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parser.yy @ 08ac489

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Last change on this file since 08ac489 was 0da3e2c, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
more refactoring of parser code
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 102.8 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Tue Aug 16 17:10:35 2016
13	// Update Count : 1898
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56
57	extern DeclarationNode *parseTree;
58	extern LinkageSpec::Type linkage;
59	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
60
61	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
62
63	void appendStr( std::string &to, std::string *from ) {
64	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
65	to.insert( to.length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
66	} // appendStr
67	%}
68
69	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
70
71	// keywords
72	%token TYPEDEF
73	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
74	%token INLINE // C99
75	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
76	%token CONST VOLATILE
77	%token RESTRICT // C99
78	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
79	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
80	%token VALIST // GCC
81	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
82	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
83	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
84	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
85	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
86	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
87	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
88	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
89	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
90	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
91
92	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
93	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
94	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
95	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
96	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
97
98	// multi-character operators
99	%token ARROW // ->
100	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
101	%token LS RS // << >>
102	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
103	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
104	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
105
106	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
107	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
108	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
109	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
110
111	%token ATassign // @=
112
113	// Types declaration
114	%union
115	{
116	Token tok;
117	ParseNode *pn;
118	ExpressionNode *en;
119	DeclarationNode *decl;
120	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
121	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
122	StatementNode *sn;
123	ConstantExpr *constant;
124	ForCtl *fctl;
125	LabelNode *label;
126	InitializerNode *in;
127	OperKinds op;
128	bool flag;
129	}
130
131	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
132	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
133	%type<constant> string_literal_list
134
135	// expressions
136	%type<en> constant
137	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
138	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
139	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
140	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
141	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
142	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
143	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
144	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
145	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
146	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
147	%type<en> subrange
148	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
149	%type<label> label_list
150	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
151	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
152
153	// statements
154	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
155	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
156	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
157	%type<sn> statement statement_list
158	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
159	%type<sn> case_clause
160	%type<en> case_value
161	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
162	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
163	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
164
165	// declarations
166	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
167	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
168	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
169
170	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
171	%type<decl> aggregate_name
172
173	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
174
175	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
176
177	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
178
179	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
180
181	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
182
183	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
184	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
185
186	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
187
188	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
189	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
190
191	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
192
193	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
194	%type<en> field field_list
195
196	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
197
198	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
199	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
200
201	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
202	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
203	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
204
205	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
206
207	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
208	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
209
210	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
211	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
212
213	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
214
215	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
216
217	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
218	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
219
220	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
221	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
222
223	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
224
225	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
226
227	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
228
229	%type<tclass> type_class
230	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
231
232	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
233	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
234	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
235	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
236
237	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
238	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
239
240	%type<en> type_name_list
241
242	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
243
244	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
245	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
246
247	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
248
249	// initializers
250	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
251
252	// designators
253	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
254
255
256	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
257	// is ambiguous:
258	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
259	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
260	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
261
262	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
263	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
264
265	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
266
267	%%
268	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
269
270	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
271	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
272	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
273	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
274	//
275	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
276	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
277	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
278	//
279	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
280	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
281	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
282	//
283	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
284	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
285	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
286	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
287	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
288	//
289	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
290	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
291	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
292	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
293	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
294	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
295	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
296
297	push:
298	{
299	typedefTable.enterScope();
300	}
301	;
302
303	pop:
304	{
305	typedefTable.leaveScope();
306	}
307	;
308
309	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
310
311	constant:
312	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
313	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
314	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
315	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
316	;
317
318	identifier:
319	IDENTIFIER
320	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
321	\| zero_one // CFA
322	;
323
324	no_01_identifier:
325	IDENTIFIER
326	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
327	;
328
329	no_attr_identifier:
330	IDENTIFIER
331	\| zero_one // CFA
332	;
333
334	zero_one: // CFA
335	ZERO
336	\| ONE
337	;
338
339	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
340	STRINGliteral { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
341	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
342	{
343	appendStr( $1->get_constant()->get_value(), $2 );
344	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
345	$$ = $1;
346	}
347	;
348
349	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
350
351	primary_expression:
352	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
353	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
354	\| zero_one
355	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
356	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
357	{ $$ = $2; }
358	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
359	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
360	;
361
362	postfix_expression:
363	primary_expression
364	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
365	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
366	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
367	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
368	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
369	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
370	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
371	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
372	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
373	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
374	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
375	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
376	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
377	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
378	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
379	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
380	\| postfix_expression ICR
381	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
382	\| postfix_expression DECR
383	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
384	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
