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parser.yy @ 0e34a14

ADTast-experimentalpthread-emulation

Last change on this file since 0e34a14 was dbedd71, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 2 years ago
update for-control with corrected @ usage for negative range
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 160.5 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Fri Aug 12 07:59:58 2022
13	// Update Count : 5649
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <stack>
47	using namespace std;
48
49	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
54	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
55	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
56
57	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
58
59	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
60	//#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
61
62	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
63	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
64	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
65
66	stack<LinkageSpec::Spec> linkageStack;
67
68	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
69	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
70	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
71	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
72	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
73	//
74	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
75	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
76	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
77
78	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
79	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
80	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
81	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
82	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
83	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
84	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
85	} // if
86	} else {
87	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
88	to = "u8" + to;
89	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
90	} else {
91	to = from[0] + to;
92	} // if
93	} // if
94	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
95	} // if
96	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
97	return true;
98	} // appendStr
99
100	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
101	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
102	assert( declList );
103	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
104	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
105	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
106	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
107
108	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
109	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
110	} // for
111	declList->addType( cl );
112	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
113	return declList;
114	} // distAttr
115
116	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
117	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
118	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
119	iter->set_extension( true );
120	} // for
121	} // distExt
122
123	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
124	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
125	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
126	iter->set_inLine( true );
127	} // for
128	} // distInl
129
130	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
131	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
132	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
133	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
134	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
135	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
136	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
137	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
138	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
139	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
140	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
141	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
142	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
143	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
144	DeclarationNode newnode;
145	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
146	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
147	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
148	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
149	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
150	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
151	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
152	} // if
153	} else { // just SC qualifiers
154	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
155	} // if
156	} // for
157	delete qualifiers;
158	} // distQual
159
160	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
161	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
162	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
163	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
164	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
165	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
166	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
167
168	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
169	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
170	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
171	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
172	} // if
173	} // rebindForall
174
175	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
176	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
177	return name;
178	} // build_postfix_name
179
180	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
181	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
182	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
183	stringstream ss;
184	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
185	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
186	return nullptr;
187	} // if
188	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
189	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
190	} // if
191	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
192
193	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
194	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
195	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
196	return temp;
197	} // fieldDecl
198
199	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) )
200	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) )
201	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
202
203	ForCtrl * forCtrl( DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
204	if ( index->initializer ) {
205	SemanticError( yylloc, "Direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
206	} // if
207	if ( index->next ) {
208	SemanticError( yylloc, "Multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
209	} // if
210	return new ForCtrl( index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ),
211	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
212	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index->name ) ) ), comp ) ) : nullptr,
213	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
214	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index->name ) ) ), inc ) ) : nullptr );
215	} // forCtrl
216
217	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
218	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
219	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
220	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
221	} // if
222	// type = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( "__for_control_index_constraints__" ) ) ), type ) );
223	return new ForCtrl(
224	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
225	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
226	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : nullptr,
227	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
228	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : nullptr );
229	} // forCtrl
230
231	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
232	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
233	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
234	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
235	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
236	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
237	} else {
238	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
239	} // if
240	} else {
241	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
242	} // if
243	} // forCtrl
244
245	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
246
247	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
248	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
249	if ( N ) { \
250	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
251	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
252	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
253	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
254	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
255	} else { \
256	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
257	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
258	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
259	}
260	%}
261
262	%define parse.error verbose
263
264	// Types declaration for productions
265	%union {
266	Token tok;
267	ParseNode * pn;
268	ExpressionNode * en;
269	DeclarationNode * decl;
270	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
271	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
272	StatementNode * sn;
273	WaitForStmt * wfs;
274	Expression * constant;
275	CondCtl * ifctl;
276	ForCtrl * fctl;
277	enum OperKinds compop;
278	LabelNode * label;
279	InitializerNode * in;
280	OperKinds op;
281	std::string * str;
282	bool flag;
283	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
284	GenericExpr * genexpr;
285	}
286
287	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
288
289	// keywords
290	%token TYPEDEF
291	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
292	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
293	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
294	%token NORETURN // C11
295	%token CONST VOLATILE
296	%token RESTRICT // C99
297	%token ATOMIC // C11
298	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
299	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
300	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
301	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
302	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
303	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
304	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
305	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VALIST AUTO_TYPE // GCC
306	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
307	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
308	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
309	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
310	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
311	// %token RESUME // CFA
312	%token LABEL // GCC
313	%token SUSPEND // CFA
314	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
315	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
316	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
317	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
318	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
319	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
320
321	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
322	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
323	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
324	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
325	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
326	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
327	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
328	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
329	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
330
331	// multi-character operators
332	%token ARROW // ->
333	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
334	%token LS RS // << >>
335	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
336	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
337	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
338
339	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
340	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
341	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
342	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
343
344	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
345	%token ATassign // @=
346
347	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
348	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
349	%type<constant> string_literal
350	%type<str> string_literal_list
351
352	// expressions
353	%type<en> constant
354	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
355	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
356	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
357	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
358	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
359	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
360	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
361	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
362	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
363	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
364	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
365	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
366	%type<compop> updown updowneq downupdowneq
367	%type<en> subrange
368	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
369	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
370	%type<label> label_list
371	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
372	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
373	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
374	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
375
376	// statements
377	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
378	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
379	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
380	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
381	%type<en> case_value
382	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
383	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
384	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
385	%type<sn> with_statement
386	%type<en> with_clause_opt
387	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
388	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
389	%type<sn> mutex_statement
390	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
391	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
392	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
393
394	// declarations
395	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
396	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
397	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
398
399	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
400	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
401
402	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
403
404	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
405
406	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
407	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
408
409	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
410
411	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
412	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
413
414	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
415
416	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
417	%type<in> enumerator_value_opt
418
419	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
420
421	%type<decl> exception_declaration
422
423	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
424	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
425
426	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
427
428	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
429	%type<decl> identifier_list
430
431	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
432	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
433	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
434
435	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
436
437	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
438	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
439
440	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
441	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
442
443	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
444
445	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
446
447	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
448	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
449	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
450
451	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
452
453	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
454
455	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
456
457	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
458
459	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
460	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
461
462	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
463	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
464
465	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
466
467	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
468
469	%type<decl> type type_no_function
470	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
471
472	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
473
474	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
475	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
476
477	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
478	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
479
480	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
481
482	// initializers
483	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
484
485	// designators
486	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
487
488
489	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
490	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
491	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
492	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
493	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
494
495	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
496	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
497	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
498	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
499	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
500	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
501	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
502	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
503	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
504	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
505	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
506
507
508	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
509	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
510	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
511	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
512	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
513	// must be:
514	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
515	// The same problem occurs here:
516	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
517	// must be:
518	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
519
520	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
521	%precedence TYPEGENname
522	%precedence '}'
523	%precedence '('
524
525	// %precedence RESUME
526	// %precedence '{'
527	// %precedence ')'
528
529	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
530
531	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
532
533	%%
534	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
535
536	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
537	// which are lexically identical.
