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Last change on this file since 10e81ac was 68a8ba2a, checked in by Rob Schluntz <rschlunt@…>, 9 years ago
fix destructor statement parsing rule to pass its argument unchanged (no address-of)
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 103.0 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Apr 13 16:58:43 2016
13	// Update Count : 1519
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. nested functions
34	// 2. generalized lvalues
35	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
36	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
37	//
38	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
39	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
40	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
41	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
42	// grammar rule.
43
44	%{
45	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
46	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
47	extern char *yytext;
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "lex.h"
54	#include "parser.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "TypedefTable.h"
57	#include "TypeData.h"
58	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
59
60	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
61	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
62	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
63	TypedefTable typedefTable;
64	%}
65
66	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
67
68	// keywords
69	%token TYPEDEF
70	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
71	%token INLINE // C99
72	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
73	%token CONST VOLATILE
74	%token RESTRICT // C99
75	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
76	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
77	%token VALIST // GCC
78	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
79	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
80	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
81	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
82	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
83	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
84	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
85	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
86	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
87	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
88
89	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
90	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
91	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
92	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
93	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
94
95	// multi-character operators
96	%token ARROW // ->
97	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
98	%token LS RS // << >>
99	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
100	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
101	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
102
103	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
104	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
105	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
106	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
107
108	%token ATassign // @=
109
110	// Types declaration
111	%union
112	{
113	Token tok;
114	ParseNode *pn;
115	ExpressionNode *en;
116	DeclarationNode *decl;
117	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
118	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
119	StatementNode *sn;
120	ConstantNode *constant;
121	LabelNode *label;
122	InitializerNode *in;
123	bool flag;
124	}
125
126	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
127	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
128	%type<constant> string_literal_list
129
130	// expressions
131	%type<constant> constant
132	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
133	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
134	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
135	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
136	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
137	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
138	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
139	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
140	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
141	%type<en> subrange
142	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
143	%type<label> label_list
144	%type<constant> asm_clobbers_list_opt
145	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
146
147	// statements
148	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
149	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
150	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
151	%type<sn> statement statement_list
152	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
153	%type<sn> case_clause
154	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
155	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
156	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
157	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
158
159	// declarations
160	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
161	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
162	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
163
164	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
165	%type<decl> aggregate_name
166
167	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
168
169	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
170
171	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
172
173	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
174
175	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
176
177	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
178	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
179
180	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
181
182	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
183	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
184
185	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
186
187	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
188	%type<en> field field_list
189
190	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
191
192	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
193	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
194
195	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
196	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
197	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
198
199	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
200
201	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
202	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
203
204	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
205	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
206
207	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
208
209	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
210
211	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
212	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
213
214	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
215	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
216
217	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
218
219	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
220
221	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
222
223	%type<tclass> type_class
224	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
225
226	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
227	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
228	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
229	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
230
231	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
232	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
233
234	%type<en> type_name_list
235
236	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
237
238	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
239	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
240
241	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
242
243	// initializers
244	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
245
246	// designators
247	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
248
249
250	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
251	// is ambiguous:
252	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
253	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
254	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
255
256	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
257	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
258
259	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
260
261	%%
262	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
263
264	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
265	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
266	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
267	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
268	//
269	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
270	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
271	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
272	//
273	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
274	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
275	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
276	//
277	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
278	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
279	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
280	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
281	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
282	//
283	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
284	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
285	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
286	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
287	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
288	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
289	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
290
291	push:
292	{
293	typedefTable.enterScope();
294	}
295	;
296
297	pop:
298	{
299	typedefTable.leaveScope();
300	}
301	;
302
303	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
304
305	constant:
306	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
307	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Integer, $1 ); }
308	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Float, $1 ); }
309	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Character, $1 ); }
310	;
311
312	identifier:
313	IDENTIFIER
314	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
315	\| zero_one // CFA
316	;
317
318	no_01_identifier:
319	IDENTIFIER
320	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
321	;
322
323	no_attr_identifier:
324	IDENTIFIER
325	\| zero_one // CFA
326	;
327
328	zero_one: // CFA
329	ZERO
330	\| ONE
331	;
332
333	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
334	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::String, $1 ); }
335	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->appendstr( $2 ); }
336	;
337
338	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
339
340	primary_expression:
341	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
342	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
343	\| zero_one
344	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
345	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
346	{ $$ = $2; }
347	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
348	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode( $2 ); }
349	;
350
351	postfix_expression:
352	primary_expression
353	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
354	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error: subscripting a
355	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
356	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
357	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Index ), $1, $4 ); }
359	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
360	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $3 ); }
361	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
362	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
363	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
364	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
365	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
366	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
367	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
368	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
369	\| postfix_expression ICR
370	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::IncrPost ), $1 ); }
371	\| postfix_expression DECR
372	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DecrPost ), $1 ); }
373	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
374	{ $$ = new CompoundLiteralNode( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ); }
375	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
376	{
377	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
378	$$ = new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_link( $3 ) );
379	}
380	;
381
382	argument_expression_list:
383	argument_expression
384	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
385	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
386	;
387
388	argument_expression:
389	// empty
390	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
391	\| assignment_expression
392	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
393	{ $$ = $3->set_argName( $1 ); }
394	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_type_name is allowed in this context. However, there is insufficient
395	// look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the tuple form must be used
396	// with an appropriate semantic check.