385	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
386	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
387	{
388	Token fn;
389	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
390	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) );
391	}
392	;
393
394	argument_expression_list:
395	argument_expression
396	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
397	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
398	;
399
400	argument_expression:
401	// empty
402	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
403	\| assignment_expression
404	;
405
406	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
407	field
408	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
409	;
410
411	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
412	no_attr_identifier
413	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
414	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
415	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
416	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
417	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
418	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
419	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
420	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
421	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
422	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
423	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
424	;
425
426	unary_expression:
427	postfix_expression
428	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
429	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
430	\| constant
431	{ $$ = $1; }
432	\| string_literal_list
433	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
434	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
435	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
436	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
437	// { * X; } // dereference X
438	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
439	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
440	{
441	switch ( $1 ) {
442	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
443	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
444	break;
445	case OperKinds::PointTo:
446	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
447	break;
448	default:
449	assert( false );
450	}
451	}
452	\| unary_operator cast_expression
453	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
454	\| ICR unary_expression
455	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
456	\| DECR unary_expression
457	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
458	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
459	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
460	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
461	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
462	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
463	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
464	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
465	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
466	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
467	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
468	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
469	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
470	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
471	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
472	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
473	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
474	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
475	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
476	;
477
478	ptrref_operator:
479	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
480	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
481	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
482	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
483	;
484
485	unary_operator:
486	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
487	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
488	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
489	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
490	;
491
492	cast_expression:
493	unary_expression
494	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
495	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
496	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
497	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
498	;
499
500	multiplicative_expression:
501	cast_expression
502	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
503	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
504	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
505	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
506	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
507	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
508	;
509
510	additive_expression:
511	multiplicative_expression
512	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
513	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
514	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
515	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
516	;
517
518	shift_expression:
519	additive_expression
520	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
521	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
522	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
523	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
524	;
525
526	relational_expression:
527	shift_expression
528	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
529	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
530	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
532	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
534	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
535	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
536	;
537
538	equality_expression:
539	relational_expression
540	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
542	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
543	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
544	;
545
546	AND_expression:
547	equality_expression
548	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
549	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
550	;
551
552	exclusive_OR_expression:
553	AND_expression
554	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
555	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
556	;
557
558	inclusive_OR_expression:
559	exclusive_OR_expression
560	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
561	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
562	;
563
564	logical_AND_expression:
565	inclusive_OR_expression
566	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
567	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
568	;
569
570	logical_OR_expression:
571	logical_AND_expression
572	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
573	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
574	;
575
576	conditional_expression:
577	logical_OR_expression
578	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
579	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
580	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
581	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
583	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
585	;
586
587	constant_expression:
588	conditional_expression
589	;
590
591	assignment_expression:
592	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
593	conditional_expression
594	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
595	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
596	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
597	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
598	;
599
600	assignment_expression_opt:
601	// empty
602	{ $$ = nullptr; }
603	\| assignment_expression
604	;
605
606	assignment_operator:
607	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
608	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
609	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
610	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
611	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
612	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
613	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
614	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
615	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
616	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
617	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
618	;
619
620	tuple: // CFA, tuple
621	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
622	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
623	'[' ']'
624	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
625	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
626	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
627	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
628	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
629	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
630	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
631	;
632
633	tuple_expression_list:
634	assignment_expression_opt
635	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
636	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
637	;
638
639	comma_expression:
640	assignment_expression
641	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
642	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
643	;
644
645	comma_expression_opt:
646	// empty
647	{ $$ = 0; }
648	\| comma_expression
649	;
650
651	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
652
653	statement:
654	labeled_statement
655	\| compound_statement
656	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
657	\| selection_statement
658	\| iteration_statement
659	\| jump_statement
660	\| exception_statement
661	\| asm_statement
662	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
663	{
664	Token fn;
665	fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
666	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
667	}
668	;
669
670	labeled_statement:
671	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
672	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
673	{
674	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
675	}
676	;
677
678	compound_statement:
679	'{' '}'
680	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
681	\| '{'
682	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
683	// requires its own scope
684	push push
685	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
686	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
687	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
688	;
689
690	block_item_list: // C99
691	block_item
692	\| block_item_list push block_item
693	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
694	;
695
696	block_item:
697	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
698	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
699	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
700	{ // mark all fields in list
701	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != NULL; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
702	iter->set_extension( true );
703	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
704	}
705	\| function_definition
706	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
707	\| statement pop
708	;
709
710	statement_list:
711	statement
712	\| statement_list statement
713	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
714	;
715
716	expression_statement:
717	comma_expression_opt ';'
718	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
719	;
720
721	selection_statement:
722	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
723	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
724	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
725	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
726	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
727	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
728	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
729	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
730	{
731	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
732	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
733	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
734	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
735	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
736	// statement.