538	//
539	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
540	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
541	//
542	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
543	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
544	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
545	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
546	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
547	//
548	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
549	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
550	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
551	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
552	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
553	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
554	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
555	//
556	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
557	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
558	// around the list separator.
559	//
560	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
561	// push pop push pop
562
563	push:
564	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
565	;
566
567	pop:
568	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
569	;
570
571	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
572
573	constant:
574	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
575	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
576	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
577	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
578	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
579	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
580	;
581
582	quasi_keyword: // CFA
583	TIMEOUT
584	\| WOR
585	\| CATCH
586	\| RECOVER
587	\| CATCHRESUME
588	\| FIXUP
589	\| FINALLY
590	;
591
592	identifier:
593	IDENTIFIER
594	\| quasi_keyword
595	;
596
597	identifier_at:
598	identifier
599	\| '@' // CFA
600	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
601	;
602
603	string_literal:
604	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
605	;
606
607	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
608	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
609	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
610	{
611	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
612	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
613	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
614	}
615	;
616
617	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
618
619	primary_expression:
620	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
621	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
622	\| quasi_keyword
623	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
624	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
625	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
626	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
627	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( $1 ) ); }
628	\| tuple
629	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
630	{ $$ = $2; }
631	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
632	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast<CompoundStmt *>(maybeMoveBuild<Statement>($2) ) ) ); }
633	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
634	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
635	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
636	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
637	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
638	{
639	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
640	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
641	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
642	}
643	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
644	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
645	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
646	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
647	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // syntax error
648	{
649	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Adjacent identifiers are not meaningful in an expression. "
650	"Possible problem is identifier \"", *$1.str,
651	"\" is a misspelled typename or an incorrectly specified type name, "
652	"e.g., missing generic parameter or missing struct/union/enum before typename." ) );
653	$$ = nullptr;
654	}
655	\| IDENTIFIER direct_type // syntax error
656	{
657	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Identifier \"", *$1.str, "\" cannot appear before a type. "
658	"Possible problem is misspelled storage or CV qualifier." ) );
659	$$ = nullptr;
660	}
661	;
662
663	generic_assoc_list: // C11
664	generic_association
665	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
666	{
667	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
668	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
669	delete $3;
670	$$ = $1;
671	}
672	;
673
674	generic_association: // C11
675	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
676	{
677	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
678	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } );
679	}
680	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
681	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } ); }
682	;
683
684	postfix_expression:
685	primary_expression
686	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
687	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
688	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
689	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
690	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
691	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
692	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
693	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
694	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
695	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
696	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
697	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
698	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
699	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
700	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, new ExpressionNode( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
701	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
702	{
703	Token fn;
704	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
705	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
706	}
707	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
708	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
709	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
710	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
711	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
712	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
713	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
714	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
715	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
716	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
717	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
718	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
719	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
720	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
721	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
722	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
723	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
724	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
725	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
726	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
727	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
728	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
729	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
730	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
731	\| postfix_expression ICR
732	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
733	\| postfix_expression DECR
734	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
735	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
736	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
737	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
738	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
739	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
740	{
741	Token fn;
742	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
743	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
744	}
745	;
746
747	argument_expression_list_opt:
748	// empty
749	{ $$ = nullptr; }
750	\| argument_expression_list
751	;
752
753	argument_expression_list:
754	argument_expression
755	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
756	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
757	;
758
759	argument_expression:
760	'@' // CFA, default parameter
761	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
762	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
763	\| assignment_expression
764	;
765
766	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
767	field
768	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
769	;
770
771	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
772	field_name
773	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
775	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
776	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
777	\| field_name '.' field
778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
779	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
780	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
781	\| field_name ARROW field
782	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
783	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
785	;
786
787	field_name:
788	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
789	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
790	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
791	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
792	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
793	{
794	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
795	}
796	;
797
798	fraction_constants_opt:
799	// empty
800	{ $$ = nullptr; }
801	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
802	{
803	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
804	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
805	}
806	;
807
808	unary_expression:
809	postfix_expression
810	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
811	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
812	\| constant
813	\| string_literal
814	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
815	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
816	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
817	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
818	// { * X; } // dereference X
819	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
820	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
821	{
822	switch ( $1 ) {
823	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
824	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) );
825	break;
826	case OperKinds::PointTo:
827	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
828	break;
829	case OperKinds::And:
830	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ) );
831	break;
832	default:
833	assert( false );
834	}
835	}
836	\| unary_operator cast_expression
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
838	\| ICR unary_expression
839	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
840	\| DECR unary_expression
841	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
842	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
843	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
844	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
845	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
846	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
847	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
848	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
849	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
850	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
851	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
852	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
853	{
854	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
855	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
856	}
857	;
858
859	ptrref_operator:
860	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
861	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
862	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
863	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
864	;
865
866	unary_operator:
867	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
868	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
869	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
870	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
871	;
872
873	cast_expression:
874	unary_expression
875	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
876	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
877	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
878	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
879	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
880	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
881	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
882	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
883	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
884	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
885	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
886	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
887	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
888	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
889	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
890	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
891	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
892	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
893	;
894
895	qualifier_cast_list:
896	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
897	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
898	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
899	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
900	;
901
902	cast_modifier:
903	'-'
904	\| '+'
905	;
906
907	exponential_expression:
908	cast_expression
909	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
910	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
911	;
912
913	multiplicative_expression:
914	exponential_expression
915	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
916	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
917	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
918	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
919	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
920	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
921	;
922
923	additive_expression:
924	multiplicative_expression
925	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
926	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
927	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
928	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
929	;
930
931	shift_expression:
932	additive_expression
933	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
934	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
935	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
936	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
937	;
938
939	relational_expression:
940	shift_expression
941	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
942	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
943	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
944	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
945	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
946	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
947	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
948	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
949	;
950
951	equality_expression:
952	relational_expression
953	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
954	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
955	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
956	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
957	;
958
959	AND_expression:
960	equality_expression
961	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
962	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
963	;
964
965	exclusive_OR_expression:
966	AND_expression
967	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
968	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
969	;
970
971	inclusive_OR_expression:
972	exclusive_OR_expression
973	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
975	;
976
977	logical_AND_expression:
978	inclusive_OR_expression
979	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
980	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
981	;
982
983	logical_OR_expression:
984	logical_AND_expression
985	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
986	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
987	;
988
989	conditional_expression:
990	logical_OR_expression
991	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
993	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
994	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
995	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
996	;
997
998	constant_expression:
999	conditional_expression
1000	;
1001
1002	assignment_expression:
1003	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1004	conditional_expression
1005	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1006	{
1007	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1008	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1009	// } else {
1010	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) );
1011	// } // if
1012	}
1013	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1014	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1015	;
1016
1017	assignment_expression_opt:
1018	// empty
1019	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1020	\| assignment_expression
1021	;
1022
1023	assignment_operator:
1024	simple_assignment_operator
1025	\| compound_assignment_operator
1026	;
1027
1028	simple_assignment_operator:
1029	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1030	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1031	;
1032
1033	compound_assignment_operator:
1034	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1035	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1036	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1037	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1038	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1039	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1040	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1041	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1042	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1043	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1044	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1045	;
1046
1047	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1048	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1049	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1050	// '[' ']'
