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Last change on this file since 51fcaf8d was e04ef3a, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 9 years ago
add gcc extension, first attempt, not done yet
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File size: 103.7 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Jun 13 15:00:23 2016
13	// Update Count : 1578
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. nested functions
34	// 2. generalized lvalues
35	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
36	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
37	//
38	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
39	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
40	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
41	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
42	// grammar rule.
43
44	%{
45	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
46	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
47	extern char *yytext;
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "lex.h"
54	#include "parser.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "TypedefTable.h"
57	#include "TypeData.h"
58	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
59
60	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
61	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
62	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
63	TypedefTable typedefTable;
64	%}
65
66	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
67
68	// keywords
69	%token TYPEDEF
70	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
71	%token INLINE // C99
72	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
73	%token CONST VOLATILE
74	%token RESTRICT // C99
75	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
76	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
77	%token VALIST // GCC
78	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
79	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
80	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
81	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
82	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
83	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
84	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
85	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
86	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
87	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
88
89	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
90	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
91	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
92	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
93	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
94
95	// multi-character operators
96	%token ARROW // ->
97	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
98	%token LS RS // << >>
99	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
100	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
101	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
102
103	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
104	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
105	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
106	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
107
108	%token ATassign REFassign // @= :=
109
110	// Types declaration
111	%union
112	{
113	Token tok;
114	ParseNode *pn;
115	ExpressionNode *en;
116	DeclarationNode *decl;
117	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
118	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
119	StatementNode *sn;
120	ConstantNode *constant;
121	LabelNode *label;
122	InitializerNode *in;
123	bool flag;
124	}
125
126	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
127	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
128	%type<constant> string_literal_list
129
130	// expressions
131	%type<constant> constant
132	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
133	%type<en> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
134	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
135	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
136	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
137	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
138	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
139	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
140	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
141	%type<en> subrange
142	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
143	%type<label> label_list
144	%type<constant> asm_clobbers_list_opt
145	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
146
147	// statements
148	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
149	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
150	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
151	%type<sn> statement statement_list
152	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
153	%type<sn> case_clause
154	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
155	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
156	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
157	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
158
159	// declarations
160	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
161	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
162	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
163
164	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
165	%type<decl> aggregate_name
166
167	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
168
169	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
170
171	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
172
173	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
174
175	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
176
177	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
178	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
179
180	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
181
182	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
183	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
184
185	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
186
187	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
188	%type<en> field field_list
189
190	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
191
192	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
193	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
194
195	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
196	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
197	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
198
199	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
200
201	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
202	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
203
204	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
205	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
206
207	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
208
209	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
210
211	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
212	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
213
214	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
215	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
216
217	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
218
219	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
220
221	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
222
223	%type<tclass> type_class
224	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
225
226	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
227	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
228	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
229	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
230
231	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
232	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
233
234	%type<en> type_name_list
235
236	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
237
238	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
239	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
240
241	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
242
243	// initializers
244	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
245
246	// designators
247	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
248
249
250	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
251	// is ambiguous:
252	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
253	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
254	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
255
256	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
257	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
258
259	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
260
261	%%
262	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
263
264	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
265	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
266	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
267	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
268	//
269	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
270	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
271	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
272	//
273	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
274	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
275	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
276	//
277	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
278	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
279	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
280	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
281	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
282	//
283	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
284	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
285	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
286	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
287	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
288	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
289	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
290
291	push:
292	{
293	typedefTable.enterScope();
294	}
295	;
296
297	pop:
298	{
299	typedefTable.leaveScope();
300	}
301	;
302
303	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
304
305	constant:
306	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
307	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Integer, $1 ); }
308	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Float, $1 ); }
309	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Character, $1 ); }
310	;
311
312	identifier:
313	IDENTIFIER
314	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
315	\| zero_one // CFA
316	;
317
318	no_01_identifier:
319	IDENTIFIER
320	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
321	;
322
323	no_attr_identifier:
324	IDENTIFIER
325	\| zero_one // CFA
326	;
327
328	zero_one: // CFA
329	ZERO
330	\| ONE
331	;
332
333	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
334	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::String, $1 ); }
335	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->appendstr( $2 ); }
336	;
337
338	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
339
340	primary_expression:
341	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
342	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
343	\| zero_one
344	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
345	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
346	{ $$ = $2; }
347	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
348	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode( $2 ); }
349	;
350
351	postfix_expression:
352	primary_expression
353	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
354	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error: subscripting a
355	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
356	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
357	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Index ), $1, $4 ); }
359	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
360	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $3 ); }
361	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
362	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
363	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
364	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
365	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
366	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
367	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
368	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
369	\| postfix_expression ICR
370	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::IncrPost ), $1 ); }
371	\| postfix_expression DECR
372	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DecrPost ), $1 ); }
373	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
374	{ $$ = new CompoundLiteralNode( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ); }
375	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
376	{
377	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
378	$$ = new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_link( $3 ) );
379	}
380	;
381
382	argument_expression_list:
383	argument_expression
384	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
385	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
386	;
387
388	argument_expression:
389	// empty
390	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
391	\| assignment_expression
392	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
393	{ $$ = $3->set_argName( $1 ); }
394	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_type_name is allowed in this context. However, there is insufficient
395	// look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the tuple form must be used
396	// with an appropriate semantic check.