737	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
738	}
739	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
740	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
741	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
742	{
743	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
744	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
745	}
746	;
747
748	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
749	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
750
751	case_value: // CFA
752	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
753	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
754	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
755	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
756	;
757
758	case_value_list: // CFA
759	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
760	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
761	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
762	;
763
764	case_label: // CFA
765	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
766	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
767	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
768	;
769
770	case_label_list: // CFA
771	case_label
772	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
773	;
774
775	case_clause: // CFA
776	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
777	;
778
779	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
780	// empty
781	{ $$ = 0; }
782	\| switch_clause_list
783	;
784
785	switch_clause_list: // CFA
786	case_label_list statement_list
787	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
788	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
789	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
790	;
791
792	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
793	// empty
794	{ $$ = 0; }
795	\| choose_clause_list
796	;
797
798	choose_clause_list: // CFA
799	case_label_list fall_through
800	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
801	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
802	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
803	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
804	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
805	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
806	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
807	;
808
809	fall_through_opt: // CFA
810	// empty
811	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( "", BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
812	\| fall_through
813	;
814
815	fall_through: // CFA
816	FALLTHRU
817	{ $$ = 0; }
818	\| FALLTHRU ';'
819	{ $$ = 0; }
820	;
821
822	iteration_statement:
823	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
824	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
825	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
826	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2 ) ); }
827	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
828	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
829	;
830
831	for_control_expression:
832	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
833	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
834	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
835	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
836	;
837
838	jump_statement:
839	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
840	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( *$2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
841	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
842	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
843	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
844	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
845	\| CONTINUE ';'
846	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
847	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( "", BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
848	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
849	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
850	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( *$2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); delete $2; }
852	\| BREAK ';'
853	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
854	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( "", BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
855	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
856	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
857	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
858	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( *$2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); delete $2; }
859	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
860	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
861	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
862	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
863	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
864	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
865	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
866	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
867	;
868
869	exception_statement:
870	TRY compound_statement handler_list
871	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
872	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
873	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
874	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
875	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
876	;
877
878	handler_list:
879	handler_clause
880	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
881	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
882	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
883	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
884	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
885	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
886	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
887	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
888	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
889	;
890
891	handler_clause:
892	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
893	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
894	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
895	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
896	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
897	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
898	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
899	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
900	;
901
902	finally_clause:
903	FINALLY compound_statement
904	{
905	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
906	}
907	;
908
909	exception_declaration:
910	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
911	//
912	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
913	//
914	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
915	type_specifier
916	\| type_specifier declarator
917	{
918	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
919	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
920	}
921	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
922	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
923	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
924	{
925	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
926	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
927	}
928	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
929	;
930
931	asm_statement:
932	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
934	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
935	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
936	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
938	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
939	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
940	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
941	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
942	;
943
944	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
945	// empty
946	{ $$ = false; }
947	\| VOLATILE
948	{ $$ = true; }
949	;
950
951	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
952	// empty
953	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
954	\| asm_operands_list
955	;
956
957	asm_operands_list: // GCC
958	asm_operand
959	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
960	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
961	;
962
963	asm_operand: // GCC
964	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
965	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
966	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
967	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
968	;
969
970	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
971	// empty
972	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
973	\| string_literal_list
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
975	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
976	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
977	;
978
979	label_list:
980	no_attr_identifier
981	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 ); }
982	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
983	{ $$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 ); }
984	;
985
986	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
987
988	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
989	pop
990	{ $$ = 0; }
991	\| declaration_list
992	;
993
994	declaration_list:
995	declaration
996	\| declaration_list push declaration
997	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
998	;
999
1000	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1001	pop
1002	{ $$ = 0; }
1003	\| old_declaration_list
1004	;
1005
1006	old_declaration_list:
1007	old_declaration
1008	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1009	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1010	;
1011
1012	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1013	// empty
1014	\| local_label_declaration_list
1015	;
1016
1017	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1018	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1019	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1020	;
1021
1022	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1023	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1024	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1025	;
1026
1027	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1028	new_declaration
1029	\| old_declaration
1030	;
1031
1032	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1033	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1034	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1035	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1036	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1037	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1038	//
1039	// CFA C
1040	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1041	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1042
1043	new_declaration: // CFA
1044	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1045	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1046	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1047	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1048	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1049	;
1050
1051	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1052	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1053	{
1054	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1055	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1056	}
1057	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1058	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1059	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1060	{
1061	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1062	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1063	}
1064	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1065	{
1066	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1067	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1068	}
1069	;
1070
1071	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1072	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1073	// storage-class
1074	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1075	{
1076	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1077	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1078	}
1079	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1080	{
1081	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1082	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1083	}
1084	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1085	{
1086	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1087	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1088	}
1089	;
1090
1091	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1092	new_function_specifier
1093	{
1094	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1095	$$ = $1;
1096	}
1097	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1098	{
1099	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1100	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1101	}
1102	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1103	{
1104	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1105	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1106	}
1107	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1108	{
1109	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1110	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1111	}
1112	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1113	{
1114	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1115	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1116	}
1117	;
1118
1119	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1120	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1121	{
1122	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1123	}
1124	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1125	// {
1126	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1127	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1128	// }
1129	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1130	// {
1131	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1132	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1133	// }
1134	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1135	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1136	//
1137	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1138	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1139	//
1140	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1141	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1142	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1143	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1144	{
1145	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1146	}
1147	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1148	{
1149	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1150	}
1151	;
1152
1153	new_function_return: // CFA
1154	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1155	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1156	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1157	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1158	// ']'.
