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parser.yy @ 3e5db5b4

ADTast-experimentalenumforall-pointer-decaypthread-emulationqualifiedEnum

Last change on this file since 3e5db5b4 was efc8f3e, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 3 years ago
change loop default-block for while/do/for to Python style
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 146.4 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Fri Oct 15 09:20:17 2021
13	// Update Count : 5163
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <stack>
47	using namespace std;
48
49	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
54	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
55	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
56
57	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
58	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
59	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
60
61	stack<LinkageSpec::Spec> linkageStack;
62
63	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
64	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
65	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
66	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
67	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
68	//
69	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
70	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
71	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
72
73	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
74	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
75	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
76	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
77	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
78	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
79	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
80	} // if
81	} else {
82	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
83	to = "u8" + to;
84	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
85	} else {
86	to = from[0] + to;
87	} // if
88	} // if
89	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
90	} // if
91	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
92	return true;
93	} // appendStr
94
95	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
96	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
97	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
98	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
99	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
100	} // for
101	declList->addType( cl );
102	return declList;
103	} // distAttr
104
105	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
106	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
107	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
108	iter->set_extension( true );
109	} // for
110	} // distExt
111
112	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
113	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
114	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
115	iter->set_inLine( true );
116	} // for
117	} // distInl
118
119	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
120	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
121	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
122	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
123	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
124	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
125	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
126	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
127	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
128	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
129	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
130	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
131	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
132	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
133	DeclarationNode newnode;
134	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
135	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
136	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
137	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
138	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
139	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
140	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
141	} // if
142	} else { // just SC qualifiers
143	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
144	} // if
145	} // for
146	delete qualifiers;
147	} // distQual
148
149	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
150	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
151	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
152	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
153	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
154	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
155	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
156
157	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
158	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
159	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
160	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
161	} // if
162	} // rebindForall
163
164	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
165	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
166	return name;
167	} // build_postfix_name
168
169	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
170	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
171	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
172	stringstream ss;
173	typeSpec->type->print( ss );
174	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
175	return nullptr;
176	} // if
177	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
178	} // if
179	return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
180	} // fieldDecl
181
182	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
183	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
184	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
185	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
186	} // if
187	// type = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( "__for_control_index_constraints__" ) ) ), type ) );
188	return new ForCtrl(
189	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
190	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
191	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : 0,
192	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
193	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : 0 );
194	} // forCtrl
195
196	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
197	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
198	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
199	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
200	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
201	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
202	} else {
203	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
204	} // if
205	} else {
206	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
207	} // if
208	} // forCtrl
209
210	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
211
212	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
213	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
214	if ( N ) { \
215	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
216	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
217	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
218	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
219	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
220	} else { \
221	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
222	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
223	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
224	}
225	%}
226
227	%define parse.error verbose
228
229	// Types declaration for productions
230	%union {
231	Token tok;
232	ParseNode * pn;
233	ExpressionNode * en;
234	DeclarationNode * decl;
235	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
236	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
237	StatementNode * sn;
238	WaitForStmt * wfs;
239	Expression * constant;
240	IfCtrl * ifctl;
241	ForCtrl * fctl;
242	enum OperKinds compop;
243	LabelNode * label;
244	InitializerNode * in;
245	OperKinds op;
246	std::string * str;
247	bool flag;
248	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
249	GenericExpr * genexpr;
250	}
251
252	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
253
254	// keywords
255	%token TYPEDEF
256	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
257	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
258	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
259	%token NORETURN // C11
260	%token CONST VOLATILE
261	%token RESTRICT // C99
262	%token ATOMIC // C11
263	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
264	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
265	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
266	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
267	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
268	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
269	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
270	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VALIST AUTO_TYPE // GCC
271	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
272	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
273	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
274	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
275	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
276	// %token RESUME // CFA
277	%token LABEL // GCC
278	%token SUSPEND // CFA
279	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
280	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
281	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
282	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
283	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
284	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
285
286	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
287	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
288	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
289	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
290	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
291	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
292	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
293	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
294	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
295
296	// multi-character operators
297	%token ARROW // ->
298	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
299	%token LS RS // << >>
300	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
301	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
302	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
303
304	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
305	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
306	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
307	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
308
309	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
310	%token ATassign // @=
311
312	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
313	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
314	%type<constant> string_literal
315	%type<str> string_literal_list
316
317	// expressions
318	%type<en> constant
319	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
320	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
321	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
322	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
323	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
324	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
325	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
326	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
327	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
328	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
329	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
330	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
331	%type<compop> inclexcl
332	%type<en> subrange
333	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
334	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
335	%type<label> label_list
336	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
337	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
338	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
339	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
340
341	// statements
342	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
343	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
344	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
345	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
346	%type<en> case_value
347	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
348	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
349	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
350	%type<sn> with_statement
351	%type<en> with_clause_opt
352	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
353	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
354	%type<sn> mutex_statement
355	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
356	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
357	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
358
359	// declarations
360	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
361	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
362	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
363
364	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
365	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
366
367	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
368
369	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
370
371	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
372	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
373
374	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
375
376	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
377	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
378
379	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
380
381	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
382	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
383
384	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
385
386	%type<decl> exception_declaration
387
388	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
389	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
390
391	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
392
393	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
394	%type<decl> identifier_list
395
396	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
397	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
398	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
399
400	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
401
402	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
403	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
404
405	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
406	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
407
408	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
409
410	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
411
412	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
413	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
414	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
415
416	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
417
418	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
419
420	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
421
422	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
423
424	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
425	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
426
427	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
428	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
429
430	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
431
432	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
433
434	%type<decl> type type_no_function
435	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
436
437	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
438
439	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
440	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
441
442	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
443	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
444
445	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
446
447	// initializers
448	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
449
450	// designators
451	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
452
453
454	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
455	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
456	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
457	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
458	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
459
460	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
461	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
462	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
463	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
464	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
465	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
466	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
467	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
468	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
469	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
470	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
471
472
473	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
474	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
475	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
476	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
477	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
478	// must be:
479	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
480	// The same problem occurs here:
481	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
482	// must be:
483	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
484
485	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
486	%precedence TYPEGENname
487	%precedence '}'
488	%precedence '('
489
490	// %precedence RESUME
491	// %precedence '{'
492	// %precedence ')'
493
494	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
495
496	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
497
498	%%
499	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
500
501	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
502	// which are lexically identical.
503	//
504	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
505	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
506	//
507	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
508	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
509	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
510	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
511	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
512	//
513	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
514	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
515	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
516	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
517	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
518	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
519	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
520	//
521	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
522	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
523	// around the list separator.
