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Last change on this file since 1cb758f2 was 9bd6105, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sat Aug 26 17:50:19 2017
13	// Update Count : 2712
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
54	using namespace std;
55
56	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
57	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
58	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
59
60	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
61
62	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
63	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
64	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
65	} // appendStr
66
67	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
68	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
69	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
70	//cur->addType( specifier );
71	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
72	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
73	} // for
74	declList->addType( cl );
75	// delete cl;
76	return declList;
77	} // distAttr
78
79	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
80	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
81	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
82	iter->set_extension( true );
83	} // for
84	} // distExt
85
86	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
87	%}
88
89	// Types declaration
90	%union
91	{
92	Token tok;
93	ParseNode * pn;
94	ExpressionNode * en;
95	DeclarationNode * decl;
96	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
97	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
98	StatementNode * sn;
99	WaitForStmt * wfs;
100	ConstantExpr * constant;
101	IfCtl * ifctl;
102	ForCtl * fctl;
103	LabelNode * label;
104	InitializerNode * in;
105	OperKinds op;
106	std::string * str;
107	bool flag;
108	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
109	}
110
111	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
112
113	// keywords
114	%token TYPEDEF
115	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
116	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
117	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
118	%token NORETURN // C11
119	%token CONST VOLATILE
120	%token RESTRICT // C99
121	%token ATOMIC // C11
122	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL // CFA
123	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
124	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
125	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
126	%token VALIST // GCC
127	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
128	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
129	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
130	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
131	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
132	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
133	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
134	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
135	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
136	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
137
138	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
139	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
140	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR
141	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
142	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
143	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
144	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
145	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
146	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
147
148	// multi-character operators
149	%token ARROW // ->
150	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
151	%token LS RS // << >>
152	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
153	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
154	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
155
156	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
157	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
158	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
159	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
160
161	%token ATassign // @=
162
163	%type<tok> identifier no_attr_identifier
164	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
165	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
166	%type<constant> string_literal
167	%type<str> string_literal_list
168
169	// expressions
170	%type<en> constant
171	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
172	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
173	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
174	%type<en> cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
175	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
176	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
177	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
178	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
179	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
180	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initialize_opt
181	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
182	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
183	%type<en> subrange
184	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
185	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
186	%type<label> label_list
187	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
188	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
189	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
190
191	// statements
192	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
193	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
194	%type<sn> selection_statement
195	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
196	%type<en> case_value
197	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
198	%type<sn> fall_through fall_through_opt
199	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
200	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
201	%type<sn> with_statement with_clause_opt
202	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
203	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
204	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
205	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
206	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
207
208	// declarations
209	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
210	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
211	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
212
213	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
214	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
215
216	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
217
218	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
219
220	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
221
222	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
223
224	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
225	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
226
227	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
228
229	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
230	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
231
232	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
233
234	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
235	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
236
237	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
238
239	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
240	%type<decl> identifier_list
241
242	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
243	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
244	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
245
246	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
247
248	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
249	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
250
251	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
252	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
253
254	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
255
256	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
257
258	%type<decl> c_declaration
259	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
260	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
261
262	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
263	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
264
265	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
266
267	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
268
269	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
270
271	%type<tclass> type_class
272	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
273
274	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
275	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
276
277	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
278
279	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
280
281	%type<decl> type type_no_function
282	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
283
284	%type<en> type_list
285
286	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
287	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
288
289	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
290	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
291
292	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
293
294	// initializers
295	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
296
297	// designators
298	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
299
300
301	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
302	// is ambiguous:
303	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
304	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
305	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
306	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
307
308	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
309	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
310	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
311	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
312	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
313	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
314
315	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
316
317	%%
318	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
319
320	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
321	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
322	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
323	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
324	//
325	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
326	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
327	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
328	//
329	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
330	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
331	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
332	//
333	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
334	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
335	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
336	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
337	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
338	//
339	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
340	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
341	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
342	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
343	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
344	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
345	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
346
347	push:
348	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
349	;
350
351	pop:
352	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
353	;
354
355	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
356
357	constant:
358	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
359	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
360	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
361	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
362	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
363	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
364	;
365
366	quasi_keyword: // CFA
367	TIMEOUT
368	\| WOR
369	;
370
371	identifier:
372	IDENTIFIER
373	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
374	\| quasi_keyword
375	;
376
377	no_attr_identifier:
378	IDENTIFIER
379	\| quasi_keyword
380	;
381
382	string_literal:
383	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
384	;
385
386	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
387	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
388	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
389	{
390	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
391	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
392	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
393	}
394	;
395
396	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
397
398	primary_expression:
399	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
400	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
401	\| quasi_keyword
402	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
403	\| tuple
404	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
405	{ $$ = $2; }
406	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
407	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
408	\| primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
409	{
410	Token fn;
411	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
412	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
413	}
414	\| type_name '.' no_attr_identifier // CFA, nested type
415	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
416	\| type_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
417	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
418	;
419
420	postfix_expression:
421	primary_expression
422	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
423	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
424	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
425	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
426	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
428	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
