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parser.yy@ 5ad24a2c

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Last change on this file since 5ad24a2c was 36e6f10, checked in by Andrew Beach <ajbeach@…>, 2 years ago
Parser now uses constants from the new ast types.
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 175.1 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Tue Oct 3 17:14:12 2023
13	// Update Count : 6396
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
51	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
52	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
53	#include "ParserTypes.h"
54	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
55	#include "TypedefTable.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
58	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
59
60	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
61
62	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
63	#ifdef __clang__
64	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
65	#endif
66
67	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
68	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
69	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
70
71	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
72
73	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
74	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
75	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
76	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
77	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
78	//
79	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
80	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
81	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
82
83	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
84	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
85	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
86	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
87	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
88	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
89	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
90	} // if
91	} else {
92	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
93	to = "u8" + to;
94	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
95	} else {
96	to = from[0] + to;
97	} // if
98	} // if
99	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
100	} // if
101	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
102	return true;
103	} // appendStr
104
105	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
106	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
107	assert( declList );
108	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
109	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
110	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
111	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
112
113	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( declList->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
114	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
115	} // for
116	declList->addType( cl );
117	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
118	return declList;
119	} // distAttr
120
121	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
122	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
123	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
124	iter->set_extension( true );
125	} // for
126	} // distExt
127
128	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
129	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
130	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
131	iter->set_inLine( true );
132	} // for
133	} // distInl
134
135	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
136	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
137	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
138	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
139	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
140	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
141	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
142	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
143	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
144	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
145	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
146	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
147	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
148	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
149	DeclarationNode newnode;
150	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
151	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
152	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
153	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
154	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
155	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
156	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
157	} // if
158	} else { // just SC qualifiers
159	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
160	} // if
161	} // for
162	delete qualifiers;
163	} // distQual
164
165	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
166	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
167	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
168	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
169	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
170	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
171	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
172
173	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
174	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
175	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
176	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
177	} // if
178	} // rebindForall
179
180	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
181	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
182	return name;
183	} // build_postfix_name
184
185	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
186	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
187	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
188	stringstream ss;
189	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
190	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
191	return nullptr;
192	} // if
193	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
194	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
195	} // if
196	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
197
198	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
199	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
200	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
201	return temp;
202	} // fieldDecl
203
204	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
205	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
206	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
207	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "syntax error, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
208	#define MISSING_LOW "syntax error, missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
209	#define MISSING_HIGH "syntax error, missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
210
211	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
212	const CodeLocation & location,
213	DeclarationNode * init,
214	enum OperKinds compop,
215	ExpressionNode * comp,
216	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
217	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
218	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
219	compop,
220	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
221	comp ) );
222	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
223	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
224	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
225	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
226	inc ) );
227	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
228	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
229	}
230
231	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
232	if ( index->initializer ) {
233	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
234	} // if
235	if ( index->next ) {
236	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
237	} // if
238	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
239	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
240	} // forCtrl
241
242	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
243	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
244	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
245	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
246	} // if
247	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
248	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
249	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
250	);
251	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
252	} // forCtrl
253
254	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
255	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
256	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
257	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
258	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
259	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
260	} else {
261	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
262	} // if
263	} else {
264	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed. ." ); return nullptr;
265	} // if
266	} // forCtrl
267
268	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
269	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, adjacent identifiers \"", identifier1, "\" and \"", identifier2, "\" are not meaningful in a", kind, ".\n"
270	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter." ) );
271	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
272
273	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
274	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, identifier \"", identifier, "\" cannot appear before a ", kind, ".\n"
275	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter." ) );
276	} // IdentifierBeforeType
277
278	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
279
280	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
281	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
282	if ( N ) { \
283	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
284	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
285	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
286	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
287	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
288	} else { \
289	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
290	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
291	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
292	}
293	%}
294
295	%define parse.error verbose
296
297	// Types declaration for productions
298
299	%union {
300	Token tok;
301	ExpressionNode * expr;
302	DeclarationNode * decl;
303	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
304	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
305	StatementNode * stmt;
306	ClauseNode * clause;
307	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
308	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
309	CondCtl * ifctl;
310	ForCtrl * forctl;
311	LabelNode * labels;
312	InitializerNode * init;
313	OperKinds oper;
314	std::string * str;
315	bool is_volatile;
316	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
317	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
318	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
319	}
320
321	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
322
323	// keywords
324	%token TYPEDEF
325	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
326	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
327	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
328	%token NORETURN // C11
329	%token CONST VOLATILE
330	%token RESTRICT // C99
331	%token ATOMIC // C11
332	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
333	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
334	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
335	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
336	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
337	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
338	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
339	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
340	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
341	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
342	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
343	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
344	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
345	// %token RESUME // CFA
346	%token LABEL // GCC
347	%token SUSPEND // CFA
348	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
349	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
350	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
351	%token CORUN COFOR
352	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
353	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
354	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
355
356	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
357	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
358	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
359	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
360	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
361	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
362	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
363	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
364	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
365
366	// multi-character operators
367	%token ARROW // ->
368	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
369	%token LS RS // << >>
370	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
371	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
372	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
373
374	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
375	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
376	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
377	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
378
379	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
380	%token ATassign // @=
381
382	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
383	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
384	%type<expr> string_literal
385	%type<str> string_literal_list
386
387	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
388
389	// expressions
390	%type<expr> constant
391	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
392	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
393	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
394	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
395	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
396	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
397	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
398	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
399	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
400	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
401	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
402	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
403	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
404	%type<expr> subrange
405	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
406	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
407	%type<labels> label_list
408	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
409	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
410	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
411	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
412
413	// statements
414	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
415	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
416	%type<stmt> selection_statement if_statement
417	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
418	%type<expr> case_value
419	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
420	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
421	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
422	%type<stmt> with_statement
423	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
424	%type<stmt> corun_statement cofor_statement
425	%type<stmt> exception_statement
426	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
427	%type<except_kind> handler_key
428	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
429	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
430	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
431	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
432	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
433
434	// declarations
435	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
436	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
437	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
438
439	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
440	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
441
442	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
443
444	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
445
446	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
447	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
448
449	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
450
451	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
452	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
453
454	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
455
456	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
457	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
458
459	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
460
461	%type<decl> exception_declaration
462
463	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
464	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
465
466	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
467
468	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
469	%type<decl> identifier_list
470
471	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
472	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
473	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
474
475	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
476
477	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
478	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
479
480	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
481	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
482
483	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
484
485	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
486
487	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
488	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
489	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
490
491	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
492
493	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
494
495	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
496
497	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
498
499	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
500	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
501
502	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
503	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
504
505	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
506	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
507
508	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
509
510	%type<decl> type type_no_function
511	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
512
513	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list
514
515	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
516	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
517
518	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
519	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
520
521	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
522
523	// initializers
524	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
525
526	// designators
527	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
528
529
530	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
531	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
532	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
533	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
534	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
535
536	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
537	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
538	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
539	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
540	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
541	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
542	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
543	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
544	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
545	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
546	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
547	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
548	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
549	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
550
551
552	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
553	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
554	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
555	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
556	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
557	// must be:
558	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
559	// The same problem occurs here:
560	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
561	// must be:
562	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
563
564	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
565	%precedence TYPEGENname
566	%precedence '}'
567	%precedence '('
568
569	// %precedence RESUME
570	// %precedence '{'
571	// %precedence ')'
572
573	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
574
575	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
576
577	%%
578	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
579
580	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
581	// which are lexically identical.
