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Last change on this file since 8217e8f was 9236060, checked in by Rob Schluntz <rschlunt@…>, 8 years ago
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Aug 4 13:33:00 2017
13	// Update Count : 2475
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
54	using namespace std;
55
56	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
57	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
58	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
59
60	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
61
62	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
63	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
64	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
65	} // appendStr
66
67	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
68	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
69	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
70	//cur->addType( specifier );
71	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
72	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
73	} // for
74	declList->addType( cl );
75	// delete cl;
76	return declList;
77	} // distAttr
78
79	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
80	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
81	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
82	iter->set_extension( true );
83	} // for
84	} // distExt
85
86	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
87	%}
88
89	// Types declaration
90	%union
91	{
92	Token tok;
93	ParseNode * pn;
94	ExpressionNode * en;
95	DeclarationNode * decl;
96	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
97	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
98	StatementNode * sn;
99	ConstantExpr * constant;
100	ForCtl * fctl;
101	LabelNode * label;
102	InitializerNode * in;
103	OperKinds op;
104	std::string * str;
105	bool flag;
106	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
107	}
108
109	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
110
111	// keywords
112	%token TYPEDEF
113	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
114	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
115	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
116	%token NORETURN // C11
117	%token CONST VOLATILE
118	%token RESTRICT // C99
119	%token ATOMIC // C11
120	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL // CFA
121	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
122	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
123	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
124	%token VALIST // GCC
125	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
126	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
127	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
128	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
129	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
130	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
131	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
132	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT WITH // CFA
133	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
134	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
135
136	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
137	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
138	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
139	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
140	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
141	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
142	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
143	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
144
145	// multi-character operators
146	%token ARROW // ->
147	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
148	%token LS RS // << >>
149	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
150	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
151	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
152
153	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
154	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
155	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
156	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
157
158	%token ATassign // @=
159
160	%type<tok> identifier no_attr_identifier
161	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
162	%type<constant> string_literal
163	%type<str> string_literal_list
164
165	// expressions
166	%type<en> constant
167	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
168	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
169	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
170	%type<en> cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
171	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
172	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
173	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
174	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
175	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
176	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initialize_opt
177	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
178	%type<en> subrange
179	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
180	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
181	%type<label> label_list
182	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
183	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
184	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
185
186	// statements
187	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
188	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
189	%type<sn> with_statement exception_statement asm_statement
190	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
191	%type<sn> statement statement_list
192	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
193	%type<sn> with_clause_opt
194	%type<en> case_value
195	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
196	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
197	%type<sn> /* handler_list */ handler_clause finally_clause
198	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
199
200	// declarations
201	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
202	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
203	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
204
205	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
206	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
207
208	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
209
210	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
211
212	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
213
214	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
215
216	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
217	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
218
219	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
220
221	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
222	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
223
224	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
225
226	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
227	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
228
229	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
230
231	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
232	%type<decl> identifier_list
233
234	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
235	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
236	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
237
238	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
239
240	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
241	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
242
243	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
244	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
245
246	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
247
248	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
249
250	%type<decl> c_declaration
251	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
252	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
253
254	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
255	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
256
257	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
258
259	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
260
261	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
262
263	%type<tclass> type_class
264	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
265
266	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
267	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
268
269	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
270
271	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
272
273	%type<decl> type type_no_function
274	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
275
276	%type<en> type_list
277
278	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
279	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
280
281	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
282	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
283
284	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
285
286	// initializers
287	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
288
289	// designators
290	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
291
292
293	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
294	// is ambiguous:
295	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
296	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
297	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
298
299	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
300	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
301
302	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
303
304	%%
305	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
306
307	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
308	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
309	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
310	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
311	//
312	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
313	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
314	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
315	//
316	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
317	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
318	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
319	//
320	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
321	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
322	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
323	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
324	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
325	//
326	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
327	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
328	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
329	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
330	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
331	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
332	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
333
334	push:
335	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
336	;
337
338	pop:
339	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
340	;
341
342	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
343
344	constant:
345	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
346	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
347	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
348	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
349	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
350	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
351	;
352
353	identifier:
354	IDENTIFIER
355	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
356	;
357
358	no_attr_identifier:
359	IDENTIFIER
360	;
361
362	string_literal:
363	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
364	;
365
366	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
367	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
368	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
369	{
370	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
371	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
372	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
373	}
374	;
375
376	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
377
378	primary_expression:
379	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
380	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
381	\| tuple
382	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
383	{ $$ = $2; }
384	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
385	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
386	\| primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
387	{
388	Token fn;
389	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
390	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
391	}
392	\| type_name '.' no_attr_identifier // CFA, nested type
393	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
394	\| type_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
395	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
396	;
397
398	postfix_expression:
399	primary_expression
400	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
401	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
402	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
403	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
404	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
405	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
406	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
407	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
408	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
409	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