429	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
430	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
431	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
432	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
433	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
434	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
435	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
436	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
437	{
438	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
439	}
440	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
441	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
442	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
443	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
444	\| postfix_expression ICR
445	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
446	\| postfix_expression DECR
447	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
448	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
449	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
450	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
451	{
452	Token fn;
453	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
454	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
455	}
456	;
457
458	argument_expression_list:
459	argument_expression
460	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
461	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
462	;
463
464	argument_expression:
465	// empty
466	{ $$ = nullptr; }
467	// \| '@' // use default argument
468	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
469	\| assignment_expression
470	;
471
472	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
473	field
474	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
475	;
476
477	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
478	field_name
479	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
480	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
481	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
482	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
483	\| field_name '.' field
484	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
485	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
486	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
487	\| field_name ARROW field
488	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
489	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
490	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
491	;
492
493	field_name:
494	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
495	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
496	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
497	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
498	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
499	{
500	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
501	}
502	;
503
504	fraction_constants:
505	// empty
506	{ $$ = nullptr; }
507	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
508	{
509	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
510	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
511	}
512	;
513
514	unary_expression:
515	postfix_expression
516	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
517	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
518	\| constant
519	{ $$ = $1; }
520	\| string_literal
521	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
522	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
523	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
524	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
525	// { * X; } // dereference X
526	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
527	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
528	{
529	switch ( $1 ) {
530	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
531	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
532	break;
533	case OperKinds::PointTo:
534	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
535	break;
536	default:
537	assert( false );
538	}
539	}
540	\| unary_operator cast_expression
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
542	\| ICR unary_expression
543	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
544	\| DECR unary_expression
545	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
546	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
547	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
548	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
549	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
550	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
551	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
552	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
553	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
554	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
555	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
556	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
557	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
558	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
559	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
560	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type ')'
561	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
562	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
563	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
564	;
565
566	ptrref_operator:
567	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
568	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
569	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
570	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
571	;
572
573	unary_operator:
574	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
575	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
576	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
577	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
578	;
579
580	cast_expression:
581	unary_expression
582	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
583	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
584	// VIRTUAL cannot be opt because of look ahead issues
585	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( nullptr, $4 ) ); }
587	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( $3, $5 ) ); }
589	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
590	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
591	;
592
593	exponential_expression:
594	cast_expression
595	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
596	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
597	;
598
599	multiplicative_expression:
600	exponential_expression
601	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
603	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
604	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
605	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
607	;
608
609	additive_expression:
610	multiplicative_expression
611	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
613	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
614	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
615	;
616
617	shift_expression:
618	additive_expression
619	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
620	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
621	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
622	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
623	;
624
625	relational_expression:
626	shift_expression
627	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
628	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
629	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
630	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
631	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
632	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
633	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
634	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
635	;
636
637	equality_expression:
638	relational_expression
639	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
640	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
641	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
642	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
643	;
644
645	AND_expression:
646	equality_expression
647	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
648	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
649	;
650
651	exclusive_OR_expression:
652	AND_expression
653	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
654	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
655	;
656
657	inclusive_OR_expression:
658	exclusive_OR_expression
659	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
660	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
661	;
662
663	logical_AND_expression:
664	inclusive_OR_expression
665	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
667	;
668
669	logical_OR_expression:
670	logical_AND_expression
671	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
673	;
674
675	conditional_expression:
676	logical_OR_expression
677	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
678	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
679	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
680	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
681	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
682	;
683
684	constant_expression:
685	conditional_expression
686	;
687
688	assignment_expression:
689	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
690	conditional_expression
691	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
692	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
693	;
694
695	assignment_expression_opt:
696	// empty
697	{ $$ = nullptr; }
698	\| assignment_expression
699	;
700
701	assignment_operator:
702	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
703	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
704	\| EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
705	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
706	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
707	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
708	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
709	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
710	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
711	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
712	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
713	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
714	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
715	;
716
717	tuple: // CFA, tuple
718	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
719	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
720	// '[' ']'
721	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
722	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
723	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
724	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
725	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
726	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
727	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
728	;
729
730	tuple_expression_list:
731	assignment_expression_opt
732	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
733	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
734	;
735
736	comma_expression:
737	assignment_expression
738	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
739	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
740	;
741
742	comma_expression_opt:
743	// empty
744	{ $$ = nullptr; }
745	\| comma_expression
746	;
747
748	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
749
750	statement:
751	labeled_statement
752	\| compound_statement
753	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
754	\| selection_statement
755	\| iteration_statement
756	\| jump_statement
757	\| with_statement
758	\| waitfor_statement
759	\| exception_statement
760	\| asm_statement
761
762	labeled_statement:
763	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
764	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
765	{
766	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
767	}
768	;
769
770	compound_statement:
771	'{' '}'
772	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
773	\| '{'
774	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
775	// requires its own scope.
776	push push
777	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
778	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
779	pop '}'
780	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
781	;
782
783	statement_decl_list: // C99
784	statement_decl
785	\| statement_decl_list push statement_decl
786	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
787	;
788
789	statement_decl:
790	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
791	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
792	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
793	{
794	distExt( $2 );
795	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
796	}
797	\| function_definition
798	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
799	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
800	{
801	distExt( $2 );
802	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
803	}
804	\| statement pop
805	;
806
807	statement_list_nodecl:
808	statement
809	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
810	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
811	;
812
813	expression_statement:
814	comma_expression_opt ';'
815	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
816	;
817
818	selection_statement:
819	IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
820	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
821	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, nullptr ) ); }
822	\| IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
823	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
824	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
825	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
826	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
827	{
828	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
829	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
830	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
831	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
832	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
833	// statement.