582	//
583	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
584	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
585	//
586	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
587	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
588	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
589	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
590	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
591	//
592	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
593	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
594	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
595	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
596	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
597	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
598	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
599	//
600	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
601	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
602	// around the list separator.
603	//
604	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
605	// push pop push pop
606
607	push:
608	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
609	;
610
611	pop:
612	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
613	;
614
615	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
616
617	constant:
618	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
619	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
620	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
621	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
622	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
623	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	quasi_keyword: // CFA
627	TIMEOUT
628	\| WAND
629	\| WOR
630	\| CATCH
631	\| RECOVER
632	\| CATCHRESUME
633	\| FIXUP
634	\| FINALLY
635	;
636
637	identifier:
638	IDENTIFIER
639	\| quasi_keyword
640	;
641
642	identifier_at:
643	identifier
644	\| '@' // CFA
645	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
646	;
647
648	string_literal:
649	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
650	;
651
652	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
653	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
654	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
655	{
656	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
657	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
658	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
659	}
660	;
661
662	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
663
664	primary_expression:
665	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
667	\| quasi_keyword
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
669	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
670	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
671	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
673	\| tuple
674	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
675	{ $$ = $2; }
676	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
677	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
678	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
679	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
680	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
681	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
682	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
683	{
684	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
685	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
686	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
687	}
688	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
689	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
690	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
691	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
692	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
693	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "n expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
694	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
695	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
696	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
697	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
698	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
699	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
700	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
701	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
702	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
703	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
704	;
705
706	generic_assoc_list: // C11
707	generic_association
708	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
709	{
710	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
711	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
712	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
713	delete $3;
714	$$ = $1;
715	}
716	;
717
718	generic_association: // C11
719	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
720	{
721	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
722	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
723	}
724	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
725	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
726	;
727
728	postfix_expression:
729	primary_expression
730	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
731	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
732	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
733	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
734	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
735	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
736	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
737	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
738	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
739	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
740	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
741	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
742	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
743	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
744	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
745	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
746	{
747	Token fn;
748	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
749	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
750	}
751	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
752	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
753	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
754	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
755	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg") ) ),
756	(ExpressionNode )($3->set_last( (ExpressionNode )($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) )) ) ); }
757	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
758	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
759	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
760	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
761	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
762	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
763	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
764	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
765	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
766	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
767	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
768	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
769	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
770	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
771	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
772	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
773	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
775	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
776	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
777	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
779	\| postfix_expression ICR
780	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
781	\| postfix_expression DECR
782	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
783	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
785	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
786	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
787	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
788	{
789	Token fn;
790	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
791	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
792	}
793	;
794
795	argument_expression_list_opt:
796	// empty
797	{ $$ = nullptr; }
798	\| argument_expression_list
799	;
800
801	argument_expression_list:
802	argument_expression
803	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
804	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
805	;
806
807	argument_expression:
808	'@' // CFA, default parameter
809	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
810	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
811	\| assignment_expression
812	;
813
814	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
815	field
816	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
817	;
818
819	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
820	field_name
821	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
823	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
825	\| field_name '.' field
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
827	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
829	\| field_name ARROW field
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
831	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
832	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
833	;
834
835	field_name:
836	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
838	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
839	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
840	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
841	{
842	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
843	}
844	;
845
846	fraction_constants_opt:
847	// empty
848	{ $$ = nullptr; }
849	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
850	{
851	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
852	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
853	}
854	;
855
856	unary_expression:
857	postfix_expression
858	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
859	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
860	\| constant
861	\| string_literal
862	{ $$ = $1; }
863	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
864	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
865	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
866	// { * X; } // dereference X
867	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
868	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
869	{
870	switch ( $1 ) {
871	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
872	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
873	break;
874	case OperKinds::PointTo:
875	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
876	break;
877	case OperKinds::And:
878	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
879	break;
880	default:
881	assert( false );
882	}
883	}
884	\| unary_operator cast_expression
885	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
886	\| ICR unary_expression
887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
888	\| DECR unary_expression
889	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
890	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
891	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
892	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
893	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
894	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
895	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
896	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
897	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
898	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
899	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
900	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
901	{
902	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
903	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
904	}
905	;
906
907	ptrref_operator:
908	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
909	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
910	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
911	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
912	;
913
914	unary_operator:
915	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
916	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
917	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
918	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
919	;
920
921	cast_expression:
922	unary_expression
923	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
924	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
925	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
926	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
927	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
928	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
929	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
930	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
931	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
932	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
933	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
934	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
935	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
936	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
937	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
938	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
939	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
940	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
941	;
942
943	qualifier_cast_list:
944	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
945	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
946	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
947	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
948	;
949
950	cast_modifier:
951	'-'
952	\| '+'
953	;
954
955	exponential_expression:
956	cast_expression
957	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
958	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
959	;
960
961	multiplicative_expression:
962	exponential_expression
963	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
964	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
965	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
966	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
967	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
968	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
969	;
970
971	additive_expression:
972	multiplicative_expression
973	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
975	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
976	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
977	;
978
979	shift_expression:
980	additive_expression
981	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
982	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
983	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
984	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
985	;
986
987	relational_expression:
988	shift_expression
989	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
990	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
991	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
993	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
994	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
995	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
996	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
997	;
998
999	equality_expression:
1000	relational_expression
1001	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1002	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1003	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1004	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1005	;
1006
1007	AND_expression:
1008	equality_expression
1009	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1010	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1011	;
1012
1013	exclusive_OR_expression:
1014	AND_expression
1015	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1016	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1017	;
1018
1019	inclusive_OR_expression:
1020	exclusive_OR_expression
1021	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1022	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1023	;
1024
1025	logical_AND_expression:
1026	inclusive_OR_expression
1027	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1028	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1029	;
1030
1031	logical_OR_expression:
1032	logical_AND_expression
1033	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1034	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1035	;
1036
1037	conditional_expression:
1038	logical_OR_expression
1039	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1040	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1041	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
1042	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1043	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $1->clone(), $4 ) ); }
1044	;
1045
1046	constant_expression:
1047	conditional_expression
1048	;
1049
1050	assignment_expression:
1051	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1052	conditional_expression
1053	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1054	{
1055	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1056	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1057	// } else {
1058	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1059	// } // if
1060	}
1061	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1062	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1063	;
1064
1065	assignment_expression_opt:
1066	// empty
1067	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1068	\| assignment_expression
1069	;
1070
1071	assignment_operator:
1072	simple_assignment_operator
1073	\| compound_assignment_operator
1074	;
1075
1076	simple_assignment_operator:
1077	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1078	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1079	;
1080
1081	compound_assignment_operator:
1082	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1083	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1084	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1085	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1086	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1087	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1088	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1089	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1090	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1091	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1092	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1093	;
1094
1095	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1096	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1097	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1098	// '[' ']'
1099	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1100	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1101	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1102	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1103	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1104	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1105	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1106	;
1107
1108	tuple_expression_list:
1109	assignment_expression
1110	\| '@' // CFA
1111	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1112	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1113	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1114	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1115	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1116	;
1117
1118	comma_expression:
1119	assignment_expression
1120	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1121	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1122	;
1123
1124	comma_expression_opt:
1125	// empty
1126	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1127	\| comma_expression
1128	;
1129
1130	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1131
1132	statement:
1133	labeled_statement
1134	\| compound_statement
1135	\| expression_statement
1136	\| selection_statement
1137	\| iteration_statement
1138	\| jump_statement
1139	\| with_statement
1140	\| mutex_statement
1141	\| waitfor_statement
1142	\| waituntil_statement
1143	\| corun_statement
1144	\| cofor_statement
1145	\| exception_statement
1146	\| enable_disable_statement
1147	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1148	\| asm_statement
1149	\| DIRECTIVE
1150	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1151	;
1152
1153	labeled_statement:
1154	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1155	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1156	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1157	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1158	{
1159	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntx error, label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1160	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1161	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1162	$$ = nullptr;
1163	}
1164	;
1165
1166	compound_statement:
1167	'{' '}'
1168	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1169	\| '{' push
1170	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1171	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1172	pop '}'
1173	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1174	;
1175
1176	statement_decl_list: // C99
1177	statement_decl
1178	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1179	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1180	;
1181
1182	statement_decl:
1183	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1184	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1185	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1186	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1187	\| function_definition
1188	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1189	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1190	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1191	\| statement
1192	;
1193
1194	statement_list_nodecl:
1195	statement
1196	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1197	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1198	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1199	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1200	;
1201
1202	expression_statement:
1203	comma_expression_opt ';'
1204	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1205	;
1206
1207	selection_statement:
1208	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1209	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1210	push if_statement pop
1211	{ $$ = $2; }
1212	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1213	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1214	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1215	{
1216	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1217	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1218	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1219	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1220	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1221	// statement.