397	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
398	{ $$ = $7->set_argName( $3 ); }
399	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
400	{ $$ = $9->set_argName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
401	;
402
403	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
404	field
405	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
406	;
407
408	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
409	no_attr_identifier
410	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
411	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
412	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
413	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
414	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
415	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
416	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
417	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
418	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
419	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
420	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
421	;
422
423	unary_expression:
424	postfix_expression
425	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires semantics
426	// checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
427	\| constant
428	{ $$ = $1; }
429	\| string_literal_list
430	{ $$ = $1; }
431	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
432	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
433	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
434	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
435	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
436	// { * X; } // dereference X
437	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
438	\| unary_operator cast_expression
439	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
440	\| ICR unary_expression
441	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Incr ), $2 ); }
442	\| DECR unary_expression
443	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Decr ), $2 ); }
444	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
445	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), $2 ); }
446	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
447	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
448	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
449	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OffsetOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ), new VarRefNode( $5 )); }
450	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
451	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 )); }
452	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
453	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
454	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
455	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
456	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
457	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), $2 ); }
458	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
459	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ) ); }
460	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
461	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LabelAddress ), new VarRefNode( $2, true ) ); }
462	;
463
464	ptrref_operator:
465	'*' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PointTo ); }
466	\| '&' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ); }
467	;
468
469	unary_operator:
470	'+' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnPlus ); }
471	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnMinus ); }
472	\| '!' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neg ); }
473	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitNeg ); }
474	;
475
476	cast_expression:
477	unary_expression
478	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
479	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
480	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
481	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
482	;
483
484	multiplicative_expression:
485	cast_expression
486	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
487	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mul ), $1, $3 ); }
488	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
489	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Div ), $1, $3 ); }
490	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
491	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mod ), $1, $3 ); }
492	;
493
494	additive_expression:
495	multiplicative_expression
496	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
497	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Plus ), $1, $3 ); }
498	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
499	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Minus ), $1, $3 ); }
500	;
501
502	shift_expression:
503	additive_expression
504	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
505	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LShift ), $1, $3 ); }
506	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
507	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RShift ), $1, $3 ); }
508	;
509
510	relational_expression:
511	shift_expression
512	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
513	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LThan ), $1, $3 ); }
514	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
515	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GThan ), $1, $3 ); }
516	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
517	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
518	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
519	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
520	;
521
522	equality_expression:
523	relational_expression
524	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
525	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Eq ), $1, $3 ); }
526	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
527	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neq ), $1, $3 ); }
528	;
529
530	AND_expression:
531	equality_expression
532	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
533	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitAnd ), $1, $3 ); }
534	;
535
536	exclusive_OR_expression:
537	AND_expression
538	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
539	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Xor ), $1, $3 ); }
540	;
541
542	inclusive_OR_expression:
543	exclusive_OR_expression
544	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
545	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitOr ), $1, $3 ); }
546	;
547
548	logical_AND_expression:
549	inclusive_OR_expression
550	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
551	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ), $1, $3 ); }
552	;
553
554	logical_OR_expression:
555	logical_AND_expression
556	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
557	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Or ), $1, $3 ); }
558	;
559
560	conditional_expression:
561	logical_OR_expression
562	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
563	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
564	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
565	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::NCond ), $1, $4 ); }
566	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
567	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
568	;
569
570	constant_expression:
571	conditional_expression
572	;
573
574	assignment_expression:
575	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
576	conditional_expression
577	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
578	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); }
579	\| unary_expression REFassign assignment_expression
580	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); } // FIX ME
581	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
582	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( $2, $1, $3 ); }
583	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
584	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
585	;
586
587	assignment_expression_opt:
588	// empty
589	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
590	\| assignment_expression
591	;
592
593	tuple: // CFA, tuple
594	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
595	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
596	'[' ']'
597	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
598	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
599	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
600	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
601	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
602	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
603	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
604	;
605
606	tuple_expression_list:
607	assignment_expression_opt
608	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
609	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
610	;
611
612	assignment_operator:
613	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MulAssn ); }
614	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DivAssn ); }
615	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ModAssn ); }
616	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PlusAssn ); }
617	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MinusAssn ); }
618	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LSAssn ); }
619	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RSAssn ); }
620	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AndAssn ); }
621	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ERAssn ); }
622	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OrAssn ); }
623	;
624
625	comma_expression:
626	assignment_expression
627	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list( $3 ); }
628	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Comma ), $1, $3 ); }
629	;
630
631	comma_expression_opt:
632	// empty
633	{ $$ = 0; }
634	\| comma_expression
635	;
636
637	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
638
639	statement:
640	labeled_statement
641	\| compound_statement
642	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
643	\| selection_statement
644	\| iteration_statement
645	\| jump_statement
646	\| exception_statement
647	\| asm_statement
648	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
649	{
650	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
651	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
652	(ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_link( $4 ) ), 0 );
653	}
654	;
655
656	labeled_statement:
657	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
658	{
659	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
660	}
661	;
662
663	compound_statement:
664	'{' '}'
665	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
666	\| '{'
667	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
668	// requires its own scope
669	push push
670	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
671	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
672	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
673	;
674
675	block_item_list: // C99
676	block_item
677	\| block_item_list push block_item
678	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
679	;
680
681	block_item:
682	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
683	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
684	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
685	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 )/->set_extension( true )/; }
686	\| function_definition
687	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
688	\| statement pop
689	;
690
691	statement_list:
692	statement
693	\| statement_list statement
694	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
695	;
696
697	expression_statement:
698	comma_expression_opt ';'
699	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0 ); }
700	;
701
702	selection_statement:
703	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
704	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
705	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, $5 ); }
706	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
707	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7 )) ); }
708	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
709	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5 ); }
710	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
711	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8 ); /* xxx */ }
712	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is performed
713	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial declaration list can
714	// never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it.