834	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
835	}
836	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
837	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
838	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
839	{
840	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
841	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
842	}
843	;
844
845	if_control_expression:
846	comma_expression pop
847	{ $$ = new IfCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
848	\| c_declaration pop // no semi-colon
849	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
850	\| cfa_declaration pop // no semi-colon
851	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
852	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
853	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, $2 ); }
854	;
855
856	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
857	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
858
859	case_value: // CFA
860	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
861	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
862	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
863	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
864	;
865
866	case_value_list: // CFA
867	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
868	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
869	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
870	;
871
872	case_label: // CFA
873	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
874	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
875	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
876	;
877
878	case_label_list: // CFA
879	case_label
880	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
881	;
882
883	case_clause: // CFA
884	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
885	;
886
887	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
888	// empty
889	{ $$ = nullptr; }
890	\| switch_clause_list
891	;
892
893	switch_clause_list: // CFA
894	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
895	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
896	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
897	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
898	;
899
900	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
901	// empty
902	{ $$ = nullptr; }
903	\| choose_clause_list
904	;
905
906	choose_clause_list: // CFA
907	case_label_list fall_through
908	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
909	\| case_label_list statement_list_nodecl fall_through_opt
910	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
911	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
912	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
913	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl fall_through_opt
914	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
915	;
916
917	fall_through_opt: // CFA
918	// empty
919	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
920	\| fall_through
921	;
922
923	fall_through: // CFA
924	FALLTHRU
925	{ $$ = nullptr; }
926	\| FALLTHRU ';'
927	{ $$ = nullptr; }
928	;
929
930	iteration_statement:
931	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
932	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
933	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
934	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
935	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
936	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
937	;
938
939	for_control_expression:
940	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
941	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
942	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
943	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
944	;
945
946	jump_statement:
947	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
948	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
949	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
950	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
951	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
952	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
953	\| CONTINUE ';'
954	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
955	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
956	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
957	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
958	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
959	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
960	\| BREAK ';'
961	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
962	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
963	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
964	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
965	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
966	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
967	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
968	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
969	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
970	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
971	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
972	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
973	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
974	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
975	;
976
977	with_statement:
978	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
979	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
980	;
981
982	when_clause:
983	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')'
984	{ $$ = $3; }
985	;
986
987	when_clause_opt:
988	// empty
989	{ $$ = nullptr; }
990	\| when_clause
991	;
992
993	waitfor:
994	WAITFOR '(' identifier ')'
995	{
996	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new NameExpr( *$3 ) );
997	delete $3;
998	}
999	\| WAITFOR '(' identifier ',' argument_expression_list ')'
1000	{
1001	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new NameExpr( *$3 ) );
1002	$$->set_last( $5 );
1003	delete $3;
1004	}
1005	;
1006
1007	timeout:
1008	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')'
1009	{ $$ = $3; }
1010	;
1011
1012	waitfor_clause:
1013	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1014	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1015	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1016	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ); }
1017	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1018	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1019	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1020	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, $3, $1 ); }
1021	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1022	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1023	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1, $7, $5 ); }
1024	;
1025
1026	waitfor_statement:
1027	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1028	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1029	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1030	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1031	;
1032
1033	exception_statement:
1034	TRY compound_statement handler_clause
1035	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1036	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1037	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1038	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1039	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1040	;
1041
1042	handler_clause:
1043	handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
1044	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $5, $7, $9 ) ); }
1045	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
1046	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $6, $8, $10 ) ) ); }
1047	;
1048
1049	handler_predicate_opt:
1050	//empty
1051	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1052	\| ';' conditional_expression
1053	{ $$ = $2; }
1054	;
1055
1056	handler_key:
1057	CATCH
1058	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1059	\| CATCHRESUME
1060	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1061	;
1062
1063	finally_clause:
1064	FINALLY compound_statement
1065	{
1066	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
1067	}
1068	;
1069
1070	exception_declaration:
1071	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1072	type_specifier_nobody
1073	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1074	{
1075	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1076	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1077	}
1078	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1079	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1080	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
1081	{
1082	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1083	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1084	}
1085	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1086	;
1087
1088	asm_statement:
1089	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1090	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1091	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1092	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1093	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1094	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1095	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1096	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1097	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1098	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1099	;
1100
1101	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1102	// empty
1103	{ $$ = false; }
1104	\| VOLATILE
1105	{ $$ = true; }
1106	;
1107
1108	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1109	// empty
1110	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1111	\| asm_operands_list
1112	;
1113
1114	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1115	asm_operand
1116	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1117	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1118	;
1119
1120	asm_operand: // GCC
1121	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1122	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1123	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1124	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1125	;
1126
1127	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1128	// empty
1129	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1130	\| string_literal
1131	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1132	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1133	// set_last return ParseNode *
1134	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1135	;
1136
1137	label_list:
1138	no_attr_identifier
1139	{
1140	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1141	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1142	}
1143	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1144	{
1145	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1146	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1147	}
1148	;
1149
1150	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1151
1152	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1153	pop
1154	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1155	\| declaration_list
1156	;
1157
1158	declaration_list:
1159	declaration
1160	\| declaration_list push declaration
1161	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1162	;
1163
1164	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1165	// empty
1166	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1167	\| KR_declaration_list
1168	;
1169
1170	KR_declaration_list:
1171	push c_declaration pop ';'
1172	{ $$ = $2; }
1173	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1174	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1175	;
1176
1177	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1178	// empty
1179	\| local_label_declaration_list
1180	;
1181
1182	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1183	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1184	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1185	;
1186
1187	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1188	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1189	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1190	;
1191
1192	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1193	c_declaration pop ';'
1194	\| cfa_declaration pop ';' // CFA
1195	;
1196
1197	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1198	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1199	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1200	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1201	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1202	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1203	//
1204	// CFA C
1205	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1206	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1207
1208	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1209	cfa_variable_declaration
1210	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1211	\| cfa_function_declaration
1212	\| type_declaring_list
1213	\| trait_specifier
1214	;
1215
1216	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1217	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1218	{
1219	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1220	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1221	}
1222	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1223	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1224	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1225	{
1226	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1227	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1228	}
1229	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1230	{
1231	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1232	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1233	}
1234	;
1235
1236	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1237	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1238	// storage-class
1239	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1240	{
1241	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1242	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1243	}
1244	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1245	{
1246	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1247	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1248	}
1249	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1250	{
1251	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1252	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1253	}
1254	;
1255
1256	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1257	cfa_function_specifier
1258	{
1259	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1260	$$ = $1;
1261	}
1262	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1263	{
1264	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1265	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1266	}
1267	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1268	{
1269	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1270	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1271	}
1272	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1273	{
1274	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1275	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1276	}
1277	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1278	{
1279	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1280	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1281	}
1282	;
1283
1284	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1285	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1286	// {
1287	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1288	// }
1289	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1290	// {
1291	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1292	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1293	// }
1294	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1295	// {
1296	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1297	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1298	// }
1299	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1300	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1301	//
1302	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1303	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1304	//
1305	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1306	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1307	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1308	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1309	{
1310	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1311	}
1312	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1313	{
1314	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1315	}
1316	;
1317
1318	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1319	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1320	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1321	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1322	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1323	// ']'.