410	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
411	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
412	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
413	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
414	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
415	{
416	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
417	}
418	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
419	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
420	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
421	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
422	\| postfix_expression ICR
423	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
424	\| postfix_expression DECR
425	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
426	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
428	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
429	{
430	Token fn;
431	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
432	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
433	}
434	;
435
436	argument_expression_list:
437	argument_expression
438	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
439	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
440	;
441
442	argument_expression:
443	// empty
444	{ $$ = nullptr; }
445	// \| '@' // use default argument
446	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
447	\| assignment_expression
448	;
449
450	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
451	field
452	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
453	;
454
455	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
456	field_name
457	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
458	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
459	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
460	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
461	\| field_name '.' field
462	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
463	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
464	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
465	\| field_name ARROW field
466	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
467	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
468	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
469	;
470
471	field_name:
472	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
473	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
474	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
475	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
476	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
477	{
478	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
479	}
480	;
481
482	fraction_constants:
483	// empty
484	{ $$ = nullptr; }
485	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
486	{
487	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
488	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
489	}
490	;
491
492	unary_expression:
493	postfix_expression
494	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
495	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
496	\| constant
497	{ $$ = $1; }
498	\| string_literal
499	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
500	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
501	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
502	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
503	// { * X; } // dereference X
504	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
505	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
506	{
507	switch ( $1 ) {
508	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
509	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
510	break;
511	case OperKinds::PointTo:
512	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
513	break;
514	default:
515	assert( false );
516	}
517	}
518	\| unary_operator cast_expression
519	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
520	\| ICR unary_expression
521	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
522	\| DECR unary_expression
523	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
524	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
525	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
526	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
527	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
528	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
529	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
530	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
532	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
534	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
535	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
536	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
537	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
538	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type ')'
539	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
540	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
541	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
542	;
543
544	ptrref_operator:
545	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
546	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
547	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
548	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
549	;
550
551	unary_operator:
552	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
553	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
554	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
555	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
556	;
557
558	cast_expression:
559	unary_expression
560	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
561	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
562	// VIRTUAL cannot be opt because of look ahead issues
563	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression
564	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( nullptr, $4 ) ); }
565	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression
566	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_virtual_cast( $3, $5 ) ); }
567	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
568	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
569	;
570
571	exponential_expression:
572	cast_expression
573	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
575	;
576
577	multiplicative_expression:
578	exponential_expression
579	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
580	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
581	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
585	;
586
587	additive_expression:
588	multiplicative_expression
589	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
590	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
591	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
593	;
594
595	shift_expression:
596	additive_expression
597	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
598	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
599	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	;
602
603	relational_expression:
604	shift_expression
605	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
606	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
607	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
608	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
609	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
610	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
611	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
612	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
613	;
614
615	equality_expression:
616	relational_expression
617	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
618	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
619	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
620	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
621	;
622
623	AND_expression:
624	equality_expression
625	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
626	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
627	;
628
629	exclusive_OR_expression:
630	AND_expression
631	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
632	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
633	;
634
635	inclusive_OR_expression:
636	exclusive_OR_expression
637	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
638	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
639	;
640
641	logical_AND_expression:
642	inclusive_OR_expression
643	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
644	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
645	;
646
647	logical_OR_expression:
648	logical_AND_expression
649	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
650	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
651	;
652
653	conditional_expression:
654	logical_OR_expression
655	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
657	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
658	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
659	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
660	;
661
662	constant_expression:
663	conditional_expression
664	;
665
666	assignment_expression:
667	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
668	conditional_expression
669	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
671	;
672
673	assignment_expression_opt:
674	// empty
675	{ $$ = nullptr; }
676	\| assignment_expression
677	;
678
679	assignment_operator:
680	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
681	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
682	\| EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
683	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
684	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
685	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
686	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
687	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
688	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
689	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
690	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
691	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
692	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
693	;
694
695	tuple: // CFA, tuple
696	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
697	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
698	// '[' ']'
699	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
700	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
701	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
702	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
703	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
704	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
705	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
706	;
707
708	tuple_expression_list:
709	assignment_expression_opt
710	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
711	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
712	;
713
714	comma_expression:
715	assignment_expression
716	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
717	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
718	;
719
720	comma_expression_opt:
721	// empty
722	{ $$ = nullptr; }
723	\| comma_expression
724	;
725
726	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
727
728	statement:
729	labeled_statement
730	\| compound_statement
731	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
732	\| selection_statement
733	\| iteration_statement
734	\| jump_statement
735	\| with_statement
736	\| exception_statement
737	\| asm_statement
738
739	labeled_statement:
740	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
741	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
742	{
743	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
744	}
745	;
746
747	compound_statement:
748	'{' '}'
749	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
750	\| '{'
751	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
752	// requires its own scope.
753	push push
754	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
755	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
756	pop '}'
757	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
758	;
759
760	block_item_list: // C99
761	block_item
762	\| block_item_list push block_item
763	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
764	;
765
766	block_item:
767	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
768	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
769	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
770	{
771	distExt( $2 );
772	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
773	}
774	\| function_definition
775	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
776	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
777	{
778	distExt( $2 );
779	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
780	}
781	\| statement pop
782	;
783
784	statement_list:
785	statement
786	\| statement_list statement
787	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
788	;
789
790	expression_statement:
791	comma_expression_opt ';'
792	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
793	;
794
795	selection_statement:
796	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
797	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
798	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
799	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
800	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
801	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
802	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
803	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
804	{
805	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
806	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
807	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
808	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
809	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
810	// statement.