397	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
398	{ $$ = $7->set_argName( $3 ); }
399	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
400	{ $$ = $9->set_argName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
401	;
402
403	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
404	field
405	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
406	;
407
408	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
409	no_attr_identifier
410	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
411	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
412	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
413	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
414	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
415	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
416	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
417	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
418	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
419	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
420	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
421	;
422
423	unary_expression:
424	postfix_expression
425	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc"
426	// still requires semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
427	\| constant
428	{ $$ = $1; }
429	\| string_literal_list
430	{ $$ = $1; }
431	\| ICR unary_expression
432	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Incr ), $2 ); }
433	\| DECR unary_expression
434	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Decr ), $2 ); }
435	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
436	{ $$ = $2; }
437	\| unary_operator cast_expression
438	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
439	\| '!' cast_expression
440	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neg ), $2 ); }
441	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
442	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PointTo ), $2 ); }
443	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
444	// { * X; } // dereference X
445	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
446	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
447	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
448	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), $2 ); }
449	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
450	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
451	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
452	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OffsetOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ), new VarRefNode( $5 )); }
453	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
454	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 )); }
455	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
456	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
457	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
458	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
459	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
460	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), $2 ); }
461	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
462	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ) ); }
463	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
464	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LabelAddress ), new VarRefNode( $2, true ) ); }
465	;
466
467	unary_operator:
468	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ); }
469	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnPlus ); }
470	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnMinus ); }
471	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitNeg ); }
472	;
473
474	cast_expression:
475	unary_expression
476	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
477	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
478	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
479	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
480	;
481
482	multiplicative_expression:
483	cast_expression
484	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
485	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mul ), $1, $3 ); }
486	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
487	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Div ), $1, $3 ); }
488	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
489	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mod ), $1, $3 ); }
490	;
491
492	additive_expression:
493	multiplicative_expression
494	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
495	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Plus ), $1, $3 ); }
496	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
497	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Minus ), $1, $3 ); }
498	;
499
500	shift_expression:
501	additive_expression
502	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
503	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LShift ), $1, $3 ); }
504	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
505	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RShift ), $1, $3 ); }
506	;
507
508	relational_expression:
509	shift_expression
510	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
511	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LThan ), $1, $3 ); }
512	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
513	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GThan ), $1, $3 ); }
514	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
515	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
516	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
517	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
518	;
519
520	equality_expression:
521	relational_expression
522	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
523	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Eq ), $1, $3 ); }
524	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
525	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neq ), $1, $3 ); }
526	;
527
528	AND_expression:
529	equality_expression
530	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
531	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitAnd ), $1, $3 ); }
532	;
533
534	exclusive_OR_expression:
535	AND_expression
536	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
537	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Xor ), $1, $3 ); }
538	;
539
540	inclusive_OR_expression:
541	exclusive_OR_expression
542	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
543	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitOr ), $1, $3 ); }
544	;
545
546	logical_AND_expression:
547	inclusive_OR_expression
548	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
549	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ), $1, $3 ); }
550	;
551
552	logical_OR_expression:
553	logical_AND_expression
554	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
555	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Or ), $1, $3 ); }
556	;
557
558	conditional_expression:
559	logical_OR_expression
560	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
561	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
562	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
563	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::NCond ), $1, $4 ); }
564	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
565	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
566	;
567
568	constant_expression:
569	conditional_expression
570	;
571
572	assignment_expression:
573	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
574	conditional_expression
575	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
576	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); }
577	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
578	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( $2, $1, $3 ); }
579	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
580	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
581	;
582
583	assignment_expression_opt:
584	// empty
585	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
586	\| assignment_expression
587	;
588
589	tuple: // CFA, tuple
590	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
591	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
592	'[' ']'
593	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
594	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
595	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
596	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
597	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
598	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
599	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
600	;
601
602	tuple_expression_list:
603	assignment_expression_opt
604	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
605	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
606	;
607
608	assignment_operator:
609	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MulAssn ); }
610	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DivAssn ); }
611	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ModAssn ); }
612	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PlusAssn ); }
613	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MinusAssn ); }
614	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LSAssn ); }
615	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RSAssn ); }
616	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AndAssn ); }
617	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ERAssn ); }
618	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OrAssn ); }
619	;
620
621	comma_expression:
622	assignment_expression
623	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list( $3 ); }
624	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Comma ), $1, $3 ); }
625	;
626
627	comma_expression_opt:
628	// empty
629	{ $$ = 0; }
630	\| comma_expression
631	;
632
633	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
634
635	statement:
636	labeled_statement
637	\| compound_statement
638	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
639	\| selection_statement
640	\| iteration_statement
641	\| jump_statement
642	\| exception_statement
643	\| asm_statement
644	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
645	{
646	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
647	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
648	(ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_link( $4 ) ), 0 );
649	}
650	;
651
652	labeled_statement:
653	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
654	{
655	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
656	}
657	;
658
659	compound_statement:
660	'{' '}'
661	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
662	\| '{'
663	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
664	// requires its own scope
665	push push
666	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
667	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
668	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
669	;
670
671	block_item_list: // C99
672	block_item
673	\| block_item_list push block_item
674	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
675	;
676
677	block_item:
678	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
679	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
680	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
681	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
682	\| function_definition
683	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
684	\| statement pop
685	;
686
687	statement_list:
688	statement
689	\| statement_list statement
690	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
691	;
692
693	expression_statement:
694	comma_expression_opt ';'
695	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0 ); }
696	;
697
698	selection_statement:
699	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
700	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
701	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, $5 ); }
702	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
703	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7 )) ); }
704	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
705	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5 ); }
706	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
707	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8 ); /* xxx */ }
708	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is performed
709	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial declaration list can
710	// never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it.