1159	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1160	;
1161
1162	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1163	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1164	{
1165	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1166	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1167	}
1168	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1169	{
1170	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1171	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1172	}
1173	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1174	{
1175	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1176	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1177	}
1178	;
1179
1180	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1181	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1182
1183	typedef_declaration:
1184	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1185	{
1186	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1187	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1188	}
1189	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1190	{
1191	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1192	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1193	}
1194	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1195	{
1196	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1197	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1198	}
1199	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1200	{
1201	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1202	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1203	}
1204	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1205	{
1206	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1207	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1208	}
1209	;
1210
1211	typedef_expression:
1212	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1213	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1214	{
1215	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1216	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1217	}
1218	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1219	{
1220	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1221	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1222	}
1223	;
1224
1225	old_declaration:
1226	declaring_list pop ';'
1227	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1228	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1229	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1230	;
1231
1232	declaring_list:
1233	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1234	// storage-class
1235	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1236	{
1237	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1238	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1239	}
1240	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1241	{
1242	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1243	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1244	}
1245	;
1246
1247	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1248	basic_declaration_specifier
1249	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1250	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1251	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1252	;
1253
1254	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1255	basic_type_specifier
1256	\| sue_type_specifier
1257	\| typedef_type_specifier
1258	\| typegen_type_specifier
1259	;
1260
1261	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1262	// empty
1263	{ $$ = 0; }
1264	\| type_qualifier_list
1265	;
1266
1267	type_qualifier_list:
1268	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1269	//
1270	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1271	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1272	// appeared only once.
1273	type_qualifier
1274	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1275	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1276	;
1277
1278	type_qualifier:
1279	type_qualifier_name
1280	\| attribute
1281	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1282	;
1283
1284	type_qualifier_name:
1285	CONST
1286	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1287	\| RESTRICT
1288	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1289	\| VOLATILE
1290	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1291	\| LVALUE // CFA
1292	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1293	\| ATOMIC
1294	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1295	\| FORALL '('
1296	{
1297	typedefTable.enterScope();
1298	}
1299	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1300	{
1301	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1302	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1303	}
1304	;
1305
1306	declaration_qualifier_list:
1307	storage_class_list
1308	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1309	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1310	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1311	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1312	;
1313
1314	storage_class_list:
1315	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1316	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1317	//
1318	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1319	// specifiers in a declaration.
1320	storage_class
1321	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1322	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1323	;
1324
1325	storage_class:
1326	EXTERN
1327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1328	\| STATIC
1329	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1330	\| AUTO
1331	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1332	\| REGISTER
1333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1334	\| INLINE // C99
1335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1336	\| FORTRAN // C99
1337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1338	\| NORETURN // C11
1339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1340	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1342	;
1343
1344	basic_type_name:
1345	CHAR
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1347	\| DOUBLE
1348	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1349	\| FLOAT
1350	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1351	\| INT
1352	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1353	\| LONG
1354	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1355	\| SHORT
1356	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1357	\| SIGNED
1358	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1359	\| UNSIGNED
1360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1361	\| VOID
1362	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1363	\| BOOL // C99
1364	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1365	\| COMPLEX // C99
1366	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1367	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1368	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1369	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1370	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1371	;
1372
1373	basic_declaration_specifier:
1374	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1375	basic_type_specifier
1376	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1377	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1378	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1379	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1380	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1381	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1382	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1383	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1384	;
1385
1386	basic_type_specifier:
1387	direct_type_name
1388	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1389	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1390	;
1391
1392	direct_type_name:
1393	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1394	basic_type_name
1395	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1396	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1397	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1398	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1399	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1400	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1401	;
1402
1403	indirect_type_name:
1404	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1405	{ $$ = $3; }
1406	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1407	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1408	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1409	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1410	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1412	;
1413
1414	sue_declaration_specifier:
1415	sue_type_specifier
1416	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1417	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1418	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1419	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1420	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1421	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1422	;
1423
1424	sue_type_specifier:
1425	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1426	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1427	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1428	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1429	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1430	;
1431
1432	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1433	typedef_type_specifier
1434	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1435	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1436	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1437	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1438	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1439	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1440	;
1441
1442	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1443	TYPEDEFname
1444	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1445	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1446	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1447	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1448	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1449	;
1450
1451	elaborated_type_name:
1452	aggregate_name
1453	\| enum_name
1454	;
1455
1456	aggregate_name:
1457	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3, true ); }
1459	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1460	{
1461	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1462	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, false );
1463	}
1464	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1465	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1466	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1467	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $5, true ); }
1468	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1469	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6, false ); }
1470	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1471	{ $$ = $2; }
1472	;
