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Last change on this file since 5c69a1e was 84d58c5, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
parse default values for generic type parameters and nested type names
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File size: 110.5 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Thu May 25 15:21:59 2017
13	// Update Count : 2398
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68
69	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
70	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
71	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
72	//cur->addType( specifier );
73	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
74	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
75	} // for
76	declList->addType( cl );
77	// delete cl;
78	return declList;
79	} // distAttr
80
81	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
82	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
83	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
84	iter->set_extension( true );
85	} // for
86	} // distExt
87
88	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
89	%}
90
91	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
92
93	// keywords
94	%token TYPEDEF
95	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
96	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
97	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
98	%token NORETURN // C11
99	%token CONST VOLATILE
100	%token RESTRICT // C99
101	%token ATOMIC // C11
102	%token FORALL LVALUE MUTEX // CFA
103	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED ZERO_T ONE_T
104	%token VALIST // GCC
105	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
106	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
107	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
108	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
109	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
110	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
111	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
112	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
113	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
114	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
115	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
116
117	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
118	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
119	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
120	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
121	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
122	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
123	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
124	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
125	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
126
127	// multi-character operators
128	%token ARROW // ->
129	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
130	%token LS RS // << >>
131	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
132	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
133	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
134
135	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
136	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
137	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
138	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
139
140	%token ATassign // @=
141
142	// Types declaration
143	%union
144	{
145	Token tok;
146	ParseNode * pn;
147	ExpressionNode * en;
148	DeclarationNode * decl;
149	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
150	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
151	StatementNode * sn;
152	ConstantExpr * constant;
153	ForCtl * fctl;
154	LabelNode * label;
155	InitializerNode * in;
156	OperKinds op;
157	std::string * str;
158	bool flag;
159	}
160
161	%type<tok> identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
162	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
163	%type<constant> string_literal
164	%type<str> string_literal_list
165
166	// expressions
167	%type<en> constant
168	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
169	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
170	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
171	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
172	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
173	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
174	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
175	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
176	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
177	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
178	%type<en> subrange
179	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
180	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
181	%type<label> label_list
182	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
183	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
184
185	// statements
186	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
187	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
188	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
189	%type<sn> statement statement_list
190	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
191	%type<sn> case_clause
192	%type<en> case_value
193	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
194	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
195	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
196
197	// declarations
198	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
199	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
200	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
201
202	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
203	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
204
205	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
206
207	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
208
209	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
210
211	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
212
213	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
214	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
215
216	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
217
218	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
219	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
220
221	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
222
223	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
224	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
225
226	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
227
228	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
229	%type<decl> identifier_list
230
231	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
232	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
233	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
234
235	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
236
237	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
238	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
239
240	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
241	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
242
243	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
244
245	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
246
247	%type<decl> c_declaration
248	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
249	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
250
251	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
252	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
253
254	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
255
256	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
257
258	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
259
260	%type<tclass> type_class
261	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
262
263	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
264	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
265
266	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
267
268	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
269
270	%type<decl> type type_no_function
271	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
272
273	%type<en> type_list
274
275	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
276	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
277
278	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
279	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
280
281	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
282
283	// initializers
284	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
285
286	// designators
287	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
288
289
290	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
291	// is ambiguous:
292	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
293	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
294	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
295
296	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
297	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
298
299	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
300
301	%%
302	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
303
304	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
305	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
306	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
307	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
308	//
309	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
310	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
311	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
312	//
313	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
314	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
315	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
316	//
317	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
318	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
319	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
320	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
321	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
322	//
323	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
324	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
325	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
326	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
327	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
328	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
329	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
330
331	push:
332	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
333	;
334
335	pop:
336	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
337	;
338
339	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
340
341	constant:
342	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
343	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
344	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
345	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
346	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
347	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
348	;
349
350	identifier:
351	IDENTIFIER
352	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
353	;
354
355	no_attr_identifier:
356	IDENTIFIER
357	;
358
359	zero_one: // CFA
360	ZERO
361	\| ONE
362	;
363
364	string_literal:
365	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
366	;
367
368	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
369	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
370	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
371	{
372	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
373	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
374	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
375	}
376	;
377
378	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
379
380	primary_expression:
381	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
382	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
383	\| zero_one
384	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ) ); }
385	\| tuple
386	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
387	{ $$ = $2; }
388	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
389	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
390	\| primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
391	{
392	Token fn;
393	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
394	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
395	}
396	\| type_name '.' no_attr_identifier // CFA, nested type
397	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
398	\| type_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
399	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
400	;
401
402	postfix_expression:
403	primary_expression
404	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
405	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
406	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
407	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
408	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
409	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
410	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
411	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
412	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
413	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
414	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
415	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
416	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
417	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