711	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
712	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5 ); }
713	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
714	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8 ); }
715	;
716
717	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
718	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
719
720	case_value: // CFA
721	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
722	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
723	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
724	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
725	;
726
727	case_value_list: // CFA
728	case_value
729	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
730	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents( $1 ))->set_link( $3 ) ); }
731	;
732
733	case_label: // CFA
734	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Case, $2, 0 ); }
735	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Default ); }
736	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
737	;
738
739	case_label_list: // CFA
740	case_label
741	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
742	;
743
744	case_clause: // CFA
745	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
746	;
747
748	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
749	// empty
750	{ $$ = 0; }
751	\| switch_clause_list
752	;
753
754	switch_clause_list: // CFA
755	case_label_list statement_list
756	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
757	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
758	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
759	;
760
761	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
762	// empty
763	{ $$ = 0; }
764	\| choose_clause_list
765	;
766
767	choose_clause_list: // CFA
768	case_label_list fall_through
769	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
770	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
771	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3 ))); }
772	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
773	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
774	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
775	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4 ))))); }
776	;
777
778	fall_through_opt: // CFA
779	// empty
780	{ $$ = 0; }
781	\| fall_through
782	;
783
784	fall_through: // CFA
785	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
786	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
787	;
788
789	iteration_statement:
790	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
791	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::While, $3, $5 ); }
792	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
793	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Do, $5, $2 ); }
794	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
795	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::For, $4, $6 ); }
796	;
797
798	for_control_expression:
799	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
800	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $4, $6 ); }
801	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
802	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $2, $4 ); }
803	;
804
805	jump_statement:
806	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
807	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $2 ); }
808	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
809	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3 );
810	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
811	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $3 ); }
812	\| CONTINUE ';'
813	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
814	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue ); }
815	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
816	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
817	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
818	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue, $2 ); }
819	\| BREAK ';'
820	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
821	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break ); }
822	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
823	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
824	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
825	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
826	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
827	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Return, $2, 0 ); }
828	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';'
829	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
830	// \| THROW ';'
831	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
832	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';'
833	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
834	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';'
835	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
836	// \| THROWRESUME ';'
837	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
838	;
839
840	exception_statement:
841	TRY compound_statement handler_list
842	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
843	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
844	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
845	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
846	{
847	$3->set_link( $4 );
848	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 ))));
849	}
850	;
851
852	handler_list:
853	// There must be at least one catch clause
854	handler_clause
855	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
856	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
857	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
858	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
859	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
860	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
861	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
862	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
863	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
864	;
865
866	handler_clause:
867	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
868	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
869	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
870	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
871	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
872	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
873	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
874	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
875	;
876
877	finally_clause:
878	FINALLY compound_statement
879	{
880	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2 );
881	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
882	}
883	;
884
885	exception_declaration:
886	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
887	//
888	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
889	//
890	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
891	type_specifier
892	\| type_specifier declarator
893	{
894	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
895	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
896	}
897	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
898	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
899	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
900	{
901	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
902	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
903	}
904	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
905	;
906
907	asm_statement:
908	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
909	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, 0 ); }
910	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
911	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6 ); }
912	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
913	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8 ); }
914	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
915	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ); }
916	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
917	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ); }
918	;
919
920	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
921	// empty
922	{ $$ = false; }
923	\| VOLATILE
924	{ $$ = true; }
925	;
926
927	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
928	// empty
929	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
930	\| asm_operands_list
931	;
932
933	asm_operands_list: // GCC
934	asm_operand
935	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
936	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
937	;
938
939	asm_operand: // GCC
940	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
941	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( 0, $1, $3 ); }
942	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
943	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( $2, $4, $6 ); }
944	;
945
946	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
947	// empty
948	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
949	\| string_literal_list
950	{ $$ = $1; }
951	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
952	{ $$ = (ConstantNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
953	;
954
955	label_list:
956	no_attr_identifier
957	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->append_label( $1 ); }
958	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
959	{ $$ = $1; $1->append_label( $3 ); }
960	;
961
962	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
963
964	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
965	pop
966	{ $$ = 0; }
967	\| declaration_list
968	;
969
970	declaration_list:
971	declaration
972	\| declaration_list push declaration
973	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
974	;
975
976	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
977	pop
978	{ $$ = 0; }
979	\| old_declaration_list
980	;
981
982	old_declaration_list:
983	old_declaration
984	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
985	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
986	;
987
988	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
989	// empty
990	\| local_label_declaration_list
991	;
992
993	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
994	LABEL local_label_list ';'
995	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
996	;
997
998	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
999	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1000	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1001	;
1002
1003	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1004	new_declaration
1005	\| old_declaration
1006	;
1007
1008	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1009	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1010	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1011	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1012	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1013	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1014	//
1015	// CFA C
1016	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1017	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1018
1019	new_declaration: // CFA
1020	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1021	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1022	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1023	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1024	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1025	;
1026
1027	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1028	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1029	{
1030	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1031	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1032	}
1033	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1034	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1035	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1036	{
1037	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1038	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1039	}
1040	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1041	{
1042	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1043	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1044	}
1045	;
1046
1047	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1048	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1049	// storage-class
1050	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1051	{
1052	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1053	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1054	}
1055	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1056	{
1057	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1058	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1059	}
1060	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1061	{
1062	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1063	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1064	}
1065	;
1066
1067	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1068	new_function_specifier
1069	{
1070	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1071	$$ = $1;
1072	}
1073	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1074	{
1075	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1076	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1077	}
1078	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1079	{
1080	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1081	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1082	}
1083	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1084	{
1085	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1086	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1087	}
1088	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1089	{
1090	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1091	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1092	}
1093	;
1094
1095	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1096	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1097	{
1098	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1099	}
1100	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1101	// {
1102	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1103	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1104	// }
1105	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1106	// {
1107	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1108	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1109	// }
1110	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1111	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1112	//
1113	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1114	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1115	//
1116	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1117	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1118	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1119	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1120	{
1121	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1122	}
1123	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1124	{
1125	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1126	}
1127	;
1128
1129	new_function_return: // CFA
1130	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1131	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1132	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1133	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1134	// ']'.