1324	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1325	;
1326
1327	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1328	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1329	{
1330	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1331	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1332	}
1333	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1334	{
1335	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1336	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1337	}
1338	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1339	{
1340	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1341	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1342	}
1343	;
1344
1345	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1346	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1347
1348	typedef_declaration:
1349	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1350	{
1351	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1352	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1353	}
1354	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1355	{
1356	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1357	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1358	}
1359	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1360	{
1361	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1362	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1363	}
1364	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1365	{
1366	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1367	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1368	}
1369	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1370	{
1371	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1372	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1373	}
1374	;
1375
1376	typedef_expression:
1377	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1378	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1379	{
1380	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1381	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1382	}
1383	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1384	{
1385	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1386	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1387	}
1388	;
1389
1390	//c_declaration:
1391	// declaring_list pop ';'
1392	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1393	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1394	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1395	// ;
1396	//
1397	//declaring_list:
1398	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1399	// // storage-class
1400	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1401	// {
1402	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1403	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1404	// }
1405	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1406	// {
1407	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1408	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1409	// }
1410	// ;
1411
1412	c_declaration:
1413	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1414	{
1415	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1416	}
1417	\| typedef_declaration
1418	\| typedef_expression // GCC, naming expression type
1419	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1420	;
1421
1422	declaring_list:
1423	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1424	// storage-class
1425	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1426	{
1427	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1428	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1429	}
1430	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1431	{
1432	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1433	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1434	}
1435	;
1436
1437	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1438	basic_declaration_specifier
1439	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1440	\| type_declaration_specifier
1441	;
1442
1443	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1444	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1445	//
1446	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1447	//
1448	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1449	basic_declaration_specifier
1450	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1451	\| type_declaration_specifier
1452	;
1453
1454	type_specifier: // type specifier
1455	basic_type_specifier
1456	\| sue_type_specifier
1457	\| type_type_specifier
1458	;
1459
1460	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1461	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1462	//
1463	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1464	//
1465	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1466	basic_type_specifier
1467	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1468	\| type_type_specifier
1469	;
1470
1471	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1472	// empty
1473	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1474	\| type_qualifier_list
1475	;
1476
1477	type_qualifier_list:
1478	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1479	//
1480	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1481	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1482	// appeared only once.
1483	type_qualifier
1484	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1485	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1486	;
1487
1488	type_qualifier:
1489	type_qualifier_name
1490	\| attribute
1491	;
1492
1493	type_qualifier_name:
1494	CONST
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1496	\| RESTRICT
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1498	\| VOLATILE
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1500	\| MUTEX
1501	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1502	\| ATOMIC
1503	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1504	\| FORALL '('
1505	{
1506	typedefTable.enterScope();
1507	}
1508	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1509	{
1510	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1511	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1512	}
1513	;
1514
1515	declaration_qualifier_list:
1516	storage_class_list
1517	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1518	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1519	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1520	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1521	;
1522
1523	storage_class_list:
1524	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1525	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1526	//
1527	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1528	// specifiers in a declaration.