1051	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1052	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1053	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1054	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1055	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1056	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1057	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1058	;
1059
1060	tuple_expression_list:
1061	assignment_expression
1062	\| '@' // CFA
1063	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1064	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1065	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1066	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1067	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1068	;
1069
1070	comma_expression:
1071	assignment_expression
1072	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1073	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1074	;
1075
1076	comma_expression_opt:
1077	// empty
1078	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1079	\| comma_expression
1080	;
1081
1082	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
1083
1084	statement:
1085	labeled_statement
1086	\| compound_statement
1087	\| expression_statement
1088	\| selection_statement
1089	\| iteration_statement
1090	\| jump_statement
1091	\| with_statement
1092	\| mutex_statement
1093	\| waitfor_statement
1094	\| exception_statement
1095	\| enable_disable_statement
1096	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1097	\| asm_statement
1098	\| DIRECTIVE
1099	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1100	;
1101
1102	labeled_statement:
1103	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1104	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1105	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1106	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // syntax error
1107	{
1108	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1109	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1110	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1111	$$ = nullptr;
1112	}
1113	;
1114
1115	compound_statement:
1116	'{' '}'
1117	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1118	\| '{' push
1119	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1120	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1121	pop '}'
1122	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1123	;
1124
1125	statement_decl_list: // C99
1126	statement_decl
1127	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1128	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1129	;
1130
1131	statement_decl:
1132	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1133	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1134	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1135	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1136	\| function_definition
1137	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1138	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1139	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1140	\| statement
1141	;
1142
1143	statement_list_nodecl:
1144	statement
1145	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1146	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1147	\| statement_list_nodecl error // syntax error
1148	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1149	;
1150
1151	expression_statement:
1152	comma_expression_opt ';'
1153	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1154	\| MUTEX '(' ')' comma_expression ';'
1155	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( nullptr, new StatementNode( build_expr( $4 ) ) ) ); }
1156	;
1157
1158	selection_statement:
1159	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1160	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1161	push if_statement pop
1162	{ $$ = $2; }
1163	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1164	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1165	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1166	{
1167	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1168	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1169	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1170	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1171	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1172	// statement.
1173	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1174	}
1175	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1176	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1177	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1178	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1179	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1180	{
1181	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1182	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1183	}
1184	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1185	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1186	;
1187
1188	if_statement:
1189	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1190	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1191	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1192	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1193	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), maybe_build_compound( $7 ) ) ); }
1194	;
1195
1196	conditional_declaration:
1197	comma_expression
1198	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1199	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1200	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1201	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1202	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1203	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1204	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1205	;
1206
1207	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1208	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1209
1210	case_value: // CFA
1211	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1212	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1213	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1214	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1215	;
1216
1217	case_value_list: // CFA
1218	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1219	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1220	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1221	;
1222
1223	case_label: // CFA
1224	CASE error // syntax error
1225	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing case list after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1226	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1227	\| CASE case_value_list error // syntax error
1228	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1229	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1230	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1231	\| DEFAULT error // syntax error
1232	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1233	;
1234
1235	case_label_list: // CFA
1236	case_label
1237	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1238	;
1239
1240	case_clause: // CFA
1241	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ); }
1242	;
1243
1244	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1245	// empty
1246	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1247	\| switch_clause_list
1248	;
1249
1250	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1251	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1252	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1253	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1254	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1255	;
1256
1257	iteration_statement:
1258	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1259	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1260	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1261	{
1262	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) );
1263	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse, "" );
1264	}
1265	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1266	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ) ) ); }
1267	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1268	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1269	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1270	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1271	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1272	{
1273	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) );
1274	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse, "" );
1275	}
1276	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1277	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1278	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1279	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1280	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1281	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1282	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1283	{
1284	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) );
1285	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse, "" );
1286	}
1287	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1288	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ) ) ); }
1289	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1290	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1291	;
1292
1293	for_control_expression_list:
1294	for_control_expression
1295	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1296	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1297	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1298	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1299	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1300	{
1301	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1302	if ( $1->condition ) {
1303	if ( $3->condition ) {
1304	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1305	} // if
1306	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1307	if ( $1->change ) {
1308	if ( $3->change ) {
1309	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1310	} // if
1311	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1312	$$ = $1;
1313	}
1314	;
1315
1316	for_control_expression:
1317	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1318	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1319	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1320	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1321	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1322	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1323
1324	\| comma_expression // CFA
1325	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1326	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1327	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1328
1329	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1330	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1331	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1332	{
1333	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1334	else $$ = forCtrl( $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1335	}
1336	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1337	{
1338	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing comparison ('@') with an anonymous loop index is meaningless." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1339	else { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1340	}
1341	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1342	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1343	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1344	{
1345	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1346	else $$ = forCtrl( $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1347	}
1348	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1349	{
1350	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing comparison ('@') with an anonymous loop index is meaningless." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1351	else { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1352	}
1353	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1354	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing increment ('@') with an anonymous loop index is meaningless." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1355	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1356	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing loop fields ('@') with an anonymous loop index is meaningless." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1357	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1358	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing loop fields ('@') with an anonymous loop index is meaningless." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1359	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1360	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing loop fields ('@') with an anonymous loop index is meaningless." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1361
1362	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1363	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1364	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1365	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1366
1367	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1368	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1369	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1370	{
1371	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1372	else $$ = forCtrl( $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1373	}
1374	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1375	{
1376	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1377	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing comparison is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1378	else $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1379	}
1380	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, error
1381	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1382
1383	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1384	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1385	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, error
1386	{
1387	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1388	else $$ = forCtrl( $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1389	}
1390	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1391	{
1392	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1393	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing comparison is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1394	else $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1395	}
1396	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1397	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1398	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1399	{
1400	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1401	else $$ = forCtrl( $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1402	}
1403	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1404	{
1405	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1406	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing comparison is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1407	else $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1408	}
1409	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1410	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1411
1412	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1413	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1414	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1415	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1416
1417	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1418	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1419	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1420	{
1421	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1422	else $$ = forCtrl( $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1423	}
1424	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1425	{
1426	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1427	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing comparison is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1428	else $$ = forCtrl( $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1429	}
1430
1431	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1432	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1433	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1434	{
1435	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1436	else $$ = forCtrl( $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1437	}
1438	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1439	{
1440	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1441	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing comparison is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1442	else $$ = forCtrl( $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1443	}
1444	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1445	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1446	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1447	{
1448	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1449	else $$ = forCtrl( $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1450	}
1451	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1452	{
1453	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1454	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing comparison is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1455	else $$ = forCtrl( $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1456	}
1457	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1458	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing start value so cannot compare." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1459
1460	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1461	{
1462	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1463	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1464	}
1465	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1466	{
1467	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "All enumation ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1468	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1469	}
1470	;
1471
1472	downupdowneq:
1473	ErangeDown
1474	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1475	\| ErangeUpEq
1476	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1477	\| ErangeDownEq
1478	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1479	;
1480
1481	updown:
1482	'~'
1483	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1484	\| ErangeDown
1485	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1486	;
1487
1488	updowneq:
1489	updown
1490	\| ErangeUpEq
1491	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1492	\| ErangeDownEq
1493	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1494	;
1495
1496	jump_statement:
1497	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1498	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1499	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1500	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1501	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1502	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1503	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1504	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1505	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1506	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1507	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1508	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1509	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1510	\| CONTINUE ';'
1511	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1512	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1513	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1514	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1515	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1516	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1517	\| BREAK ';'
1518	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1519	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1520	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1521	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1522	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1523	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1524	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1525	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1526	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1527	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1528	\| SUSPEND ';'
1529	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr ) ); }
1530	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1531	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $2 ) ); }
1532	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1533	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1534	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1535	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1536	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1537	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1538	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1539	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1540	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1541	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1542	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1543	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1544	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1545	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1546	;
1547
1548	fall_through_name: // CFA
1549	FALLTHRU
1550	\| FALLTHROUGH
1551	;
1552
1553	with_statement:
1554	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1555	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) ); }
1556	;
1557
1558	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1559	mutex_statement:
1560	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list ')' statement
1561	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( $3, $5 ) ); }
1562	;
1563
1564	when_clause:
1565	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1566	;
1567
1568	when_clause_opt:
1569	// empty
1570	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1571	\| when_clause
1572	;
1573
1574	waitfor:
1575	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1576	{ $$ = $3; }
1577	// \| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1578	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1579	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1580	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1581	;
1582
1583	cast_expression_list:
1584	cast_expression
1585	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1586	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1587	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1588	;
1589
1590	timeout:
1591	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1592	;
1593
1594	waitfor_clause:
1595	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1596	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1597	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1598	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, $5 ); }
1599	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1600	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1601	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1602	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1603	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1604	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement // syntax error
1605	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1606	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1607	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, maybe_build_compound( $7 ), $5 ); }
1608	;
1609
1610	waitfor_statement:
1611	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1612	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1613	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1614	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1615	;
1616
1617	exception_statement:
1618	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1619	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1620	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1621	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1622	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1623	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1624	;
1625
1626	handler_clause:
1627	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1628	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1629	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1630	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1631	;
1632
1633	handler_predicate_opt:
1634	// empty
1635	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1636	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1637	;
1638
1639	handler_key:
1640	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1641	\| RECOVER { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1642	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1643	\| FIXUP { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1644	;
1645
1646	finally_clause:
1647	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1648	;
1649
1650	exception_declaration:
1651	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1652	type_specifier_nobody
1653	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1654	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1655	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1656	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1657	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1658	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1659	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1660	;
1661
1662	enable_disable_statement:
1663	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1664	;
1665
1666	enable_disable_key:
1667	ENABLE
1668	\| DISABLE
1669	;
1670
1671	asm_statement:
1672	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1673	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1674	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1675	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1676	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1677	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1678	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1679	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1680	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1681	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1682	;
1683
1684	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1685	// empty
1686	{ $$ = false; }
1687	\| VOLATILE
1688	{ $$ = true; }
1689	;
1690
1691	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1692	// empty
1693	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1694	\| asm_operands_list
1695	;
1696
1697	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1698	asm_operand
1699	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1700	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1701	;
1702
1703	asm_operand: // GCC
1704	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1705	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1706	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1707	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $6 ) ) ); }
1708	;
1709
1710	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1711	// empty
1712	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1713	\| string_literal
1714	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1715	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1716	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1717	;
1718
1719	label_list:
1720	identifier
1721	{
1722	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1723	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1724	}
1725	\| label_list ',' identifier
1726	{
1727	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1728	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1729	}
1730	;
1731
1732	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1733
1734	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1735	// empty
1736	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1737	\| declaration_list
1738	;
1739
1740	declaration_list:
1741	declaration
1742	\| declaration_list declaration
1743	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1744	;
1745
1746	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1747	// empty
1748	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1749	\| KR_parameter_list
1750	;
1751
1752	KR_parameter_list:
1753	push c_declaration pop ';'
1754	{ $$ = $2; }
1755	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1756	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1757	;
1758
1759	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1760	// empty
1761	\| local_label_declaration_list
1762	;
1763
1764	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1765	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1766	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1767	;
1768
1769	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1770	identifier_or_type_name
1771	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1772	;
1773
1774	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1775	c_declaration ';'
1776	{
1777	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1778	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1779	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1780	// } // for
1781	}
1782	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1783	\| static_assert // C11
1784	;
1785
1786	static_assert:
1787	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1788	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1789	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1791
1792	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1793	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1794	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1795	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1796	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1797	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1798	//
1799	// CFA C
1800	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1801	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1802
1803	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1804	cfa_variable_declaration
1805	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1806	\| cfa_function_declaration
1807	\| type_declaring_list
1808	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1809	\| trait_specifier
1810	;
1811
1812	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1813	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1814	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1815	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1816	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1817	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1818	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1819	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1820	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1821	;
1822
1823	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1824	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1825	// storage-class
1826	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1827	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1828	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1829	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1830	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1831	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1832	;
1833
1834	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1835	cfa_function_specifier
1836	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1837	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1838	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1839	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1840	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1841	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1842	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1843	{
1844	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1845	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1846	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1847	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1848	}
1849	;
1850
1851	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1852	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1853	// {
1854	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1855	// }
1856	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1857	// {
1858	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1859	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1860	// }
1861	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1862	// {
1863	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1864	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1865	// }
1866	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1867	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1868	//
1869	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1870	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1871	//
1872	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1873	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1874	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1875	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1876	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1877	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1878	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1879	;
1880
1881	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1882	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1883	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1884	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1885	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1886	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1887	;
1888
1889	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1890	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1891	{
1892	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1893	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1894	}
1895	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1896	{
1897	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1898	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1899	}
1900	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1901	{
1902	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1903	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1904	}
1905	;
1906
1907	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1908	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1909
1910	typedef_declaration:
1911	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1912	{
1913	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1914	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1915	}
1916	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1917	{
1918	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1919	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1920	}
1921	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1922	{
1923	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1924	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1925	}
1926	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1927	{
1928	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1929	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1930	}
1931	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1932	{
1933	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1934	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1935	}
1936	;
1937
1938	typedef_expression:
1939	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1940	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1941	{
1942	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1943	}
1944	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1945	{
1946	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1947	}
1948	;
1949
1950	c_declaration:
1951	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1952	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1953	\| typedef_declaration
1954	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
1955	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1956	;
1957
1958	declaring_list:
1959	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1960	// storage-class
1961	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1962	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1963	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1964	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1965	;
1966
1967	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1968	basic_declaration_specifier
1969	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1970	\| type_declaration_specifier
1971	;
1972
1973	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1974	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1975	//
1976	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1977	//
1978	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1979	basic_declaration_specifier
1980	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1981	\| type_declaration_specifier
1982	;
1983
1984	type_specifier: // type specifier
1985	basic_type_specifier
1986	\| sue_type_specifier
1987	{
1988	// printf( "sue_type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1989	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1990	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1991	// } // for
1992	}
1993	\| type_type_specifier
1994	;
1995
1996	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1997	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1998	//
1999	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2000	//
2001	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2002	basic_type_specifier
2003	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2004	\| type_type_specifier
2005	;
2006
2007	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2008	// empty
2009	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2010	\| type_qualifier_list
2011	;
2012
2013	type_qualifier_list:
2014	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2015	//
2016	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2017	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2018	// appeared only once.