524	//
525	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
526	// push pop push pop
527
528	push:
529	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
530	;
531
532	pop:
533	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
534	;
535
536	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
537
538	constant:
539	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
540	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
541	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
542	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
543	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
544	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
545	;
546
547	quasi_keyword: // CFA
548	TIMEOUT
549	\| WOR
550	\| CATCH
551	\| RECOVER
552	\| CATCHRESUME
553	\| FIXUP
554	\| FINALLY
555	;
556
557	identifier:
558	IDENTIFIER
559	\| quasi_keyword
560	;
561
562	identifier_at:
563	identifier
564	\| '@' // CFA
565	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
566	;
567
568	string_literal:
569	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
570	;
571
572	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
573	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
574	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
575	{
576	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
577	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
578	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
579	}
580	;
581
582	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
583
584	primary_expression:
585	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
587	\| quasi_keyword
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
589	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
590	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
591	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( $1 ) ); }
593	\| tuple
594	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
595	{ $$ = $2; }
596	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
597	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast<CompoundStmt *>(maybeMoveBuild<Statement>($2) ) ) ); }
598	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
599	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
600	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
601	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
602	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
603	{
604	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
605	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
606	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
607	}
608	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
609	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
610	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
611	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
612	;
613
614	generic_assoc_list: // C11
615	generic_association
616	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
617	{
618	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
619	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
620	delete $3;
621	$$ = $1;
622	}
623	;
624
625	generic_association: // C11
626	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
627	{
628	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
629	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } );
630	}
631	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
632	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } ); }
633	;
634
635	postfix_expression:
636	primary_expression
637	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
638	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
639	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
640	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array subscript is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
641	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
642	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
643	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
644	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
645	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
646	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
647	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
648	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
649	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
650	{
651	Token fn;
652	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
653	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
654	}
655	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
657	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
658	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
659	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
660	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
661	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
662	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
663	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
664	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
665	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
667	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
669	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
671	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
673	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
674	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
675	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
676	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
677	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
678	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
679	\| postfix_expression ICR
680	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
681	\| postfix_expression DECR
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
683	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
684	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
685	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
686	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
687	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
688	{
689	Token fn;
690	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
691	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
692	}
693	;
694
695	argument_expression_list_opt:
696	// empty
697	{ $$ = nullptr; }
698	\| argument_expression_list
699	;
700
701	argument_expression_list:
702	argument_expression
703	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
704	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
705	;
706
707	argument_expression:
708	'@' // CFA, default parameter
709	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
710	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
711	\| assignment_expression
712	;
713
714	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
715	field
716	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
717	;
718
719	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
720	field_name
721	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
722	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
723	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
724	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
725	\| field_name '.' field
726	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
727	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
728	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
729	\| field_name ARROW field
730	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
731	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
732	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
733	;
734
735	field_name:
736	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
737	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
738	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
739	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
740	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
741	{
742	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
743	}
744	;
745
746	fraction_constants_opt:
747	// empty
748	{ $$ = nullptr; }
749	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
750	{
751	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
752	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
753	}
754	;
755
756	unary_expression:
757	postfix_expression
758	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
759	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
760	\| constant
761	\| string_literal
762	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
763	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
764	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
765	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
766	// { * X; } // dereference X
767	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
768	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
769	{
770	switch ( $1 ) {
771	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
772	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) );
773	break;
774	case OperKinds::PointTo:
775	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
776	break;
777	case OperKinds::And:
778	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ) );
779	break;
780	default:
781	assert( false );
782	}
783	}
784	\| unary_operator cast_expression
785	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
786	\| ICR unary_expression
787	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
788	\| DECR unary_expression
789	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
790	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
791	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
792	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
793	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
794	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
795	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
796	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
797	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
798	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
799	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
800	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
801	{
802	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
803	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
804	}
805	;
806
807	ptrref_operator:
808	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
809	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
810	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
811	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
812	;
813
814	unary_operator:
815	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
816	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
817	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
818	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
819	;
820
821	cast_expression:
822	unary_expression
823	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
825	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
827	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
829	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
831	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
832	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
833	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
834	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
835	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
836	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
837	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
838	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
839	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
840	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
841	;
842
843	qualifier_cast_list:
844	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
845	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
846	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
847	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
848	;
849
850	cast_modifier:
851	'-'
852	\| '+'
853	;
854
855	exponential_expression:
856	cast_expression
857	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
858	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
859	;
860
861	multiplicative_expression:
862	exponential_expression
863	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
864	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
865	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
866	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
867	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
868	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
869	;
870
871	additive_expression:
872	multiplicative_expression
873	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
874	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
875	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
876	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
877	;
878
879	shift_expression:
880	additive_expression
881	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
882	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
883	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
885	;
886
887	relational_expression:
888	shift_expression
889	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
890	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
891	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
892	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
893	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
894	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
895	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
896	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
897	;
898
899	equality_expression:
900	relational_expression
901	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
902	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
903	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
904	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
905	;
906
907	AND_expression:
908	equality_expression
909	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
910	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
911	;
912
913	exclusive_OR_expression:
914	AND_expression
915	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
916	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
917	;
918
919	inclusive_OR_expression:
920	exclusive_OR_expression
921	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
922	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
923	;
924
925	logical_AND_expression:
926	inclusive_OR_expression
927	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
928	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
929	;
930
931	logical_OR_expression:
932	logical_AND_expression
933	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
934	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
935	;
936
937	conditional_expression:
938	logical_OR_expression
939	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
940	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
941	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
942	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
943	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
944	;
945
946	constant_expression:
947	conditional_expression
948	;
949
950	assignment_expression:
951	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
952	conditional_expression
953	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
954	{
955	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
956	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
957	// } else {
958	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) );
959	// } // if
960	}
961	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
962	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
963	;
964
965	assignment_expression_opt:
966	// empty
967	{ $$ = nullptr; }
968	\| assignment_expression
969	;
970
971	assignment_operator:
972	simple_assignment_operator
973	\| compound_assignment_operator
974	;
975
976	simple_assignment_operator:
977	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
978	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
979	;
980
981	compound_assignment_operator:
982	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
983	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
984	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
985	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
986	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
987	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
988	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
989	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
990	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
991	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
992	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
993	;
994
995	tuple: // CFA, tuple
996	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
997	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
998	// '[' ']'
999	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1000	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1001	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1002	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1003	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1004	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1005	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1006	;
1007
1008	tuple_expression_list:
1009	assignment_expression
1010	\| '@' // CFA
1011	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1012	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1013	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1014	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1015	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1016	;
1017
1018	comma_expression:
1019	assignment_expression
1020	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1021	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1022	;
1023
1024	comma_expression_opt:
1025	// empty
1026	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1027	\| comma_expression
1028	;
1029
1030	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
1031
1032	statement:
1033	labeled_statement
1034	\| compound_statement
1035	\| expression_statement
1036	\| selection_statement
1037	\| iteration_statement
1038	\| jump_statement
1039	\| with_statement
1040	\| mutex_statement
1041	\| waitfor_statement
1042	\| exception_statement
1043	\| enable_disable_statement
1044	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1045	\| asm_statement
1046	\| DIRECTIVE
1047	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1048	;
1049
1050	labeled_statement:
1051	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1052	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1053	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1054	;
1055
1056	compound_statement:
1057	'{' '}'
1058	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1059	\| '{' push
1060	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1061	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1062	pop '}'
1063	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1064	;
1065
1066	statement_decl_list: // C99
1067	statement_decl
1068	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1069	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1070	;
1071
1072	statement_decl:
1073	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1074	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1075	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1076	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1077	\| function_definition
1078	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1079	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1080	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1081	\| statement
1082	;
1083
1084	statement_list_nodecl:
1085	statement
1086	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1087	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1088	;
1089
1090	expression_statement:
1091	comma_expression_opt ';'
1092	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1093	\| MUTEX '(' ')' comma_expression ';'
1094	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( nullptr, new StatementNode( build_expr( $4 ) ) ) ); }
1095	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Mutex expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1096	;
1097
1098	selection_statement:
1099	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1100	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1101	push if_statement pop
1102	{ $$ = $2; }
1103	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1104	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1105	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1106	{
1107	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1108	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1109	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1110	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1111	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1112	// statement.