1473
1474	aggregate_key:
1475	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1477	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1478	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1479	;
1480
1481	field_declaration_list:
1482	// empty
1483	{ $$ = 0; }
1484	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1485	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1486	;
1487
1488	field_declaration:
1489	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1490	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1491	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1492	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1493	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1494	{ // mark all fields in list
1495	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != NULL; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1496	iter->set_extension( true );
1497	$$ = $2;
1498	}
1499	;
1500
1501	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1502	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1503	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1504	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1505	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1506	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1507	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1508	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1509	;
1510
1511	field_declaring_list:
1512	type_specifier field_declarator
1513	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1514	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1515	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1516	;
1517
1518	field_declarator:
1519	// empty
1520	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1521	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1522	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1523	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1524	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1525	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1526	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1527	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1528	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1529	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1530	;
1531
1532	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1533	// empty
1534	{ $$ = 0; }
1535	\| bit_subrange_size
1536	{ $$ = $1; }
1537	;
1538
1539	bit_subrange_size:
1540	':' constant_expression
1541	{ $$ = $2; }
1542	;
1543
1544	enum_key:
1545	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1546	;
1547
1548	enum_name:
1549	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1550	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1551	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1552	{
1553	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1554	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1555	}
1556	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1557	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1558	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1559	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1560	;
1561
1562	enumerator_list:
1563	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1564	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1565	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1566	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1567	;
1568
1569	enumerator_value_opt:
1570	// empty
1571	{ $$ = 0; }
1572	\| '=' constant_expression
1573	{ $$ = $2; }
1574	;
1575
1576	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1577
1578	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1579	// empty
1580	{ $$ = 0; }
1581	\| new_parameter_type_list
1582	;
1583
1584	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1585	new_abstract_parameter_list
1586	\| new_parameter_list
1587	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1588	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1589	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1590	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1591	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1592	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1593	;
1594
1595	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1596	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1597	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1598	new_parameter_declaration
1599	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1600	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1601	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1602	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1603	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1604	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1605	;
1606
1607	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1608	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1609	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1610	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1611	;
1612
1613	parameter_type_list_opt:
1614	// empty
1615	{ $$ = 0; }
1616	\| parameter_type_list
1617	;
1618
1619	parameter_type_list:
1620	parameter_list
1621	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1622	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1623	;
1624
1625	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1626	abstract_parameter_declaration
1627	\| parameter_declaration
1628	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1629	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1630	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1631	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1632	;
1633
1634	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1635	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1636
1637	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1638	parameter_declaration
1639	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1640	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1641	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1642	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1643	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1644	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1645	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1646	\| new_function_specifier
1647	;
1648
1649	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1650	abstract_parameter_declaration
1651	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1652	\| new_abstract_tuple
1653	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1654	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1655	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1656	\| new_abstract_function
1657	;
1658
1659	parameter_declaration:
1660	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1661	{
1662	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1663	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1664	}
1665	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1666	{
1667	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1668	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1669	}
1670	;
1671
1672	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1673	declaration_specifier
1674	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1675	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1676	;
1677
1678	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1679	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1680	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1681
1682	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1683	no_attr_identifier
1684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1685	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1686	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1687	;
1688
1689	identifier_or_type_name:
1690	identifier
1691	\| TYPEDEFname
1692	\| TYPEGENname
1693	;
1694
1695	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1696	no_01_identifier
1697	\| TYPEDEFname
1698	\| TYPEGENname
1699	;
1700
1701	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1702	no_attr_identifier
1703	\| TYPEDEFname
1704	\| TYPEGENname
1705	;
1706
1707	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1708	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1709	\| type_specifier
1710	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1711	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1712	;
1713
1714	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1715	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1716	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1717	\| type_specifier
1718	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1719	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1720	;
1721
1722	initializer_opt:
1723	// empty
1724	{ $$ = 0; }
1725	\| '=' initializer
1726	{ $$ = $2; }
1727	\| ATassign initializer
1728	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1729	;
1730
1731	initializer:
1732	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1733	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1734	;
1735
1736	initializer_list:
1737	// empty
1738	{ $$ = 0; }
1739	\| initializer
1740	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1741	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1742	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1743	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1744	;
1745
1746	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1747	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1748	//
1749	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1750	//
1751	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1752	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1753	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1754	// shift/reduce conflicts
1755
1756	designation:
1757	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1758	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1759	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1760	;
1761
1762	designator_list: // C99
1763	designator
1764	\| designator_list designator
1765	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1766	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1767	;
1768
1769	designator:
1770	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1771	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1772	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1773	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1774	{ $$ = $3; }
1775	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1776	{ $$ = $3; }
1777	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1779	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1780	{ $$ = $4; }
1781	;
1782
1783	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1784	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1785	//
1786	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1787	//
1788	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1789	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1790	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1791	//
1792	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1793	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1794	//