418	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
419	{
420	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
421	}
422	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
423	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
424	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
425	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
426	\| postfix_expression ICR
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
428	\| postfix_expression DECR
429	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
430	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
431	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
432	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
433	{
434	Token fn;
435	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
436	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
437	}
438	;
439
440	argument_expression_list:
441	argument_expression
442	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
443	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
444	;
445
446	argument_expression:
447	// empty
448	{ $$ = nullptr; }
449	// \| '@' // use default argument
450	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
451	\| assignment_expression
452	;
453
454	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
455	field
456	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
457	;
458
459	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
460	field_name
461	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
462	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
463	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
464	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
465	\| field_name '.' field
466	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
467	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
468	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
469	\| field_name ARROW field
470	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
471	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
472	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
473	;
474
475	field_name:
476	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
477	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
478	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
479	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
480	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
481	{
482	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
483	}
484	\| zero_one fraction_constants
485	{
486	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ), $2 ) );
487	}
488	;
489
490	fraction_constants:
491	// empty
492	{ $$ = nullptr; }
493	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
494	{
495	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
496	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
497	}
498	;
499
500	unary_expression:
501	postfix_expression
502	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
503	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
504	\| constant
505	{ $$ = $1; }
506	\| string_literal
507	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
508	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
509	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
510	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
511	// { * X; } // dereference X
512	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
513	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
514	{
515	switch ( $1 ) {
516	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
517	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
518	break;
519	case OperKinds::PointTo:
520	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
521	break;
522	default:
523	assert( false );
524	}
525	}
526	\| unary_operator cast_expression
527	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
528	\| ICR unary_expression
529	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
530	\| DECR unary_expression
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
532	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
534	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
535	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
536	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
537	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
538	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
539	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
540	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
542	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
543	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
544	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
545	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
546	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type ')'
547	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
548	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
549	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
550	;
551
552	ptrref_operator:
553	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
554	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
555	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
556	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
557	;
558
559	unary_operator:
560	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
561	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
562	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
563	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
564	;
565
566	cast_expression:
567	unary_expression
568	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
569	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
570	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
571	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
572	;
573
574	multiplicative_expression:
575	cast_expression
576	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
577	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
578	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
579	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
580	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
581	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
582	;
583
584	additive_expression:
585	multiplicative_expression
586	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
587	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
588	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
589	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
590	;
591
592	shift_expression:
593	additive_expression
594	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
595	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
596	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
597	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
598	;
599
600	relational_expression:
601	shift_expression
602	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
603	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
604	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
605	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
606	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
607	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
608	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
609	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
610	;
611
612	equality_expression:
613	relational_expression
614	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
615	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
616	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
617	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
618	;
619
620	AND_expression:
621	equality_expression
622	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
623	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	exclusive_OR_expression:
627	AND_expression
628	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
629	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
630	;
631
632	inclusive_OR_expression:
633	exclusive_OR_expression
634	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
635	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
636	;
637
638	logical_AND_expression:
639	inclusive_OR_expression
640	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
641	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
642	;
643
644	logical_OR_expression:
645	logical_AND_expression
646	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
647	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
648	;
649
650	conditional_expression:
651	logical_OR_expression
652	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
653	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
654	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
655	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
657	;
658
659	constant_expression:
660	conditional_expression
661	;
662
663	assignment_expression:
664	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
665	conditional_expression
666	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
668	;
669
670	assignment_expression_opt:
671	// empty
672	{ $$ = nullptr; }
673	\| assignment_expression
674	;
675
676	assignment_operator:
677	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
678	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
679	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
680	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
681	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
682	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
683	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
684	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
685	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
686	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
687	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
688	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
689	;
690
691	tuple: // CFA, tuple
692	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
693	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
694	// '[' ']'
695	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
696	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
697	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
698	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
699	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
700	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
701	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
702	;
703
704	tuple_expression_list:
705	assignment_expression_opt
706	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
707	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
708	;
709
710	comma_expression:
711	assignment_expression
712	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
713	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
714	;
715
716	comma_expression_opt:
717	// empty
718	{ $$ = nullptr; }
719	\| comma_expression
720	;
721
722	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
723
724	statement:
725	labeled_statement
726	\| compound_statement
727	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
728	\| selection_statement
729	\| iteration_statement
730	\| jump_statement
731	\| exception_statement
732	\| asm_statement
733
734	labeled_statement:
735	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
736	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
737	{
738	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
739	}
740	;
741
742	compound_statement:
743	'{' '}'
744	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
745	\| '{'
746	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
747	// requires its own scope.
748	push push
749	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
750	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
751	pop '}'
752	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
753	;
754
755	block_item_list: // C99
756	block_item
757	\| block_item_list push block_item
758	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
759	;
760
761	block_item:
762	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
763	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
764	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
765	{
766	distExt( $2 );
767	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
768	}
769	\| function_definition
770	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
771	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
772	{
773	distExt( $2 );
774	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
775	}
776	\| statement pop
777	;
778
779	statement_list:
780	statement
781	\| statement_list statement
782	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
783	;
784
785	expression_statement:
786	comma_expression_opt ';'
787	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
788	;
789
790	selection_statement:
791	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
792	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
793	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
794	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
795	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
796	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
797	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
798	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
799	{
800	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
801	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
802	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
803	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
804	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
805	// statement.