1529	storage_class
1530	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1531	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1532	;
1533
1534	storage_class:
1535	EXTERN
1536	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1537	\| STATIC
1538	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1539	\| AUTO
1540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1541	\| REGISTER
1542	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1543	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1544	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1545	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1546	\| INLINE // C99
1547	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1548	\| FORTRAN // C99
1549	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1550	\| NORETURN // C11
1551	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1552	;
1553
1554	basic_type_name:
1555	CHAR
1556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1557	\| DOUBLE
1558	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1559	\| FLOAT
1560	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1561	\| INT
1562	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1563	\| LONG
1564	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1565	\| SHORT
1566	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1567	\| SIGNED
1568	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1569	\| UNSIGNED
1570	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1571	\| VOID
1572	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1573	\| BOOL // C99
1574	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1575	\| COMPLEX // C99
1576	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1577	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1579	\| ZERO_T
1580	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1581	\| ONE_T
1582	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1583	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1584	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1585	;
1586
1587	basic_declaration_specifier:
1588	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1589	basic_type_specifier
1590	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1591	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1592	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1593	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1594	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1595	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1596	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1597	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1598	;
1599
1600	basic_type_specifier:
1601	direct_type
1602	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1603	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1604	;
1605
1606	direct_type:
1607	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1608	basic_type_name
1609	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1610	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1611	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1612	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1613	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1614	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1615	;
1616
1617	indirect_type:
1618	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1619	{ $$ = $3; }
1620	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1622	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1623	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1624	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1625	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1626	;
1627
1628	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1629	sue_type_specifier
1630	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1631	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1632	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1633	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1634	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1635	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1636	;
1637
1638	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1639	elaborated_type
1640	\| type_qualifier_list
1641	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1642	elaborated_type
1643	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1644	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1645	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1646	;
1647
1648	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1649	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1650	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1651	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1652	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1653	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1654	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1655	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1656	;
1657
1658	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1659	elaborated_type_nobody
1660	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1661	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1662	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1663	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1664	;
1665
1666	type_declaration_specifier:
1667	type_type_specifier
1668	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1669	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1670	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1671	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1672	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1673	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1674	;
1675
1676	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1677	type_name
1678	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1679	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1680	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1681	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1682	;
1683
1684	type_name:
1685	TYPEDEFname
1686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1687	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ); } // FIX ME
1689	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1690	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ); } // FIX ME
1691	\| typegen_name
1692	\| '.' typegen_name
1693	{ $$ = $2; } // FIX ME
1694	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1695	{ $$ = $3; } // FIX ME
1696	;
1697
1698	typegen_name: // CFA
1699	TYPEGENname '(' ')'
1700	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1701	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1702	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1703	;
1704
1705	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1706	aggregate_type
1707	\| enum_type
1708	;
1709
1710	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1711	aggregate_type_nobody
1712	\| enum_type_nobody
1713	;
1714
1715	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1716	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1717	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1718	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1719	{
1720	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1721	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1722	forall = false; // reset
1723	}
1724	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1725	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1726	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1727	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1728	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1729	;
1730
1731	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1732	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier
1733	{
1734	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1735	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1736	}
1737	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname
1738	{
1739	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1740	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1741	}
1742	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA
1743	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1744	;
1745
1746	aggregate_key:
1747	STRUCT
1748	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1749	\| UNION
1750	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1751	\| COROUTINE
1752	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1753	\| MONITOR
1754	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1755	\| THREAD
1756	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1757	;
1758
1759	field_declaration_list:
1760	// empty
1761	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1762	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1763	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1764	;
1765
1766	field_declaration:
1767	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1768	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1769	{
1770	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1771	$$ = $2;
1772	}
1773	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1774	{
1775	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1776	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1777	{
1778	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1779	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1780	}
1781	;
1782
1783	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1784	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1785	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1786	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1787	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1788	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1789	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1790	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1791	;
1792
1793	field_declaring_list:
1794	field_declarator
1795	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1796	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1797	;
1798
1799	field_declarator:
1800	// empty
1801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1802	// '@'
1803	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1804	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1806	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1807	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1808	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1809	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1810	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1811	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1812	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1813	;
1814
1815	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1816	// empty
1817	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1818	\| bit_subrange_size
1819	{ $$ = $1; }
1820	;
1821
1822	bit_subrange_size:
1823	':' constant_expression
1824	{ $$ = $2; }
1825	;
1826
1827	enum_type: // enum
1828	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1829	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1830	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1831	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1832	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1833	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1834	\| enum_type_nobody
1835	;
1836
1837	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1838	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1839	{
1840	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1841	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1842	}
1843	;
1844
1845	enumerator_list:
1846	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1847	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1848	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1849	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1850	;
1851
1852	enumerator_value_opt:
1853	// empty
1854	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1855	\| '=' constant_expression
1856	{ $$ = $2; }
1857	;
1858
1859	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1860
1861	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1862	// empty
1863	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1864	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1865	;
1866
1867	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1868	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1869	\| cfa_parameter_list
1870	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1871	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1872	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1873	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1874	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1875	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1876	;
1877
1878	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1879	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1880	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1881	cfa_parameter_declaration
1882	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1883	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1884	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1885	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1886	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1887	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1888	;
1889
1890	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1891	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1892	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1893	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1894	;
1895
1896	parameter_type_list_opt:
1897	// empty
1898	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1899	\| parameter_type_list
1900	;
1901
1902	parameter_type_list:
1903	parameter_list
1904	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1905	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1906	;
1907
1908	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1909	abstract_parameter_declaration
1910	\| parameter_declaration
1911	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1912	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1913	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1914	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1915	;
1916
1917	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1918	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1919
1920	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1921	parameter_declaration
1922	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1923	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1924	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1925	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1926	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1927	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1928	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1929	\| cfa_function_specifier
1930	;
1931
1932	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1933	abstract_parameter_declaration
1934	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1935	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1936	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1937	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1938	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1939	\| cfa_abstract_function
1940	;
1941
1942	parameter_declaration:
1943	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1944	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1945	{
1946	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1947	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1948	}
1949	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initialize_opt
1950	{
1951	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1952	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1953	}