715	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
716	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5 ); }
717	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
718	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8 ); }
719	;
720
721	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
722	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
723
724	case_value: // CFA
725	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
726	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
727	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
728	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
729	;
730
731	case_value_list: // CFA
732	case_value
733	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
734	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents( $1 ))->set_link( $3 ) ); }
735	;
736
737	case_label: // CFA
738	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Case, $2, 0 ); }
739	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Default ); }
740	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
741	;
742
743	case_label_list: // CFA
744	case_label
745	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
746	;
747
748	case_clause: // CFA
749	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
750	;
751
752	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
753	// empty
754	{ $$ = 0; }
755	\| switch_clause_list
756	;
757
758	switch_clause_list: // CFA
759	case_label_list statement_list
760	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
761	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
762	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
763	;
764
765	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
766	// empty
767	{ $$ = 0; }
768	\| choose_clause_list
769	;
770
771	choose_clause_list: // CFA
772	case_label_list fall_through
773	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
774	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
775	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3 ))); }
776	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
777	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
778	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
779	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4 ))))); }
780	;
781
782	fall_through_opt: // CFA
783	// empty
784	{ $$ = 0; }
785	\| fall_through
786	;
787
788	fall_through: // CFA
789	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
790	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
791	;
792
793	iteration_statement:
794	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
795	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::While, $3, $5 ); }
796	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
797	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Do, $5, $2 ); }
798	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
799	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::For, $4, $6 ); }
800	;
801
802	for_control_expression:
803	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
804	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $4, $6 ); }
805	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
806	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $2, $4 ); }
807	;
808
809	jump_statement:
810	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
811	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $2 ); }
812	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
813	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3 );
814	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
815	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $3 ); }
816	\| CONTINUE ';'
817	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
818	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue ); }
819	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
820	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
821	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
822	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue, $2 ); }
823	\| BREAK ';'
824	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
825	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break ); }
826	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
827	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
828	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
829	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
830	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
831	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Return, $2, 0 ); }
832	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';'
833	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
834	// \| THROW ';'
835	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
836	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';'
837	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
838	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';'
839	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
840	// \| THROWRESUME ';'
841	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
842	;
843
844	exception_statement:
845	TRY compound_statement handler_list
846	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
847	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
848	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
849	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
850	{
851	$3->set_link( $4 );
852	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 ))));
853	}
854	;
855
856	handler_list:
857	// There must be at least one catch clause
858	handler_clause
859	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
860	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
861	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
862	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
863	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
864	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
865	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
866	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
867	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
868	;
869
870	handler_clause:
871	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
872	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
873	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
874	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
875	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
876	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
877	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
878	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
879	;
880
881	finally_clause:
882	FINALLY compound_statement
883	{
884	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2 );
885	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
886	}
887	;
888
889	exception_declaration:
890	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
891	//
892	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
893	//
894	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
895	type_specifier
896	\| type_specifier declarator
897	{
898	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
899	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
900	}
901	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
902	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
903	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
904	{
905	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
906	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
907	}
908	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
909	;
910
911	asm_statement:
912	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
913	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, 0 ); }
914	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
915	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6 ); }
916	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
917	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8 ); }
918	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
919	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ); }
920	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
921	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ); }
922	;
923
924	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
925	// empty
926	{ $$ = false; }
927	\| VOLATILE
928	{ $$ = true; }
929	;
930
931	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
932	// empty
933	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
934	\| asm_operands_list
935	;
936
937	asm_operands_list: // GCC
938	asm_operand
939	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
940	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
941	;
942
943	asm_operand: // GCC
944	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
945	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( 0, $1, $3 ); }
946	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
947	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( $2, $4, $6 ); }
948	;
949
950	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
951	// empty
952	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
953	\| string_literal_list
954	{ $$ = $1; }
955	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
956	{ $$ = (ConstantNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
957	;
958
959	label_list:
960	no_attr_identifier
961	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->append_label( $1 ); }
962	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
963	{ $$ = $1; $1->append_label( $3 ); }
964	;
965
966	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
967
968	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
969	pop
970	{ $$ = 0; }
971	\| declaration_list
972	;
973
974	declaration_list:
975	declaration
976	\| declaration_list push declaration
977	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
978	;
979
980	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
981	pop
982	{ $$ = 0; }
983	\| old_declaration_list
984	;
985
986	old_declaration_list:
987	old_declaration
988	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
989	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
990	;
991
992	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
993	// empty
994	\| local_label_declaration_list
995	;
996
997	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
998	LABEL local_label_list ';'
999	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1000	;
1001
1002	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1003	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1004	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1005	;
1006
1007	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1008	new_declaration
1009	\| old_declaration
1010	;
1011
1012	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1013	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1014	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1015	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1016	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1017	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1018	//
1019	// CFA C
1020	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1021	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1022
1023	new_declaration: // CFA
1024	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1025	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1026	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1027	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1028	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1029	;
1030
1031	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1032	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1033	{
1034	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1035	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1036	}
1037	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1038	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1039	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1040	{
1041	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1042	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1043	}
1044	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1045	{
1046	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1047	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1048	}
1049	;
1050
1051	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1052	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1053	// storage-class
1054	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1055	{
1056	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1057	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1058	}
1059	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1060	{
1061	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1062	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1063	}
1064	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1065	{
1066	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1067	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1068	}
1069	;
1070
1071	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1072	new_function_specifier
1073	{
1074	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1075	$$ = $1;
1076	}
1077	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1078	{
1079	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1080	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1081	}
1082	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1083	{
1084	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1085	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1086	}
1087	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1088	{
1089	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1090	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1091	}
1092	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1093	{
1094	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1095	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1096	}
1097	;
1098
1099	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1100	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1101	{
1102	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1103	}
1104	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1105	// {
1106	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1107	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1108	// }
1109	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1110	// {
1111	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1112	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1113	// }
1114	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1115	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1116	//
1117	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1118	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1119	//
1120	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1121	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1122	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1123	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1124	{
1125	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1126	}
1127	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1128	{
1129	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1130	}
1131	;
1132
1133	new_function_return: // CFA
1134	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1135	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1136	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1137	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1138	// ']'.