1222	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1223	}
1224	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1225	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1226	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1227	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1228	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1229	{
1230	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1231	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1232	}
1233	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1234	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1235	;
1236
1237	if_statement:
1238	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1239	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1240	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1241	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1242	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1243	;
1244
1245	conditional_declaration:
1246	comma_expression
1247	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1248	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1249	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1250	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1251	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1252	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1253	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1254	;
1255
1256	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1257	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1258
1259	case_value: // CFA
1260	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1261	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1262	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1263	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1264	;
1265
1266	case_value_list: // CFA
1267	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1268	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1269	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1270	;
1271
1272	case_label: // CFA
1273	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1274	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1275	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1276	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1277	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1278	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1279	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1280	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1281	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1282	;
1283
1284	case_label_list: // CFA
1285	case_label
1286	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1287	;
1288
1289	case_clause: // CFA
1290	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1291	;
1292
1293	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1294	// empty
1295	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1296	\| switch_clause_list
1297	;
1298
1299	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1300	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1301	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1302	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1303	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1304	;
1305
1306	iteration_statement:
1307	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1308	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1309	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1310	{
1311	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1312	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1313	}
1314	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1315	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1316	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1317	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1318	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1319	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1320	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1321	{
1322	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1323	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1324	}
1325	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1326	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1327	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1328	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1329	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1330	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1331	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1332	{
1333	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1334	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1335	}
1336	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1337	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1338	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1339	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1340	;
1341
1342	for_control_expression_list:
1343	for_control_expression
1344	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1345	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1346	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1347	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1348	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1349	{
1350	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1351	if ( $1->condition ) {
1352	if ( $3->condition ) {
1353	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1354	} // if
1355	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1356	if ( $1->change ) {
1357	if ( $3->change ) {
1358	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1359	} // if
1360	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1361	$$ = $1;
1362	}
1363	;
1364
1365	for_control_expression:
1366	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1367	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1368	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1369	{
1370	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1371	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1372	}
1373	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1374	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1375
1376	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1377	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1378	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1379	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1380
1381	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1382	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1383	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1384	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1385
1386	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1387	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1388	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1389	{
1390	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1391	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1392	}
1393	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1394	{
1395	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1396	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1397	}
1398	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1399	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1400	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1401	{
1402	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1403	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1404	}
1405	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1406	{
1407	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1408	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1409	}
1410	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1411	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1412	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1413	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1414	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1415	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1416	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1417	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1418	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1419	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1420
1421	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1422	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1423	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1424	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1425
1426	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1427	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1428	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1429	{
1430	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1431	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1432	}
1433	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1434	{
1435	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1436	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1437	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1438	}
1439	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1440	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1441
1442	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1443	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1444	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1445	{
1446	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1447	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1448	}
1449	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1450	{
1451	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1452	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1453	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1454	}
1455	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1456	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1457	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1458	{
1459	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1460	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1461	}
1462	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1463	{
1464	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1465	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1466	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1467	}
1468	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1469	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1470
1471	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1472	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1473	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1474	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1475
1476	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1477	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1478	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1479	{
1480	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1481	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1482	}
1483	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1484	{
1485	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1486	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1487	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1488	}
1489
1490	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1491	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1492	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1493	{
1494	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1495	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1496	}
1497	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1498	{
1499	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1500	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1501	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1502	}
1503	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1504	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1505	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1506	{
1507	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1508	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1509	}
1510	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1511	{
1512	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1513	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1514	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1515	}
1516	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1517	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1518
1519	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1520	{
1521	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1522	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1523	}
1524	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1525	{
1526	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) {
1527	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr;
1528	}
1529	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1530	}
1531	;
1532
1533	downupdowneq:
1534	ErangeDown
1535	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1536	\| ErangeUpEq
1537	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1538	\| ErangeDownEq
1539	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1540	;
1541
1542	updown:
1543	'~'
1544	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1545	\| ErangeDown
1546	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1547	;
1548
1549	updowneq:
1550	updown
1551	\| ErangeUpEq
1552	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1553	\| ErangeDownEq
1554	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1555	;
1556
1557	jump_statement:
1558	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1559	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1560	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1561	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1562	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1563	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1564	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1565	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1566	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1567	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1568	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1569	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1570	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1571	\| CONTINUE ';'
1572	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1573	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1574	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1575	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1576	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1577	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1578	\| BREAK ';'
1579	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1580	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1581	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1582	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1583	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1584	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1585	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1586	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1587	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1588	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1589	\| SUSPEND ';'
1590	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1591	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1592	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1593	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1594	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1595	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1596	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1597	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1598	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1599	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1600	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1601	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1602	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1603	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1604	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1605	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1606	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1607	;
1608
1609	fall_through_name: // CFA
1610	FALLTHRU
1611	\| FALLTHROUGH
1612	;
1613
1614	with_statement:
1615	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1616	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1617	;
1618
1619	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1620	mutex_statement:
1621	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1622	{
1623	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1624	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1625	}
1626	;
1627
1628	when_clause:
1629	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1630	;
1631
1632	when_clause_opt:
1633	// empty
1634	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1635	\| when_clause
1636	;
1637
1638	cast_expression_list:
1639	cast_expression
1640	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1641	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1642	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1643	;
1644
1645	timeout:
1646	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1647	;
1648
1649	wor:
1650	OROR
1651	\| WOR
1652
1653	waitfor:
1654	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1655	{ $$ = $3; }
1656	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1657	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1658	;
1659
1660	wor_waitfor_clause:
1661	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1662	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1663	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1664	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1665	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1666	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1667	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1668	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1669	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1670	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1671	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1672	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1673	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1674	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1675	;
1676
1677	waitfor_statement:
1678	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1679	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1680	;
1681
1682	wand:
1683	ANDAND
1684	\| WAND
1685	;
1686
1687	waituntil:
1688	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1689	{ $$ = $3; }
1690	;
1691
1692	waituntil_clause:
1693	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1694	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1695	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1696	{ $$ = $2; }
1697	;
1698
1699	wand_waituntil_clause:
1700	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1701	{ $$ = $1; }
1702	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1703	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1704	;
1705
1706	wor_waituntil_clause:
1707	wand_waituntil_clause
1708	{ $$ = $1; }
1709	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1710	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1711	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1712	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1713	;
1714
1715	waituntil_statement:
1716	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1717	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1718	;
1719
1720	corun_statement:
1721	CORUN statement
1722	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_corun( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1723	;
1724
1725	cofor_statement:
1726	COFOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement
1727	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "cofor statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1728	;
1729
1730	exception_statement:
1731	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1732	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1733	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1734	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1735	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1736	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1737	;
1738
1739	handler_clause:
1740	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1741	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1742	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1743	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1744	;
1745
1746	handler_predicate_opt:
1747	// empty
1748	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1749	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1750	;
1751
1752	handler_key:
1753	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1754	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1755	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1756	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1757	;
1758
1759	finally_clause:
1760	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1761	;
1762
1763	exception_declaration:
1764	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1765	type_specifier_nobody
1766	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1767	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1768	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1769	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1770	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1771	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1772	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1773	;
1774
1775	enable_disable_statement:
1776	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1777	;
1778
1779	enable_disable_key:
1780	ENABLE
1781	\| DISABLE
1782	;
1783
1784	asm_statement:
1785	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1786	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1787	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1788	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1789	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1790	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1791	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1792	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1793	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1794	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1795	;
1796
1797	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1798	// empty
1799	{ $$ = false; }
1800	\| VOLATILE
1801	{ $$ = true; }
1802	;
1803
1804	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1805	// empty
1806	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1807	\| asm_operands_list
1808	;
1809
1810	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1811	asm_operand
1812	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1813	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1814	;
1815
1816	asm_operand: // GCC
1817	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1818	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1819	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1820	{
1821	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1822	delete $2.str;
1823	}
1824	;
1825
1826	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1827	// empty
1828	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1829	\| string_literal
1830	{ $$ = $1; }
1831	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1832	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1833	;
1834
1835	label_list:
1836	identifier
1837	{
1838	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1839	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1840	}
1841	\| label_list ',' identifier
1842	{
1843	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1844	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1845	}
1846	;
1847
1848	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1849
1850	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1851	// empty
1852	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1853	\| declaration_list
1854	;
1855
1856	declaration_list:
1857	declaration
1858	\| declaration_list declaration
1859	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1860	;
1861
1862	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1863	// empty
1864	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1865	\| KR_parameter_list
1866	;
1867
1868	KR_parameter_list:
1869	c_declaration ';'
1870	{ $$ = $1; }
1871	\| KR_parameter_list c_declaration ';'
1872	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1873	;
1874
1875	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1876	// empty
1877	\| local_label_declaration_list
1878	;
1879
1880	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1881	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1882	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1883	;
1884
1885	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1886	identifier_or_type_name
1887	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1888	;
1889
1890	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1891	c_declaration ';'
1892	{
1893	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1894	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1895	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1896	// } // for
1897	}
1898	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1899	\| static_assert // C11
1900	;
1901
1902	static_assert:
1903	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1904	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
1905	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1906	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1907
1908	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1909	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1910	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1911	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1912	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1913	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1914	//
1915	// CFA C
1916	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1917	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1918
1919	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1920	cfa_variable_declaration
1921	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1922	\| cfa_function_declaration
1923	\| type_declaring_list
1924	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1925	\| trait_specifier
1926	;
1927
1928	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1929	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1930	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1931	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1932	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1933	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1934	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1935	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1936	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1937	;
1938
1939	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1940	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1941	// storage-class
1942	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1943	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1944	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1945	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1946	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1947	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1948	;
1949
1950	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1951	cfa_function_specifier
1952	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1953	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1954	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1955	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1956	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1957	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1958	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1959	{
1960	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1961	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1962	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1963	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1964	}
1965	;
1966
1967	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1968	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1969	// {
1970	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, nullptr, true );
1971	// }
1972	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1973	// {
1974	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1975	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1976	// }
1977	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1978	// {
1979	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1980	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1981	// }
1982	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1983	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1984	//
1985	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1986	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1987	//
1988	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1989	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1990	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1991	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1992	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1993	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1994	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1995	;
1996
1997	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1998	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1999	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2000	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2001	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
2002	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
2003	;
2004
2005	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
2006	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
2007	{
2008	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
2009	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2010	}
2011	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2012	{
2013	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2014	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2015	}
2016	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
2017	{
2018	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2019	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2020	}
2021	;
2022
2023	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2024	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2025
2026	typedef_declaration:
2027	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2028	{
2029	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2030	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2031	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2032	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2033	}
2034	\| typedef_declaration ',' declarator
2035	{
2036	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2037	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $3 )->addTypedef() );
2038	}
2039	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2040	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2041	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2042	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2043	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2044	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2045	;
2046
2047	typedef_expression:
2048	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2049	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2050	{
2051	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2052	}
2053	\| typedef_expression ',' identifier '=' assignment_expression
2054	{
2055	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2056	}
2057	;
2058
2059	c_declaration:
2060	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2061	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2062	\| typedef_declaration
2063	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2064	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2065	{
2066	assert( $1->type );
2067	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2068	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2069	}
2070	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2071	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2072	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2073	}
2074	}
2075	;
2076
2077	declaring_list:
2078	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2079	// storage-class
2080	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2081	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2082	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2083	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2084
2085	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2086	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2087	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2088	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2089
2090	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2091	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2092	;
2093
2094	general_function_declarator:
2095	function_type_redeclarator
2096	\| function_declarator
2097	;
2098
2099	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2100	basic_declaration_specifier
2101	\| type_declaration_specifier
2102	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2103	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2104	{
2105	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of ",
2106	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ),
2107	" declaration." ) );
2108	$$ = nullptr;
2109	}
2110	;
2111
2112	invalid_types:
2113	aggregate_key
2114	\| basic_type_name
2115	\| indirect_type
2116	;
2117
2118	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2119	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2120	//
2121	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2122	//
2123	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2124	basic_declaration_specifier
2125	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2126	\| type_declaration_specifier
2127	;
2128
2129	type_specifier: // type specifier
2130	basic_type_specifier
2131	\| sue_type_specifier
2132	\| type_type_specifier
2133	;
2134
2135	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2136	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2137	//
2138	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2139	//
2140	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2141	basic_type_specifier
2142	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2143	\| type_type_specifier
2144	;
2145
2146	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2147	// empty
2148	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2149	\| type_qualifier_list
2150	;
2151
2152	type_qualifier_list:
2153	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2154	//
2155	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2156	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2157	// appeared only once.