811	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
812	}
813	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
814	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
815	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
816	{
817	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
818	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
819	}
820	;
821
822	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
823	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
824
825	case_value: // CFA
826	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
827	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
829	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
830	;
831
832	case_value_list: // CFA
833	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
834	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
835	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
836	;
837
838	case_label: // CFA
839	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
840	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
841	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
842	;
843
844	case_label_list: // CFA
845	case_label
846	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
847	;
848
849	case_clause: // CFA
850	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
851	;
852
853	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
854	// empty
855	{ $$ = nullptr; }
856	\| switch_clause_list
857	;
858
859	switch_clause_list: // CFA
860	case_label_list statement_list
861	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
862	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
863	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
864	;
865
866	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
867	// empty
868	{ $$ = nullptr; }
869	\| choose_clause_list
870	;
871
872	choose_clause_list: // CFA
873	case_label_list fall_through
874	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
875	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
876	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
877	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
878	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
879	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
880	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
881	;
882
883	fall_through_opt: // CFA
884	// empty
885	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
886	\| fall_through
887	;
888
889	fall_through: // CFA
890	FALLTHRU
891	{ $$ = nullptr; }
892	\| FALLTHRU ';'
893	{ $$ = nullptr; }
894	;
895
896	iteration_statement:
897	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
898	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
899	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
900	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
901	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
902	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
903	;
904
905	for_control_expression:
906	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
907	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
908	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
909	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
910	;
911
912	jump_statement:
913	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
914	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
915	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
916	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
917	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
918	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
919	\| CONTINUE ';'
920	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
921	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
922	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
923	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
924	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
925	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
926	\| BREAK ';'
927	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
928	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
929	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
930	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
931	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
932	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
933	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
934	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
935	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
936	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
937	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
938	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
939	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
940	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
941	;
942
943	with_statement:
944	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' compound_statement
945	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)0; } // FIX ME
946	;
947
948	exception_statement:
949	TRY compound_statement handler_clause
950	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
951	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
952	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
953	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
954	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
955	;
956
957	//handler_list:
958	// handler_clause
959	// // ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
960	// \| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
961	// { $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
962	// \| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
963	// { $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
964	// \| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
965	// { $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
966	// \| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
967	// { $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
968	// ;
969
970	handler_clause:
971	handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
972	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $5, $7, $9 ) ); }
973	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
974	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $6, $8, $10 ) ) ); }
975	;
976
977	handler_predicate_opt:
978	//empty
979	{ $$ = nullptr; }
980	\| ';' conditional_expression
981	{ $$ = $2; }
982	;
983
984	handler_key:
985	CATCH
986	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
987	\| CATCHRESUME
988	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
989	;
990
991	finally_clause:
992	FINALLY compound_statement
993	{
994	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
995	}
996	;
997
998	exception_declaration:
999	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1000	type_specifier_nobody
1001	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1002	{
1003	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1004	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1005	}
1006	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1007	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1008	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
1009	{
1010	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1011	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1012	}
1013	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1014	;
1015
1016	asm_statement:
1017	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1018	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1019	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1020	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1021	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1022	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1023	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1024	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1025	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1026	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1027	;
1028
1029	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1030	// empty
1031	{ $$ = false; }
1032	\| VOLATILE
1033	{ $$ = true; }
1034	;
1035
1036	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1037	// empty
1038	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1039	\| asm_operands_list
1040	;
1041
1042	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1043	asm_operand
1044	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1045	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1046	;
1047
1048	asm_operand: // GCC
1049	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1050	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1051	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1052	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1053	;
1054
1055	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1056	// empty
1057	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1058	\| string_literal
1059	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1060	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1061	// set_last return ParseNode *
1062	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1063	;
1064
1065	label_list:
1066	no_attr_identifier
1067	{
1068	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1069	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1070	}
1071	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1072	{
1073	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1074	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1075	}
1076	;
1077
1078	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1079
1080	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1081	pop
1082	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1083	\| declaration_list
1084	;
1085
1086	declaration_list:
1087	declaration
1088	\| declaration_list push declaration
1089	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1090	;
1091
1092	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1093	pop
1094	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1095	\| KR_declaration_list
1096	;
1097
1098	KR_declaration_list:
1099	c_declaration
1100	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration
1101	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1102	;
1103
1104	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1105	// empty
1106	\| local_label_declaration_list
1107	;
1108
1109	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1110	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1111	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1112	;
1113
1114	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1115	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1116	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1117	;
1118
1119	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1120	cfa_declaration
1121	\| c_declaration
1122	;
1123
1124	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1125	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1126	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1127	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1128	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1129	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1130	//
1131	// CFA C
1132	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1133	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1134
1135	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1136	cfa_variable_declaration pop ';'
1137	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1138	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ';'
1139	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1140	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1141	;
1142
1143	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1144	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1145	{
1146	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1147	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1148	}
1149	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1150	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1151	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1152	{
1153	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1154	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1155	}
1156	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1157	{
1158	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1159	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1160	}
1161	;
1162
1163	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1164	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1165	// storage-class
1166	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1167	{
1168	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1169	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1170	}
1171	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1172	{
1173	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1174	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1175	}
1176	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1177	{
1178	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1179	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1180	}
1181	;
1182
1183	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1184	cfa_function_specifier
1185	{
1186	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1187	$$ = $1;
1188	}
1189	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1190	{
1191	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1192	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1193	}
1194	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1195	{
1196	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1197	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1198	}
1199	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1200	{
1201	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1202	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1203	}
1204	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1205	{
1206	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1207	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1208	}
1209	;
1210
1211	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1212	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1213	// {
1214	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1215	// }
1216	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1217	// {
1218	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1219	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1220	// }
1221	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1222	// {
1223	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1224	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1225	// }
1226	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1227	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1228	//
1229	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1230	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1231	//
1232	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1233	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1234	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1235	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1236	{
1237	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1238	}
1239	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1240	{
1241	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1242	}
1243	;
1244
1245	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1246	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1248	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1249	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1250	// ']'.