1139	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1140	;
1141
1142	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1143	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1144	{
1145	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1146	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1147	}
1148	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1149	{
1150	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1151	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1152	}
1153	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1154	{
1155	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1156	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1157	}
1158	;
1159
1160	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1161	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1162
1163	typedef_declaration:
1164	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1165	{
1166	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1167	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1168	}
1169	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1170	{
1171	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1172	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1173	}
1174	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1175	{
1176	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1177	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1178	}
1179	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1180	{
1181	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1182	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1183	}
1184	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1185	{
1186	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1187	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1188	}
1189	;
1190
1191	typedef_expression:
1192	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1193	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1194	{
1195	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1196	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1197	}
1198	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1199	{
1200	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1201	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1202	}
1203	;
1204
1205	old_declaration:
1206	declaring_list pop ';'
1207	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1208	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1209	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1210	;
1211
1212	declaring_list:
1213	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1214	// storage-class
1215	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1216	{
1217	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1218	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1219	}
1220	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1221	{
1222	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1223	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1224	}
1225	;
1226
1227	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1228	basic_declaration_specifier
1229	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1230	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1231	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1232	;
1233
1234	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1235	basic_type_specifier
1236	\| sue_type_specifier
1237	\| typedef_type_specifier
1238	\| typegen_type_specifier
1239	;
1240
1241	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1242	// empty
1243	{ $$ = 0; }
1244	\| type_qualifier_list
1245	;
1246
1247	type_qualifier_list:
1248	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1249	//
1250	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1251	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1252	// appeared only once.
1253	type_qualifier
1254	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1255	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1256	;
1257
1258	type_qualifier:
1259	type_qualifier_name
1260	\| attribute
1261	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1262	;
1263
1264	type_qualifier_name:
1265	CONST
1266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1267	\| RESTRICT
1268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1269	\| VOLATILE
1270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1271	\| LVALUE // CFA
1272	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1273	\| ATOMIC
1274	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1275	\| FORALL '('
1276	{
1277	typedefTable.enterScope();
1278	}
1279	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1280	{
1281	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1282	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1283	}
1284	;
1285
1286	declaration_qualifier_list:
1287	storage_class_list
1288	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1289	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1290	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1291	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1292	;
1293
1294	storage_class_list:
1295	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1296	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1297	//
1298	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1299	// specifiers in a declaration.