1113	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1114	}
1115	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1116	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1117	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1118	{
1119	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1120	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1121	}
1122	;
1123
1124	if_statement:
1125	IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
1126	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1127	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1128	\| IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
1129	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), maybe_build_compound( $7 ) ) ); }
1130	;
1131
1132	if_control_expression:
1133	comma_expression
1134	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1135	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1136	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1137	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1138	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1139	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1140	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, $2 ); }
1141	;
1142
1143	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1144	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1145
1146	case_value: // CFA
1147	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1148	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1149	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1150	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1151	;
1152
1153	case_value_list: // CFA
1154	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1155	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1156	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1157	;
1158
1159	case_label: // CFA
1160	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1161	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1162	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1163	;
1164
1165	//label_list_opt:
1166	// // empty
1167	// \| identifier_or_type_name ':'
1168	// \| label_list_opt identifier_or_type_name ':'
1169	// ;
1170
1171	case_label_list: // CFA
1172	case_label
1173	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1174	;
1175
1176	case_clause: // CFA
1177	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ); }
1178	;
1179
1180	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1181	// empty
1182	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1183	\| switch_clause_list
1184	;
1185
1186	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1187	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1188	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1189	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1190	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1191	;
1192
1193	iteration_statement:
1194	WHILE '(' ')' statement // CFA => while ( 1 )
1195	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new IfCtrl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1196	\| WHILE '(' if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
1197	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ) ) ); }
1198	\| WHILE '(' if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1199	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Loop default block is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1200	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1201	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1202	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';' %prec THEN
1203	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1204	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1205	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Loop default block is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1206	\| FOR '(' ')' statement // CFA => for ( ;; )
1207	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1208	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1209	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ) ) ); }
1210	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1211	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Loop default block is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1212	;
1213
1214	for_control_expression_list:
1215	for_control_expression
1216	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1217	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1218	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1219	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1220	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1221	{
1222	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1223	if ( $1->condition ) {
1224	if ( $3->condition ) {
1225	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1226	} // if
1227	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1228	if ( $1->change ) {
1229	if ( $3->change ) {
1230	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1231	} // if
1232	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1233	$$ = $1;
1234	}
1235	;
1236
1237	for_control_expression:
1238	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1239	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1240	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1241	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1242	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1243	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1244
1245	\| comma_expression // CFA
1246	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1247	OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1248	\| '=' comma_expression // CFA
1249	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1250	OperKinds::LEThan, $2->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1251	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1252	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1253	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1254	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, $5 ); }
1255	\| comma_expression ';' // CFA
1256	{ $$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0u" ) ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1257	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1258	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1259	OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1260	\| comma_expression ';' '=' comma_expression // CFA
1261	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1262	OperKinds::LEThan, $4->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1263	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1264	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1265	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1266	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, $7 ); }
1267
1268	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1269	{
1270	SemanticError( yylloc, "Array interator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1271	$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1272	}
1273
1274	// There is a S/R conflicit if ~ and -~ are factored out.