806	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
807	}
808	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
809	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
810	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
811	{
812	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
813	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
814	}
815	;
816
817	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
818	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
819
820	case_value: // CFA
821	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
822	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
824	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
825	;
826
827	case_value_list: // CFA
828	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
829	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
830	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
831	;
832
833	case_label: // CFA
834	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
835	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
836	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
837	;
838
839	case_label_list: // CFA
840	case_label
841	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
842	;
843
844	case_clause: // CFA
845	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
846	;
847
848	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
849	// empty
850	{ $$ = nullptr; }
851	\| switch_clause_list
852	;
853
854	switch_clause_list: // CFA
855	case_label_list statement_list
856	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
857	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
858	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
859	;
860
861	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
862	// empty
863	{ $$ = nullptr; }
864	\| choose_clause_list
865	;
866
867	choose_clause_list: // CFA
868	case_label_list fall_through
869	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
870	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
871	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
872	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
873	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
874	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
875	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
876	;
877
878	fall_through_opt: // CFA
879	// empty
880	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
881	\| fall_through
882	;
883
884	fall_through: // CFA
885	FALLTHRU
886	{ $$ = nullptr; }
887	\| FALLTHRU ';'
888	{ $$ = nullptr; }
889	;
890
891	iteration_statement:
892	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
893	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
894	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
895	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
896	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
897	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
898	;
899
900	for_control_expression:
901	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
902	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
903	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
904	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
905	;
906
907	jump_statement:
908	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
909	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
910	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
911	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
912	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
913	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
914	\| CONTINUE ';'
915	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
916	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
917	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
918	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
919	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
920	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
921	\| BREAK ';'
922	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
923	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
924	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
925	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
926	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
927	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
928	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
929	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
930	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
931	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
932	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
934	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
935	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
936	;
937
938	exception_statement:
939	TRY compound_statement handler_list
940	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
941	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
942	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
943	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
944	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
945	;
946
947	handler_list:
948	handler_clause
949	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
950	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
951	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
952	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
953	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
954	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
955	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
956	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
957	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
958	;
959
960	handler_clause:
961	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
962	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
963	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
964	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
965	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
966	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
967	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
968	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
969	;
970
971	finally_clause:
972	FINALLY compound_statement
973	{
974	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
975	}
976	;
977
978	exception_declaration:
979	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
980	type_specifier_nobody
981	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
982	{
983	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
984	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
985	}
986	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
987	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
988	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
989	{
990	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
991	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
992	}
993	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
994	;
995
996	asm_statement:
997	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
998	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
999	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1000	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1001	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1002	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1003	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1004	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1005	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1006	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1007	;
1008
1009	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1010	// empty
1011	{ $$ = false; }
1012	\| VOLATILE
1013	{ $$ = true; }
1014	;
1015
1016	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1017	// empty
1018	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1019	\| asm_operands_list
1020	;
1021
1022	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1023	asm_operand
1024	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1025	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1026	;
1027
1028	asm_operand: // GCC
1029	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1030	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1031	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1032	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1033	;
1034
1035	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1036	// empty
1037	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1038	\| string_literal
1039	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1040	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1041	// set_last return ParseNode *
1042	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1043	;
1044
1045	label_list:
1046	no_attr_identifier
1047	{
1048	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1049	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1050	}
1051	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1052	{
1053	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1054	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1055	}
1056	;
1057
1058	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1059
1060	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1061	pop
1062	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1063	\| declaration_list
1064	;
1065
1066	declaration_list:
1067	declaration
1068	\| declaration_list push declaration
1069	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1070	;
1071
1072	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1073	pop
1074	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1075	\| KR_declaration_list
1076	;
1077
1078	KR_declaration_list:
1079	c_declaration
1080	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration
1081	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1082	;
1083
1084	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1085	// empty
1086	\| local_label_declaration_list
1087	;
1088
1089	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1090	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1091	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1092	;
1093
1094	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1095	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1096	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1097	;
1098
1099	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1100	cfa_declaration
1101	\| c_declaration
1102	;
1103
1104	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1105	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1106	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1107	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1108	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1109	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1110	//
1111	// CFA C
1112	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1113	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1114
1115	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1116	cfa_variable_declaration pop ';'
1117	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1118	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ';'
1119	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1120	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1121	;
1122
1123	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1124	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1125	{
1126	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1127	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1128	}
1129	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1130	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1131	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1132	{
1133	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1134	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1135	}
1136	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1137	{
1138	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1139	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1140	}
1141	;
1142
1143	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1144	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1145	// storage-class
1146	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1147	{
1148	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1149	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1150	}
1151	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1152	{
1153	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1154	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1155	}
1156	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1157	{
1158	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1159	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1160	}
1161	;
1162
1163	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1164	cfa_function_specifier
1165	{
1166	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1167	$$ = $1;
1168	}
1169	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1170	{
1171	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1172	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1173	}
1174	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1175	{
1176	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1177	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1178	}
1179	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1180	{
1181	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1182	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1183	}
1184	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1185	{
1186	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1187	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1188	}
1189	;
1190
1191	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1192	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1193	// {
1194	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1195	// }
1196	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1197	// {
1198	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1199	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1200	// }
1201	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1202	// {
1203	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1204	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1205	// }
1206	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1207	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1208	//
1209	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1210	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1211	//
1212	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1213	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1214	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1215	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1216	{
1217	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1218	}
1219	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1220	{
1221	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1222	}
1223	;
1224
1225	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1226	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1227	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1228	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1229	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1230	// ']'.