1300	storage_class
1301	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1302	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1303	;
1304
1305	storage_class:
1306	storage_class_name
1307	;
1308
1309	storage_class_name:
1310	EXTERN
1311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1312	\| STATIC
1313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1314	\| AUTO
1315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1316	\| REGISTER
1317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1318	\| INLINE // C99
1319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1320	\| FORTRAN // C99
1321	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1322	\| NORETURN // C11
1323	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1324	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1325	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1326	;
1327
1328	basic_type_name:
1329	CHAR
1330	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1331	\| DOUBLE
1332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1333	\| FLOAT
1334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1335	\| INT
1336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1337	\| LONG
1338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1339	\| SHORT
1340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1341	\| SIGNED
1342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1343	\| UNSIGNED
1344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1345	\| VOID
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1347	\| BOOL // C99
1348	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1349	\| COMPLEX // C99
1350	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1351	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1352	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1353	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1354	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1355	;
1356
1357	basic_declaration_specifier:
1358	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1359	basic_type_specifier
1360	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1361	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1362	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1363	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1364	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1365	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1366	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1367	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1368	;
1369
1370	basic_type_specifier:
1371	direct_type_name
1372	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1373	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1374	;
1375
1376	direct_type_name:
1377	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1378	basic_type_name
1379	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1380	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1381	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1382	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1383	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1384	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1385	;
1386
1387	indirect_type_name:
1388	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1389	{ $$ = $3; }
1390	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1391	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1392	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1393	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1394	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1395	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1396	;
1397
1398	sue_declaration_specifier:
1399	sue_type_specifier
1400	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1401	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1402	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1403	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1404	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1405	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1406	;
1407
1408	sue_type_specifier:
1409	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1410	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1411	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1412	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1413	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1414	;
1415
1416	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1417	typedef_type_specifier
1418	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1419	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1420	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1421	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1422	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1423	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1424	;
1425
1426	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1427	TYPEDEFname
1428	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1429	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1431	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1432	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1433	;
1434
1435	elaborated_type_name:
1436	aggregate_name
1437	\| enum_name
1438	;
1439
1440	aggregate_name:
1441	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1442	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1443	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1444	{
1445	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1446	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0 );
1447	}
1448	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1449	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1450	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1451	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $5); }
1452	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1453	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6 ); }
1454	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1455	{ $$ = $2; }
1456	;
1457
1458	aggregate_key:
1459	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1460	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1461	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1462	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1463	;
1464
1465	field_declaration_list:
1466	field_declaration
1467	{ $$ = $1; }
1468	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1469	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1470	;
1471
1472	field_declaration:
1473	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1474	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1475	{ $$ = $2/->set_extension( true )/; }
1476	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1477	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1478	{ $$ = $2/->set_extension( true )/; }
1479	;
1480
1481	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1482	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1483	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1484	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1485	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1486	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1487	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1488	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1489	;
1490
1491	field_declaring_list:
1492	type_specifier field_declarator
1493	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1494	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1495	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1496	;
1497
1498	field_declarator:
1499	// empty
1500	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1501	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1502	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1503	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1504	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1505	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1506	\| type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1507	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1508	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1509	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1510	;
1511
1512	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1513	// empty
1514	{ $$ = 0; }
1515	\| bit_subrange_size
1516	{ $$ = $1; }
1517	;
1518
1519	bit_subrange_size:
1520	':' constant_expression
1521	{ $$ = $2; }
1522	;
1523
1524	enum_key:
1525	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1526	;
1527
1528	enum_name:
1529	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1531	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1532	{
1533	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1534	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1535	}
1536	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1537	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1538	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1539	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1540	;
1541
1542	enumerator_list:
1543	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1545	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1546	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1547	;
1548
1549	enumerator_value_opt:
1550	// empty
1551	{ $$ = 0; }
1552	\| '=' constant_expression
1553	{ $$ = $2; }
1554	;
1555
1556	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1557
1558	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1559	// empty
1560	{ $$ = 0; }
1561	\| new_parameter_type_list
1562	;
1563
1564	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1565	new_abstract_parameter_list
1566	\| new_parameter_list
1567	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1568	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1569	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1570	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1571	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1572	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1573	;
1574
1575	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1576	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1577	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1578	new_parameter_declaration
1579	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1580	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1581	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1582	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1583	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1584	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1585	;
1586
1587	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1588	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1589	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1590	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1591	;
1592
1593	parameter_type_list_opt:
1594	// empty
1595	{ $$ = 0; }
1596	\| parameter_type_list
1597	;
1598
1599	parameter_type_list:
1600	parameter_list
1601	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1602	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1603	;
1604
1605	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1606	abstract_parameter_declaration
1607	\| parameter_declaration
1608	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1609	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1610	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1611	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1612	;
1613
1614	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1615	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1616
1617	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1618	parameter_declaration
1619	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1620	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1621	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1622	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1623	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1624	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1625	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1626	\| new_function_specifier
1627	;
1628
1629	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1630	abstract_parameter_declaration
1631	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1632	\| new_abstract_tuple
1633	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1634	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1635	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1636	\| new_abstract_function
1637	;
1638
1639	parameter_declaration:
1640	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1641	{
1642	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1643	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1644	}
1645	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1646	{
1647	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1648	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1649	}
1650	;
1651
1652	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1653	declaration_specifier
1654	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1655	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1656	;
1657
1658	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1659	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1660	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1661