1251	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1252	;
1253
1254	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1255	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1256	{
1257	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1258	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1259	}
1260	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1261	{
1262	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1263	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1264	}
1265	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1266	{
1267	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1268	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1269	}
1270	;
1271
1272	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1273	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1274
1275	typedef_declaration:
1276	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1277	{
1278	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1279	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1280	}
1281	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1282	{
1283	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1284	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1285	}
1286	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1287	{
1288	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1289	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1290	}
1291	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1292	{
1293	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1294	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1295	}
1296	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1297	{
1298	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1299	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1300	}
1301	;
1302
1303	typedef_expression:
1304	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1305	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1306	{
1307	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1308	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1309	}
1310	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1311	{
1312	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1313	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1314	}
1315	;
1316
1317	//c_declaration:
1318	// declaring_list pop ';'
1319	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1320	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1321	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1322	// ;
1323	//
1324	//declaring_list:
1325	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1326	// // storage-class
1327	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1328	// {
1329	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1330	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1331	// }
1332	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1333	// {
1334	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1335	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1336	// }
1337	// ;
1338
1339	c_declaration:
1340	declaration_specifier declaring_list pop ';'
1341	{
1342	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1343	}
1344	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1345	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1346	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1347	;
1348
1349	declaring_list:
1350	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1351	// storage-class
1352	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1353	{
1354	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1355	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1356	}
1357	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1358	{
1359	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1360	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1361	}
1362	;
1363
1364	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1365	basic_declaration_specifier
1366	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1367	\| type_declaration_specifier
1368	;
1369
1370	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1371	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1372	//
1373	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1374	//
1375	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1376	basic_declaration_specifier
1377	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1378	\| type_declaration_specifier
1379	;
1380
1381	type_specifier: // type specifier
1382	basic_type_specifier
1383	\| sue_type_specifier
1384	\| type_type_specifier
1385	;
1386
1387	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1388	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1389	//
1390	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1391	//
1392	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1393	basic_type_specifier
1394	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1395	\| type_type_specifier
1396	;
1397
1398	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1399	// empty
1400	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1401	\| type_qualifier_list
1402	;
1403
1404	type_qualifier_list:
1405	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1406	//
1407	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1408	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1409	// appeared only once.
1410	type_qualifier
1411	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1412	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1413	;
1414
1415	type_qualifier:
1416	type_qualifier_name
1417	\| attribute
1418	;
1419
1420	type_qualifier_name:
1421	CONST
1422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1423	\| RESTRICT
1424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1425	\| VOLATILE
1426	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1427	\| MUTEX
1428	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
1429	\| ATOMIC
1430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1431	\| FORALL '('
1432	{
1433	typedefTable.enterScope();
1434	}
1435	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1436	{
1437	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1438	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1439	}
1440	;
1441
1442	declaration_qualifier_list:
1443	storage_class_list
1444	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1445	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1446	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1448	;
1449
1450	storage_class_list:
1451	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1452	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1453	//
1454	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1455	// specifiers in a declaration.
1456	storage_class
1457	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1458	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1459	;
1460
1461	storage_class:
1462	EXTERN
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1464	\| STATIC
1465	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1466	\| AUTO
1467	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1468	\| REGISTER
1469	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1470	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1471	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1472	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1473	\| INLINE // C99
1474	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1475	\| FORTRAN // C99
1476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1477	\| NORETURN // C11
1478	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1479	;
1480
1481	basic_type_name:
1482	CHAR
1483	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1484	\| DOUBLE
1485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1486	\| FLOAT
1487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1488	\| INT
1489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1490	\| LONG
1491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1492	\| SHORT
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1494	\| SIGNED
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1496	\| UNSIGNED
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1498	\| VOID
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1500	\| BOOL // C99
1501	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1502	\| COMPLEX // C99
1503	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1504	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1505	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1506	\| ZERO_T
1507	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1508	\| ONE_T
1509	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1510	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1511	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1512	;
1513
1514	basic_declaration_specifier:
1515	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1516	basic_type_specifier
1517	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1518	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1519	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1520	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1521	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1522	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1523	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1524	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1525	;
1526
1527	basic_type_specifier:
1528	direct_type
1529	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1530	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1531	;
1532
1533	direct_type:
1534	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1535	basic_type_name
1536	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1537	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1538	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1539	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1540	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1541	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1542	;
1543
1544	indirect_type:
1545	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1546	{ $$ = $3; }
1547	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1548	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1549	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1550	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1551	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1552	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1553	;
1554
1555	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1556	sue_type_specifier
1557	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1558	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1559	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1560	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1561	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1562	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1563	;
1564
1565	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1566	elaborated_type
1567	\| type_qualifier_list
1568	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1569	elaborated_type
1570	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1571	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1572	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1573	;
1574
1575	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1576	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1577	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1578	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1579	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1580	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1581	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1582	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1583	;
1584
1585	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1586	elaborated_type_nobody
1587	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1588	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1589	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1590	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1591	;
1592
1593	type_declaration_specifier:
1594	type_type_specifier
1595	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1596	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1597	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1598	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1599	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1600	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1601	;
1602
1603	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1604	type_name
1605	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1606	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1607	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1608	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1609	;
1610
1611	type_name:
1612	TYPEDEFname
1613	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1614	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1615	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ); } // FIX ME
1616	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ); } // FIX ME
1618	\| typegen_name
1619	\| '.' typegen_name
1620	{ $$ = $2; } // FIX ME
1621	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1622	{ $$ = $3; } // FIX ME
1623	;
1624
1625	typegen_name: // CFA
1626	TYPEGENname '(' ')'
1627	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1628	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1629	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1630	;
1631
1632	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1633	aggregate_type