1275	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1276	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1277	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' // CFA
1278	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1279	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1280	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1281	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1282	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1283	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1284	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1285	;
1286
1287	inclexcl:
1288	'~'
1289	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1290	\| ErangeUpEq
1291	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1292	\| ErangeDown
1293	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1294	\| ErangeDownEq
1295	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1296	;
1297
1298	jump_statement:
1299	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1300	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1301	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1302	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1303	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1304	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1305	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1306	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1307	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1308	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1309	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1310	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1311	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1312	\| CONTINUE ';'
1313	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1315	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1316	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1317	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1318	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1319	\| BREAK ';'
1320	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1321	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1322	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1323	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1324	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1325	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1326	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1327	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1328	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1329	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1330	\| SUSPEND ';'
1331	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr ) ); }
1332	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1333	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $2 ) ); }
1334	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1335	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1336	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1337	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1338	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1339	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1340	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1341	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1342	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1343	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1344	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1345	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1346	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1347	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1348	;
1349
1350	fall_through_name: // CFA
1351	FALLTHRU
1352	\| FALLTHROUGH
1353	;
1354
1355	with_statement:
1356	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1357	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) ); }
1358	;
1359
1360	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1361	mutex_statement:
1362	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list ')' statement
1363	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( $3, $5 ) ); }
1364	;
1365
1366	when_clause:
1367	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1368	;
1369
1370	when_clause_opt:
1371	// empty
1372	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1373	\| when_clause
1374	;
1375
1376	waitfor:
1377	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1378	{ $$ = $3; }
1379	// \| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1380	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1381	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1382	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1383	;
1384
1385	cast_expression_list:
1386	cast_expression
1387	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1388	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1389	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1390	;
1391
1392	timeout:
1393	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1394	;
1395
1396	waitfor_clause:
1397	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1398	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1399	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1400	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, $5 ); }
1401	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1402	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1403	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1404	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1405	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1406	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement
1407	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1408	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1409	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, maybe_build_compound( $7 ), $5 ); }
1410	;
1411
1412	waitfor_statement:
1413	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1414	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1415	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1416	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1417	;
1418
1419	exception_statement:
1420	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1421	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1422	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1423	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1424	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1425	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1426	;
1427
1428	handler_clause:
1429	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1430	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1431	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1432	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1433	;
1434
1435	handler_predicate_opt:
1436	// empty
1437	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1438	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1439	;
1440
1441	handler_key:
1442	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1443	\| RECOVER { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1444	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1445	\| FIXUP { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1446	;
1447
1448	finally_clause:
1449	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1450	;
1451
1452	exception_declaration:
1453	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1454	type_specifier_nobody
1455	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1456	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1457	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1458	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1459	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1460	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1461	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1462	;
1463
1464	enable_disable_statement:
1465	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1466	;
1467
1468	enable_disable_key:
1469	ENABLE
1470	\| DISABLE
1471	;
1472
1473	asm_statement:
1474	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1475	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1476	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1477	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1478	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1479	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1480	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1481	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1482	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1483	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1484	;
1485
1486	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1487	// empty
1488	{ $$ = false; }
1489	\| VOLATILE
1490	{ $$ = true; }
1491	;
1492
1493	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1494	// empty
1495	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1496	\| asm_operands_list
1497	;
1498
1499	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1500	asm_operand
1501	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1502	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1503	;
1504
1505	asm_operand: // GCC
1506	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1507	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1508	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1509	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $6 ) ) ); }
1510	;
1511
1512	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1513	// empty
1514	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1515	\| string_literal
1516	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1517	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1518	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1519	;
1520
1521	label_list:
1522	identifier
1523	{
1524	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1525	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1526	}
1527	\| label_list ',' identifier
1528	{
1529	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1530	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1531	}
1532	;
1533
1534	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1535
1536	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1537	// empty
1538	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1539	\| declaration_list
1540	;
1541
1542	declaration_list:
1543	declaration
1544	\| declaration_list declaration
1545	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1546	;
1547
1548	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1549	// empty
1550	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1551	\| KR_parameter_list
1552	;
1553
1554	KR_parameter_list:
1555	push c_declaration pop ';'
1556	{ $$ = $2; }
1557	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1558	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1559	;
1560
1561	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1562	// empty
1563	\| local_label_declaration_list
1564	;
1565
1566	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1567	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1568	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1569	;
1570
1571	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1572	identifier_or_type_name
1573	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1574	;
1575
1576	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1577	c_declaration ';'
1578	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1579	\| static_assert // C11
1580	;
1581
1582	static_assert:
1583	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1584	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1585	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1586	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1587
1588	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1589	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1590	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1591	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1592	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1593	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1594	//
1595	// CFA C
1596	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1597	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1598
1599	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1600	cfa_variable_declaration
1601	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1602	\| cfa_function_declaration
1603	\| type_declaring_list
1604	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1605	\| trait_specifier
1606	;
1607
1608	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1609	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1610	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1611	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1612	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1613	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1614	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1615	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1616	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1617	;
1618
1619	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1620	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1621	// storage-class
1622	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1623	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1624	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1625	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1626	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1627	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1628	;
1629
1630	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1631	cfa_function_specifier
1632	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1633	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1634	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1635	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1636	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1637	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1638	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1639	{
1640	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1641	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1642	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1643	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1644	}
1645	;
1646
1647	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1648	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1649	// {
1650	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1651	// }
1652	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1653	// {
1654	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1655	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1656	// }
1657	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1658	// {
1659	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1660	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1661	// }
1662	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1663	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1664	//
1665	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1666	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1667	//
1668	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1669	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1670	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1671	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1672	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1673	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1674	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1675	;
1676
1677	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1678	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1679	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1680	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1681	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1682	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1683	;
1684
1685	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1686	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1687	{
1688	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1689	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1690	}
1691	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1692	{
1693	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1694	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1695	}
1696	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1697	{
1698	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1699	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1700	}
1701	;
1702
1703	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1704	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1705
1706	typedef_declaration:
1707	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1708	{
1709	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1710	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1711	}
1712	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1713	{
1714	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1715	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1716	}
1717	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1718	{
1719	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1720	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1721	}
1722	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1723	{
1724	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1725	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1726	}
1727	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1728	{
1729	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1730	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1731	}
1732	;
1733
1734	typedef_expression:
1735	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1736	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1737	{
1738	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1739	}
1740	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1741	{
1742	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1743	}
1744	;
1745
1746	c_declaration:
1747	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1748	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1749	\| typedef_declaration
1750	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
1751	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1752	;
1753
1754	declaring_list:
1755	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1756	// storage-class
1757	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1758	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1759	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1760	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1761	;
1762
1763	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1764	basic_declaration_specifier
1765	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1766	\| type_declaration_specifier
1767	;
1768
1769	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1770	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1771	//
1772	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1773	//
1774	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1775	basic_declaration_specifier
1776	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1777	\| type_declaration_specifier
1778	;
1779
1780	type_specifier: // type specifier
1781	basic_type_specifier
1782	\| sue_type_specifier
1783	\| type_type_specifier
1784	;
1785
1786	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1787	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1788	//
1789	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1790	//
1791	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1792	basic_type_specifier
1793	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1794	\| type_type_specifier
1795	;
1796
1797	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1798	// empty
1799	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1800	\| type_qualifier_list
1801	;
1802
1803	type_qualifier_list:
1804	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1805	//
1806	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1807	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1808	// appeared only once.
1809	type_qualifier
1810	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1811	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1812	;
1813
1814	type_qualifier:
1815	type_qualifier_name
1816	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
1817	;
1818
1819	type_qualifier_name:
1820	CONST
1821	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1822	\| RESTRICT
1823	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1824	\| VOLATILE
1825	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1826	\| ATOMIC
1827	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1828	\| forall
1829	;
1830
1831	forall:
1832	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1833	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
1834	;
1835
1836	declaration_qualifier_list:
1837	storage_class_list
1838	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1839	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1840	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1841	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1842	;
1843
1844	storage_class_list:
1845	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1846	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1847	//
1848	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1849	// specifiers in a declaration.