1662	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1663	no_attr_identifier
1664	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1665	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1666	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1667	;
1668
1669	identifier_or_type_name:
1670	identifier
1671	\| TYPEDEFname
1672	\| TYPEGENname
1673	;
1674
1675	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1676	no_01_identifier
1677	\| TYPEDEFname
1678	\| TYPEGENname
1679	;
1680
1681	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1682	no_attr_identifier
1683	\| TYPEDEFname
1684	\| TYPEGENname
1685	;
1686
1687	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1688	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1689	\| type_specifier
1690	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1691	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1692	;
1693
1694	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1695	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1696	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1697	\| type_specifier
1698	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1699	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1700	;
1701
1702	initializer_opt:
1703	// empty
1704	{ $$ = 0; }
1705	\| '=' initializer
1706	{ $$ = $2; }
1707	\| ATassign initializer
1708	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1709	;
1710
1711	initializer:
1712	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1713	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1714	;
1715
1716	initializer_list:
1717	// empty
1718	{ $$ = 0; }
1719	\| initializer
1720	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1721	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 ) ); }
1722	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1723	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1724	;
1725
1726	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1727	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1728	//
1729	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1730	//
1731	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1732	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1733	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1734	// shift/reduce conflicts
1735
1736	designation:
1737	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1738	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1739	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1740	;
1741
1742	designator_list: // C99
1743	designator
1744	\| designator_list designator
1745	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
1746	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
1747	;
1748
1749	designator:
1750	// lexer ambiguity: designator ".0" is floating-point constant or designator for name 0
1751	// only ".0" and ".1" allowed => semantic check
1752	FLOATINGconstant
1753	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $1 ) ); }
1754	\| '.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1755	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $2 ) ); }
1756	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1757	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1758	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1759	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1760	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1761	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1762	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $3, $5 ), true ); }
1763	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1764	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $4 ); }
1765	;
1766
1767	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1768	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1769	//
1770	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1771	//
1772	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1773	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1774	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1775	//
1776	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1777	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1778	//
1779	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1780	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1781	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1782	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1783	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1784
1785	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1786	typegen_type_specifier
1787	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1788	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1789	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1790	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1791	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1792	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1793	;
1794
1795	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1796	typegen_name
1797	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1798	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1799	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1800	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1801	;
1802
1803	typegen_name: // CFA
1804	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1806	;
1807
1808	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1809	type_parameter assignment_opt
1810	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1811	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1812	;
1813
1814	type_parameter: // CFA
1815	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1816	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1817	assertion_list_opt
1818	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1819	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1820	;
1821
1822	type_class: // CFA
1823	OTYPE
1824	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1825	\| DTYPE
1826	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1827	\| FTYPE
1828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1829	;
1830
1831	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1832	// empty
1833	{ $$ = 0; }
1834	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1835	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1836	;
1837
1838	assertion: // CFA
1839	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1840	{
1841	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1842	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1843	}
1844	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1845	{ $$ = $4; }
1846	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1847	{ $$ = 0; }
1848	;
1849
1850	type_name_list: // CFA
1851	type_name
1852	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1853	\| assignment_expression
1854	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1855	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1856	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1857	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
1858	;
1859
1860	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1861	OTYPE type_declarator
1862	{ $$ = $2; }
1863	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1864	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1865	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1866	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1867	;
1868
1869	type_declarator: // CFA
1870	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1871	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1872	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1873	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1874	;
1875
1876	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1877	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1878	{
1879	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1880	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1881	}
1882	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1883	{
1884	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1885	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1886	}
1887	;
1888
1889	trait_specifier: // CFA
1890	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1891	{
1892	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1893	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1894	}
1895	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1896	{
1897	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1898	typedefTable.enterScope();
1899	}
1900	trait_declaration_list '}'
1901	{
1902	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1903	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1904	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1905	}
1906	;
1907
1908	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1909	trait_declaration
1910	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1911	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1912	;
1913
1914	trait_declaration: // CFA
1915	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1916	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1917	;
1918
1919	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1920	new_variable_specifier
1921	{
1922	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1923	$$ = $1;
1924	}
1925	\| new_function_specifier
1926	{
1927	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1928	$$ = $1;
1929	}
1930	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1931	{
1932	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1933	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1934	}
1935	;
1936
1937	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1938	type_specifier declarator
1939	{
1940	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1941	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1942	}
1943	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1944	{
1945	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1946	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1947	}
1948	;
1949
1950	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1951
1952	translation_unit:
1953	// empty
1954	{} // empty input file
1955	\| external_definition_list
1956	{
1957	if ( theTree ) {
1958	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1959	} else {
1960	theTree = $1;
1961	}
1962	}
1963	;
1964
1965	external_definition_list:
1966	external_definition
1967	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1968	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1969	;
1970
1971	external_definition_list_opt:
1972	// empty
1973	{ $$ = 0; }
1974	\| external_definition_list
1975	;
1976
1977	external_definition:
1978	declaration
1979	\| external_function_definition
1980	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1981	{}
1982	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1983	{
1984	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1985	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1986	}
1987	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1988	{
1989	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1990	linkageStack.pop();
1991	$$ = $5;
1992	}
1993	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1994	{ $$ = $2/->set_extension( true )/; }
1995	;
1996
1997	external_function_definition:
1998	function_definition
1999	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2000	// code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible because
2001	// function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would preclude this
2002	// concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2003	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2004	{
2005	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2006	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2007	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2008	}
2009	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2010	{
2011	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2012	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2013	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2014	}
2015	;
2016
2017	function_definition:
2018	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2019	{
2020	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2021	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2022	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2023	}
2024	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2025	{
2026	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2027	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2028	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2029	}
2030	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2031	{
2032	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2033	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2034	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2035	}
2036	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2037	{
2038	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2039	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2040	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2041	}
2042	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2043	{