1634	\| enum_type
1635	;
1636
1637	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1638	aggregate_type_nobody
1639	\| enum_type_nobody
1640	;
1641
1642	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1643	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1644	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1645	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1646	{
1647	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1648	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1649	forall = false; // reset
1650	}
1651	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1652	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1653	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1654	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1655	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1656	;
1657
1658	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1659	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier
1660	{
1661	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1662	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1663	}
1664	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname
1665	{
1666	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1667	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1668	}
1669	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA
1670	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1671	;
1672
1673	aggregate_key:
1674	STRUCT
1675	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1676	\| UNION
1677	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1678	\| COROUTINE
1679	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1680	\| MONITOR
1681	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1682	\| THREAD
1683	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1684	;
1685
1686	field_declaration_list:
1687	// empty
1688	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1689	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1690	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1691	;
1692
1693	field_declaration:
1694	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1695	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1696	{
1697	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1698	$$ = $2;
1699	}
1700	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1701	{
1702	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1703	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1704	{
1705	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1706	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1707	}
1708	;
1709
1710	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1711	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1712	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1713	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1714	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1715	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1716	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1717	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1718	;
1719
1720	field_declaring_list:
1721	field_declarator
1722	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1723	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1724	;
1725
1726	field_declarator:
1727	// empty
1728	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1729	// '@'
1730	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1731	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1732	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1733	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1734	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1735	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1736	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1737	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1738	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1739	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1740	;
1741
1742	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1743	// empty
1744	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1745	\| bit_subrange_size
1746	{ $$ = $1; }
1747	;
1748
1749	bit_subrange_size:
1750	':' constant_expression
1751	{ $$ = $2; }
1752	;
1753
1754	enum_type: // enum
1755	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1756	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1757	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1758	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1759	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1760	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1761	\| enum_type_nobody
1762	;
1763
1764	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1765	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1766	{
1767	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1768	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1769	}
1770	;
1771
1772	enumerator_list:
1773	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1774	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1775	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1776	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1777	;
1778
1779	enumerator_value_opt:
1780	// empty
1781	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1782	\| '=' constant_expression
1783	{ $$ = $2; }
1784	;
1785
1786	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1787
1788	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1789	// empty
1790	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1791	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1792	;
1793
1794	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1795	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1796	\| cfa_parameter_list
1797	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1798	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1799	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1800	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1801	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1802	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1803	;
1804
1805	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1806	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1807	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1808	cfa_parameter_declaration
1809	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1810	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1811	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1812	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1813	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1814	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1815	;
1816
1817	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1818	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1819	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1820	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1821	;
1822
1823	parameter_type_list_opt:
1824	// empty
1825	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1826	\| parameter_type_list
1827	;
1828
1829	parameter_type_list:
1830	parameter_list
1831	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1832	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1833	;
1834
1835	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1836	abstract_parameter_declaration
1837	\| parameter_declaration
1838	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1839	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1840	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1841	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1842	;
1843
1844	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1845	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1846
1847	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1848	parameter_declaration
1849	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1850	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1851	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1852	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1853	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1854	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1855	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1856	\| cfa_function_specifier
1857	;
1858
1859	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1860	abstract_parameter_declaration
1861	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1862	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1863	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1864	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1865	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1866	\| cfa_abstract_function
1867	;
1868
1869	parameter_declaration:
1870	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1871	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1872	{
1873	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1874	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1875	}
1876	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initialize_opt
1877	{
1878	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1879	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1880	}
1881	;
1882
1883	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1884	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initialize_opt
1885	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1886	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
1887	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1888	;
1889
1890	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1891	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1892	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1893
1894	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1895	no_attr_identifier
1896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1897	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1898	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1899	;
1900
1901	identifier_or_type_name:
1902	identifier
1903	\| TYPEDEFname
1904	\| TYPEGENname
1905	;
1906
1907	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1908	no_attr_identifier
1909	\| TYPEDEFname
1910	\| TYPEGENname
1911	;
1912
1913	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1914	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1915	\| type_specifier
1916	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1917	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1918	;
1919
1920	type: // typeof, assertion
1921	type_no_function
1922	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1923	;
1924
1925	initializer_opt:
1926	// empty
1927	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1928	\| '=' initializer
1929	{ $$ = $2; }
1930	\| '=' VOID
1931	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1932	\| ATassign initializer
1933	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1934	;
1935
1936	initializer:
1937	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1938	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1939	;
1940
1941	initializer_list:
1942	// empty
1943	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1944	\| initializer
1945	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1946	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1947	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1948	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1949	;
1950
1951	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1952	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1953	//
1954	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1955	//
1956	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1957	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1958	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1959	// shift/reduce conflicts
1960
1961	designation:
1962	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1963	\| no_attr_identifier ':' // GCC, field name
1964	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1965	;
1966
1967	designator_list: // C99
1968	designator
1969	\| designator_list designator
1970	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1971	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1972	;
1973
1974	designator:
1975	'.' no_attr_identifier // C99, field name
1976	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1977	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1978	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1979	{ $$ = $3; }
1980	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1981	{ $$ = $3; }
1982	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1983	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1984	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1985	{ $$ = $4; }
1986	;
1987
1988	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1989	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1990	//
1991	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1992	//
1993	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1994	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1995	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1996	//
1997	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1998	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1999	//
2000	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2001	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2002	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2003	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2004	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2005
2006	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2007	type_parameter
2008	{ $$ = $1; }