1954	;
1955
1956	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1957	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initialize_opt
1958	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1959	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1960	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1961	;
1962
1963	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1964	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1965	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1966
1967	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1968	no_attr_identifier
1969	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1970	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1971	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1972	;
1973
1974	identifier_or_type_name:
1975	identifier
1976	\| TYPEDEFname
1977	\| TYPEGENname
1978	;
1979
1980	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1981	no_attr_identifier
1982	\| TYPEDEFname
1983	\| TYPEGENname
1984	;
1985
1986	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1987	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1988	\| type_specifier
1989	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1990	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1991	;
1992
1993	type: // typeof, assertion
1994	type_no_function
1995	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1996	;
1997
1998	initializer_opt:
1999	// empty
2000	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2001	\| '=' initializer
2002	{ $$ = $2; }
2003	\| '=' VOID
2004	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2005	\| ATassign initializer
2006	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2007	;
2008
2009	initializer:
2010	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2011	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2012	;
2013
2014	initializer_list:
2015	// empty
2016	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2017	\| initializer
2018	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2019	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2020	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
2021	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
2022	;
2023
2024	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2025	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2026	//
2027	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2028	//
2029	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2030	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2031	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2032	// shift/reduce conflicts
2033
2034	designation:
2035	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2036	\| no_attr_identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2037	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2038	;
2039
2040	designator_list: // C99
2041	designator
2042	\| designator_list designator
2043	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
2044	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2045	;
2046
2047	designator:
2048	'.' no_attr_identifier // C99, field name
2049	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2050	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2051	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2052	{ $$ = $3; }
2053	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2054	{ $$ = $3; }
2055	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2056	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
2057	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2058	{ $$ = $4; }
2059	;
2060
2061	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2062	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2063	//
2064	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2065	//
2066	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2067	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2068	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2069	//
2070	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2071	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2072	//
2073	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2074	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2075	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2076	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2077	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2078
2079	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2080	type_parameter
2081	{ $$ = $1; }
2082	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2083	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2084	;
2085
2086	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2087	// empty
2088	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2089	\| '=' type
2090	{ $$ = $2; }
2091	;
2092
2093	type_parameter: // CFA
2094	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2095	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2096	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2097	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2098	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2099	;
2100
2101	type_class: // CFA
2102	OTYPE
2103	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2104	\| DTYPE
2105	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2106	\| FTYPE
2107	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2108	\| TTYPE
2109	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2110	;
2111
2112	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2113	// empty
2114	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2115	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2116	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2117	;
2118
2119	assertion: // CFA
2120	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2121	{
2122	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2123	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2124	}
2125	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2126	{ $$ = $4; }
2127	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_list ')'
2128	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2129	;
2130
2131	type_list: // CFA
2132	type
2133	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2134	\| assignment_expression
2135	\| type_list ',' type
2136	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2137	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2138	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2139	;
2140
2141	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2142	OTYPE type_declarator
2143	{ $$ = $2; }
2144	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2145	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2146	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2147	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2148	;
2149
2150	type_declarator: // CFA
2151	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2152	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2153	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2154	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2155	;
2156
2157	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2158	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2159	{
2160	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2161	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2162	}
2163	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2164	{
2165	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2166	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2167	}
2168	;
2169
2170	trait_specifier: // CFA
2171	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2172	{
2173	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2174	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2175	}
2176	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2177	{
2178	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2179	typedefTable.enterScope();
2180	}
2181	trait_declaration_list '}'
2182	{
2183	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2184	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2185	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2186	}
2187	;
2188
2189	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2190	trait_declaration
2191	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2192	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2193	;
2194
2195	trait_declaration: // CFA
2196	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2197	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2198	;
2199
2200	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2201	cfa_variable_specifier
2202	{
2203	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2204	$$ = $1;
2205	}
2206	\| cfa_function_specifier
2207	{
2208	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2209	$$ = $1;
2210	}
2211	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2212	{
2213	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2214	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2215	}
2216	;
2217
2218	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2219	type_specifier declarator
2220	{
2221	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2222	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2223	}
2224	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2225	{
2226	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2227	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2228	}
2229	;
2230
2231	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2232
2233	translation_unit:
2234	// empty
2235	{} // empty input file
2236	\| external_definition_list
2237	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2238	;
2239
2240	external_definition_list:
2241	external_definition
2242	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2243	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2244	;
2245
2246	external_definition_list_opt:
2247	// empty
2248	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2249	\| external_definition_list
2250	;
2251
2252	external_definition:
2253	declaration
2254	\| external_function_definition
2255	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2256	{
2257	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2258	}
2259	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2260	{
2261	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2262	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageUpdate( linkage, $2 );
2263	}
2264	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2265	{
2266	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2267	linkageStack.pop();
2268	$$ = $5;
2269	}
2270	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2271	{
2272	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2273	$$ = $2;
2274	}
2275	;
2276
2277	external_function_definition:
2278	function_definition
2279	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2280	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2281	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2282	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2283	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2284	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2285	{
2286	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2287	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2288	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2289	}
2290	\| KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2291	{
2292	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2293	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2294	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2295	}
2296	;
2297
2298	with_clause_opt:
2299	// empty
2300	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
2301	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2302	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
2303	;
2304
2305	function_definition:
2306	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2307	{
2308	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2309	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2310	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2311	}
2312	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2313	{
2314	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2315	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2316	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addType( $1 );
2317	}
2318	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2319	{
2320	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2321	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2322	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2323	}
2324	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2325	{
2326	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2327	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2328	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2329	}
2330	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2331	{
2332	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2333	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2334	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2335	}
2336
2337	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2338	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2339	{
2340	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2341	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2342	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2343	}
2344	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2345	{
2346	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2347	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2348	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2349	}
2350
2351	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2352	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2353	{
2354	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2355	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2356	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2357	}
2358	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2359	{
2360	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2361	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2362	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2363	}
2364	;
2365
2366	declarator:
2367	variable_declarator
2368	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2369	\| function_declarator
2370	;
2371
2372	subrange:
2373	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2374	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2375	;
2376
2377	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2378	// empty
2379	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2380	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2381	{
2382	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2383	name->asmName = $3;
2384	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2385	}
2386	;
2387
2388	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2389	// empty
2390	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2391	\| attribute_list
2392	;
2393
2394	attribute_list: // GCC
2395	attribute
2396	\| attribute_list attribute
2397	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2398	;
2399
2400	attribute: // GCC
2401	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2402	{ $$ = $4; }
2403	;
2404
2405	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2406	attribute_name
2407	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2408	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2409	;
2410
2411	attribute_name: // GCC
2412	// empty
2413	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2414	\| attr_name
2415	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2416	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2417	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2418	;
2419
2420	attr_name: // GCC
2421	IDENTIFIER