1850	storage_class
1851	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1852	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1853	;
1854
1855	storage_class:
1856	EXTERN
1857	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1858	\| STATIC
1859	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1860	\| AUTO
1861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1862	\| REGISTER
1863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1864	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1865	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1866	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1867	\| INLINE // C99
1868	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1869	\| FORTRAN // C99
1870	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1871	\| NORETURN // C11
1872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1873	;
1874
1875	basic_type_name:
1876	VOID
1877	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1878	\| BOOL // C99
1879	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1880	\| CHAR
1881	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1882	\| INT
1883	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1884	\| INT128
1885	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1886	\| UINT128
1887	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
1888	\| FLOAT
1889	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1890	\| DOUBLE
1891	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1892	\| uuFLOAT80
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
1894	\| uuFLOAT128
1895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
1896	\| uFLOAT16
1897	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
1898	\| uFLOAT32
1899	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
1900	\| uFLOAT32X
1901	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
1902	\| uFLOAT64
1903	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
1904	\| uFLOAT64X
1905	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
1906	\| uFLOAT128
1907	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
1908	\| DECIMAL32
1909	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1910	\| DECIMAL64
1911	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1912	\| DECIMAL128
1913	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1914	\| COMPLEX // C99
1915	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1916	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1917	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1918	\| SIGNED
1919	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1920	\| UNSIGNED
1921	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1922	\| SHORT
1923	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1924	\| LONG
1925	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1926	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1927	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1928	\| AUTO_TYPE
1929	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
1930	\| vtable
1931	;
1932
1933	vtable_opt:
1934	// empty
1935	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1936	\| vtable
1937	;
1938
1939	vtable:
1940	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
1941	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
1942	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1943	;
1944
1945	default_opt:
1946	// empty
1947	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1948	\| DEFAULT
1949	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1950	;
1951
1952	basic_declaration_specifier:
1953	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1954	basic_type_specifier
1955	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1956	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1957	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1958	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1959	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1960	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1961	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1962	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1963	;
1964
1965	basic_type_specifier:
1966	direct_type
1967	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
1968	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1969	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1970	;
1971
1972	direct_type:
1973	basic_type_name
1974	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1975	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1976	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1977	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1978	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1979	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1980	;
1981
1982	indirect_type:
1983	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
1984	{ $$ = $3; }
1985	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
1986	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1987	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
1988	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
1989	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
1990	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
1991	\| ZERO_T // CFA
1992	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1993	\| ONE_T // CFA
1994	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1995	;
1996
1997	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1998	sue_type_specifier
1999	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2000	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2001	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2002	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2003	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2004	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2005	;
2006
2007	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2008	elaborated_type
2009	\| type_qualifier_list
2010	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2011	elaborated_type
2012	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2013	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2014	{
2015	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2016	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2017	}
2018	;
2019
2020	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2021	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2022	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2023	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2024	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2025	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2026	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2027	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2028	;
2029
2030	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2031	elaborated_type_nobody
2032	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2033	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2034	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2035	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2036	;
2037
2038	type_declaration_specifier:
2039	type_type_specifier
2040	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2041	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2042	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2043	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2044	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2045	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2046	;
2047
2048	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2049	type_name
2050	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2051	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2052	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2053	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2054	;
2055
2056	type_name:
2057	TYPEDEFname
2058	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2059	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2060	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2061	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2062	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2063	\| typegen_name
2064	\| '.' typegen_name
2065	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2066	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2067	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2068	;
2069
2070	typegen_name: // CFA
2071	TYPEGENname
2072	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2073	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2074	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2075	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2076	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2077	;
2078
2079	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2080	aggregate_type
2081	\| enum_type
2082	;
2083
2084	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2085	aggregate_type_nobody
2086	\| enum_type_nobody
2087	;
2088
2089	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2090	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2091	{ forall = false; } // reset
2092	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2093	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2094	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2095	{
2096	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2097	forall = false; // reset
2098	}
2099	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2100	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2101	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2102	{
2103	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2104	forall = false; // reset
2105	}
2106	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2107	{
2108	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2109	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2110	}
2111	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2112	{
2113	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2114	forall = false; // reset
2115	}
2116	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2117	{
2118	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2119	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2120	}
2121	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2122	;
2123
2124	type_parameters_opt:
2125	// empty
2126	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2127	\| '(' type_list ')'
2128	{ $$ = $2; }
2129	;
2130
2131	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2132	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2133	{
2134	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2135	forall = false; // reset
2136	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2137	}
2138	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2139	{
2140	forall = false; // reset
2141	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2142	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2143	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2144	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2145	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2146	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2147	delete $3;
2148	}
2149	;
2150
2151	aggregate_key:
2152	aggregate_data
2153	\| aggregate_control
2154	;
2155
2156	aggregate_data:
2157	STRUCT vtable_opt
2158	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2159	\| UNION
2160	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2161	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2162	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2163	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2164	;
2165
2166	aggregate_control: // CFA
2167	MONITOR
2168	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2169	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2170	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2171	\| GENERATOR
2172	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2173	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2174	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2175	\| COROUTINE
2176	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2177	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2178	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2179	\| THREAD
2180	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2181	\| MUTEX THREAD
2182	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2183	;
2184
2185	field_declaration_list_opt:
2186	// empty
2187	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2188	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2189	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2190	;
2191
2192	field_declaration:
2193	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2194	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 ); }
2195	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2196	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2197	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2198	{
2199	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2200	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2201	} // if
2202	$3->inLine = true;
2203	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2204	distInl( $3 );
2205	}
2206	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2207	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2208	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2209	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2210	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2211	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2212	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2213	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2214	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2215	\| static_assert // C11
2216	;
2217
2218	field_declaring_list_opt:
2219	// empty
2220	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2221	\| field_declarator
2222	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2223	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2224	;
2225
2226	field_declarator:
2227	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2228	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2229	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2230	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2231	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2232	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2233	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2234	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2235	;
2236
2237	field_abstract_list_opt:
2238	// empty
2239	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2240	\| field_abstract
2241	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2242	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2243	;
2244
2245	field_abstract:
2246	// no bit fields
2247	variable_abstract_declarator
2248	;
2249
2250	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2251	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2252	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2253	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2254	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2255	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2256	;
2257
2258	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2259	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2260	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2261	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2262	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2263	;
2264
2265	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2266	// empty
2267	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2268	\| bit_subrange_size
2269	;
2270
2271	bit_subrange_size:
2272	':' assignment_expression
2273	{ $$ = $2; }
2274	;
2275
2276	enum_type: // enum
2277	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2278	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2279	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2280	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2281	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2282	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2283	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2284	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2285	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2286	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2287	{
2288	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2289	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2290	}
2291	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2292	{
2293	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2294	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2295	}
2296	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2297	{
2298	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2299	}
2300	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2301	{
2302	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2303	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6->name );
2304	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2305	}
2306	\| enum_type_nobody
2307	;
2308
2309	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2310	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2311	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2312	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name // qualified type name
2313	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2314	;
2315
2316	enumerator_list:
2317	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2318	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