1795	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1796	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1797	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1798	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1799	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1800
1801	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1802	typegen_type_specifier
1803	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1804	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1805	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1806	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1807	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1808	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1809	;
1810
1811	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1812	typegen_name
1813	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1814	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1815	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1816	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1817	;
1818
1819	typegen_name: // CFA
1820	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1821	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1822	;
1823
1824	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1825	type_parameter assignment_opt
1826	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1827	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1828	;
1829
1830	type_parameter: // CFA
1831	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1832	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1833	assertion_list_opt
1834	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1835	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1836	;
1837
1838	type_class: // CFA
1839	OTYPE
1840	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1841	\| DTYPE
1842	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1843	\| FTYPE
1844	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1845	;
1846
1847	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1848	// empty
1849	{ $$ = 0; }
1850	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1851	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1852	;
1853
1854	assertion: // CFA
1855	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1856	{
1857	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1858	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1859	}
1860	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1861	{ $$ = $4; }
1862	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1863	{ $$ = 0; }
1864	;
1865
1866	type_name_list: // CFA
1867	type_name
1868	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1869	\| assignment_expression
1870	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1871	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1872	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1873	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1874	;
1875
1876	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1877	OTYPE type_declarator
1878	{ $$ = $2; }
1879	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1880	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1881	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1882	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1883	;
1884
1885	type_declarator: // CFA
1886	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1887	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1888	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1889	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1890	;
1891
1892	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1893	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1894	{
1895	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1896	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1897	}
1898	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1899	{
1900	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1901	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1902	}
1903	;
1904
1905	trait_specifier: // CFA
1906	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1907	{
1908	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1909	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1910	}
1911	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1912	{
1913	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1914	typedefTable.enterScope();
1915	}
1916	trait_declaration_list '}'
1917	{
1918	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1919	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1920	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1921	}
1922	;
1923
1924	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1925	trait_declaration
1926	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1927	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1928	;
1929
1930	trait_declaration: // CFA
1931	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1932	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1933	;
1934
1935	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1936	new_variable_specifier
1937	{
1938	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1939	$$ = $1;
1940	}
1941	\| new_function_specifier
1942	{
1943	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1944	$$ = $1;
1945	}
1946	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1947	{
1948	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1949	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1950	}
1951	;
1952
1953	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1954	type_specifier declarator
1955	{
1956	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1957	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1958	}
1959	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1960	{
1961	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1962	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1963	}
1964	;
1965
1966	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1967
1968	translation_unit:
1969	// empty
1970	{} // empty input file
1971	\| external_definition_list
1972	{
1973	if ( parseTree ) {
1974	parseTree->appendList( $1 );
1975	} else {
1976	parseTree = $1;
1977	}
1978	}
1979	;
1980
1981	external_definition_list:
1982	external_definition
1983	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1984	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1985	;
1986
1987	external_definition_list_opt:
1988	// empty
1989	{ $$ = 0; }
1990	\| external_definition_list
1991	;
1992
1993	external_definition:
1994	declaration
1995	\| external_function_definition
1996	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1997	{}
1998	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1999	{
2000	linkageStack.push( linkage );
2001	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
2002	}
2003	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2004	{
2005	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2006	linkageStack.pop();
2007	$$ = $5;
2008	}
2009	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2010	{ // mark all fields in list
2011	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != NULL; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2012	iter->set_extension( true );
2013	$$ = $2;
2014	}
2015	;
2016
2017	external_function_definition:
2018	function_definition
2019	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2020	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2021	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2022	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2023	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2024	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2025	{
2026	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2027	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2028	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2029	}
2030	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2031	{
2032	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2033	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2034	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2035	}
2036	;
2037
2038	function_definition:
2039	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2040	{
2041	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2042	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2043	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2044	}
2045	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2046	{
2047	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2048	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2049	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2050	}
2051	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2052	{
2053	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2054	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2055	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2056	}
2057	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2058	{
2059	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2060	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2061	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2062	}
2063	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2064	{
2065	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2066	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2067	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2068	}
2069
2070	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2071	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2072	{
2073	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2074	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2075	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2076	}
2077	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2078	{
2079	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2080	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2081	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2082	}
2083
2084	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2085	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2086	{
2087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2088	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2089	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2090	}
2091	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2092	{
2093	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2094	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2095	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2096	}
2097	;
2098
2099	declarator:
2100	variable_declarator
2101	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2102	\| function_declarator
2103	;
2104
2105	subrange:
2106	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2107	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2108	;
2109
2110	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2111	// empty
2112	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2113	;
2114
2115	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2116	// empty
2117	{ $$ = 0; }
2118	\| attribute_list
2119	;
2120
2121	attribute_list: // GCC
2122	attribute
2123	\| attribute_list attribute
2124	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2125	;