1231	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1232	;
1233
1234	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1235	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1236	{
1237	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1238	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1239	}
1240	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1241	{
1242	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1243	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1244	}
1245	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1246	{
1247	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1248	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1249	}
1250	;
1251
1252	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1253	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1254
1255	typedef_declaration:
1256	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1257	{
1258	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1259	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1260	}
1261	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1262	{
1263	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1264	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1265	}
1266	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1267	{
1268	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1269	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1270	}
1271	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1272	{
1273	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1274	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1275	}
1276	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1277	{
1278	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1279	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1280	}
1281	;
1282
1283	typedef_expression:
1284	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1285	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1286	{
1287	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1288	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1289	}
1290	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1291	{
1292	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1293	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1294	}
1295	;
1296
1297	//c_declaration:
1298	// declaring_list pop ';'
1299	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1300	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1301	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1302	// ;
1303	//
1304	//declaring_list:
1305	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1306	// // storage-class
1307	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1308	// {
1309	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1310	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1311	// }
1312	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1313	// {
1314	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1315	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1316	// }
1317	// ;
1318
1319	c_declaration:
1320	declaration_specifier declaring_list pop ';'
1321	{
1322	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1323	}
1324	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1325	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1326	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1327	;
1328
1329	declaring_list:
1330	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1331	// storage-class
1332	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1333	{
1334	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1335	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1336	}
1337	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1338	{
1339	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1340	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1341	}
1342	;
1343
1344	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1345	basic_declaration_specifier
1346	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1347	\| type_declaration_specifier
1348	;
1349
1350	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1351	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1352	//
1353	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1354	//
1355	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1356	basic_declaration_specifier
1357	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1358	\| type_declaration_specifier
1359	;
1360
1361	type_specifier: // type specifier
1362	basic_type_specifier
1363	\| sue_type_specifier
1364	\| type_type_specifier
1365	;
1366
1367	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1368	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1369	//
1370	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1371	//
1372	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1373	basic_type_specifier
1374	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1375	\| type_type_specifier
1376	;
1377
1378	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1379	// empty
1380	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1381	\| type_qualifier_list
1382	;
1383
1384	type_qualifier_list:
1385	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1386	//
1387	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1388	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1389	// appeared only once.
1390	type_qualifier
1391	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1392	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1393	;
1394
1395	type_qualifier:
1396	type_qualifier_name
1397	\| attribute
1398	;
1399
1400	type_qualifier_name:
1401	CONST
1402	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1403	\| RESTRICT
1404	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1405	\| VOLATILE
1406	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1407	\| LVALUE // CFA
1408	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Lvalue ); }
1409	\| MUTEX
1410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1411	\| ATOMIC
1412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1413	\| FORALL '('
1414	{
1415	typedefTable.enterScope();
1416	}
1417	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1418	{
1419	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1420	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1421	}
1422	;
1423
1424	declaration_qualifier_list:
1425	storage_class_list
1426	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1427	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1428	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1429	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1430	;
1431
1432	storage_class_list:
1433	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1434	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1435	//
1436	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1437	// specifiers in a declaration.
1438	storage_class
1439	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1440	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1441	;
1442
1443	storage_class:
1444	EXTERN
1445	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1446	\| STATIC
1447	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1448	\| AUTO
1449	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1450	\| REGISTER
1451	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1452	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1453	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1454	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1455	\| INLINE // C99
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1457	\| FORTRAN // C99
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1459	\| NORETURN // C11
1460	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1461	;
1462
1463	basic_type_name:
1464	CHAR
1465	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1466	\| DOUBLE
1467	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1468	\| FLOAT
1469	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1470	\| INT
1471	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1472	\| LONG
1473	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1474	\| SHORT
1475	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1476	\| SIGNED
1477	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1478	\| UNSIGNED
1479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1480	\| VOID
1481	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1482	\| BOOL // C99
1483	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1484	\| COMPLEX // C99
1485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1486	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1488	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1490	\| ZERO_T
1491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1492	\| ONE_T
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1494	;
1495
1496	basic_declaration_specifier:
1497	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1498	basic_type_specifier
1499	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1500	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1501	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1502	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1503	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1504	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1505	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1506	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1507	;
1508
1509	basic_type_specifier:
1510	direct_type
1511	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1512	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1513	;
1514
1515	direct_type:
1516	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1517	basic_type_name
1518	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1519	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1520	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1521	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1522	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1523	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1524	;
1525
1526	indirect_type:
1527	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1528	{ $$ = $3; }
1529	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1531	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1532	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1533	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1534	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1535	;
1536
1537	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1538	sue_type_specifier
1539	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1540	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1541	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1542	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1543	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1544	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1545	;
1546
1547	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1548	elaborated_type
1549	\| type_qualifier_list
1550	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1551	elaborated_type
1552	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1553	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1554	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1555	;
1556
1557	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1558	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1559	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1560	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1561	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1562	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1563	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1564	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1565	;
1566
1567	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1568	elaborated_type_nobody
1569	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1570	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1571	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1572	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1573	;
1574
1575	type_declaration_specifier:
1576	type_type_specifier
1577	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1578	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1579	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1580	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1581	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1582	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1583	;
1584
1585	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1586	type_name
1587	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1588	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1589	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1590	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1591	;
1592
1593	type_name:
1594	TYPEDEFname
1595	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1596	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1597	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ); } // FIX ME
1598	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ); } // FIX ME
1600	\| typegen_name
1601	\| '.' typegen_name
1602	{ $$ = $2; } // FIX ME
1603	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1604	{ $$ = $3; } // FIX ME
1605	;
1606
1607	typegen_name: // CFA
1608	TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1609	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1610	;
1611