1135	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1136	;
1137
1138	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1139	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1140	{
1141	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1142	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1143	}
1144	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1145	{
1146	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1147	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1148	}
1149	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1150	{
1151	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1152	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1153	}
1154	;
1155
1156	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1157	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1158
1159	typedef_declaration:
1160	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1161	{
1162	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1163	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1164	}
1165	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1166	{
1167	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1168	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1169	}
1170	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1171	{
1172	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1173	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1174	}
1175	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1176	{
1177	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1178	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1179	}
1180	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1181	{
1182	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1183	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1184	}
1185	;
1186
1187	typedef_expression:
1188	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1189	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1190	{
1191	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1192	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1193	}
1194	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1195	{
1196	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1197	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1198	}
1199	;
1200
1201	old_declaration:
1202	declaring_list pop ';'
1203	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1204	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1205	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1206	;
1207
1208	declaring_list:
1209	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1210	// storage-class
1211	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1212	{
1213	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1214	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1215	}
1216	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1217	{
1218	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1219	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1220	}
1221	;
1222
1223	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1224	basic_declaration_specifier
1225	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1226	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1227	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1228	;
1229
1230	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1231	basic_type_specifier
1232	\| sue_type_specifier
1233	\| typedef_type_specifier
1234	\| typegen_type_specifier
1235	;
1236
1237	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1238	// empty
1239	{ $$ = 0; }
1240	\| type_qualifier_list
1241	;
1242
1243	type_qualifier_list:
1244	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1245	//
1246	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1247	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1248	// appeared only once.
1249	type_qualifier
1250	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1251	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1252	;
1253
1254	type_qualifier:
1255	type_qualifier_name
1256	\| attribute
1257	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1258	;
1259
1260	type_qualifier_name:
1261	CONST
1262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1263	\| RESTRICT
1264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1265	\| VOLATILE
1266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1267	\| LVALUE // CFA
1268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1269	\| ATOMIC
1270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1271	\| FORALL '('
1272	{
1273	typedefTable.enterScope();
1274	}
1275	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1276	{
1277	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1278	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1279	}
1280	;
1281
1282	declaration_qualifier_list:
1283	storage_class_list
1284	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1285	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1286	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1287	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1288	;
1289
1290	storage_class_list:
1291	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1292	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1293	//
1294	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1295	// specifiers in a declaration.