2422	\| quasi_keyword
2423	\| TYPEDEFname
2424	\| TYPEGENname
2425	\| CONST
2426	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2427	;
2428
2429	// ============================================================================
2430	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2431	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2432	// in:
2433	//
2434	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2435	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2436	//
2437	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2438	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2439	// ============================================================================
2440
2441	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2442	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2443	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2444	//
2445	// valid declaration invalid definition
2446	// ----------------- ------------------
2447	// int f; int f {}
2448	// int f; int f {}
2449	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2450	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2451	//
2452	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2453	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2454	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2455
2456	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2457	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2458
2459	variable_declarator:
2460	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2461	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2462	\| variable_ptr
2463	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2464	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2465	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2466	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2467	;
2468
2469	paren_identifier:
2470	identifier
2471	{
2472	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2473	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2474	}
2475	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2476	{ $$ = $2; }
2477	;
2478
2479	variable_ptr:
2480	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2481	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2482	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2483	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2484	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2485	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2486	;
2487
2488	variable_array:
2489	paren_identifier array_dimension
2490	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2491	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2492	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2493	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2494	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2495	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2496	{ $$ = $2; }
2497	;
2498
2499	variable_function:
2500	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2501	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2502	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2503	{ $$ = $2; }
2504	;
2505
2506	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2507	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2508	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2509
2510	function_declarator:
2511	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2512	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2513	\| function_ptr
2514	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2515	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2516	;
2517
2518	function_no_ptr:
2519	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2520	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2521	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2522	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2523	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2524	{ $$ = $2; }
2525	;
2526
2527	function_ptr:
2528	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2529	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2530	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2531	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2532	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2533	{ $$ = $2; }
2534	;
2535
2536	function_array:
2537	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2538	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2539	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2540	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2541	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2542	{ $$ = $2; }
2543	;
2544
2545	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2546	//
2547	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2548	//
2549	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2550	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2551
2552	KR_function_declarator:
2553	KR_function_no_ptr
2554	\| KR_function_ptr
2555	\| KR_function_array
2556	;
2557
2558	KR_function_no_ptr:
2559	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2560	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2561	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2562	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2563	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2564	{ $$ = $2; }
2565	;
2566
2567	KR_function_ptr:
2568	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2569	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2570	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2571	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2572	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2573	{ $$ = $2; }
2574	;
2575
2576	KR_function_array:
2577	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2578	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2579	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2580	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2581	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2582	{ $$ = $2; }
2583	;
2584
2585	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2586	//
2587	// typedef int foo;
2588	// {
2589	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2590	// }
2591	//
2592	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2593	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2594
2595	variable_type_redeclarator:
2596	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2597	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2598	\| type_ptr
2599	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2600	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2601	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2602	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2603	;
2604
2605	paren_type:
2606	typedef
2607	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2608	{ $$ = $2; }
2609	;
2610
2611	type_ptr:
2612	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2613	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2614	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2615	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2616	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2617	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2618	;
2619
2620	type_array:
2621	paren_type array_dimension
2622	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2623	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2624	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2625	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2626	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2627	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2628	{ $$ = $2; }
2629	;
2630
2631	type_function:
2632	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2633	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2634	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2635	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2636	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2637	{ $$ = $2; }
2638	;
2639
2640	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2641	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2642	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2643	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2644
2645	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2646	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2647	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2648	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2649	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2650	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2651	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2652	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2653	;
2654
2655	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2656	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2657	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2658	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2659	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2660	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2661	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2662	;
2663
2664	identifier_parameter_array:
2665	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2666	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2667	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2668	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2669	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2670	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2671	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2672	{ $$ = $2; }
2673	;
2674
2675	identifier_parameter_function:
2676	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2677	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2678	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2679	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2680	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2681	{ $$ = $2; }
2682	;
2683
2684	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2685	// e.g.:
2686	//
2687	// typedef int foo;
2688	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2689	//
2690	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2691
2692	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2693	typedef attribute_list_opt
2694	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2695	\| type_parameter_ptr
2696	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2697	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2698	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2699	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2700	;
2701
2702	typedef:
2703	TYPEDEFname
2704	{
2705	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2706	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2707	}
2708	\| TYPEGENname
2709	{
2710	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2711	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2712	}
2713	;
2714
2715	type_parameter_ptr:
2716	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2717	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2718	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2719	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2720	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2721	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2722	;
2723
2724	type_parameter_array:
2725	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2726	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2727	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2728	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2729	;
2730
2731	type_parameter_function:
2732	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2733	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2734	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2735	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2736	;
2737
2738	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2739	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2740	//
2741	// sizeof( int );
2742	// sizeof( int * );
2743	// sizeof( int [10] );
2744	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2745	// sizeof( int () );
2746	//
2747	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2748	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2749
2750	abstract_declarator:
2751	abstract_ptr
2752	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2753	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2754	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2755	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2756	;
2757
2758	abstract_ptr:
2759	ptrref_operator
2760	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2761	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2762	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2763	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2764	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2765	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2766	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2767	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2768	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2769	;
2770
2771	abstract_array:
2772	array_dimension
2773	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2774	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2775	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2776	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2777	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2778	{ $$ = $2; }
2779	;
2780
2781	abstract_function:
2782	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2783	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2784	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2785	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2786	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2787	{ $$ = $2; }
2788	;
2789
2790	array_dimension:
2791	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2792	'[' ']'
2793	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2794	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2795	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2796	\| multi_array_dimension
2797	;
2798
2799	multi_array_dimension:
2800	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2802	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2803	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2804	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2805	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2806	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2807	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2808	;
2809
2810	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2811	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2812	//
2813	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2814	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2815	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2816	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2817	//
2818	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2819	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2820	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2821	//
2822	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2823	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2824	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2825	//
2826	// For example:
2827	//
2828	// typedef float T;
2829	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2830	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2831	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2832	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2833	//
2834	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2835	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2836	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2837	// functions.