2319	\| INLINE type_name
2320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ); }
2321	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2322	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
2323	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2324	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2325	;
2326
2327	enumerator_value_opt:
2328	// empty
2329	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2330	// \| '=' constant_expression
2331	// { $$ = $2; }
2332	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2333	{ $$ = $2->get_expression(); } // FIX ME: enum only deals with constant_expression
2334	;
2335
2336	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2337	// empty
2338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2339	\| ELLIPSIS
2340	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2341	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2342	\| cfa_parameter_list
2343	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2344	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2345	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2346	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2347	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2348	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2349	;
2350
2351	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2352	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2353	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2354	cfa_parameter_declaration
2355	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2356	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2357	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2358	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2359	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2360	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2361	;
2362
2363	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2364	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2365	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2366	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2367	;
2368
2369	parameter_type_list_opt:
2370	// empty
2371	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2372	\| ELLIPSIS
2373	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2374	\| parameter_list
2375	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2376	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2377	;
2378
2379	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2380	abstract_parameter_declaration
2381	\| parameter_declaration
2382	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2383	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2384	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2385	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2386	;
2387
2388	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2389	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2390
2391	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2392	parameter_declaration
2393	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2394	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2395	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2396	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2397	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2398	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2399	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2400	\| cfa_function_specifier
2401	;
2402
2403	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2404	abstract_parameter_declaration
2405	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2406	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2407	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2408	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2409	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2410	\| cfa_abstract_function
2411	;
2412
2413	parameter_declaration:
2414	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2415	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2416	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2417	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2418	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2419	;
2420
2421	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2422	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2423	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2424	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2425	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2426	;
2427
2428	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2429	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2430	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2431
2432	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2433	identifier
2434	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2435	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2436	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2437	;
2438
2439	identifier_or_type_name:
2440	identifier
2441	\| TYPEDEFname
2442	\| TYPEGENname
2443	;
2444
2445	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2446	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2447	\| type_specifier
2448	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2449	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2450	;
2451
2452	type: // typeof, assertion
2453	type_no_function
2454	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2455	;
2456
2457	initializer_opt:
2458	// empty
2459	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2460	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2461	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2462	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2463	;
2464
2465	initializer:
2466	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2467	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2468	;
2469
2470	initializer_list_opt:
2471	// empty
2472	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2473	\| initializer
2474	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2475	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2476	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2477	;
2478
2479	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2480	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2481	//
2482	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2483	//
2484	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2485	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2486	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2487	// shift/reduce conflicts
2488
2489	designation:
2490	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2491	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2492	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2493	;
2494
2495	designator_list: // C99
2496	designator
2497	\| designator_list designator
2498	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2499	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2500	;
2501
2502	designator:
2503	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2504	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2505	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2506	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2507	{ $$ = $3; }
2508	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2509	{ $$ = $3; }
2510	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2511	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ) ) ); }
2512	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2513	{ $$ = $4; }
2514	;
2515
2516	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2517	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2518	//
2519	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2520	//
2521	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2522	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2523	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2524	//
2525	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2526	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2527	//
2528	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2529	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2530	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2531	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2532	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2533
2534	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2535	type_parameter
2536	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2537	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2538	;
2539
2540	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2541	// empty
2542	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2543	\| '=' type
2544	{ $$ = $2; }
2545	;
2546
2547	type_parameter: // CFA
2548	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2549	{
2550	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2551	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2552	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2553	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2554	}
2555	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2557	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2558	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2559	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2560	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2561	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2562	{
2563	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2564	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2565	}
2566	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2567	\| assertion_list
2568	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2569	;
2570
2571	new_type_class: // CFA
2572	// empty
2573	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2574	\| '&'
2575	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2576	\| '*'
2577	{ $$ = TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2578	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2579	// { $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2580	\| ELLIPSIS
2581	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2582	;
2583
2584	type_class: // CFA
2585	OTYPE
2586	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2587	\| DTYPE
2588	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2589	\| FTYPE
2590	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2591	\| TTYPE
2592	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2593	;
2594
2595	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2596	// empty
2597	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2598	\| assertion_list
2599	;
2600
2601	assertion_list: // CFA
2602	assertion
2603	\| assertion_list assertion
2604	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
2605	;
2606
2607	assertion: // CFA
2608	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2609	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2610	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2611	{ $$ = $4; }
2612	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2613	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2614	;
2615
2616	type_list: // CFA
2617	type
2618	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2619	\| assignment_expression
2620	\| type_list ',' type
2621	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
2622	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2623	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2624	;
2625
2626	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2627	OTYPE type_declarator
2628	{ $$ = $2; }
2629	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2630	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2631	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2632	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2633	;
2634
2635	type_declarator: // CFA
2636	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2637	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2638	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2639	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2640	;
2641
2642	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2643	identifier_or_type_name
2644	{
2645	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2646	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2647	}
2648	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2649	{
2650	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2651	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2652	}
2653	;
2654
2655	trait_specifier: // CFA
2656	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2657	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2658	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2659	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2660	;
2661
2662	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2663	trait_declaration
2664	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2665	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2666	;
2667
2668	trait_declaration: // CFA
2669	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2670	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2671	;
2672
2673	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2674	cfa_variable_specifier
2675	\| cfa_function_specifier
2676	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2677	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2678	;
2679
2680	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2681	type_specifier declarator
2682	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2683	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2684	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2685	;
2686
2687	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2688
2689	translation_unit:
2690	// empty, input file
2691	\| external_definition_list
2692	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2693	;
2694
2695	external_definition_list:
2696	push external_definition pop
2697	{ $$ = $2; }
2698	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2699	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2700	;
2701
2702	external_definition_list_opt:
2703	// empty
2704	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2705	\| external_definition_list
2706	;
2707
2708	up:
2709	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2710	;
2711
2712	down:
2713	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2714	;
2715
2716	external_definition:
2717	DIRECTIVE
2718	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ) ); }
2719	\| declaration
2720	\| external_function_definition
2721	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2722	{
2723	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2724	$$ = $2;
2725	}
2726	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2727	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) ); }
2728	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2729	{
2730	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2731	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2732	}
2733	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2734	{
2735	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2736	linkageStack.pop();
2737	$$ = $6;
2738	}
2739	\| type_qualifier_list
2740	{
2741	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2742	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2743	}
2744	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2745	{
2746	distQual( $5, $1 );
2747	forall = false;
2748	$$ = $5;
2749	}
2750	\| declaration_qualifier_list
2751	{
2752	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2753	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2754	}
2755	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2756	{
2757	distQual( $5, $1 );
2758	forall = false;
2759	$$ = $5;
2760	}
2761	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
2762	{
2763	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2764	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2765	}
2766	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2767	{
2768	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
2769	forall = false;
2770	$$ = $6;
2771	}
2772	;
2773
2774	external_function_definition:
2775	function_definition
2776	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2777	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2778	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2779	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2780	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2781	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2782	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
2783	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
2784	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
2785	;
2786
2787	with_clause_opt:
2788	// empty
2789	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
2790	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2791	{ $$ = $3; forall = false; }
2792	;
2793
2794	function_definition:
2795	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2796	{
2797	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
2798	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
2799	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
2800	$$ = $1;
2801	}
2802	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2803	{
2804	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2805	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2806	}
2807	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2808	{