2009	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2010	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2011	;
2012
2013	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2014	// empty
2015	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2016	\| '=' type
2017	{ $$ = $2; }
2018	;
2019
2020	type_parameter: // CFA
2021	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2022	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2023	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2024	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2025	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2026	;
2027
2028	type_class: // CFA
2029	OTYPE
2030	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2031	\| DTYPE
2032	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2033	\| FTYPE
2034	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2035	\| TTYPE
2036	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2037	;
2038
2039	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2040	// empty
2041	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2042	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2043	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2044	;
2045
2046	assertion: // CFA
2047	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2048	{
2049	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2050	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2051	}
2052	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2053	{ $$ = $4; }
2054	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_list ')'
2055	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2056	;
2057
2058	type_list: // CFA
2059	type
2060	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2061	\| assignment_expression
2062	\| type_list ',' type
2063	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2064	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2065	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2066	;
2067
2068	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2069	OTYPE type_declarator
2070	{ $$ = $2; }
2071	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2072	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2073	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2074	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2075	;
2076
2077	type_declarator: // CFA
2078	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2079	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2080	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2081	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2082	;
2083
2084	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2085	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2086	{
2087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2088	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2089	}
2090	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2091	{
2092	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2093	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2094	}
2095	;
2096
2097	trait_specifier: // CFA
2098	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2099	{
2100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2101	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2102	}
2103	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2104	{
2105	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2106	typedefTable.enterScope();
2107	}
2108	trait_declaration_list '}'
2109	{
2110	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2111	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2112	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2113	}
2114	;
2115
2116	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2117	trait_declaration
2118	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2119	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2120	;
2121
2122	trait_declaration: // CFA
2123	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2124	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2125	;
2126
2127	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2128	cfa_variable_specifier
2129	{
2130	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2131	$$ = $1;
2132	}
2133	\| cfa_function_specifier
2134	{
2135	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2136	$$ = $1;
2137	}
2138	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2139	{
2140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2141	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2142	}
2143	;
2144
2145	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2146	type_specifier declarator
2147	{
2148	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2149	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2150	}
2151	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2152	{
2153	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2154	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2155	}
2156	;
2157
2158	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2159
2160	translation_unit:
2161	// empty
2162	{} // empty input file
2163	\| external_definition_list
2164	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2165	;
2166
2167	external_definition_list:
2168	external_definition
2169	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2170	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2171	;
2172
2173	external_definition_list_opt:
2174	// empty
2175	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2176	\| external_definition_list
2177	;
2178
2179	external_definition:
2180	declaration
2181	\| external_function_definition
2182	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2183	{
2184	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2185	}
2186	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2187	{
2188	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2189	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageUpdate( linkage, $2 );
2190	}
2191	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2192	{
2193	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2194	linkageStack.pop();
2195	$$ = $5;
2196	}
2197	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2198	{
2199	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2200	$$ = $2;
2201	}
2202	;
2203
2204	external_function_definition:
2205	function_definition
2206	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2207	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2208	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2209	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2210	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2211	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2212	{
2213	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2214	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2215	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2216	}
2217	\| KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2218	{
2219	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2220	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2221	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2222	}
2223	;
2224
2225	with_clause_opt:
2226	// empty
2227	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)0; } // FIX ME
2228	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2229	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)0; } // FIX ME
2230	;
2231
2232	function_definition:
2233	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2234	{
2235	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2236	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2237	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2238	}
2239	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2240	{
2241	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2242	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2243	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addType( $1 );
2244	}
2245	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2246	{
2247	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2248	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2249	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2250	}
2251	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2252	{
2253	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2254	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2255	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2256	}
2257	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2258	{
2259	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2260	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2261	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2262	}
2263
2264	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2265	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2266	{
2267	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2268	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2269	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addType( $1 );
2270	}
2271	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2272	{
2273	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2274	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2275	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2276	}
2277
2278	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2279	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2280	{
2281	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2282	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2283	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2284	}
2285	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2286	{
2287	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2288	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2289	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $7 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2290	}
2291	;
2292
2293	declarator:
2294	variable_declarator
2295	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2296	\| function_declarator
2297	;
2298
2299	subrange:
2300	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2301	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2302	;
2303
2304	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2305	// empty
2306	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2307	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2308	{
2309	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2310	name->asmName = $3;
2311	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2312	}
2313	;
2314
2315	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2316	// empty
2317	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2318	\| attribute_list
2319	;
2320
2321	attribute_list: // GCC
2322	attribute
2323	\| attribute_list attribute
2324	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2325	;
2326
2327	attribute: // GCC
2328	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2329	{ $$ = $4; }
2330	;
2331
2332	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2333	attribute_name
2334	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2335	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2336	;
2337
2338	attribute_name: // GCC
2339	// empty
2340	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2341	\| attr_name
2342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2343	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2345	;
2346
2347	attr_name: // GCC
2348	IDENTIFIER
2349	\| TYPEDEFname
2350	\| TYPEGENname
2351	\| CONST
2352	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2353	;
2354
2355	// ============================================================================
2356	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2357	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2358	// in:
2359	//
2360	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2361	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2362	//
2363	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2364	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2365	// ============================================================================
2366
2367	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2368	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2369	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2370	//
2371	// valid declaration invalid definition
2372	// ----------------- ------------------
2373	// int f; int f {}
2374	// int f; int f {}
2375	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2376	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2377	//
2378	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2379	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2380	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2381
2382	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2383	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2384
2385	variable_declarator:
2386	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2387	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2388	\| variable_ptr
2389	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2390	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2391	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2392	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2393	;
2394
2395	paren_identifier:
2396	identifier
2397	{
2398	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2399	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2400	}
2401	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2402	{ $$ = $2; }
2403	;
2404
2405	variable_ptr:
2406	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2407	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2408	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2409	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2410	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2411	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2412	;
2413
2414	variable_array:
2415	paren_identifier array_dimension
2416	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2417	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2418	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2419	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2420	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2421	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2422	{ $$ = $2; }
2423	;
2424
2425	variable_function:
2426	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2427	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2428	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2429	{ $$ = $2; }
2430	;
2431
2432	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2433	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2434	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2435
2436	function_declarator:
2437	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2438	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2439	\| function_ptr
2440	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2441	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2442	;
2443
2444	function_no_ptr:
2445	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2446	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2447	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2448	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2449	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2450	{ $$ = $2; }
2451	;
2452
2453	function_ptr:
2454	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2455	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2456	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2457	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2458	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2459	{ $$ = $2; }
2460	;
2461
2462	function_array:
2463	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2464	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2465	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2466	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2467	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2468	{ $$ = $2; }
2469	;
2470
2471	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2472	//
2473	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2474	//
2475	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2476	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2477
2478	KR_function_declarator:
2479	KR_function_no_ptr
2480	\| KR_function_ptr
2481	\| KR_function_array
2482	;
2483
2484	KR_function_no_ptr:
2485	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2486	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2487	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2488	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2489	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2490	{ $$ = $2; }
2491	;
2492
2493	KR_function_ptr:
2494	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2495	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2496	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2497	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2498	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2499	{ $$ = $2; }
2500	;
2501
2502	KR_function_array:
2503	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2504	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2505	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2506	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2507	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2508	{ $$ = $2; }
2509	;
2510
2511	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2512	//
2513	// typedef int foo;
2514	// {
2515	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2516	// }
2517	//
2518	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2519	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2520
2521	variable_type_redeclarator:
2522	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2523	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2524	\| type_ptr
2525	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2526	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2527	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2528	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2529	;
2530
2531	paren_type:
2532	typedef
2533	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2534	{ $$ = $2; }
2535	;
2536
2537	type_ptr:
2538	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2539	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2540	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2541	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2542	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2543	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2544	;
2545
2546	type_array:
2547	paren_type array_dimension
2548	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2549	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2550	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2551	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2552	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2553	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2554	{ $$ = $2; }
2555	;
2556
2557	type_function:
2558	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2559	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2560	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2561	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2562	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2563	{ $$ = $2; }
2564	;
2565
2566	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2567	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2568	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2569	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2570
2571	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2572	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2573	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2574	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2575	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2576	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2577	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2578	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2579	;
2580
2581	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2582	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2583	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2584	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2585	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2586	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2587	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2588	;
2589
2590	identifier_parameter_array:
2591	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2592	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2593	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2594	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2595	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2596	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2597	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2598	{ $$ = $2; }
2599	;
2600
2601	identifier_parameter_function:
2602	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2603	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2604	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2605	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2606	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2607	{ $$ = $2; }
2608	;
2609
2610	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2611	// e.g.:
2612	//
2613	// typedef int foo;
2614	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2615	//
2616	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2617
2618	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2619	typedef attribute_list_opt
2620	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2621	\| type_parameter_ptr
2622	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2623	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2624	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2625	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2626	;
2627
2628	typedef:
2629	TYPEDEFname
2630	{
2631	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2632	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2633	}
2634	\| TYPEGENname
2635	{
2636	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2637	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2638	}
2639	;
2640
2641	type_parameter_ptr:
2642	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2643	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2644	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2645	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2646	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2647	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2648	;
2649
2650	type_parameter_array:
2651	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2652	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2653	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2654	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2655	;
2656
2657	type_parameter_function:
2658	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2659	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2660	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2661	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2662	;
2663
2664	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2665	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2666	//
2667	// sizeof( int );
2668	// sizeof( int * );
2669	// sizeof( int [10] );
2670	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2671	// sizeof( int () );
2672	//
2673	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2674	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2675
2676	abstract_declarator:
2677	abstract_ptr
2678	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2679	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2680	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2681	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2682	;
2683
2684	abstract_ptr:
2685	ptrref_operator
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2687	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2689	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2690	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2691	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2692	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2693	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2694	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2695	;
2696
2697	abstract_array:
2698	array_dimension
2699	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2700	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2701	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2702	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2703	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2704	{ $$ = $2; }
2705	;
2706
2707	abstract_function:
2708	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2709	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2710	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2711	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2712	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2713	{ $$ = $2; }
2714	;
2715
2716	array_dimension:
2717	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2718	'[' ']'
2719	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2720	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2721	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2722	\| multi_array_dimension
2723	;
2724
2725	multi_array_dimension:
2726	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2727	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2728	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2729	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2730	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2731	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2732	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2733	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2734	;
2735
2736	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2737	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2738	//
2739	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2740	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2741	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2742	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2743	//
2744	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2745	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2746	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2747	//
2748	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2749	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2750	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2751	//
2752	// For example:
2753	//
2754	// typedef float T;
2755	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2756	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2757	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2758	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2759	//
2760	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2761	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2762	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2763	// functions.