1296	storage_class
1297	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1298	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1299	;
1300
1301	storage_class:
1302	storage_class_name
1303	;
1304
1305	storage_class_name:
1306	EXTERN
1307	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1308	\| STATIC
1309	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1310	\| AUTO
1311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1312	\| REGISTER
1313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1314	\| INLINE // C99
1315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1316	\| FORTRAN // C99
1317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1318	\| NORETURN // C11
1319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1320	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1321	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1322	;
1323
1324	basic_type_name:
1325	CHAR
1326	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1327	\| DOUBLE
1328	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1329	\| FLOAT
1330	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1331	\| INT
1332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1333	\| LONG
1334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1335	\| SHORT
1336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1337	\| SIGNED
1338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1339	\| UNSIGNED
1340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1341	\| VOID
1342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1343	\| BOOL // C99
1344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1345	\| COMPLEX // C99
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1347	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1348	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1349	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1350	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1351	;
1352
1353	basic_declaration_specifier:
1354	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1355	basic_type_specifier
1356	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1357	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1358	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1359	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1360	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1361	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1362	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1363	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1364	;
1365
1366	basic_type_specifier:
1367	direct_type_name
1368	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1369	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1370	;
1371
1372	direct_type_name:
1373	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1374	basic_type_name
1375	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1376	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1377	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1378	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1379	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1380	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1381	;
1382
1383	indirect_type_name:
1384	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1385	{ $$ = $3; }
1386	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1388	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1390	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1391	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1392	;
1393
1394	sue_declaration_specifier:
1395	sue_type_specifier
1396	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1397	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1398	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1399	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1400	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1401	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1402	;
1403
1404	sue_type_specifier:
1405	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1406	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1407	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1408	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1409	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1410	;
1411
1412	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1413	typedef_type_specifier
1414	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1415	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1416	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1417	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1418	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1419	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1420	;
1421
1422	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1423	TYPEDEFname
1424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1425	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1426	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1427	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1428	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1429	;
1430
1431	elaborated_type_name:
1432	aggregate_name
1433	\| enum_name
1434	;
1435
1436	aggregate_name:
1437	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1439	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1440	{
1441	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1442	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0 );
1443	}
1444	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1445	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1446	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1447	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $5); }
1448	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1449	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6 ); }
1450	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1451	{ $$ = $2; }
1452	;
1453
1454	aggregate_key:
1455	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1457	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1459	;
1460
1461	field_declaration_list:
1462	field_declaration
1463	{ $$ = $1; }
1464	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1465	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1466	;
1467
1468	field_declaration:
1469	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1470	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1471	{ $$ = $2; }
1472	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1473	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1474	{ $$ = $2; }
1475	;
1476
1477	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1478	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1479	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1480	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1481	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1482	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1483	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1484	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1485	;
1486
1487	field_declaring_list:
1488	type_specifier field_declarator
1489	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1490	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1491	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1492	;
1493
1494	field_declarator:
1495	// empty
1496	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1497	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1498	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1499	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1500	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1501	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1502	\| type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1503	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1504	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1505	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1506	;
1507
1508	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1509	// empty
1510	{ $$ = 0; }
1511	\| bit_subrange_size
1512	{ $$ = $1; }
1513	;
1514
1515	bit_subrange_size:
1516	':' constant_expression
1517	{ $$ = $2; }
1518	;
1519
1520	enum_key:
1521	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1522	;
1523
1524	enum_name:
1525	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1526	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1527	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1528	{
1529	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1530	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1531	}
1532	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1533	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1534	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1535	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1536	;
1537
1538	enumerator_list:
1539	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1541	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1542	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1543	;
1544
1545	enumerator_value_opt:
1546	// empty
1547	{ $$ = 0; }
1548	\| '=' constant_expression
1549	{ $$ = $2; }
1550	;
1551
1552	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1553
1554	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1555	// empty
1556	{ $$ = 0; }
1557	\| new_parameter_type_list
1558	;
1559
1560	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1561	new_abstract_parameter_list
1562	\| new_parameter_list
1563	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1564	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1565	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1566	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1567	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1568	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1569	;
1570
1571	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1572	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1573	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1574	new_parameter_declaration
1575	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1576	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1577	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1578	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1579	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1580	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1581	;
1582
1583	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1584	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1585	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1586	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1587	;
1588
1589	parameter_type_list_opt:
1590	// empty
1591	{ $$ = 0; }
1592	\| parameter_type_list
1593	;
1594
1595	parameter_type_list:
1596	parameter_list
1597	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1598	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1599	;
1600
1601	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1602	abstract_parameter_declaration
1603	\| parameter_declaration
1604	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1605	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1606	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1607	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1608	;
1609
1610	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1611	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1612
1613	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1614	parameter_declaration
1615	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1616	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1617	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1618	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1619	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1620	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1621	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1622	\| new_function_specifier
1623	;
1624
1625	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1626	abstract_parameter_declaration
1627	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1628	\| new_abstract_tuple
1629	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1630	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1631	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1632	\| new_abstract_function
1633	;
1634
1635	parameter_declaration:
1636	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1637	{
1638	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1639	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1640	}
1641	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1642	{
1643	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1644	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1645	}
1646	;
1647
1648	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1649	declaration_specifier
1650	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1651	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1652	;
1653
1654	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1655	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1656	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1657
1658	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1659	no_attr_identifier