1612	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1613	aggregate_type
1614	\| enum_type
1615	;
1616
1617	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1618	aggregate_type_nobody
1619	\| enum_type_nobody
1620	;
1621
1622	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1623	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1624	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1625	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1626	{
1627	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1628	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1629	forall = false; // reset
1630	}
1631	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1632	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1633	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1634	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1635	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1636	;
1637
1638	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1639	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier
1640	{
1641	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1642	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1643	}
1644	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname
1645	{
1646	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1647	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1648	}
1649	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA
1650	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1651	;
1652
1653	aggregate_key:
1654	STRUCT
1655	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1656	\| UNION
1657	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1658	\| COROUTINE
1659	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1660	\| MONITOR
1661	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1662	\| THREAD
1663	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1664	;
1665
1666	field_declaration_list:
1667	// empty
1668	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1669	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1670	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1671	;
1672
1673	field_declaration:
1674	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1675	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1676	{
1677	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1678	$$ = $2;
1679	}
1680	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1681	{
1682	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1683	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1684	{
1685	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1686	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1687	}
1688	;
1689
1690	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1691	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1692	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1693	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1694	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1695	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1696	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1697	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1698	;
1699
1700	field_declaring_list:
1701	field_declarator
1702	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1703	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1704	;
1705
1706	field_declarator:
1707	// empty
1708	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1709	// '@'
1710	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1711	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1712	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1713	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1714	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1715	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1716	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1717	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1718	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1719	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1720	;
1721
1722	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1723	// empty
1724	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1725	\| bit_subrange_size
1726	{ $$ = $1; }
1727	;
1728
1729	bit_subrange_size:
1730	':' constant_expression
1731	{ $$ = $2; }
1732	;
1733
1734	enum_type: // enum
1735	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1736	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1737	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1738	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1739	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1740	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1741	\| enum_type_nobody
1742	;
1743
1744	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1745	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1746	{
1747	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1748	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1749	}
1750	;
1751
1752	enumerator_list:
1753	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1754	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1755	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1756	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1757	;
1758
1759	enumerator_value_opt:
1760	// empty
1761	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1762	\| '=' constant_expression
1763	{ $$ = $2; }
1764	;
1765
1766	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1767
1768	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1769	// empty
1770	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1771	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1772	;
1773
1774	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1775	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1776	\| cfa_parameter_list
1777	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1778	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1779	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1780	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1781	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1782	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1783	;
1784
1785	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1786	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1787	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1788	cfa_parameter_declaration
1789	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1790	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1791	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1792	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1793	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1794	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1795	;
1796
1797	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1798	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1799	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1800	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1801	;
1802
1803	parameter_type_list_opt:
1804	// empty
1805	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1806	\| parameter_type_list
1807	;
1808
1809	parameter_type_list:
1810	parameter_list
1811	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1812	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1813	;
1814
1815	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1816	abstract_parameter_declaration
1817	\| parameter_declaration
1818	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1819	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1820	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1821	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1822	;
1823
1824	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1825	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1826
1827	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1828	parameter_declaration
1829	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1830	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1831	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1832	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1833	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1834	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1835	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1836	\| cfa_function_specifier
1837	;
1838
1839	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1840	abstract_parameter_declaration
1841	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1842	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1843	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1844	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1845	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1846	\| cfa_abstract_function
1847	;
1848
1849	parameter_declaration:
1850	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1851	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1852	{
1853	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1854	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1855	}
1856	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1857	{
1858	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1859	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1860	}
1861	;
1862
1863	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1864	declaration_specifier_nobody assignment_opt
1865	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1866	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1867	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1868	;
1869
1870	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1871	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1872	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1873
1874	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1875	no_attr_identifier
1876	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1877	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1878	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1879	;
1880
1881	identifier_or_type_name:
1882	identifier
1883	\| TYPEDEFname
1884	\| TYPEGENname
1885	;
1886
1887	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1888	no_attr_identifier
1889	\| TYPEDEFname
1890	\| TYPEGENname
1891	;
1892
1893	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1894	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1895	\| type_specifier
1896	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1897	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1898	;
1899
1900	type: // typeof, assertion
1901	type_no_function
1902	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1903	;
1904
1905	initializer_opt:
1906	// empty
1907	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1908	\| '=' initializer
1909	{ $$ = $2; }
1910	\| ATassign initializer
1911	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1912	;
1913
1914	initializer:
1915	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1916	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1917	;
1918
1919	initializer_list:
1920	// empty
1921	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1922	\| initializer
1923	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1924	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1925	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1926	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1927	;
1928
1929	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1930	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1931	//
1932	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1933	//
1934	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1935	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1936	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1937	// shift/reduce conflicts
1938
1939	designation:
1940	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1941	\| no_attr_identifier ':' // GCC, field name
1942	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1943	;
1944
1945	designator_list: // C99
1946	designator
1947	\| designator_list designator
1948	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1949	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1950	;
1951
1952	designator:
1953	'.' no_attr_identifier // C99, field name
1954	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1955	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1956	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1957	{ $$ = $3; }
1958	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1959	{ $$ = $3; }
1960	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1961	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1962	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1963	{ $$ = $4; }
1964	;
1965
1966	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1967	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1968	//
1969	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1970	//
1971	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1972	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1973	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1974	//
1975	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1976	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1977	//
1978	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1979	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1980	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1981	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1982	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1983
1984	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1985	type_parameter type_initializer_opt