2044	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2045	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2046	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2047	}
2048
2049	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2050	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2051	{
2052	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2053	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2054	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2055	}
2056	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2057	{
2058	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2059	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2060	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2061	}
2062
2063	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2064	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2065	{
2066	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2067	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2068	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2069	}
2070	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2071	{
2072	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2073	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2074	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2075	}
2076	;
2077
2078	declarator:
2079	variable_declarator
2080	\| function_declarator
2081	\| type_redeclarator
2082	;
2083
2084	subrange:
2085	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2086	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
2087	;
2088
2089	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2090	// empty
2091	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2092	;
2093
2094	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2095	// empty
2096	{ $$ = 0; }
2097	\| attribute_list
2098	;
2099
2100	attribute_list: // GCC
2101	attribute
2102	\| attribute_list attribute
2103	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2104	;
2105
2106	attribute: // GCC
2107	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2108	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2109	{ $$ = 0; }
2110	;
2111
2112	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2113	attrib
2114	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2115	;
2116
2117	attrib: // GCC
2118	// empty
2119	\| any_word
2120	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2121	;
2122
2123	any_word: // GCC
2124	identifier_or_type_name {}
2125	\| storage_class_name {}
2126	\| basic_type_name {}
2127	\| type_qualifier {}
2128	;
2129
2130	// ============================================================================
2131	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2132	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2133	// in:
2134	//
2135	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2136	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2137	//
2138	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2139	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2140	// ============================================================================
2141
2142	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2143	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2144	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2145	//
2146	// valid declaration invalid definition
2147	// ----------------- ------------------
2148	// int f; int f {}
2149	// int f; int f {}
2150	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2151	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2152	//
2153	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2154	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2155	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2156
2157	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2158	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2159
2160	variable_declarator:
2161	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2162	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2163	\| variable_ptr
2164	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2165	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2166	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2167	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2168	;
2169
2170	paren_identifier:
2171	identifier
2172	{
2173	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2174	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2175	}
2176	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2177	{ $$ = $2; }
2178	;
2179
2180	variable_ptr:
2181	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2182	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2183	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2184	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2185	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2186	{ $$ = $2; }
2187	;
2188
2189	variable_array:
2190	paren_identifier array_dimension
2191	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2192	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2193	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2194	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2195	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2196	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2197	{ $$ = $2; }
2198	;
2199
2200	variable_function:
2201	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2202	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2203	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2204	{ $$ = $2; }
2205	;
2206
2207	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot be nested,
2208	// there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested functions requires
2209	// further separation of variable and function declarators in type_redeclarator. The pattern precludes returning
2210	// arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2211
2212	function_declarator:
2213	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2214	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2215	\| function_ptr
2216	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2217	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2218	;
2219
2220	function_no_ptr:
2221	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2222	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2223	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2224	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2225	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2226	{ $$ = $2; }
2227	;
2228
2229	function_ptr:
2230	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2231	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2232	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2233	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2234	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2235	{ $$ = $2; }
2236	;
2237
2238	function_array:
2239	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2240	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2241	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2242	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2243	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2244	{ $$ = $2; }
2245	;
2246
2247	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2248	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2249	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2250
2251	old_function_declarator:
2252	old_function_no_ptr
2253	\| old_function_ptr
2254	\| old_function_array
2255	;
2256
2257	old_function_no_ptr:
2258	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2259	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2260	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2261	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2262	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2263	{ $$ = $2; }
2264	;
2265
2266	old_function_ptr:
2267	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2268	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2269	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2270	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2271	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2272	{ $$ = $2; }
2273	;
2274
2275	old_function_array:
2276	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2277	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2278	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2279	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2280	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2281	{ $$ = $2; }
2282	;
2283
2284	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2285	//
2286	// typedef int foo;
2287	// {
2288	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2289	// }
2290	//
2291	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2292	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2293
2294	type_redeclarator:
2295	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2296	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2297	\| type_ptr
2298	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2299	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2300	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2301	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2302	;
2303
2304	paren_type:
2305	typedef
2306	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2307	{ $$ = $2; }
2308	;
2309
2310	type_ptr:
2311	ptrref_operator type_redeclarator
2312	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2313	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_redeclarator
2314	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2315	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2316	{ $$ = $2; }
2317	;
2318
2319	type_array:
2320	paren_type array_dimension
2321	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2322	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2323	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2324	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2325	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2326	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2327	{ $$ = $2; }
2328	;
2329
2330	type_function:
2331	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2332	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2333	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2334	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2335	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2336	{ $$ = $2; }
2337	;
2338
2339	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2340	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2341	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2342	// arrays and functions.
2343
2344	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2345	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2346	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2347	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2348	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2349	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2350	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2351	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2352	;
2353
2354	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2355	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2356	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2357	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2358	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2359	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2360	{ $$ = $2; }
2361	;
2362
2363	identifier_parameter_array:
2364	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2365	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2366	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2367	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2368	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2369	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2370	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2371	{ $$ = $2; }
2372	;
2373
2374	identifier_parameter_function:
2375	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2376	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2377	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2378	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2379	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2380	{ $$ = $2; }
2381	;
2382
2383	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2384	// e.g.:
2385	//
2386	// typedef int foo;
2387	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2388	//
2389	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2390	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2391	//
2392	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2393	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2394	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2395	//
2396	// which precludes the following cases:
2397	//
2398	// typedef float T;
2399	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2400	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2401	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2402	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2403	//
2404	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2405	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2406	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2407	// functions.