1660	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1661	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1662	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1663	;
1664
1665	identifier_or_type_name:
1666	identifier
1667	\| TYPEDEFname
1668	\| TYPEGENname
1669	;
1670
1671	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1672	no_01_identifier
1673	\| TYPEDEFname
1674	\| TYPEGENname
1675	;
1676
1677	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1678	no_attr_identifier
1679	\| TYPEDEFname
1680	\| TYPEGENname
1681	;
1682
1683	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1684	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1685	\| type_specifier
1686	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1687	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1688	;
1689
1690	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1691	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1692	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1693	\| type_specifier
1694	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1695	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1696	;
1697
1698	initializer_opt:
1699	// empty
1700	{ $$ = 0; }
1701	\| '=' initializer
1702	{ $$ = $2; }
1703	\| ATassign initializer
1704	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1705	;
1706
1707	initializer:
1708	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1709	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1710	;
1711
1712	initializer_list:
1713	// empty
1714	{ $$ = 0; }
1715	\| initializer
1716	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1717	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 ) ); }
1718	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1719	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1720	;
1721
1722	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1723	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1724	//
1725	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1726	//
1727	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1728	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1729	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1730	// shift/reduce conflicts
1731
1732	designation:
1733	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1734	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1735	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1736	;
1737
1738	designator_list: // C99
1739	designator
1740	\| designator_list designator
1741	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
1742	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
1743	;
1744
1745	designator:
1746	// lexer ambiguity: designator ".0" is floating-point constant or designator for name 0
1747	// only ".0" and ".1" allowed => semantic check
1748	FLOATINGconstant
1749	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $1 ) ); }
1750	\| '.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1751	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $2 ) ); }
1752	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1753	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1754	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1755	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1756	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1757	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1758	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $3, $5 ), true ); }
1759	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1760	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $4 ); }
1761	;
1762
1763	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1764	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1765	//
1766	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1767	//
1768	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1769	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1770	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1771	//
1772	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1773	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1774	//
1775	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1776	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1777	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1778	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1779	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1780
1781	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1782	typegen_type_specifier
1783	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1784	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1785	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1786	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1787	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1788	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1789	;
1790
1791	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1792	typegen_name
1793	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1794	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1795	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1796	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1797	;
1798
1799	typegen_name: // CFA
1800	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1802	;
1803
1804	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1805	type_parameter assignment_opt
1806	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1807	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1808	;
1809
1810	type_parameter: // CFA
1811	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1812	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1813	assertion_list_opt
1814	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1815	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1816	;
1817
1818	type_class: // CFA
1819	OTYPE
1820	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1821	\| DTYPE
1822	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1823	\| FTYPE
1824	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1825	;
1826
1827	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1828	// empty
1829	{ $$ = 0; }
1830	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1831	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1832	;
1833
1834	assertion: // CFA
1835	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1836	{
1837	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1838	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1839	}
1840	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1841	{ $$ = $4; }
1842	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1843	{ $$ = 0; }
1844	;
1845
1846	type_name_list: // CFA
1847	type_name
1848	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1849	\| assignment_expression
1850	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1851	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1852	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1853	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
1854	;
1855
1856	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1857	OTYPE type_declarator
1858	{ $$ = $2; }
1859	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1860	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1861	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1862	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1863	;
1864
1865	type_declarator: // CFA
1866	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1867	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1868	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1869	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1870	;
1871
1872	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1873	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1874	{
1875	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1876	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1877	}
1878	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1879	{
1880	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1881	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1882	}
1883	;
1884
1885	trait_specifier: // CFA
1886	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1887	{
1888	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1889	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1890	}
1891	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1892	{
1893	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1894	typedefTable.enterScope();
1895	}
1896	trait_declaration_list '}'
1897	{
1898	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1899	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1900	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1901	}
1902	;
1903
1904	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1905	trait_declaration
1906	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1907	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1908	;
1909
1910	trait_declaration: // CFA
1911	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1912	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1913	;
1914
1915	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1916	new_variable_specifier
1917	{
1918	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1919	$$ = $1;
1920	}
1921	\| new_function_specifier
1922	{
1923	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1924	$$ = $1;
1925	}
1926	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1927	{
1928	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1929	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1930	}
1931	;
1932
1933	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1934	type_specifier declarator
1935	{
1936	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1937	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1938	}
1939	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1940	{
1941	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1942	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1943	}
1944	;
1945
1946	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1947
1948	translation_unit:
1949	// empty
1950	{} // empty input file
1951	\| external_definition_list
1952	{
1953	if ( theTree ) {
1954	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1955	} else {
1956	theTree = $1;
1957	}
1958	}
1959	;
1960
1961	external_definition_list:
1962	external_definition
1963	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1964	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1965	;
1966
1967	external_definition_list_opt:
1968	// empty
1969	{ $$ = 0; }
1970	\| external_definition_list
1971	;
1972
1973	external_definition:
1974	declaration
1975	\| external_function_definition
1976	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1977	{}
1978	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1979	{
1980	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1981	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1982	}
1983	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1984	{
1985	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1986	linkageStack.pop();
1987	$$ = $5;
1988	}
1989	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1990	{ $$ = $2; }
1991	;
1992
1993	external_function_definition:
1994	function_definition
1995	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
1996	// code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible because
1997	// function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would preclude this
1998	// concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1999	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2000	{
2001	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2002	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2003	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2004	}
2005	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2006	{
2007	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2008	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2009	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2010	}
2011	;
2012
2013	function_definition:
2014	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2015	{
2016	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2017	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2018	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2019	}
2020	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2021	{
2022	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2023	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2024	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2025	}
2026	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2027	{
2028	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2029	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2030	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2031	}
2032	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2033	{
2034	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2035	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2036	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2037	}
2038	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2039	{