2764
2765	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2766	abstract_parameter_ptr
2767	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2768	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2769	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2770	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2771	;
2772
2773	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2774	ptrref_operator
2775	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
2776	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2777	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2778	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2779	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
2780	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2781	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2782	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2783	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2784	;
2785
2786	abstract_parameter_array:
2787	array_parameter_dimension
2788	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2789	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2790	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2791	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2792	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2793	{ $$ = $2; }
2794	;
2795
2796	abstract_parameter_function:
2797	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2798	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2799	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2800	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2801	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2802	{ $$ = $2; }
2803	;
2804
2805	array_parameter_dimension:
2806	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2807	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2808	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2809	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2810	\| multi_array_dimension
2811	;
2812
2813	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2814	//
2815	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2816	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2817
2818	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2819	'[' ']'
2820	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2821	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2822	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2823	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2824	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2825	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2826	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2827	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2829	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2830	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2831	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2832	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2833	;
2834
2835	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2836	//
2837	// struct S {
2838	// int;
2839	// int *;
2840	// int [10];
2841	// int (*)();
2842	// };
2843
2844	variable_abstract_declarator:
2845	variable_abstract_ptr
2846	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2847	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2848	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2849	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2850	;
2851
2852	variable_abstract_ptr:
2853	ptrref_operator
2854	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2855	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2856	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2857	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2858	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2859	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2860	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2861	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2862	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2863	;
2864
2865	variable_abstract_array:
2866	array_dimension
2867	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2868	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2869	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2870	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2871	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2872	{ $$ = $2; }
2873	;
2874
2875	variable_abstract_function:
2876	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2877	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2878	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2879	{ $$ = $2; }
2880	;
2881
2882	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2883	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2884
2885	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2886	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2887	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2888	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2889	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2890	;
2891
2892	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2893	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2894	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2895	;
2896
2897	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2898	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2899	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2900	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2901	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2902	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2903	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2904	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2905	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2906	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2907	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2908	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2909	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2910	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2911	;
2912
2913	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2914	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2915	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2916	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2917	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2918	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2919	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2920	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2921	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2922	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2923	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2924	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2925	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2926
2927	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2928	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2929	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2930	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2931	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2932	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2933	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2934	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2935	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2936	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2937	;
2938
2939	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2940	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2941	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2942	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2943	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2944	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2945	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2946	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2947	// appear in this context.
2948	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2949	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2950	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2951	;
2952
2953	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2954	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2955	//
2956	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2957	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2958	//
2959	// These rules need LR(3):
2960	//
2961	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2962	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2963	//
2964	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2965	//
2966	// [int, int] t;
2967	// [int, int] f( int );
2968	//
2969	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2970	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2971	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2972	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
2973
2974	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2975	cfa_abstract_tuple
2976	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2977	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2978	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2979	;
2980
2981	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2982	cfa_abstract_ptr
2983	\| cfa_abstract_array
2984	;
2985
2986	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2987	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2988	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2989	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2990	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2991	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2992	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2993	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2994	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2995	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2996	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2997	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2998	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
2999	;
3000
3001	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3002	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3003	// empty (void) function return type.
3004	'[' ']' type_specifier
3005	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3006	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3007	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3008	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3009	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3010	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3011	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3012	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3013	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3014	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3015	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3016	;
3017
3018	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3019	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3020	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3021	;
3022
3023	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3024	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3025	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3026	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3027	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3028	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3029	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3030	;
3031
3032	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3033	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3034	//
3035	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3036	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3037	//
3038	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3039	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3040	//
3041	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3042	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3043
3044	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3045
3046	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3047	// empty
3048	\| ','
3049	;
3050
3051	default_initialize_opt:
3052	// empty
3053	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3054	\| '=' assignment_expression
3055	{ $$ = $2; }
3056	;
3057
3058	%%
3059	// ----end of grammar----
3060
3061	extern char *yytext;
3062
3063	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3064	cout << "Error ";
3065	if ( yyfilename ) {
3066	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3067	} // if
3068	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3069	}
3070
3071	// Local Variables: //
3072	// mode: c++ //
3073	// tab-width: 4 //
3074	// compile-command: "make install" //
3075	// End: //

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