1986	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter type_initializer_opt
1987	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1988	;
1989
1990	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
1991	// empty
1992	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1993	\| '=' type
1994	{ $$ = $2; }
1995	;
1996
1997	type_parameter: // CFA
1998	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1999	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2000	assertion_list_opt
2001	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
2002	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2003	;
2004
2005	type_class: // CFA
2006	OTYPE
2007	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2008	\| DTYPE
2009	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2010	\| FTYPE
2011	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2012	\| TTYPE
2013	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2014	;
2015
2016	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2017	// empty
2018	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2019	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2020	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2021	;
2022
2023	assertion: // CFA
2024	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2025	{
2026	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2027	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2028	}
2029	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2030	{ $$ = $4; }
2031	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_list ')'
2032	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2033	;
2034
2035	type_list: // CFA
2036	type
2037	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2038	\| assignment_expression
2039	\| type_list ',' type
2040	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2041	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2042	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2043	;
2044
2045	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2046	OTYPE type_declarator
2047	{ $$ = $2; }
2048	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2049	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2050	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2051	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2052	;
2053
2054	type_declarator: // CFA
2055	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2056	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2057	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2058	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2059	;
2060
2061	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2062	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2063	{
2064	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2065	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2066	}
2067	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2068	{
2069	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2070	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2071	}
2072	;
2073
2074	trait_specifier: // CFA
2075	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2076	{
2077	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2078	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2079	}
2080	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2081	{
2082	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2083	typedefTable.enterScope();
2084	}
2085	trait_declaration_list '}'
2086	{
2087	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2088	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2089	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2090	}
2091	;
2092
2093	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2094	trait_declaration
2095	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2096	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2097	;
2098
2099	trait_declaration: // CFA
2100	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2101	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2102	;
2103
2104	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2105	cfa_variable_specifier
2106	{
2107	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2108	$$ = $1;
2109	}
2110	\| cfa_function_specifier
2111	{
2112	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2113	$$ = $1;
2114	}
2115	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2116	{
2117	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2118	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2119	}
2120	;
2121
2122	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2123	type_specifier declarator
2124	{
2125	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2126	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2127	}
2128	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2129	{
2130	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2131	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2132	}
2133	;
2134
2135	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2136
2137	translation_unit:
2138	// empty
2139	{} // empty input file
2140	\| external_definition_list
2141	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2142	;
2143
2144	external_definition_list:
2145	external_definition
2146	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2147	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2148	;
2149
2150	external_definition_list_opt:
2151	// empty
2152	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2153	\| external_definition_list
2154	;
2155
2156	external_definition:
2157	declaration
2158	\| external_function_definition
2159	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2160	{
2161	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2162	}
2163	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2164	{
2165	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2166	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2167	}
2168	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2169	{
2170	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2171	linkageStack.pop();
2172	$$ = $5;
2173	}
2174	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2175	{
2176	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2177	$$ = $2;
2178	}
2179	;
2180
2181	external_function_definition:
2182	function_definition
2183	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2184	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2185	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2186	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2187	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2188	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2189	{
2190	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2191	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2192	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2193	}
2194	\| KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2195	{
2196	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2197	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2198	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2199	}
2200	;
2201
2202	function_definition:
2203	cfa_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2204	{
2205	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2206	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2207	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2208	}
2209	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2210	{
2211	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2212	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2213	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2214	}
2215	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2216	{
2217	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2218	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2219	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2220	}
2221	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2222	{
2223	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2224	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2225	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2226	}
2227	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2228	{
2229	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2230	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2231	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2232	}
2233
2234	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2235	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2236	{
2237	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2238	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2239	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2240	}
2241	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2242	{
2243	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2244	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2245	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2246	}
2247
2248	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2249	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2250	{
2251	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2252	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2253	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2254	}
2255	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2256	{
2257	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2258	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2259	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2260	}
2261	;
2262
2263	declarator:
2264	variable_declarator
2265	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2266	\| function_declarator
2267	;
2268
2269	subrange:
2270	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2271	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2272	;
2273
2274	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2275	// empty
2276	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2277	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2278	{
2279	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2280	name->asmName = $3;
2281	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2282	}
2283	;
2284
2285	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2286	// empty
2287	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2288	\| attribute_list
2289	;
2290
2291	attribute_list: // GCC
2292	attribute
2293	\| attribute_list attribute
2294	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2295	;
2296
2297	attribute: // GCC
2298	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2299	{ $$ = $4; }
2300	;
2301
2302	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2303	attribute_name
2304	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2305	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2306	;
2307
2308	attribute_name: // GCC
2309	// empty
2310	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2311	\| attr_name
2312	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2313	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2314	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2315	;
2316
2317	attr_name: // GCC
2318	IDENTIFIER
2319	\| TYPEDEFname
2320	\| TYPEGENname
2321	\| CONST
2322	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ) }; }
2323	;
2324
2325	// ============================================================================
2326	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2327	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2328	// in:
2329	//
2330	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2331	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2332	//
2333	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2334	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2335	// ============================================================================
2336
2337	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2338	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2339	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2340	//
2341	// valid declaration invalid definition
2342	// ----------------- ------------------
2343	// int f; int f {}
2344	// int f; int f {}
2345	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2346	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2347	//
2348	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2349	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2350	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2351
2352	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2353	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2354
2355	variable_declarator:
2356	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2357	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2358	\| variable_ptr
2359	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2361	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2362	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2363	;
2364
2365	paren_identifier:
2366	identifier
2367	{
2368	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2369	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2370	}
2371	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2372	{ $$ = $2; }
2373	;
2374
2375	variable_ptr:
2376	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2377	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2378	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2379	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2380	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2381	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2382	;