2158	type_qualifier
2159	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2160	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2161	;
2162
2163	type_qualifier:
2164	type_qualifier_name
2165	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
2166	;
2167
2168	type_qualifier_name:
2169	CONST
2170	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Const ); }
2171	\| RESTRICT
2172	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Restrict ); }
2173	\| VOLATILE
2174	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Volatile ); }
2175	\| ATOMIC
2176	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Atomic ); }
2177	\| forall
2178	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $1 ); }
2179	;
2180
2181	forall:
2182	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2183	{ $$ = $3; }
2184	;
2185
2186	declaration_qualifier_list:
2187	storage_class_list
2188	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2189	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2190	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2191	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2192	;
2193
2194	storage_class_list:
2195	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2196	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2197	//
2198	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2199	// specifiers in a declaration.
2200	storage_class
2201	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2202	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2203	;
2204
2205	storage_class:
2206	EXTERN
2207	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Extern ); }
2208	\| STATIC
2209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Static ); }
2210	\| AUTO
2211	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Auto ); }
2212	\| REGISTER
2213	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Register ); }
2214	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2215	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalGcc ); }
2216	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2217	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalC11 ); }
2218	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2219	\| INLINE // C99
2220	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Inline ); }
2221	\| FORTRAN // C99
2222	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Fortran ); }
2223	\| NORETURN // C11
2224	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Noreturn ); }
2225	;
2226
2227	basic_type_name:
2228	VOID
2229	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2230	\| BOOL // C99
2231	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2232	\| CHAR
2233	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2234	\| INT
2235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2236	\| INT128
2237	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2238	\| UINT128
2239	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2240	\| FLOAT
2241	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2242	\| DOUBLE
2243	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2244	\| uuFLOAT80
2245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2246	\| uuFLOAT128
2247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2248	\| uFLOAT16
2249	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2250	\| uFLOAT32
2251	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2252	\| uFLOAT32X
2253	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2254	\| uFLOAT64
2255	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2256	\| uFLOAT64X
2257	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2258	\| uFLOAT128
2259	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2260	\| DECIMAL32
2261	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2262	\| DECIMAL64
2263	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2264	\| DECIMAL128
2265	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2266	\| COMPLEX // C99
2267	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2268	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2270	\| SIGNED
2271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2272	\| UNSIGNED
2273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2274	\| SHORT
2275	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2276	\| LONG
2277	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2278	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2279	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2280	\| AUTO_TYPE
2281	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2282	\| vtable
2283	;
2284
2285	vtable_opt:
2286	// empty
2287	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2288	\| vtable
2289	;
2290
2291	vtable:
2292	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2293	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2294	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2295	;
2296
2297	default_opt:
2298	// empty
2299	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2300	\| DEFAULT
2301	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2302	;
2303
2304	basic_declaration_specifier:
2305	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2306	basic_type_specifier
2307	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2308	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2309	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2310	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2311	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2312	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2313	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2314	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2315	;
2316
2317	basic_type_specifier:
2318	direct_type
2319	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2320	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2321	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2322	;
2323
2324	direct_type:
2325	basic_type_name
2326	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2327	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2328	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2329	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2330	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2331	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2332	;
2333
2334	indirect_type:
2335	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2336	{ $$ = $3; }
2337	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2339	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2341	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2343	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2345	\| ONE_T // CFA
2346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2347	;
2348
2349	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2350	sue_type_specifier
2351	{
2352	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2353	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2354	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2355	// } // for
2356	}
2357	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2358	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2359	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2361	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2362	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2363	;
2364
2365	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2366	elaborated_type
2367	{
2368	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2369	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2370	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2371	// } // for
2372	}
2373	\| type_qualifier_list
2374	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2375	elaborated_type
2376	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2377	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2378	{
2379	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2380	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2381	}
2382	;
2383
2384	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2385	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2386	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2387	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2388	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2389	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2390	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2391	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2392	;
2393
2394	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2395	elaborated_type_nobody
2396	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2397	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2398	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2399	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2400	;
2401
2402	type_declaration_specifier:
2403	type_type_specifier
2404	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2405	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2406	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2407	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2408	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2409	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2410	;
2411
2412	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2413	type_name
2414	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2415	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2416	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2417	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2418	;
2419
2420	type_name:
2421	TYPEDEFname
2422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2423	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2425	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2426	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2427	\| typegen_name
2428	\| '.' typegen_name
2429	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2430	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2431	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2432	;
2433
2434	typegen_name: // CFA
2435	TYPEGENname
2436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2437	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2439	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2440	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2441	;
2442
2443	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2444	aggregate_type
2445	{
2446	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2447	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2448	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2449	// } // for
2450	}
2451	\| enum_type
2452	;
2453
2454	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2455	aggregate_type_nobody
2456	\| enum_type_nobody
2457	;
2458
2459	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2460	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2461	{ forall = false; } // reset
2462	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2464	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2465	{
2466	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2467	forall = false; // reset
2468	}
2469	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2470	{
2471	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2472	}
2473	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2474	{
2475	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2476	forall = false; // reset
2477	}
2478	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2479	{
2480	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2481	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2482	}
2483	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2484	{
2485	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2486	forall = false; // reset
2487	}
2488	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2489	{
2490	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2491	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2492	}
2493	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2494	;
2495
2496	type_parameters_opt:
2497	// empty
2498	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2499	\| '(' type_list ')'
2500	{ $$ = $2; }
2501	;
2502
2503	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2504	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2505	{
2506	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2507	forall = false; // reset
2508	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2509	}
2510	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2511	{
2512	forall = false; // reset
2513	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2514	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2515	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2516	if ( $3->type->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->type->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2517	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 );
2518	} else {
2519	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2520	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2521	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2522	delete $3;
2523	}
2524	}
2525	;
2526
2527	aggregate_key:
2528	aggregate_data
2529	\| aggregate_control
2530	;
2531
2532	aggregate_data:
2533	STRUCT vtable_opt
2534	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2535	\| UNION
2536	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2537	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2538	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2539	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2540	;
2541
2542	aggregate_control: // CFA
2543	MONITOR
2544	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2545	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2546	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2547	\| GENERATOR
2548	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2549	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2550	{
2551	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2552	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2553	}
2554	\| COROUTINE
2555	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2556	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2557	{
2558	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2559	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2560	}
2561	\| THREAD
2562	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2563	\| MUTEX THREAD
2564	{
2565	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2566	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2567	}
2568	;
2569
2570	field_declaration_list_opt:
2571	// empty
2572	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2573	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2574	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2575	;
2576
2577	field_declaration:
2578	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2579	{
2580	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2581	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2582	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2583	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2584	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2585	// } // for
2586	}
2587	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2588	{
2589	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." ) );
2590	$$ = nullptr;
2591	}
2592	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2593	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2594	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2595	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2596	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2597	{
2598	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2599	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2600	} // if
2601	$3->inLine = true;
2602	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2603	distInl( $3 );
2604	}
2605	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2606	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2607	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2608	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2609	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2610	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2611	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2612	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2613	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2614	\| static_assert // C11
2615	;
2616
2617	field_declaring_list_opt:
2618	// empty
2619	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2620	\| field_declarator
2621	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2622	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2623	;
2624
2625	field_declarator:
2626	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2627	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2628	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2629	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2630	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2631	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2632	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2633	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2634	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2635	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2636	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2637	;
2638
2639	field_abstract_list_opt:
2640	// empty
2641	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2642	\| field_abstract
2643	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2644	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2645	;
2646
2647	field_abstract:
2648	// no bit fields
2649	variable_abstract_declarator
2650	;
2651
2652	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2653	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2654	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2655	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2656	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2657	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2658	;
2659
2660	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2661	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2662	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2663	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2664	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2665	;
2666
2667	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2668	// empty
2669	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2670	\| bit_subrange_size
2671	;
2672
2673	bit_subrange_size:
2674	':' assignment_expression
2675	{ $$ = $2; }
2676	;
2677
2678	enum_type:
2679	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2680	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2681	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2682	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2683	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2684	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2685	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2687	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2689	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2690	{
2691	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
2692	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2693	}
2694	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2695	}
2696	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2697	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2698	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2699	{
2700	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2701	}
2702	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2703	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2704	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2705	{
2706	if ( $3 && ($3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 )) {
2707	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2708	}
2709	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6, "enum_type 2" );
2710	}
2711	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2712	{
2713	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2714	}
2715	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2716	{
2717	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2718	}
2719	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2720	{
2721	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2722	}
2723	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2724	{
2725	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2726	}
2727	\| enum_type_nobody
2728	;
2729
2730	hide_opt:
2731	// empty
2732	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2733	\| '!'