2040	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2041	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2042	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2043	}
2044
2045	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2046	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2047	{
2048	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2049	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2050	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2051	}
2052	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2053	{
2054	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2055	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2056	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2057	}
2058
2059	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2060	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2061	{
2062	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2063	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2064	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2065	}
2066	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2067	{
2068	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2069	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2070	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2071	}
2072	;
2073
2074	declarator:
2075	variable_declarator
2076	\| function_declarator
2077	\| type_redeclarator
2078	;
2079
2080	subrange:
2081	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2082	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
2083	;
2084
2085	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2086	// empty
2087	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2088	;
2089
2090	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2091	// empty
2092	{ $$ = 0; }
2093	\| attribute_list
2094	;
2095
2096	attribute_list: // GCC
2097	attribute
2098	\| attribute_list attribute
2099	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2100	;
2101
2102	attribute: // GCC
2103	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2104	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2105	{ $$ = 0; }
2106	;
2107
2108	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2109	attrib
2110	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2111	;
2112
2113	attrib: // GCC
2114	// empty
2115	\| any_word
2116	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2117	;
2118
2119	any_word: // GCC
2120	identifier_or_type_name {}
2121	\| storage_class_name {}
2122	\| basic_type_name {}
2123	\| type_qualifier {}
2124	;
2125
2126	// ============================================================================
2127	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2128	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2129	// in:
2130	//
2131	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2132	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2133	//
2134	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2135	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2136	// ============================================================================
2137
2138	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2139	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2140	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2141	//
2142	// valid declaration invalid definition
2143	// ----------------- ------------------
2144	// int f; int f {}
2145	// int f; int f {}
2146	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2147	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2148	//
2149	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2150	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2151	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2152
2153	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2154	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2155
2156	variable_declarator:
2157	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2158	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2159	\| variable_ptr
2160	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2161	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2162	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2163	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2164	;
2165
2166	paren_identifier:
2167	identifier
2168	{
2169	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2170	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2171	}
2172	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2173	{ $$ = $2; }
2174	;
2175
2176	variable_ptr:
2177	'*' variable_declarator
2178	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2179	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2180	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2181	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2182	{ $$ = $2; }
2183	;
2184
2185	variable_array:
2186	paren_identifier array_dimension
2187	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2188	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2189	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2190	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2191	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2192	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2193	{ $$ = $2; }
2194	;
2195
2196	variable_function:
2197	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2198	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2199	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2200	{ $$ = $2; }
2201	;
2202
2203	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot be nested,
2204	// there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested functions requires
2205	// further separation of variable and function declarators in type_redeclarator. The pattern precludes returning
2206	// arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2207
2208	function_declarator:
2209	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2210	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2211	\| function_ptr
2212	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2213	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2214	;
2215
2216	function_no_ptr:
2217	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2218	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2219	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2220	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2221	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2222	{ $$ = $2; }
2223	;
2224
2225	function_ptr:
2226	'*' function_declarator
2227	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2228	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2229	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2230	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2231	{ $$ = $2; }
2232	;
2233
2234	function_array:
2235	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2236	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2237	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2238	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2239	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2240	{ $$ = $2; }
2241	;
2242
2243	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2244	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2245	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2246
2247	old_function_declarator:
2248	old_function_no_ptr
2249	\| old_function_ptr
2250	\| old_function_array
2251	;
2252
2253	old_function_no_ptr:
2254	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2255	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2256	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2257	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2258	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2259	{ $$ = $2; }
2260	;
2261
2262	old_function_ptr:
2263	'*' old_function_declarator
2264	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2265	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2266	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2267	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2268	{ $$ = $2; }
2269	;
2270
2271	old_function_array:
2272	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2273	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2274	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2275	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2276	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2277	{ $$ = $2; }
2278	;
2279
2280	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2281	//
2282	// typedef int foo;
2283	// {
2284	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2285	// }
2286	//
2287	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2288	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2289
2290	type_redeclarator:
2291	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2292	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2293	\| type_ptr
2294	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2295	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2296	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2297	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2298	;
2299
2300	paren_type:
2301	typedef
2302	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2303	{ $$ = $2; }
2304	;
2305
2306	type_ptr:
2307	'*' type_redeclarator
2308	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2309	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_redeclarator
2310	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2311	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2312	{ $$ = $2; }
2313	;
2314
2315	type_array:
2316	paren_type array_dimension
2317	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2318	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2319	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2320	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2321	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2322	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2323	{ $$ = $2; }
2324	;
2325
2326	type_function:
2327	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2328	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2329	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2330	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2331	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2332	{ $$ = $2; }
2333	;
2334
2335	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2336	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2337	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2338	// arrays and functions.
2339
2340	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2341	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2342	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2343	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2344	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2345	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2346	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2347	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2348	;
2349
2350	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2351	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2352	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2353	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2354	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2355	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2356	{ $$ = $2; }
2357	;
2358
2359	identifier_parameter_array:
2360	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2361	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2362	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2363	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2364	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2365	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2366	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2367	{ $$ = $2; }
2368	;
2369
2370	identifier_parameter_function:
2371	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2372	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2373	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2374	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2375	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2376	{ $$ = $2; }
2377	;
2378
2379	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2380	// e.g.:
2381	//
2382	// typedef int foo;
2383	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2384	//
2385	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2386	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2387	//
2388	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2389	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2390	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2391	//
2392	// which precludes the following cases:
2393	//
2394	// typedef float T;
2395	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2396	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2397	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2398	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2399	//
2400	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2401	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2402	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2403	// functions.