2383
2384	variable_array:
2385	paren_identifier array_dimension
2386	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2387	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2388	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2389	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2390	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2391	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2392	{ $$ = $2; }
2393	;
2394
2395	variable_function:
2396	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2397	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2398	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2399	{ $$ = $2; }
2400	;
2401
2402	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2403	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2404	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2405
2406	function_declarator:
2407	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2408	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2409	\| function_ptr
2410	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2411	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2412	;
2413
2414	function_no_ptr:
2415	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2416	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2417	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2418	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2419	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2420	{ $$ = $2; }
2421	;
2422
2423	function_ptr:
2424	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2425	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2426	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2427	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2428	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2429	{ $$ = $2; }
2430	;
2431
2432	function_array:
2433	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2434	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2435	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2436	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2437	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2438	{ $$ = $2; }
2439	;
2440
2441	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2442	//
2443	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2444	//
2445	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2446	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2447
2448	KR_function_declarator:
2449	KR_function_no_ptr
2450	\| KR_function_ptr
2451	\| KR_function_array
2452	;
2453
2454	KR_function_no_ptr:
2455	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2456	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2457	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2458	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2459	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2460	{ $$ = $2; }
2461	;
2462
2463	KR_function_ptr:
2464	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2465	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2466	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2467	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2468	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2469	{ $$ = $2; }
2470	;
2471
2472	KR_function_array:
2473	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2474	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2475	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2476	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2477	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2478	{ $$ = $2; }
2479	;
2480
2481	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2482	//
2483	// typedef int foo;
2484	// {
2485	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2486	// }
2487	//
2488	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2489	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2490
2491	variable_type_redeclarator:
2492	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2493	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2494	\| type_ptr
2495	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2496	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2497	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2498	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2499	;
2500
2501	paren_type:
2502	typedef
2503	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2504	{ $$ = $2; }
2505	;
2506
2507	type_ptr:
2508	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2509	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2510	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2511	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2512	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2513	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2514	;
2515
2516	type_array:
2517	paren_type array_dimension
2518	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2519	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2520	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2521	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2522	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2523	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2524	{ $$ = $2; }
2525	;
2526
2527	type_function:
2528	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2529	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2530	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2531	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2532	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2533	{ $$ = $2; }
2534	;
2535
2536	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2537	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2538	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2539	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2540
2541	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2542	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2543	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2544	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2545	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2546	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2547	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2548	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2549	;
2550
2551	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2552	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2553	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2554	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2555	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2556	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2557	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2558	;
2559
2560	identifier_parameter_array:
2561	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2562	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2563	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2564	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2565	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2566	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2567	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2568	{ $$ = $2; }
2569	;
2570
2571	identifier_parameter_function:
2572	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2573	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2574	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2575	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2576	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2577	{ $$ = $2; }
2578	;
2579
2580	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2581	// e.g.:
2582	//
2583	// typedef int foo;
2584	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2585	//
2586	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2587
2588	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2589	typedef attribute_list_opt
2590	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2591	\| type_parameter_ptr
2592	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2593	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2594	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2595	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2596	;
2597
2598	typedef:
2599	TYPEDEFname
2600	{
2601	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2602	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2603	}
2604	\| TYPEGENname
2605	{
2606	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2607	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2608	}
2609	;
2610
2611	type_parameter_ptr:
2612	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2613	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2614	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2615	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2616	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2617	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2618	;
2619
2620	type_parameter_array:
2621	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2622	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2623	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2624	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2625	;
2626
2627	type_parameter_function:
2628	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2629	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2630	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2631	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2632	;
2633
2634	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2635	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2636	//
2637	// sizeof( int );
2638	// sizeof( int * );
2639	// sizeof( int [10] );
2640	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2641	// sizeof( int () );
2642	//
2643	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2644	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2645
2646	abstract_declarator:
2647	abstract_ptr
2648	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2649	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2650	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2651	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2652	;
2653
2654	abstract_ptr:
2655	ptrref_operator
2656	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2657	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2658	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2659	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2660	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2661	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2662	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2663	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2664	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2665	;
2666
2667	abstract_array:
2668	array_dimension
2669	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2670	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2671	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2672	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2673	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2674	{ $$ = $2; }
2675	;
2676
2677	abstract_function:
2678	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2679	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2680	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2681	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2682	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2683	{ $$ = $2; }
2684	;
2685
2686	array_dimension:
2687	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2688	'[' ']'
2689	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2690	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2691	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2692	\| multi_array_dimension
2693	;
2694
2695	multi_array_dimension:
2696	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2697	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2698	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2699	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2700	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2701	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2702	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2703	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2704	;
2705
2706	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2707	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2708	//
2709	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2710	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2711	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2712	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2713	//
2714	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2715	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2716	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2717	//
2718	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2719	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2720	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2721	//
2722	// For example:
2723	//
2724	// typedef float T;
2725	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2726	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2727	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2728	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2729	//
2730	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2731	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2732	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2733	// functions.