2734	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2735	;
2736
2737	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2738	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2739	{
2740	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2741	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2742	}
2743	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2744	{
2745	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2746	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2747	}
2748	;
2749
2750	enumerator_list:
2751	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2752	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2753	\| INLINE type_name
2754	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->type->symbolic.name ); }
2755	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2756	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2757	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2758	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2759	;
2760
2761	visible_hide_opt:
2762	hide_opt
2763	\| '^'
2764	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2765	;
2766
2767	enumerator_value_opt:
2768	// empty
2769	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2770	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2771	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2772	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2773	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2774	;
2775
2776	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2777	// empty
2778	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2779	\| ELLIPSIS
2780	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2781	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2782	\| cfa_parameter_list
2783	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2784	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2785	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2786	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2787	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2788	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2789	;
2790
2791	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2792	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2793	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2794	cfa_parameter_declaration
2795	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2796	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2797	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2798	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2799	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2800	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2801	;
2802
2803	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2804	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2805	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2806	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2807	;
2808
2809	parameter_type_list_opt:
2810	// empty
2811	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2812	\| ELLIPSIS
2813	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2814	\| parameter_list
2815	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2816	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2817	;
2818
2819	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2820	abstract_parameter_declaration
2821	\| parameter_declaration
2822	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2823	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2824	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2825	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2826	;
2827
2828	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2829	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2830
2831	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2832	parameter_declaration
2833	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2834	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2835	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2836	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2837	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2838	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2839	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2840	\| cfa_function_specifier
2841	;
2842
2843	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2844	abstract_parameter_declaration
2845	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2846	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2847	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2848	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2849	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2850	\| cfa_abstract_function
2851	;
2852
2853	parameter_declaration:
2854	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2855	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2856	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2857	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2858	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2859	;
2860
2861	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2862	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2863	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2864	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2865	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2866	;
2867
2868	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2869	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2870	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2871
2872	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2873	identifier
2874	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2875	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2876	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2877	;
2878
2879	identifier_or_type_name:
2880	identifier
2881	\| TYPEDEFname
2882	\| TYPEGENname
2883	;
2884
2885	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2886	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2887	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2888	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2889	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2890	;
2891
2892	type: // typeof, assertion
2893	type_no_function
2894	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2895	;
2896
2897	initializer_opt:
2898	// empty
2899	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2900	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2901	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2902	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2903	;
2904
2905	initializer:
2906	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2907	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2908	;
2909
2910	initializer_list_opt:
2911	// empty
2912	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2913	\| initializer
2914	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2915	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2916	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2917	;
2918
2919	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2920	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2921	//
2922	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2923	//
2924	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2925	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2926	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2927	// shift/reduce conflicts
2928
2929	designation:
2930	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2931	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2932	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2933	;
2934
2935	designator_list: // C99
2936	designator
2937	\| designator_list designator
2938	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2939	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2940	;
2941
2942	designator:
2943	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2944	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
2945	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2946	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2947	{ $$ = $3; }
2948	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2949	{ $$ = $3; }
2950	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2951	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
2952	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2953	{ $$ = $4; }
2954	;
2955
2956	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2957	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2958	//
2959	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2960	//
2961	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2962	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2963	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2964	//
2965	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2966	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2967	//
2968	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2969	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2970	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2971	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2972	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2973
2974	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2975	type_parameter
2976	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2977	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2978	;
2979
2980	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2981	// empty
2982	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2983	\| '=' type
2984	{ $$ = $2; }
2985	;
2986
2987	type_parameter: // CFA
2988	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2989	{
2990	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
2991	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2992	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2993	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2994	}
2995	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2996	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2997	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2998	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
2999	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3001	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
3002	{
3003	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
3004	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
3005	}
3006	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
3007	\| assertion_list
3008	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
3009	;
3010
3011	new_type_class: // CFA
3012	// empty
3013	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3014	\| '&'
3015	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3016	\| '*'
3017	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
3018	// \| '(' '*' ')'
3019	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3020	\| ELLIPSIS
3021	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3022	;
3023
3024	type_class: // CFA
3025	OTYPE
3026	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3027	\| DTYPE
3028	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3029	\| FTYPE
3030	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3031	\| TTYPE
3032	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3033	;
3034
3035	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3036	// empty
3037	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3038	\| assertion_list
3039	;
3040
3041	assertion_list: // CFA
3042	assertion
3043	\| assertion_list assertion
3044	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
3045	;
3046
3047	assertion: // CFA
3048	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3049	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3050	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3051	{ $$ = $4; }
3052	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3053	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3054	;
3055
3056	type_list: // CFA
3057	type
3058	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3059	\| assignment_expression
3060	\| type_list ',' type
3061	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3062	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3063	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
3064	;
3065
3066	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3067	OTYPE type_declarator
3068	{ $$ = $2; }
3069	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3070	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3071	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3072	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3073	;
3074
3075	type_declarator: // CFA
3076	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3077	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3078	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3079	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3080	;
3081
3082	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3083	identifier_or_type_name
3084	{
3085	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3086	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3087	}
3088	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3089	{
3090	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3091	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3092	}
3093	;
3094
3095	trait_specifier: // CFA
3096	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3097	{
3098	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3099	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3100	}
3101	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3102	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3103	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3104	{
3105	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3106	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3107	}
3108	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3109	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3110	;
3111
3112	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3113	trait_declaration
3114	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3115	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
3116	;
3117
3118	trait_declaration: // CFA
3119	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3120	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3121	;
3122
3123	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3124	cfa_variable_specifier
3125	\| cfa_function_specifier
3126	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3127	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3128	;
3129
3130	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3131	type_specifier declarator
3132	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3133	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3134	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3135	;
3136
3137	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3138
3139	translation_unit:
3140	// empty, input file
3141	\| external_definition_list
3142	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
3143	;
3144
3145	external_definition_list:
3146	push external_definition pop
3147	{ $$ = $2; }
3148	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3149	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
3150	;
3151
3152	external_definition_list_opt:
3153	// empty
3154	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3155	\| external_definition_list
3156	;
3157
3158	up:
3159	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3160	;
3161
3162	down:
3163	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3164	;
3165
3166	external_definition:
3167	DIRECTIVE
3168	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3169	\| declaration
3170	{
3171	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3172	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3173	// disallowed at the moment.