2809	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2810	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2811	}
2812	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2813	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2814	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2815	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2816	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2817	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2818	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2819	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2820	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2821
2822	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2823	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2824	{
2825	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2826	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
2827	}
2828	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2829	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2830	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2831	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2832	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2833	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2834	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2835	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2836	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2837	;
2838
2839	declarator:
2840	variable_declarator
2841	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2842	\| function_declarator
2843	;
2844
2845	subrange:
2846	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2847	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
2848	;
2849
2850	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2851	// empty
2852	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2853	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2854	{
2855	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2856	name->asmName = $3;
2857	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2858	}
2859	;
2860
2861	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2862	// empty
2863	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2864	\| attribute_list
2865	;
2866
2867	attribute_list: // GCC
2868	attribute
2869	\| attribute_list attribute
2870	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2871	;
2872
2873	attribute: // GCC
2874	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2875	{ $$ = $4; }
2876	;
2877
2878	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2879	attribute_name
2880	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2881	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2882	;
2883
2884	attribute_name: // GCC
2885	// empty
2886	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2887	\| attr_name
2888	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2889	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
2890	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2891	;
2892
2893	attr_name: // GCC
2894	IDENTIFIER
2895	\| quasi_keyword
2896	\| TYPEDEFname
2897	\| TYPEGENname
2898	\| FALLTHROUGH
2899	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2900	\| CONST
2901	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2902	;
2903
2904	// ============================================================================
2905	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2906	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2907	// in:
2908	//
2909	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2910	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2911	//
2912	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2913	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2914	// ============================================================================
2915
2916	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2917	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2918	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2919	//
2920	// valid declaration invalid definition
2921	// ----------------- ------------------
2922	// int f; int f {}
2923	// int f; int f {}
2924	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2925	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2926	//
2927	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2928	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2929	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2930
2931	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2932	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2933
2934	paren_identifier:
2935	identifier_at
2936	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2937	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2938	{ $$ = $2; }
2939	;
2940
2941	variable_declarator:
2942	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2943	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2944	\| variable_ptr
2945	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2946	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2947	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2948	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2949	;
2950
2951	variable_ptr:
2952	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2953	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2954	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2955	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2956	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2957	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2958	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2959	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2960	;
2961
2962	variable_array:
2963	paren_identifier array_dimension
2964	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2965	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2966	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2967	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2968	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2969	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2970	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2971	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2972	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2973	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2974	{ $$ = $2; }
2975	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2976	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2977	;
2978
2979	variable_function:
2980	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2981	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2982	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2983	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2984	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2985	{ $$ = $2; }
2986	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2987	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2988	;
2989
2990	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2991	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2992	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2993
2994	function_declarator:
2995	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2996	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2997	\| function_ptr
2998	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2999	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3000	;
3001
3002	function_no_ptr:
3003	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3004	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3005	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3006	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3007	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3008	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3009	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3010	{ $$ = $2; }
3011	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3012	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3013	;
3014
3015	function_ptr:
3016	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3017	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3018	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3019	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3020	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3021	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3022	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3023	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3024	;
3025
3026	function_array:
3027	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3028	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3029	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3030	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3031	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3032	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3033	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3034	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3035	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3036	{ $$ = $2; }
3037	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3038	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3039	;
3040
3041	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3042	//
3043	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3044	//
3045	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3046	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3047
3048	KR_function_declarator:
3049	KR_function_no_ptr
3050	\| KR_function_ptr
3051	\| KR_function_array
3052	;
3053
3054	KR_function_no_ptr:
3055	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3056	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3057	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3058	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3059	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3060	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3061	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3062	{ $$ = $2; }
3063	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3064	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3065	;
3066
3067	KR_function_ptr:
3068	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3069	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3070	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3071	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3072	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3073	{ $$ = $2; }
3074	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3075	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3076	;
3077
3078	KR_function_array:
3079	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3080	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3081	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3082	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3083	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3084	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3085	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3086	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3087	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3088	{ $$ = $2; }
3089	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3090	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3091	;
3092
3093	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3094	//
3095	// typedef int foo;
3096	// {
3097	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3098	// }
3099	//
3100	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3101	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3102
3103	paren_type:
3104	typedef_name
3105	{
3106	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3107	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3108	}
3109	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3110	{ $$ = $2; }
3111	;
3112
3113	variable_type_redeclarator:
3114	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3115	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3116	\| type_ptr
3117	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
3118	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3119	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
3120	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3121	;
3122
3123	type_ptr:
3124	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3125	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3126	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3127	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3128	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3129	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3130	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3131	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3132	;
3133
3134	type_array:
3135	paren_type array_dimension
3136	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3137	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3138	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3139	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3140	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3141	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3142	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3143	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3144	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3145	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3146	{ $$ = $2; }
3147	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3148	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3149	;
3150
3151	type_function:
3152	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3153	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3154	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3155	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3156	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3157	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3158	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3159	{ $$ = $2; }
3160	\| '(' attribute_list type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3161	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3162	;
3163
3164	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3165	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3166	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3167	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3168
3169	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3170	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3171	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3172	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3173	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3174	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3175	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3176	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3177	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3178	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3179	;
3180
3181	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3182	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3183	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3184	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3185	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3186	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3187	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3188	;
3189
3190	identifier_parameter_array:
3191	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3192	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3193	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3194	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3195	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3196	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3197	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3198	{ $$ = $2; }
3199	;
3200
3201	identifier_parameter_function:
3202	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3203	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3204	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3205	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3206	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3207	{ $$ = $2; }
3208	;
3209
3210	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3211	// e.g.:
3212	//
3213	// typedef int foo;
3214	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3215	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3216	//
3217	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3218
3219	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3220	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3221	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3222	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3223	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3224	\| type_parameter_ptr
3225	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3226	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3227	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3228	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3229	;
3230
3231	typedef_name:
3232	TYPEDEFname
3233	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3234	\| TYPEGENname
3235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3236	;
3237
3238	type_parameter_ptr:
3239	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3240	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3241	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3242	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3243	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3244	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3245	;