2019	type_qualifier
2020	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2021	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2022	;
2023
2024	type_qualifier:
2025	type_qualifier_name
2026	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
2027	;
2028
2029	type_qualifier_name:
2030	CONST
2031	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
2032	\| RESTRICT
2033	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
2034	\| VOLATILE
2035	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
2036	\| ATOMIC
2037	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
2038	\| forall
2039	;
2040
2041	forall:
2042	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2043	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
2044	;
2045
2046	declaration_qualifier_list:
2047	storage_class_list
2048	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2049	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2050	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2051	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2052	;
2053
2054	storage_class_list:
2055	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2056	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2057	//
2058	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2059	// specifiers in a declaration.
2060	storage_class
2061	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2062	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2063	;
2064
2065	storage_class:
2066	EXTERN
2067	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
2068	\| STATIC
2069	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
2070	\| AUTO
2071	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
2072	\| REGISTER
2073	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
2074	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
2075	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
2076	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2077	\| INLINE // C99
2078	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
2079	\| FORTRAN // C99
2080	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
2081	\| NORETURN // C11
2082	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
2083	;
2084
2085	basic_type_name:
2086	VOID
2087	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2088	\| BOOL // C99
2089	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2090	\| CHAR
2091	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2092	\| INT
2093	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2094	\| INT128
2095	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2096	\| UINT128
2097	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2098	\| FLOAT
2099	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2100	\| DOUBLE
2101	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2102	\| uuFLOAT80
2103	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2104	\| uuFLOAT128
2105	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2106	\| uFLOAT16
2107	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2108	\| uFLOAT32
2109	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2110	\| uFLOAT32X
2111	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2112	\| uFLOAT64
2113	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2114	\| uFLOAT64X
2115	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2116	\| uFLOAT128
2117	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2118	\| DECIMAL32
2119	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2120	\| DECIMAL64
2121	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2122	\| DECIMAL128
2123	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2124	\| COMPLEX // C99
2125	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2126	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2127	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2128	\| SIGNED
2129	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2130	\| UNSIGNED
2131	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2132	\| SHORT
2133	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2134	\| LONG
2135	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2136	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2137	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2138	\| AUTO_TYPE
2139	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2140	\| vtable
2141	;
2142
2143	vtable_opt:
2144	// empty
2145	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2146	\| vtable
2147	;
2148
2149	vtable:
2150	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2151	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2152	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2153	;
2154
2155	default_opt:
2156	// empty
2157	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2158	\| DEFAULT
2159	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2160	;
2161
2162	basic_declaration_specifier:
2163	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2164	basic_type_specifier
2165	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2166	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2167	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2168	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2169	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2170	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2171	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2172	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2173	;
2174
2175	basic_type_specifier:
2176	direct_type
2177	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2178	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2179	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2180	;
2181
2182	direct_type:
2183	basic_type_name
2184	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2185	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2186	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2187	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2188	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2189	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2190	;
2191
2192	indirect_type:
2193	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2194	{ $$ = $3; }
2195	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2197	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2198	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2199	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2200	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2201	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2202	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2203	\| ONE_T // CFA
2204	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2205	;
2206
2207	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2208	sue_type_specifier
2209	{
2210	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2211	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2212	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2213	// } // for
2214	}
2215	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2216	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2217	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2218	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2219	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2220	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2221	;
2222
2223	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2224	elaborated_type
2225	{
2226	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2227	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2228	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2229	// } // for
2230	}
2231	\| type_qualifier_list
2232	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2233	elaborated_type
2234	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2235	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2236	{
2237	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2238	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2239	}
2240	;
2241
2242	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2243	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2244	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2245	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2246	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2247	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2248	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2249	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2250	;
2251
2252	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2253	elaborated_type_nobody
2254	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2255	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2256	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2257	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2258	;
2259
2260	type_declaration_specifier:
2261	type_type_specifier
2262	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2263	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2264	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2265	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2266	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2267	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2268	;
2269
2270	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2271	type_name
2272	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2273	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2274	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2275	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2276	;
2277
2278	type_name:
2279	TYPEDEFname
2280	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2281	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2282	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2283	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2284	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2285	\| typegen_name
2286	\| '.' typegen_name
2287	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2288	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2289	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2290	;
2291
2292	typegen_name: // CFA
2293	TYPEGENname
2294	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2295	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2296	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2297	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2298	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2299	;
2300
2301	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2302	aggregate_type
2303	{
2304	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2305	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2306	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2307	// } // for
2308	}
2309	\| enum_type
2310	;
2311
2312	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2313	aggregate_type_nobody
2314	\| enum_type_nobody
2315	;
2316
2317	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2318	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2319	{ forall = false; } // reset
2320	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2321	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2322	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2323	{
2324	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2325	forall = false; // reset
2326	}
2327	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2328	{
2329	// printf( "aggregate_type1 %s\n", $3.str->c_str() );
2330	// if ( $2 )
2331	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $2->attributes ) ) {
2332	// printf( "copySpecifiers12 %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2333	// } // for
2334	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2335	// printf( "aggregate_type2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2336	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2337	// printf( "aggregate_type3 %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2338	// } // for
2339	}
2340	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2341	{
2342	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2343	forall = false; // reset
2344	}
2345	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2346	{
2347	// printf( "AGG3\n" );
2348	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2349	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2350	}
2351	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2352	{
2353	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2354	forall = false; // reset
2355	}
2356	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2357	{
2358	// printf( "AGG4\n" );
2359	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2360	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2361	}
2362	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2363	;
2364
2365	type_parameters_opt:
2366	// empty
2367	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2368	\| '(' type_list ')'
2369	{ $$ = $2; }
2370	;
2371
2372	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2373	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2374	{
2375	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2376	forall = false; // reset
2377	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2378	}
2379	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2380	{
2381	forall = false; // reset
2382	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2383	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2384	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2385	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2386	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2387	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2388	delete $3;
2389	}
2390	;
2391
2392	aggregate_key:
2393	aggregate_data
2394	\| aggregate_control
2395	;
2396
2397	aggregate_data:
2398	STRUCT vtable_opt
2399	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2400	\| UNION
2401	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2402	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2403	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2404	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2405	;
2406
2407	aggregate_control: // CFA
2408	MONITOR
2409	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2410	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2411	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2412	\| GENERATOR
2413	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2414	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2415	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2416	\| COROUTINE
2417	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2418	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2419	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2420	\| THREAD
2421	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2422	\| MUTEX THREAD
2423	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2424	;
2425
2426	field_declaration_list_opt:
2427	// empty
2428	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2429	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2430	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2431	;
2432
2433	field_declaration:
2434	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2435	{
2436	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2437	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2438	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2439	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2440	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2441	// } // for
2442	}
2443	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2444	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2445	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2446	{
2447	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2448	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2449	} // if
2450	$3->inLine = true;
2451	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2452	distInl( $3 );
2453	}
2454	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2455	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2456	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2457	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2458	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2459	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2460	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2461	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2462	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2463	\| static_assert // C11
2464	;
2465
2466	field_declaring_list_opt:
2467	// empty
2468	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2469	\| field_declarator
2470	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2471	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2472	;
2473
2474	field_declarator:
2475	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2477	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2478	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2479	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2480	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2481	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2482	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2483	;
2484
2485	field_abstract_list_opt:
2486	// empty
2487	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2488	\| field_abstract
2489	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2490	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2491	;
2492
2493	field_abstract:
2494	// no bit fields
2495	variable_abstract_declarator
2496	;
2497
2498	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2499	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2500	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2501	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2502	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2503	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2504	;
2505
2506	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2507	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2508	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2509	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2510	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2511	;
2512
2513	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2514	// empty
2515	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2516	\| bit_subrange_size
2517	;
2518
2519	bit_subrange_size:
2520	':' assignment_expression
2521	{ $$ = $2; }
2522	;
2523
2524	enum_type:
2525	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2526	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2527	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2528	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2529	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2530	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2531	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2532	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2533	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2534	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2535	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Unvalued enumerated type is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2536	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2537	{
2538	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 )
2539	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2540
2541	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2542	}
2543	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2544	{
2545	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2546	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2547	}
2548	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2549	{
2550	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $10, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2551	}
2552	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2553	{
2554	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2555	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6->name );
2556	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $9, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2557	}
2558	\| enum_type_nobody
2559	;
2560
2561	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2562	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2563	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2564	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name // qualified type name
2565	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2566	;
2567
2568	enumerator_list:
2569	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2570	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $1, $2 ); }
2571	\| INLINE type_name
2572	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ); }
2573	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2574	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $3, $4 ) ); }
2575	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2576	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2577	;
2578
2579	enumerator_value_opt:
2580	// empty
2581	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2582	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2583	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2584	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2585	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2586	;
2587
2588	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2589	// empty
2590	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2591	\| ELLIPSIS
2592	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2593	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2594	\| cfa_parameter_list
2595	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2596	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2597	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2598	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2599	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2600	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2601	;
2602
2603	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2604	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2605	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2606	cfa_parameter_declaration
2607	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2608	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2609	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2610	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2611	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2612	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2613	;
2614
2615	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2616	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2617	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2618	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2619	;
2620
2621	parameter_type_list_opt:
2622	// empty
2623	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2624	\| ELLIPSIS
2625	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2626	\| parameter_list
2627	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2628	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2629	;
2630
2631	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2632	abstract_parameter_declaration
2633	\| parameter_declaration
2634	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2635	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2636	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2637	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2638	;
2639
2640	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2641	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2642
2643	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2644	parameter_declaration
2645	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2646	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2647	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2648	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2649	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2650	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2651	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2652	\| cfa_function_specifier
2653	;
2654
2655	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2656	abstract_parameter_declaration
2657	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2658	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2659	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2660	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2661	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2662	\| cfa_abstract_function
2663	;
2664
2665	parameter_declaration:
2666	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2667	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2668	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2669	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2670	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2671	;
2672
2673	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2674	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2675	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2676	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2677	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2678	;
2679
2680	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2681	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2682	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2683
2684	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2685	identifier
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2687	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2688	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2689	;
2690
2691	identifier_or_type_name:
2692	identifier
2693	\| TYPEDEFname
2694	\| TYPEGENname
2695	;
2696
2697	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2698	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2699	\| type_specifier
2700	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2701	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2702	;
2703
2704	type: // typeof, assertion
2705	type_no_function
2706	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2707	;
2708
2709	initializer_opt:
2710	// empty
2711	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2712	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2713	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2714	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2715	;
2716
2717	initializer:
2718	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2719	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2720	;
2721
2722	initializer_list_opt:
2723	// empty
2724	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2725	\| initializer
2726	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2727	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2728	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2729	;
2730
2731	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2732	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2733	//
2734	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2735	//
2736	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2737	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2738	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2739	// shift/reduce conflicts
2740
2741	designation:
2742	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2743	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2744	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2745	;
2746
2747	designator_list: // C99
2748	designator
2749	\| designator_list designator
2750	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2751	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2752	;
2753
2754	designator:
2755	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2756	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2757	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2758	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2759	{ $$ = $3; }
2760	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2761	{ $$ = $3; }
2762	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2763	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ) ) ); }
2764	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2765	{ $$ = $4; }
2766	;
2767
2768	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2769	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2770	//
2771	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2772	//
2773	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2774	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2775	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2776	//
2777	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2778	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2779	//
2780	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2781	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2782	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2783	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2784	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2785
2786	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2787	type_parameter
2788	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2789	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2790	;
2791
2792	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2793	// empty
2794	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2795	\| '=' type
2796	{ $$ = $2; }
2797	;
2798
2799	type_parameter: // CFA
2800	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2801	{
2802	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2803	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2804	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2805	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2806	}
2807	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2808	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2809	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2810	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2811	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2813	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2814	{
2815	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2816	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2817	}
2818	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2819	\| assertion_list
2820	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2821	;
2822
2823	new_type_class: // CFA
2824	// empty
2825	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2826	\| '&'
2827	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2828	\| '*'
2829	{ $$ = TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2830	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2831	// { $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2832	\| ELLIPSIS
2833	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2834	;
2835
2836	type_class: // CFA
2837	OTYPE
2838	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2839	\| DTYPE
2840	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2841	\| FTYPE
2842	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2843	\| TTYPE
2844	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2845	;
2846
2847	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2848	// empty
2849	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2850	\| assertion_list
2851	;
2852
2853	assertion_list: // CFA
2854	assertion
2855	\| assertion_list assertion
2856	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
2857	;
2858
2859	assertion: // CFA
2860	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2862	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2863	{ $$ = $4; }
2864	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2865	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2866	;
2867
2868	type_list: // CFA
2869	type
2870	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2871	\| assignment_expression
2872	\| type_list ',' type
2873	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
2874	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2875	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2876	;
2877
2878	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2879	OTYPE type_declarator
2880	{ $$ = $2; }
2881	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2882	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2883	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2884	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2885	;
2886
2887	type_declarator: // CFA
2888	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2889	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2890	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2891	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2892	;
2893
2894	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2895	identifier_or_type_name
2896	{
2897	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2898	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2899	}
2900	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2901	{
2902	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2903	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2904	}
2905	;
2906
2907	trait_specifier: // CFA
2908	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2909	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2910	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2911	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2912	;
2913
2914	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2915	trait_declaration
2916	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2917	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2918	;
2919
2920	trait_declaration: // CFA
2921	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2922	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2923	;
2924
2925	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2926	cfa_variable_specifier
2927	\| cfa_function_specifier
2928	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2929	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2930	;
2931
2932	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2933	type_specifier declarator
2934	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2935	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2936	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2937	;
2938
2939	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2940
2941	translation_unit:
2942	// empty, input file
2943	\| external_definition_list
2944	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2945	;
2946
2947	external_definition_list:
2948	push external_definition pop
2949	{ $$ = $2; }
2950	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2951	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2952	;
2953
2954	external_definition_list_opt:
2955	// empty
2956	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2957	\| external_definition_list
2958	;
2959
2960	up:
2961	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2962	;
2963
2964	down:
2965	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2966	;
2967
2968	external_definition:
2969	DIRECTIVE
2970	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ) ); }
2971	\| declaration
2972	\| external_function_definition
2973	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2974	{
2975	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2976	$$ = $2;
2977	}
2978	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2979	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) ); }
2980	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2981	{
2982	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2983	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2984	}
2985	up external_definition down
2986	{
2987	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2988	linkageStack.pop();
2989	$$ = $5;
2990	}
2991	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2992	{
2993	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2994	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2995	}
2996	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2997	{
2998	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2999	linkageStack.pop();
3000	$$ = $6;
3001	}
3002	\| type_qualifier_list
3003	{
3004	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3005	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3006	}
3007	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3008	{
3009	distQual( $5, $1 );
3010	forall = false;
3011	$$ = $5;
3012	}
3013	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3014	{
3015	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3016	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3017	}
3018	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3019	{
3020	distQual( $5, $1 );
3021	forall = false;
3022	$$ = $5;
3023	}
3024	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3025	{
3026	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3027	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3028	}