3174	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static && $1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3175	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3176	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3177	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3178	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3179	}
3180	}
3181	}
3182	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3183	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3184	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3185	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3186	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3187	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3188	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3189	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3190	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3191	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3192	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3193	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3194	\| external_function_definition
3195	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3196	{
3197	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3198	$$ = $2;
3199	}
3200	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3201	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3202	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3203	{
3204	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3205	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3206	}
3207	up external_definition down
3208	{
3209	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3210	linkageStack.pop();
3211	$$ = $5;
3212	}
3213	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3214	{
3215	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3216	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3217	}
3218	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3219	{
3220	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3221	linkageStack.pop();
3222	$$ = $6;
3223	}
3224	// global distribution
3225	\| type_qualifier_list
3226	{
3227	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3228	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3229	}
3230	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3231	}
3232	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3233	{
3234	distQual( $5, $1 );
3235	forall = false;
3236	$$ = $5;
3237	}
3238	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3239	{
3240	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3241	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3242	}
3243	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3244	}
3245	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3246	{
3247	distQual( $5, $1 );
3248	forall = false;
3249	$$ = $5;
3250	}
3251	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3252	{
3253	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3254	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3255	}
3256	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3257	}
3258	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3259	{
3260	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3261	forall = false;
3262	$$ = $6;
3263	}
3264	;
3265
3266	external_function_definition:
3267	function_definition
3268	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3269	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3270	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3271	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3272	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3273	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3274	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3275	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3276	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3277	;
3278
3279	with_clause_opt:
3280	// empty
3281	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3282	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3283	{
3284	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3285	if ( $5 ) {
3286	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3287	$$ = nullptr;
3288	} // if
3289	}
3290	;
3291
3292	function_definition:
3293	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3294	{
3295	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3296	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3297	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3298	$$ = $1;
3299	}
3300	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3301	{
3302	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3303	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3304	}
3305	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3306	{
3307	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3308	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3309	}
3310	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3311	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3312	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3313	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3314	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3315	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3316	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3317	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3318	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3319
3320	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3321	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3322	{
3323	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3324	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3325	}
3326	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3327	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3328	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3329	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3330	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3331	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3332	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3333	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3334	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3335	;
3336
3337	declarator:
3338	variable_declarator
3339	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3340	\| function_declarator
3341	\| function_type_redeclarator
3342	;
3343
3344	subrange:
3345	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3346	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3347	;
3348
3349	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3350	// empty
3351	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3352	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3353	{
3354	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3355	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3356	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3357	}
3358	;
3359
3360	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3361	// empty
3362	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3363	\| attribute_list
3364	;
3365
3366	attribute_list: // GCC
3367	attribute
3368	\| attribute_list attribute
3369	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3370	;
3371
3372	attribute: // GCC
3373	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3374	{ $$ = $4; }
3375	;
3376
3377	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3378	attribute_name
3379	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3380	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3381	;
3382
3383	attribute_name: // GCC
3384	// empty
3385	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3386	\| attr_name
3387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3388	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3390	;
3391
3392	attr_name: // GCC
3393	IDENTIFIER
3394	\| quasi_keyword
3395	\| TYPEDEFname
3396	\| TYPEGENname
3397	\| FALLTHROUGH
3398	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3399	\| CONST
3400	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3401	;
3402
3403	// ============================================================================
3404	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3405	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3406	// in:
3407	//
3408	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3409	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3410	//
3411	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3412	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3413	// ============================================================================
3414
3415	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3416	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3417	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3418	//
3419	// valid declaration invalid definition
3420	// ----------------- ------------------
3421	// int f; int f {}
3422	// int f; int f {}
3423	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3424	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3425	//
3426	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3427	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3428	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3429
3430	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3431	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3432
3433	paren_identifier:
3434	identifier_at
3435	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3436	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3437	{ $$ = $2; }
3438	;
3439
3440	variable_declarator:
3441	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3442	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3443	\| variable_ptr
3444	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3445	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3446	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3448	;
3449
3450	variable_ptr:
3451	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3452	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3453	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3454	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3455	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3456	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3457	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3458	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3459	;
3460
3461	variable_array:
3462	paren_identifier array_dimension
3463	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3464	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3465	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3466	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3467	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3468	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3469	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3470	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3471	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3472	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3473	{ $$ = $2; }
3474	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3475	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3476	;
3477
3478	variable_function:
3479	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3480	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3481	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3482	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3483	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3484	{ $$ = $2; }
3485	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3486	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3487	;
3488
3489	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3490	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3491	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3492
3493	function_declarator:
3494	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3495	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3496	\| function_ptr
3497	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3498	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3499	;
3500
3501	function_no_ptr:
3502	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3503	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3504	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3505	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3506	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3507	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3508	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3509	{ $$ = $2; }
3510	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3511	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3512	;
3513
3514	function_ptr:
3515	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3516	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3517	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3518	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3519	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3520	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3521	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3522	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3523	;
3524
3525	function_array:
3526	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3527	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3528	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3529	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3530	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3531	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3532	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3533	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3534	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3535	{ $$ = $2; }
3536	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3537	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3538	;
3539
3540	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3541	//
3542	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3543	//
3544	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3545	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3546
3547	KR_function_declarator:
3548	KR_function_no_ptr
3549	\| KR_function_ptr
3550	\| KR_function_array
3551	;
3552
3553	KR_function_no_ptr:
3554	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3555	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3556	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3557	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3558	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3559	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3560	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3561	{ $$ = $2; }
3562	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3563	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3564	;
3565
3566	KR_function_ptr:
3567	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3568	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3569	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3570	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3571	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3572	{ $$ = $2; }
3573	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3574	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3575	;
3576
3577	KR_function_array:
3578	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3579	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3580	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3581	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3582	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3583	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3584	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3585	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3586	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3587	{ $$ = $2; }
3588	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3589	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3590	;
3591
3592	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3593	//
3594	// typedef int foo;
3595	// {
3596	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3597	// }
3598
3599	paren_type:
3600	typedef_name
3601	{
3602	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3603	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3604	}
3605	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3606	{ $$ = $2; }
3607	;
3608
3609	variable_type_redeclarator:
3610	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3611	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3612	\| variable_type_ptr
3613	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3614	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3615	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3616	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3617	;
3618
3619	variable_type_ptr:
3620	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3621	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3622	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3623	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3624	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3625	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3626	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3627	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3628	;
3629
3630	variable_type_array:
3631	paren_type array_dimension
3632	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3633	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3634	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3635	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3636	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3637	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3638	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3639	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3640	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3641	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3642	{ $$ = $2; }
3643	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3644	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3645	;
3646
3647	variable_type_function:
3648	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3649	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3650	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3651	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3652	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3653	{ $$ = $2; }
3654	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3655	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3656	;
3657
3658	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3659	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3660	// arrays and functions.