2734
2735	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2736	abstract_parameter_ptr
2737	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2738	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2739	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2740	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2741	;
2742
2743	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2744	ptrref_operator
2745	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ); }
2746	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2747	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2748	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2749	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ) ); }
2750	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2751	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2752	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2753	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2754	;
2755
2756	abstract_parameter_array:
2757	array_parameter_dimension
2758	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2759	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2760	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2761	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2762	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2763	{ $$ = $2; }
2764	;
2765
2766	abstract_parameter_function:
2767	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2768	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2769	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2770	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2771	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2772	{ $$ = $2; }
2773	;
2774
2775	array_parameter_dimension:
2776	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2777	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2778	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2779	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2780	\| multi_array_dimension
2781	;
2782
2783	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2784	//
2785	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2786	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2787
2788	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2789	'[' ']'
2790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2791	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2792	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2793	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2794	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2795	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2796	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2797	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2798	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2799	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2800	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2801	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2802	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2803	;
2804
2805	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2806	//
2807	// struct S {
2808	// int;
2809	// int *;
2810	// int [10];
2811	// int (*)();
2812	// };
2813
2814	variable_abstract_declarator:
2815	variable_abstract_ptr
2816	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2817	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2818	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2819	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2820	;
2821
2822	variable_abstract_ptr:
2823	ptrref_operator
2824	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2825	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2826	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2827	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2828	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2829	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2830	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2831	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2832	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2833	;
2834
2835	variable_abstract_array:
2836	array_dimension
2837	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2838	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2839	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2840	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2841	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2842	{ $$ = $2; }
2843	;
2844
2845	variable_abstract_function:
2846	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2847	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2848	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2849	{ $$ = $2; }
2850	;
2851
2852	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2853	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2854
2855	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2856	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2857	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2858	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2859	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2860	;
2861
2862	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2863	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2864	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2865	;
2866
2867	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2868	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2869	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2870	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2871	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2872	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2873	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2874	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2875	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2876	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2877	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2878	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2879	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2880	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2881	;
2882
2883	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2884	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2885	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2886	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2887	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2888	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2889	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2890	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2891	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2892	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2893	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2894	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2895	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2896
2897	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2898	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2899	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2900	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2901	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2902	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2903	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2904	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2905	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2906	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2907	;
2908
2909	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2910	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2911	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2912	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2913	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2914	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2915	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2916	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2917	// appear in this context.
2918	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2919	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2920	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2921	;
2922
2923	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2924	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2925	//
2926	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2927	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2928	//
2929	// These rules need LR(3):
2930	//
2931	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2932	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2933	//
2934	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2935	//
2936	// [int, int] t;
2937	// [int, int] f( int );
2938	//
2939	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2940	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2941	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2942	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
2943
2944	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2945	cfa_abstract_tuple
2946	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2947	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2948	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2949	;
2950
2951	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2952	cfa_abstract_ptr
2953	\| cfa_abstract_array
2954	;
2955
2956	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2957	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2958	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2959	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2960	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2961	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2962	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2963	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2964	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2965	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2966	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2967	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2968	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2969	;
2970
2971	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
2972	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2973	// empty (void) function return type.
2974	'[' ']' type_specifier
2975	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2976	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2977	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2978	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2979	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2980	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
2981	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2982	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2983	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2984	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2985	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2986	;
2987
2988	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2989	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2990	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2991	;
2992
2993	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
2994	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2995	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2996	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2997	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2998	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2999	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3000	;
3001
3002	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3003	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3004	//
3005	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3006	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3007	//
3008	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3009	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3010	//
3011	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3012	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3013
3014	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3015
3016	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3017	// empty
3018	\| ','
3019	;
3020
3021	assignment_opt:
3022	// empty
3023	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3024	\| '=' assignment_expression
3025	{ $$ = $2; }
3026	;
3027
3028	%%
3029	// ----end of grammar----
3030
3031	extern char *yytext;
3032
3033	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3034	cout << "Error ";
3035	if ( yyfilename ) {
3036	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3037	} // if
3038	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3039	}
3040
3041	// Local Variables: //
3042	// mode: c++ //
3043	// tab-width: 4 //
3044	// compile-command: "make install" //
3045	// End: //

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