3029	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3030	{
3031	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3032	forall = false;
3033	$$ = $6;
3034	}
3035	;
3036
3037	external_function_definition:
3038	function_definition
3039	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3040	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3041	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3042	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3043	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3044	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3045	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3046	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3047	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3048	;
3049
3050	with_clause_opt:
3051	// empty
3052	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3053	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3054	{
3055	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3056	if ( $5 ) {
3057	SemanticError( yylloc, "Attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3058	$$ = nullptr;
3059	} // if
3060	}
3061	;
3062
3063	function_definition:
3064	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3065	{
3066	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3067	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3068	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3069	$$ = $1;
3070	}
3071	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3072	{
3073	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3074	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3075	}
3076	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3077	{
3078	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3079	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3080	}
3081	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3082	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3083	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3084	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3085	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3086	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3087	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3088	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3089	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3090
3091	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3092	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3093	{
3094	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3095	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3096	}
3097	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3098	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3099	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3100	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3101	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3102	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3103	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3104	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3105	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3106	;
3107
3108	declarator:
3109	variable_declarator
3110	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3111	\| function_declarator
3112	;
3113
3114	subrange:
3115	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3116	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
3117	;
3118
3119	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3120	// empty
3121	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3122	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3123	{
3124	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3125	name->asmName = $3;
3126	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3127	}
3128	;
3129
3130	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3131	// empty
3132	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3133	\| attribute_list
3134	;
3135
3136	attribute_list: // GCC
3137	attribute
3138	\| attribute_list attribute
3139	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3140	;
3141
3142	attribute: // GCC
3143	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3144	{ $$ = $4; }
3145	;
3146
3147	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3148	attribute_name
3149	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3150	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3151	;
3152
3153	attribute_name: // GCC
3154	// empty
3155	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3156	\| attr_name
3157	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3158	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3159	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3160	;
3161
3162	attr_name: // GCC
3163	IDENTIFIER
3164	\| quasi_keyword
3165	\| TYPEDEFname
3166	\| TYPEGENname
3167	\| FALLTHROUGH
3168	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3169	\| CONST
3170	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3171	;
3172
3173	// ============================================================================
3174	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3175	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3176	// in:
3177	//
3178	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3179	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3180	//
3181	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3182	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3183	// ============================================================================
3184
3185	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3186	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3187	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3188	//
3189	// valid declaration invalid definition
3190	// ----------------- ------------------
3191	// int f; int f {}
3192	// int f; int f {}
3193	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3194	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3195	//
3196	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3197	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3198	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3199
3200	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3201	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3202
3203	paren_identifier:
3204	identifier_at
3205	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3206	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3207	{ $$ = $2; }
3208	;
3209
3210	variable_declarator:
3211	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3212	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3213	\| variable_ptr
3214	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3215	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3216	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3217	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3218	;
3219
3220	variable_ptr:
3221	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3222	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3223	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3224	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3225	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3226	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3227	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3228	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3229	;
3230
3231	variable_array:
3232	paren_identifier array_dimension
3233	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3234	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3235	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3236	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3237	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3238	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3239	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3240	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3241	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3242	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3243	{ $$ = $2; }
3244	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3245	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3246	;
3247
3248	variable_function:
3249	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3250	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3251	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3252	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3253	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3254	{ $$ = $2; }
3255	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3256	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3257	;
3258
3259	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3260	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3261	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3262
3263	function_declarator:
3264	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3265	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3266	\| function_ptr
3267	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3268	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3269	;
3270
3271	function_no_ptr:
3272	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3273	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3274	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3275	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3276	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3277	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3278	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3279	{ $$ = $2; }
3280	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3281	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3282	;
3283
3284	function_ptr:
3285	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3286	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3287	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3288	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3289	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3290	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3291	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3292	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3293	;
3294
3295	function_array:
3296	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3297	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3298	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3299	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3300	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3301	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3302	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3303	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3304	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3305	{ $$ = $2; }
3306	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3307	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3308	;
3309
3310	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3311	//
3312	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3313	//
3314	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3315	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3316
3317	KR_function_declarator:
3318	KR_function_no_ptr
3319	\| KR_function_ptr
3320	\| KR_function_array
3321	;
3322
3323	KR_function_no_ptr:
3324	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3325	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3326	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3327	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3328	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3329	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3330	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3331	{ $$ = $2; }
3332	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3333	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3334	;
3335
3336	KR_function_ptr:
3337	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3338	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3339	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3340	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3341	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3342	{ $$ = $2; }
3343	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3344	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3345	;
3346
3347	KR_function_array:
3348	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3349	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3350	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3351	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3352	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3353	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3354	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3355	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3356	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3357	{ $$ = $2; }
3358	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3359	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3360	;
3361
3362	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3363	//
3364	// typedef int foo;
3365	// {
3366	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3367	// }
3368	//
3369	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3370	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3371
3372	paren_type:
3373	typedef_name
3374	{
3375	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3376	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3377	}
3378	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3379	{ $$ = $2; }
3380	;
3381
3382	variable_type_redeclarator:
3383	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3384	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3385	\| type_ptr
3386	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
3387	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3388	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
3389	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3390	;
3391
3392	type_ptr:
3393	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3394	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3395	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3396	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3397	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3398	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3399	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3400	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3401	;
3402
3403	type_array:
3404	paren_type array_dimension
3405	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3406	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3407	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3408	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3409	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3410	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3411	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3412	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3413	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3414	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3415	{ $$ = $2; }
3416	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3417	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3418	;
3419
3420	type_function:
3421	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3422	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3423	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3424	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3425	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3426	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3427	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3428	{ $$ = $2; }
3429	\| '(' attribute_list type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3430	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3431	;
3432
3433	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3434	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3435	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3436	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3437
3438	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3439	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3440	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3441	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3442	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3443	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3444	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3445	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3446	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3448	;
3449
3450	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3451	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3452	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3453	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3454	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3455	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3456	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3457	;
3458
3459	identifier_parameter_array:
3460	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3461	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3462	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3463	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3464	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3465	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3466	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3467	{ $$ = $2; }
3468	;
3469
3470	identifier_parameter_function:
3471	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3472	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3473	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3474	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3475	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3476	{ $$ = $2; }
3477	;
3478
3479	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3480	// e.g.:
3481	//
3482	// typedef int foo;
3483	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3484	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3485	//
3486	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3487
3488	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3489	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3490	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3491	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3492	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3493	\| type_parameter_ptr