2126
2127	attribute: // GCC
2128	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2129	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2130	{ $$ = 0; }
2131	;
2132
2133	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2134	attrib
2135	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2136	;
2137
2138	attrib: // GCC
2139	// empty
2140	\| any_word
2141	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2142	;
2143
2144	any_word: // GCC
2145	identifier_or_type_name {}
2146	\| storage_class {}
2147	\| basic_type_name {}
2148	\| type_qualifier {}
2149	;
2150
2151	// ============================================================================
2152	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2153	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2154	// in:
2155	//
2156	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2157	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2158	//
2159	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2160	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2161	// ============================================================================
2162
2163	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2164	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2165	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2166	//
2167	// valid declaration invalid definition
2168	// ----------------- ------------------
2169	// int f; int f {}
2170	// int f; int f {}
2171	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2172	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2173	//
2174	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2175	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2176	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2177
2178	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2179	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2180
2181	variable_declarator:
2182	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2183	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2184	\| variable_ptr
2185	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2186	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2187	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2188	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2189	;
2190
2191	paren_identifier:
2192	identifier
2193	{
2194	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2195	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2196	}
2197	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2198	{ $$ = $2; }
2199	;
2200
2201	variable_ptr:
2202	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2203	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2204	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2205	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2206	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2207	{ $$ = $2; }
2208	;
2209
2210	variable_array:
2211	paren_identifier array_dimension
2212	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2213	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2214	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2215	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2216	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2217	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2218	{ $$ = $2; }
2219	;
2220
2221	variable_function:
2222	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2223	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2224	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2225	{ $$ = $2; }
2226	;
2227
2228	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2229	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2230	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2231
2232	function_declarator:
2233	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2234	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2235	\| function_ptr
2236	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2237	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2238	;
2239
2240	function_no_ptr:
2241	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2242	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2243	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2244	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2245	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2246	{ $$ = $2; }
2247	;
2248
2249	function_ptr:
2250	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2251	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2252	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2253	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2254	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2255	{ $$ = $2; }
2256	;
2257
2258	function_array:
2259	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2260	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2261	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2262	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2263	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2264	{ $$ = $2; }
2265	;
2266
2267	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2268	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2269	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2270
2271	old_function_declarator:
2272	old_function_no_ptr
2273	\| old_function_ptr
2274	\| old_function_array
2275	;
2276
2277	old_function_no_ptr:
2278	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2279	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2280	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2281	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2282	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2283	{ $$ = $2; }
2284	;
2285
2286	old_function_ptr:
2287	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2288	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2289	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2290	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2291	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2292	{ $$ = $2; }
2293	;
2294
2295	old_function_array:
2296	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2297	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2298	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2299	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2300	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2301	{ $$ = $2; }
2302	;
2303
2304	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2305	//
2306	// typedef int foo;
2307	// {
2308	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2309	// }
2310	//
2311	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2312	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2313
2314	variable_type_redeclarator:
2315	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2316	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2317	\| type_ptr
2318	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2319	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2320	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2321	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2322	;
2323
2324	paren_type:
2325	typedef
2326	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2327	{ $$ = $2; }
2328	;
2329
2330	type_ptr:
2331	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2332	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2333	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2334	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2335	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2336	{ $$ = $2; }
2337	;
2338
2339	type_array:
2340	paren_type array_dimension
2341	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2342	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2343	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2344	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2345	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2346	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2347	{ $$ = $2; }
2348	;
2349
2350	type_function:
2351	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2352	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2353	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2354	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2355	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2356	{ $$ = $2; }
2357	;
2358
2359	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2360	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2361	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2362	// arrays and functions.
2363
2364	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2365	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2366	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2367	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2368	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2369	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2370	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2371	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2372	;
2373
2374	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2375	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2376	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2377	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2378	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2379	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2380	{ $$ = $2; }
2381	;
2382
2383	identifier_parameter_array:
2384	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2385	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2386	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2387	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2388	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2389	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2390	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2391	{ $$ = $2; }
2392	;
2393
2394	identifier_parameter_function:
2395	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2396	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2397	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2398	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2399	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2400	{ $$ = $2; }
2401	;
2402
2403	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2404	// e.g.:
2405	//
2406	// typedef int foo;
2407	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2408	//
2409	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2410	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2411	//
2412	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2413	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2414	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2415	//
2416	// For example:
2417	//
2418	// typedef float T;
2419	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2420	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2421	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2422	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2423	//
2424	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2425	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2426	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2427	// functions.