2404
2405	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2406	typedef attribute_list_opt
2407	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2408	\| type_parameter_ptr
2409	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2410	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2411	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2412	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2413	;
2414
2415	typedef:
2416	TYPEDEFname
2417	{
2418	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2419	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2420	}
2421	\| TYPEGENname
2422	{
2423	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2424	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2425	}
2426	;
2427
2428	type_parameter_ptr:
2429	'*' type_parameter_redeclarator
2430	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2431	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2432	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2433	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2434	{ $$ = $2; }
2435	;
2436
2437	type_parameter_array:
2438	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2439	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2440	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2441	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2442	;
2443
2444	type_parameter_function:
2445	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2446	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2447	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2448	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2449	;
2450
2451	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2452	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2453	//
2454	// sizeof( int );
2455	// sizeof( int [10] );
2456	//
2457	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2458	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2459
2460	abstract_declarator:
2461	abstract_ptr
2462	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2463	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2464	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2465	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2466	;
2467
2468	abstract_ptr:
2469	'*'
2470	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2471	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2472	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2473	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2474	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2475	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2476	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2477	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2478	{ $$ = $2; }
2479	;
2480
2481	abstract_array:
2482	array_dimension
2483	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2484	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2485	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2486	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2487	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2488	{ $$ = $2; }
2489	;
2490
2491	abstract_function:
2492	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2494	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2495	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2496	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2497	{ $$ = $2; }
2498	;
2499
2500	array_dimension:
2501	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2502	'[' ']'
2503	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2504	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2505	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2506	\| multi_array_dimension
2507	;
2508
2509	multi_array_dimension:
2510	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2511	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2512	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2513	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2514	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2515	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2516	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2517	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2518	;
2519
2520	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2521	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2522	//
2523	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2524	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2525	//
2526	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2527	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2528
2529	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2530	abstract_parameter_ptr
2531	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2532	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2533	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2534	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2535	;
2536
2537	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2538	'*'
2539	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2540	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2541	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2542	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2543	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2544	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2545	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2546	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2547	{ $$ = $2; }
2548	;
2549
2550	abstract_parameter_array:
2551	array_parameter_dimension
2552	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2553	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2554	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2555	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2556	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2557	{ $$ = $2; }
2558	;
2559
2560	abstract_parameter_function:
2561	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2562	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2563	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2564	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2565	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2566	{ $$ = $2; }
2567	;
2568
2569	array_parameter_dimension:
2570	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2571	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2572	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2573	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2574	\| multi_array_dimension
2575	;
2576
2577	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2578	//
2579	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2580	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2581
2582	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2583	'[' ']'
2584	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2585	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2586	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2587	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2588	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2589	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2590	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2591	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2592	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2593	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2594	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2595	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2596	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2597	;
2598
2599	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2600	// e.g.:
2601	//
2602	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2603	//
2604	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2605	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2606
2607	variable_abstract_declarator:
2608	variable_abstract_ptr
2609	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2610	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2611	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2612	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2613	;
2614
2615	variable_abstract_ptr:
2616	'*'
2617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2618	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2619	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2620	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2621	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2622	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2623	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2624	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2625	{ $$ = $2; }
2626	;
2627
2628	variable_abstract_array:
2629	array_dimension
2630	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2631	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2632	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2633	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2634	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2635	{ $$ = $2; }
2636	;
2637
2638	variable_abstract_function:
2639	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2640	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2641	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2642	{ $$ = $2; }
2643	;
2644
2645	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2646	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2647
2648	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2649	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2650	\| new_abstract_tuple
2651	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2652	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2653	;
2654
2655	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2656	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2657	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2658	;
2659
2660	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2661	'*' type_specifier
2662	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2663	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2664	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2665	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2666	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2667	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2668	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2669	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2670	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2671	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2672	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2673	;
2674
2675	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2676	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2677	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2678	'[' ']' type_specifier
2679	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2680	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2681	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2682	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2683	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2684	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2685	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2686	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2687	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2688	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2689	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2690	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2691	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2692	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2693	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2694	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2695	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2696	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2697	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2698	;
2699
2700	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2701	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2702	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2703	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2704	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2705	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2706	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2707	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2708	// appear in this context.
2709	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2710	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2711	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2712	;
2713
2714	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2715	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2716	//
2717	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2718	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2719	//
2720	// These rules need LR(3):
2721	//
2722	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2723	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2724	//
2725	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2726	//
2727	// [int, int] t;
2728	// [int, int] f( int );
2729	//
2730	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2731	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2732	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2733	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2734
2735	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2736	new_abstract_tuple
2737	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2738	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2739	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2740	;
2741
2742	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2743	new_abstract_ptr
2744	\| new_abstract_array
2745	;
2746
2747	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2748	'*' type_specifier
2749	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2750	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2751	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2752	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2753	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2754	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2755	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2756	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2757	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2758	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2759	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2760	;
2761
2762	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2763	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2764	// empty (void) function return type.
2765	'[' ']' type_specifier
2766	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2767	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2768	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2769	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2770	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2771	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2772	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2773	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2774	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2775	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2776	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2777	;
2778
2779	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2780	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2781	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2782	;
2783
2784	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2785	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2786	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2787	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2788	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2789	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2791	;
2792
2793	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2794	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2795	//
2796	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2797	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2798	//
2799	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2800	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2801	//
2802	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2803	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2804
2805	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2806
2807	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2808	// empty
2809	\| ','
2810	;
2811
2812	assignment_opt:
2813	// empty
2814	{ $$ = 0; }
2815	\| '=' assignment_expression
2816	{ $$ = $2; }
2817	;
2818
2819	%%
2820	// ----end of grammar----
2821
2822	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2823	std::cout << "Error ";
2824	if ( yyfilename ) {
2825	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2826	} // if
2827	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2828	}
2829
2830	// Local Variables: //
2831	// mode: c++ //
2832	// tab-width: 4 //
2833	// compile-command: "make install" //
2834	// End: //

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