3661
3662	function_type_redeclarator:
3663	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3664	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3665	\| function_type_ptr
3666	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3667	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3668	;
3669
3670	function_type_no_ptr:
3671	paren_type '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3672	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3673	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3674	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3675	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3676	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3677	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3678	{ $$ = $2; }
3679	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3680	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3681	;
3682
3683	function_type_ptr:
3684	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3685	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3686	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3687	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3688	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3689	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3690	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3691	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3692	;
3693
3694	function_type_array:
3695	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3696	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3697	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3698	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3699	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3700	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3701	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3702	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3703	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3704	{ $$ = $2; }
3705	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3706	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3707	;
3708
3709	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3710	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3711	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3712	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3713
3714	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3715	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3716	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3717	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3718	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3719	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3720	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3721	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3722	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3723	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3724	;
3725
3726	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3727	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3728	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3729	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3730	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3731	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3732	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3733	;
3734
3735	identifier_parameter_array:
3736	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3737	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3738	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3739	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3740	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3741	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3742	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3743	{ $$ = $2; }
3744	;
3745
3746	identifier_parameter_function:
3747	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3748	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3749	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3750	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3751	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3752	{ $$ = $2; }
3753	;
3754
3755	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3756	// e.g.:
3757	//
3758	// typedef int foo;
3759	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3760	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3761	//
3762	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3763
3764	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3765	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3766	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3767	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3768	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3769	\| type_parameter_ptr
3770	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3771	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3772	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3773	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3774	;
3775
3776	typedef_name:
3777	TYPEDEFname
3778	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3779	\| TYPEGENname
3780	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3781	;
3782
3783	type_parameter_ptr:
3784	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3785	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3786	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3787	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3788	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3789	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3790	;
3791
3792	type_parameter_array:
3793	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3794	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3795	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3796	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3797	;
3798
3799	type_parameter_function:
3800	typedef_name '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3801	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3802	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3803	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3804	;
3805
3806	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3807	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3808	//
3809	// sizeof( int );
3810	// sizeof( int * );
3811	// sizeof( int [10] );
3812	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3813	// sizeof( int () );
3814	//
3815	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3816	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3817
3818	abstract_declarator:
3819	abstract_ptr
3820	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3821	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3822	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3823	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3824	;
3825
3826	abstract_ptr:
3827	ptrref_operator
3828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3829	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3830	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3831	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3832	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3833	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3834	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3835	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3836	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3837	;
3838
3839	abstract_array:
3840	array_dimension
3841	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3842	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3843	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3844	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3845	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3846	{ $$ = $2; }
3847	;
3848
3849	abstract_function:
3850	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3851	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3852	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3853	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3854	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3855	{ $$ = $2; }
3856	;
3857
3858	array_dimension:
3859	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3860	'[' ']'
3861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3862	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3864	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3865	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3866	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3867	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3868	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3869	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3870	\| multi_array_dimension
3871	;
3872
3873	array_type_list:
3874	basic_type_name
3875	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3876	\| type_name
3877	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3878	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3879	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3880	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3881	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3882	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3883	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3884	;
3885
3886	upupeq:
3887	'~'
3888	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3889	\| ErangeUpEq
3890	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3891	;
3892
3893	multi_array_dimension:
3894	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3896	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3897	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3898	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3899	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3900	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3901	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3902	;
3903
3904	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3905	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3906	//
3907	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3908	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3909	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3910	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3911	//
3912	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3913	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3914	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3915	//
3916	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3917	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3918	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3919	//
3920	// For example:
3921	//
3922	// typedef float T;
3923	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3924	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3925	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3926	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3927	//
3928	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3929	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3930	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3931	// functions.
3932
3933	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
3934	// empty
3935	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3936	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
3937	;
3938
3939	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3940	abstract_parameter_ptr
3941	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3942	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3943	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3944	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3945	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3946	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3947	;
3948
3949	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3950	ptrref_operator
3951	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3952	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3953	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3954	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3955	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3956	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3957	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3958	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3959	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3960	;
3961
3962	abstract_parameter_array:
3963	array_parameter_dimension
3964	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3965	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3966	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3967	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3968	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3969	{ $$ = $2; }
3970	;
3971
3972	abstract_parameter_function:
3973	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3975	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3976	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3977	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3978	{ $$ = $2; }
3979	;
3980
3981	array_parameter_dimension:
3982	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3983	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3984	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3985	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3986	\| multi_array_dimension
3987	;
3988
3989	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3990	//
3991	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3992	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3993
3994	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3995	'[' ']'
3996	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3997	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3998	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3999	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4000	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
4001	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
4002	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
4003	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4004	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4005	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
4006	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
4007	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
4008	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
4009	;
4010
4011	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
4012	//
4013	// struct S {
4014	// int;
4015	// int *;
4016	// int [10];
4017	// int (*)();
4018	// };
4019
4020	variable_abstract_declarator:
4021	variable_abstract_ptr
4022	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4023	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4024	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4025	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4026	;
4027
4028	variable_abstract_ptr:
4029	ptrref_operator
4030	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4031	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4032	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4033	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4034	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4035	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4036	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4037	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4038	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4039	;
4040
4041	variable_abstract_array:
4042	array_dimension
4043	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4044	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4045	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4046	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4047	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4048	{ $$ = $2; }
4049	;
4050
4051	variable_abstract_function:
4052	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4053	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4054	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4055	{ $$ = $2; }
4056	;
4057
4058	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4059	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4060
4061	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4062	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4063	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4064	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4065	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4066	;
4067
4068	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4069	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4070	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4071	;
4072
4073	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4074	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4075	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4076	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4077	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4078	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4079	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4080	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4081	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4082	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4083	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4084	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4085	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4086	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4087	;
4088
4089	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4090	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4091	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4092	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4093	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4094	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4095	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4096	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4097	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4098	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4099	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4100	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4101	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4102
4103	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4104	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4105	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4106	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4107	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4108	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4109	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4110	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4111	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4112	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4113	;
4114
4115	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4116	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4117	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4118	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4119	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4120	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4121	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4122	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4123	// appear in this context.
4124	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4125	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4126	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4127	;
4128
4129	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4130	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4131	//
4132	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4133	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4134	//
4135	// These rules need LR(3):
4136	//
4137	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4138	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4139	//
4140	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4141	//
4142	// [int, int] t;
4143	// [int, int] f( int );
4144	//
4145	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4146	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4147	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4148	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4149
4150	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4151	cfa_abstract_tuple
4152	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4153	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4154	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4155	;
4156
4157	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4158	cfa_abstract_ptr
4159	\| cfa_abstract_array
4160	;
4161
4162	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4163	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4164	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4165	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4166	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4167	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4168	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4169	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4170	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4171	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4172	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4173	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4174	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4175	;
4176
4177	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4178	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4179	// empty (void) function return type.
4180	'[' ']' type_specifier
4181	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4182	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4183	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4184	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4185	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4186	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4187	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4188	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4189	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4190	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4191	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4192	;
4193
4194	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4195	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4197	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4198	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4199	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4200	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4201	;
4202
4203	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4204	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4205	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4206	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4207	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4208	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4210	;
4211
4212	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4213	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4214	//
4215	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4216	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4217	//
4218	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4219	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4220	//
4221	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4222	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4223
4224	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4225
4226	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4227	// empty
4228	\| ','
4229	;
4230
4231	default_initializer_opt:
4232	// empty
4233	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4234	\| '=' assignment_expression
4235	{ $$ = $2; }
4236	;
4237
4238	%%
4239
4240	// ----end of grammar----
4241
4242	// Local Variables: //
4243	// mode: c++ //
4244	// tab-width: 4 //
4245	// compile-command: "make install" //
4246	// End: //

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