3494	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3495	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3496	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3497	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3498	;
3499
3500	typedef_name:
3501	TYPEDEFname
3502	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3503	\| TYPEGENname
3504	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3505	;
3506
3507	type_parameter_ptr:
3508	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3509	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3510	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3511	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3512	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3513	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3514	;
3515
3516	type_parameter_array:
3517	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3518	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3519	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3520	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3521	;
3522
3523	type_parameter_function:
3524	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3525	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3526	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3527	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3528	;
3529
3530	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3531	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3532	//
3533	// sizeof( int );
3534	// sizeof( int * );
3535	// sizeof( int [10] );
3536	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3537	// sizeof( int () );
3538	//
3539	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3540	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3541
3542	abstract_declarator:
3543	abstract_ptr
3544	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3545	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3546	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3547	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3548	;
3549
3550	abstract_ptr:
3551	ptrref_operator
3552	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3553	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3554	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3555	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3556	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3557	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3558	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3559	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3560	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3561	;
3562
3563	abstract_array:
3564	array_dimension
3565	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3566	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3567	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3568	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3569	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3570	{ $$ = $2; }
3571	;
3572
3573	abstract_function:
3574	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3575	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3576	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3577	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3578	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3579	{ $$ = $2; }
3580	;
3581
3582	array_dimension:
3583	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3584	'[' ']'
3585	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3586	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3587	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3588	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']'
3589	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, 0, false ) ); }
3590	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3591	\| multi_array_dimension
3592	;
3593
3594	multi_array_dimension:
3595	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3596	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3597	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3598	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3599	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3600	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3601	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3602	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3603	;
3604
3605	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3606	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3607	//
3608	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3609	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3610	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3611	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3612	//
3613	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3614	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3615	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3616	//
3617	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3618	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3619	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3620	//
3621	// For example:
3622	//
3623	// typedef float T;
3624	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3625	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3626	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3627	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3628	//
3629	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3630	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3631	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3632	// functions.
3633
3634	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3635	abstract_parameter_ptr
3636	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3637	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3638	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3639	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3640	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3641	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3642	;
3643
3644	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3645	ptrref_operator
3646	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3647	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3648	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3649	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3650	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3651	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3652	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3653	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3654	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3655	;
3656
3657	abstract_parameter_array:
3658	array_parameter_dimension
3659	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3660	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3661	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3662	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3663	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3664	{ $$ = $2; }
3665	;
3666
3667	abstract_parameter_function:
3668	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3669	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3670	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3671	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3672	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3673	{ $$ = $2; }
3674	;
3675
3676	array_parameter_dimension:
3677	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3678	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3679	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3680	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3681	\| multi_array_dimension
3682	;
3683
3684	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3685	//
3686	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3687	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3688
3689	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3690	'[' ']'
3691	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3692	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3693	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3694	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3695	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3696	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3697	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3698	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3699	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3700	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3701	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3702	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3703	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3704	;
3705
3706	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3707	//
3708	// struct S {
3709	// int;
3710	// int *;
3711	// int [10];
3712	// int (*)();
3713	// };
3714
3715	variable_abstract_declarator:
3716	variable_abstract_ptr
3717	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3718	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3719	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3720	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3721	;
3722
3723	variable_abstract_ptr:
3724	ptrref_operator
3725	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3726	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3727	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3728	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3729	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3730	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3731	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3732	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3733	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3734	;
3735
3736	variable_abstract_array:
3737	array_dimension
3738	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3739	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3740	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3741	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3742	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3743	{ $$ = $2; }
3744	;
3745
3746	variable_abstract_function:
3747	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3748	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3749	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3750	{ $$ = $2; }
3751	;
3752
3753	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3754	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3755
3756	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3757	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3758	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3759	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3760	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3761	;
3762
3763	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3764	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3765	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3766	;
3767
3768	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3769	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3770	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3771	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3772	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3773	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3774	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3775	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3776	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3777	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3778	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3779	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3780	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3781	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3782	;
3783
3784	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3785	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3786	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3787	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3788	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3789	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3790	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3791	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3792	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3793	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3794	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3795	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3796	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3797
3798	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3799	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3800	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3801	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3802	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3803	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3804	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3805	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3806	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3807	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3808	;
3809
3810	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3811	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3813	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3814	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3815	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3816	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3817	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3818	// appear in this context.
3819	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3820	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3821	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3822	;
3823
3824	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3825	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3826	//
3827	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3828	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3829	//
3830	// These rules need LR(3):
3831	//
3832	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3833	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3834	//
3835	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3836	//
3837	// [int, int] t;
3838	// [int, int] f( int );
3839	//
3840	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3841	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3842	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3843	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3844
3845	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3846	cfa_abstract_tuple
3847	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3848	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3849	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3850	;
3851
3852	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3853	cfa_abstract_ptr
3854	\| cfa_abstract_array
3855	;
3856
3857	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3858	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3859	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3860	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3861	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3862	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3863	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3864	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3865	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3866	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3867	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3868	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3869	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3870	;
3871
3872	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3873	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3874	// empty (void) function return type.
3875	'[' ']' type_specifier
3876	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3877	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3878	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3879	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3880	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3881	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3882	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3883	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3884	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3885	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3886	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3887	;
3888
3889	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3890	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3891	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3892	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3893	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3894	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3895	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3896	;
3897
3898	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3899	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3900	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3901	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3902	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3903	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3904	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3905	;
3906
3907	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3908	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3909	//
3910	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3911	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3912	//
3913	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3914	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3915	//
3916	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3917	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3918
3919	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3920
3921	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3922	// empty
3923	\| ','
3924	;
3925
3926	default_initializer_opt:
3927	// empty
3928	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3929	\| '=' assignment_expression
3930	{ $$ = $2; }
3931	;
3932
3933	%%
3934
3935	// ----end of grammar----
3936
3937	// Local Variables: //
3938	// mode: c++ //
3939	// tab-width: 4 //
3940	// compile-command: "make install" //
3941	// End: //

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