2408
2409	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2410	typedef attribute_list_opt
2411	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2412	\| type_parameter_ptr
2413	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2414	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2415	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2416	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2417	;
2418
2419	typedef:
2420	TYPEDEFname
2421	{
2422	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2423	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2424	}
2425	\| TYPEGENname
2426	{
2427	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2428	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2429	}
2430	;
2431
2432	type_parameter_ptr:
2433	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2434	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2435	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2436	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2437	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2438	{ $$ = $2; }
2439	;
2440
2441	type_parameter_array:
2442	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2443	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2444	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2445	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2446	;
2447
2448	type_parameter_function:
2449	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2450	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2451	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2452	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2453	;
2454
2455	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2456	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2457	//
2458	// sizeof( int );
2459	// sizeof( int [10] );
2460	//
2461	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2462	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2463
2464	abstract_declarator:
2465	abstract_ptr
2466	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2467	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2468	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2469	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2470	;
2471
2472	abstract_ptr:
2473	ptrref_operator
2474	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2475	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2477	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2478	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2479	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2480	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2481	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2482	{ $$ = $2; }
2483	;
2484
2485	abstract_array:
2486	array_dimension
2487	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2488	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2489	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2490	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2491	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2492	{ $$ = $2; }
2493	;
2494
2495	abstract_function:
2496	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2498	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2499	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2500	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2501	{ $$ = $2; }
2502	;
2503
2504	array_dimension:
2505	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2506	'[' ']'
2507	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2508	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2509	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2510	\| multi_array_dimension
2511	;
2512
2513	multi_array_dimension:
2514	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2515	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2516	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2517	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2518	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2519	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2520	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2521	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2522	;
2523
2524	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2525	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2526	//
2527	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2528	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2529	//
2530	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2531	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2532
2533	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2534	abstract_parameter_ptr
2535	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2536	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2537	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2538	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2539	;
2540
2541	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2542	ptrref_operator
2543	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2544	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2545	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2546	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2547	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2548	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2549	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2550	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2551	{ $$ = $2; }
2552	;
2553
2554	abstract_parameter_array:
2555	array_parameter_dimension
2556	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2557	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2558	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2559	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2560	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2561	{ $$ = $2; }
2562	;
2563
2564	abstract_parameter_function:
2565	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2566	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2567	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2568	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2569	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2570	{ $$ = $2; }
2571	;
2572
2573	array_parameter_dimension:
2574	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2575	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2576	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2577	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2578	\| multi_array_dimension
2579	;
2580
2581	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2582	//
2583	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2584	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2585
2586	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2587	'[' ']'
2588	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2589	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2590	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2591	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2592	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2593	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2594	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2595	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2596	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2597	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2598	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2599	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2600	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2601	;
2602
2603	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2604	// e.g.:
2605	//
2606	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2607	//
2608	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2609	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2610
2611	variable_abstract_declarator:
2612	variable_abstract_ptr
2613	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2614	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2615	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2616	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2617	;
2618
2619	variable_abstract_ptr:
2620	ptrref_operator
2621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2622	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2623	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2624	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2625	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2626	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2627	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2628	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2629	{ $$ = $2; }
2630	;
2631
2632	variable_abstract_array:
2633	array_dimension
2634	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2635	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2636	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2637	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2638	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2639	{ $$ = $2; }
2640	;
2641
2642	variable_abstract_function:
2643	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2644	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2645	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2646	{ $$ = $2; }
2647	;
2648
2649	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2650	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2651
2652	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2653	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2654	\| new_abstract_tuple
2655	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2656	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2657	;
2658
2659	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2660	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2661	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2662	;
2663
2664	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2665	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2666	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2667	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2668	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2669	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2670	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2671	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2672	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2673	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2674	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2675	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2676	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2677	;
2678
2679	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2680	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2681	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2682	'[' ']' type_specifier
2683	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2684	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2685	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2686	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2687	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2688	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2689	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2690	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2691	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2692	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2693	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2694	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2695	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2696	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2697	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2698	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2699	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2700	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2701	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2702	;
2703
2704	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2705	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2706	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2707	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2708	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2709	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2710	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2711	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2712	// appear in this context.
2713	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2714	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2715	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2716	;
2717
2718	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2719	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2720	//
2721	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2722	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2723	//
2724	// These rules need LR(3):
2725	//
2726	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2727	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2728	//
2729	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2730	//
2731	// [int, int] t;
2732	// [int, int] f( int );
2733	//
2734	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2735	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2736	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2737	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2738
2739	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2740	new_abstract_tuple
2741	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2742	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2743	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2744	;
2745
2746	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2747	new_abstract_ptr
2748	\| new_abstract_array
2749	;
2750
2751	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2752	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2753	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2754	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2755	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2756	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2757	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2758	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2759	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2760	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2761	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2762	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2763	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2764	;
2765
2766	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2767	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2768	// empty (void) function return type.
2769	'[' ']' type_specifier
2770	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2771	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2772	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2773	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2774	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2775	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2776	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2777	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2778	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2779	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2780	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2781	;
2782
2783	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2784	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2785	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2786	;
2787
2788	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2789	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2791	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2792	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2793	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2794	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2795	;
2796
2797	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2798	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2799	//
2800	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2801	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2802	//
2803	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2804	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2805	//
2806	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2807	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2808
2809	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2810
2811	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2812	// empty
2813	\| ','
2814	;
2815
2816	assignment_opt:
2817	// empty
2818	{ $$ = 0; }
2819	\| '=' assignment_expression
2820	{ $$ = $2; }
2821	;
2822
2823	%%
2824	// ----end of grammar----
2825
2826	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2827	std::cout << "Error ";
2828	if ( yyfilename ) {
2829	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2830	} // if
2831	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2832	}
2833
2834	// Local Variables: //
2835	// mode: c++ //
2836	// tab-width: 4 //
2837	// compile-command: "make install" //
2838	// End: //

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