3246
3247	type_parameter_array:
3248	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3249	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3250	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3251	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3252	;
3253
3254	type_parameter_function:
3255	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3256	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3257	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3258	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3259	;
3260
3261	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3262	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3263	//
3264	// sizeof( int );
3265	// sizeof( int * );
3266	// sizeof( int [10] );
3267	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3268	// sizeof( int () );
3269	//
3270	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3271	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3272
3273	abstract_declarator:
3274	abstract_ptr
3275	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3276	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3277	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3278	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3279	;
3280
3281	abstract_ptr:
3282	ptrref_operator
3283	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3284	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3285	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3286	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3287	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3288	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3289	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3290	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3291	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3292	;
3293
3294	abstract_array:
3295	array_dimension
3296	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3297	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3298	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3299	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3300	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3301	{ $$ = $2; }
3302	;
3303
3304	abstract_function:
3305	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3307	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3308	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3309	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3310	{ $$ = $2; }
3311	;
3312
3313	array_dimension:
3314	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3315	'[' ']'
3316	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3317	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3318	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3319	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']'
3320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, 0, false ) ); }
3321	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3322	\| multi_array_dimension
3323	;
3324
3325	multi_array_dimension:
3326	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3328	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3329	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3330	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3331	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3332	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3333	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3334	;
3335
3336	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3337	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3338	//
3339	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3340	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3341	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3342	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3343	//
3344	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3345	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3346	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3347	//
3348	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3349	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3350	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3351	//
3352	// For example:
3353	//
3354	// typedef float T;
3355	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3356	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3357	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3358	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3359	//
3360	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3361	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3362	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3363	// functions.
3364
3365	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3366	abstract_parameter_ptr
3367	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3368	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3369	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3370	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3371	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3372	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3373	;
3374
3375	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3376	ptrref_operator
3377	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3378	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3379	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3380	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3381	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3382	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3383	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3384	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3385	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3386	;
3387
3388	abstract_parameter_array:
3389	array_parameter_dimension
3390	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3391	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3392	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3393	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3394	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3395	{ $$ = $2; }
3396	;
3397
3398	abstract_parameter_function:
3399	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3400	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3401	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3402	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3403	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3404	{ $$ = $2; }
3405	;
3406
3407	array_parameter_dimension:
3408	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3409	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3410	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3411	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3412	\| multi_array_dimension
3413	;
3414
3415	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3416	//
3417	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3418	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3419
3420	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3421	'[' ']'
3422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3423	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3424	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3425	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3426	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3427	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3428	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3429	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3431	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3432	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3433	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3434	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3435	;
3436
3437	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3438	//
3439	// struct S {
3440	// int;
3441	// int *;
3442	// int [10];
3443	// int (*)();
3444	// };
3445
3446	variable_abstract_declarator:
3447	variable_abstract_ptr
3448	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3449	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3450	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3451	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3452	;
3453
3454	variable_abstract_ptr:
3455	ptrref_operator
3456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3457	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3459	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3460	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3461	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3462	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3463	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3464	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3465	;
3466
3467	variable_abstract_array:
3468	array_dimension
3469	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3470	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3471	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3472	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3473	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3474	{ $$ = $2; }
3475	;
3476
3477	variable_abstract_function:
3478	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3479	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3480	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3481	{ $$ = $2; }
3482	;
3483
3484	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3485	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3486
3487	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3488	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3489	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3490	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3491	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3492	;
3493
3494	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3495	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3496	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3497	;
3498
3499	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3500	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3501	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3502	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3503	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3504	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3505	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3506	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3507	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3508	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3509	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3510	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3511	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3512	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3513	;
3514
3515	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3516	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3517	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3518	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3519	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3520	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3521	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3522	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3523	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3524	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3525	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3526	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3527	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3528
3529	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3530	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3531	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3532	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3533	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3534	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3535	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3536	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3537	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3538	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3539	;
3540
3541	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3542	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3543	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3544	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3545	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3546	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3547	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3548	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3549	// appear in this context.
3550	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3551	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3552	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3553	;
3554
3555	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3556	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3557	//
3558	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3559	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3560	//
3561	// These rules need LR(3):
3562	//
3563	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3564	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3565	//
3566	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3567	//
3568	// [int, int] t;
3569	// [int, int] f( int );
3570	//
3571	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3572	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3573	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3574	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3575
3576	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3577	cfa_abstract_tuple
3578	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3579	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3580	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3581	;
3582
3583	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3584	cfa_abstract_ptr
3585	\| cfa_abstract_array
3586	;
3587
3588	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3589	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3590	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3591	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3592	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3593	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3594	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3595	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3596	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3597	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3598	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3599	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3600	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3601	;
3602
3603	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3604	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3605	// empty (void) function return type.
3606	'[' ']' type_specifier
3607	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3608	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3609	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3610	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3611	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3612	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3613	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3614	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3615	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3616	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3617	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3618	;
3619
3620	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3621	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3622	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3623	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3624	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3625	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3626	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3627	;
3628
3629	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3630	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3631	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3632	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3633	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3634	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3635	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3636	;
3637
3638	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3639	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3640	//
3641	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3642	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3643	//
3644	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3645	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3646	//
3647	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3648	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3649
3650	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3651
3652	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3653	// empty
3654	\| ','
3655	;
3656
3657	default_initializer_opt:
3658	// empty
3659	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3660	\| '=' assignment_expression
3661	{ $$ = $2; }
3662	;
3663
3664	%%
3665
3666	// ----end of grammar----
3667
3668	// Local Variables: //
3669	// mode: c++ //
3670	// tab-width: 4 //
3671	// compile-command: "make install" //
3672	// End: //

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