
2728	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2729	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2730	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2731	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2732	//
2733	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2734	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2735	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2736	// functions.
2737
2738	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2739	abstract_parameter_ptr
2740	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2741	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2742	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2743	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2744	;
2745
2746	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2747	ptrref_operator
2748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ); }
2749	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2750	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2751	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2752	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ) ); }
2753	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2754	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2755	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2756	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2757	;
2758
2759	abstract_parameter_array:
2760	array_parameter_dimension
2761	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2762	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2763	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2764	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2765	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2766	{ $$ = $2; }
2767	;
2768
2769	abstract_parameter_function:
2770	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2771	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2772	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2773	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2774	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2775	{ $$ = $2; }
2776	;
2777
2778	array_parameter_dimension:
2779	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2780	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2781	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2782	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2783	\| multi_array_dimension
2784	;
2785
2786	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2787	//
2788	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2789	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2790
2791	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2792	'[' ']'
2793	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2794	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2795	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2796	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2797	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2798	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2799	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2800	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2802	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2803	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2804	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2806	;
2807
2808	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2809	//
2810	// struct S {
2811	// int;
2812	// int *;
2813	// int [10];
2814	// int (*)();
2815	// };
2816
2817	variable_abstract_declarator:
2818	variable_abstract_ptr
2819	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2820	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2821	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2822	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2823	;
2824
2825	variable_abstract_ptr:
2826	ptrref_operator
2827	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2828	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2829	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2830	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2831	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2832	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2833	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2834	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2835	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2836	;
2837
2838	variable_abstract_array:
2839	array_dimension
2840	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2841	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2842	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2843	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2844	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2845	{ $$ = $2; }
2846	;
2847
2848	variable_abstract_function:
2849	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2850	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2851	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2852	{ $$ = $2; }
2853	;
2854
2855	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2856	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2857
2858	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2859	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2860	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2861	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2862	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2863	;
2864
2865	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2866	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2867	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2868	;
2869
2870	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2871	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2872	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2873	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2874	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2875	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2876	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2877	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2878	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2879	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2880	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2881	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2882	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2883	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2884	;
2885
2886	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2887	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2888	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2889	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2890	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2891	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2892	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2893	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2894	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2895	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2896	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2897	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2898	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2899
2900	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2901	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2902	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2903	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2904	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2905	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2906	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2907	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2908	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2909	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2910	;
2911
2912	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2913	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2914	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2915	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2916	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2917	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2918	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2919	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2920	// appear in this context.
2921	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2922	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2923	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2924	;
2925
2926	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2927	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2928	//
2929	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2930	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2931	//
2932	// These rules need LR(3):
2933	//
2934	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2935	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2936	//
2937	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2938	//
2939	// [int, int] t;
2940	// [int, int] f( int );
2941	//
2942	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2943	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2944	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2945	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
2946
2947	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2948	cfa_abstract_tuple
2949	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2950	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2951	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2952	;
2953
2954	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2955	cfa_abstract_ptr
2956	\| cfa_abstract_array
2957	;
2958
2959	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2960	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2961	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2962	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2963	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2964	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2965	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2966	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2967	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2968	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2969	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2970	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2971	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2972	;
2973
2974	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
2975	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2976	// empty (void) function return type.
2977	'[' ']' type_specifier
2978	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2979	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2980	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2981	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2982	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2983	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
2984	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2985	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2986	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2987	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2988	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2989	;
2990
2991	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2992	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2994	;
2995
2996	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
2997	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2998	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2999	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3001	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3002	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3003	;
3004
3005	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3006	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3007	//
3008	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3009	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3010	//
3011	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3012	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3013	//
3014	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3015	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3016
3017	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3018
3019	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3020	// empty
3021	\| ','
3022	;
3023
3024	assignment_opt:
3025	// empty
3026	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3027	\| '=' assignment_expression
3028	{ $$ = $2; }
3029	;
3030
3031	%%
3032	// ----end of grammar----
3033
3034	extern char *yytext;
3035
3036	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3037	cout << "Error ";
3038	if ( yyfilename ) {
3039	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3040	} // if
3041	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3042	}
3043
3044	// Local Variables: //
3045	// mode: c++ //
3046	// tab-width: 4 //
3047	// compile-command: "make install" //
3048	// End: //

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