2428
2429	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2430	typedef attribute_list_opt
2431	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2432	\| type_parameter_ptr
2433	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2434	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2435	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2436	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2437	;
2438
2439	typedef:
2440	TYPEDEFname
2441	{
2442	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2443	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2444	}
2445	\| TYPEGENname
2446	{
2447	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2448	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2449	}
2450	;
2451
2452	type_parameter_ptr:
2453	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2454	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2455	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2456	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2457	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2458	{ $$ = $2; }
2459	;
2460
2461	type_parameter_array:
2462	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2463	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2464	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2465	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2466	;
2467
2468	type_parameter_function:
2469	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2470	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2471	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2472	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2473	;
2474
2475	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2476	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2477	//
2478	// sizeof( int );
2479	// sizeof( int [10] );
2480	//
2481	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2482	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2483
2484	abstract_declarator:
2485	abstract_ptr
2486	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2487	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2488	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2489	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2490	;
2491
2492	abstract_ptr:
2493	ptrref_operator
2494	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2495	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2496	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2497	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2498	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2499	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2500	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2501	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2502	{ $$ = $2; }
2503	;
2504
2505	abstract_array:
2506	array_dimension
2507	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2508	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2509	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2510	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2511	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2512	{ $$ = $2; }
2513	;
2514
2515	abstract_function:
2516	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2517	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2518	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2519	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2520	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2521	{ $$ = $2; }
2522	;
2523
2524	array_dimension:
2525	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2526	'[' ']'
2527	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2528	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2529	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2530	\| multi_array_dimension
2531	;
2532
2533	multi_array_dimension:
2534	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2535	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2536	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2537	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2538	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2539	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2540	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2541	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2542	;
2543
2544	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2545	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2546	//
2547	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2548	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2549	//
2550	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2551	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2552
2553	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2554	abstract_parameter_ptr
2555	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2556	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2557	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2558	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2559	;
2560
2561	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2562	ptrref_operator
2563	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2564	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2565	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2566	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2567	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2568	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2569	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2570	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2571	{ $$ = $2; }
2572	;
2573
2574	abstract_parameter_array:
2575	array_parameter_dimension
2576	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2577	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2578	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2579	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2580	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2581	{ $$ = $2; }
2582	;
2583
2584	abstract_parameter_function:
2585	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2586	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2587	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2588	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2589	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2590	{ $$ = $2; }
2591	;
2592
2593	array_parameter_dimension:
2594	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2595	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2596	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2597	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2598	\| multi_array_dimension
2599	;
2600
2601	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2602	//
2603	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2604	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2605
2606	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2607	'[' ']'
2608	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2609	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2610	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2611	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2612	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2613	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2614	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2615	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2616	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2617	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2618	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2619	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2620	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2621	;
2622
2623	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2624	// e.g.:
2625	//
2626	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2627	//
2628	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2629	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2630
2631	variable_abstract_declarator:
2632	variable_abstract_ptr
2633	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2634	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2635	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2636	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2637	;
2638
2639	variable_abstract_ptr:
2640	ptrref_operator
2641	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2642	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2643	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2644	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2645	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2646	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2647	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2648	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2649	{ $$ = $2; }
2650	;
2651
2652	variable_abstract_array:
2653	array_dimension
2654	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2655	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2656	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2657	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2658	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2659	{ $$ = $2; }
2660	;
2661
2662	variable_abstract_function:
2663	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2664	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2665	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2666	{ $$ = $2; }
2667	;
2668
2669	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2670	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2671
2672	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2673	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2674	\| new_abstract_tuple
2675	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2676	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2677	;
2678
2679	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2680	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2681	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2682	;
2683
2684	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2685	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2686	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2687	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2688	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2689	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2690	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2691	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2692	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2693	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2694	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2695	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2696	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2697	;
2698
2699	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2700	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2701	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2702	'[' ']' type_specifier
2703	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2704	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2705	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2706	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2707	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2708	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2709	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2710	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2711	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2712	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2713	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2714	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2715	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2716	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2717	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2718	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2719	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2720	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2721	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2722	;
2723
2724	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2725	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2726	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2727	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2728	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2729	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2730	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2731	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2732	// appear in this context.
2733	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2734	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2735	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2736	;
2737
2738	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2739	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2740	//
2741	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2742	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2743	//
2744	// These rules need LR(3):
2745	//
2746	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2747	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2748	//
2749	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2750	//
2751	// [int, int] t;
2752	// [int, int] f( int );
2753	//
2754	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2755	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2756	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2757	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2758
2759	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2760	new_abstract_tuple
2761	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2762	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2763	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2764	;
2765
2766	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2767	new_abstract_ptr
2768	\| new_abstract_array
2769	;
2770
2771	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2772	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2773	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2774	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2775	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2776	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2777	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2778	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2779	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2780	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2781	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2782	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2783	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2784	;
2785
2786	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2787	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2788	// empty (void) function return type.
2789	'[' ']' type_specifier
2790	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2791	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2792	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2793	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2794	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2795	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2796	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2797	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2798	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2799	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2800	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2801	;
2802
2803	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2804	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2806	;
2807
2808	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2809	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2810	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2811	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2812	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2813	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2814	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2815	;
2816
2817	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2818	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2819	//
2820	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2821	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2822	//
2823	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2824	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2825	//
2826	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2827	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2828
2829	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2830
2831	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2832	// empty
2833	\| ','
2834	;
2835
2836	assignment_opt:
2837	// empty
2838	{ $$ = 0; }
2839	\| '=' assignment_expression
2840	{ $$ = $2; }
2841	;
2842
2843	%%
2844	// ----end of grammar----
2845
2846	extern char *yytext;
2847
2848	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2849	std::cout << "Error ";
2850	if ( yyfilename ) {
2851	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2852	} // if
2853	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2854	}
2855
2856	// Local Variables: //
2857	// mode: c++ //
2858	// tab-width: 4 //
2859	// compile-command: "make install" //
2860	// End: //

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