2838
2839	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2840	abstract_parameter_ptr
2841	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2842	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2843	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2844	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2845	;
2846
2847	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2848	ptrref_operator
2849	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
2850	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2851	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2852	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2853	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
2854	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2855	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2856	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2857	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2858	;
2859
2860	abstract_parameter_array:
2861	array_parameter_dimension
2862	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2863	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2864	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2865	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2866	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2867	{ $$ = $2; }
2868	;
2869
2870	abstract_parameter_function:
2871	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2873	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2874	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2875	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2876	{ $$ = $2; }
2877	;
2878
2879	array_parameter_dimension:
2880	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2881	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2882	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2883	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2884	\| multi_array_dimension
2885	;
2886
2887	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2888	//
2889	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2890	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2891
2892	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2893	'[' ']'
2894	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2895	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2896	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2897	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2898	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2899	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2900	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2901	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2902	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2903	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2904	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2905	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2906	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2907	;
2908
2909	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2910	//
2911	// struct S {
2912	// int;
2913	// int *;
2914	// int [10];
2915	// int (*)();
2916	// };
2917
2918	variable_abstract_declarator:
2919	variable_abstract_ptr
2920	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2921	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2922	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2923	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2924	;
2925
2926	variable_abstract_ptr:
2927	ptrref_operator
2928	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2929	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2930	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2931	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2932	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2933	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2934	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2935	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2936	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2937	;
2938
2939	variable_abstract_array:
2940	array_dimension
2941	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2942	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2943	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2944	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2945	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2946	{ $$ = $2; }
2947	;
2948
2949	variable_abstract_function:
2950	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2951	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2952	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2953	{ $$ = $2; }
2954	;
2955
2956	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2957	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2958
2959	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2960	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2961	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2962	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2963	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2964	;
2965
2966	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2967	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2968	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2969	;
2970
2971	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2972	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2973	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2974	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2975	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2976	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2977	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2978	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2979	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2980	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2981	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2982	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2983	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2984	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2985	;
2986
2987	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2988	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2989	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2990	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2991	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2992	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2993	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2994	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2995	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2996	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2997	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2998	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2999	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3000
3001	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3002	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3003	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3004	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3005	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3006	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3007	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3008	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3009	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3010	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3011	;
3012
3013	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3014	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3015	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3016	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3017	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3018	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3019	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3020	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3021	// appear in this context.
3022	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3023	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3024	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3025	;
3026
3027	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3028	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3029	//
3030	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3031	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3032	//
3033	// These rules need LR(3):
3034	//
3035	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3036	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3037	//
3038	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3039	//
3040	// [int, int] t;
3041	// [int, int] f( int );
3042	//
3043	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3044	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3045	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3046	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3047
3048	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3049	cfa_abstract_tuple
3050	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3051	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3052	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3053	;
3054
3055	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3056	cfa_abstract_ptr
3057	\| cfa_abstract_array
3058	;
3059
3060	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3061	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3062	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3063	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3064	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3065	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3066	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3067	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3068	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3069	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3070	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3071	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3072	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3073	;
3074
3075	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3076	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3077	// empty (void) function return type.
3078	'[' ']' type_specifier
3079	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3080	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3081	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3082	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3083	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3084	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3085	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3086	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3087	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3088	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3089	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3090	;
3091
3092	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3093	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3094	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3095	;
3096
3097	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3098	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3099	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3100	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3101	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3102	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3103	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3104	;
3105
3106	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3107	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3108	//
3109	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3110	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3111	//
3112	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3113	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3114	//
3115	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3116	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3117
3118	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3119
3120	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3121	// empty
3122	\| ','
3123	;
3124
3125	default_initialize_opt:
3126	// empty
3127	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3128	\| '=' assignment_expression
3129	{ $$ = $2; }
3130	;
3131
3132	%%
3133	// ----end of grammar----
3134
3135	extern char *yytext;
3136
3137	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3138	cout << "Error ";
3139	if ( yyfilename ) {
3140	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3141	} // if
3142	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3143	}
3144
3145	// Local Variables: //
3146	// mode: c++ //
3147	// tab-width: 4 //
3148	// compile-command: "make install" //
3149	// End: //

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