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parser.yy @ fcf3493

Last change on this file since fcf3493 was daa4cc1, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 4 months ago
temporary hack to allow parsing of default/named parameters/calls
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File size: 178.6 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Fri Jul 26 14:09:30 2024
13	// Update Count : 6733
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "DeclarationNode.hpp" // for DeclarationNode, ...
51	#include "ExpressionNode.hpp" // for ExpressionNode, ...
52	#include "InitializerNode.hpp" // for InitializerNode, ...
53	#include "ParserTypes.hpp"
54	#include "StatementNode.hpp" // for build_...
55	#include "TypedefTable.hpp"
56	#include "TypeData.hpp"
57	#include "AST/Type.hpp" // for BasicType, BasicKind
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.hpp" // error_str
59	#include "Common/Utility.hpp" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
62	#ifdef __clang__
63	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
64	#endif
65
66	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
67	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
68	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
69
70	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
71
72	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
73	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
74	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
75	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
76	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
77	//
78	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
79	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
80	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
81
82	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
83	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
84	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
85	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
86	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
87	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
88	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
89	} // if
90	} else {
91	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
92	to = "u8" + to;
93	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
94	} else {
95	to = from[0] + to;
96	} // if
97	} // if
98	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
99	} // if
100	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
101	return true;
102	} // appendStr
103
104	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
105	// Distribute type specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
106	assert( declList );
107
108	// Do not distribute attributes for aggregates because the attributes surrounding the aggregate belong it not the
109	// variables in the declaration list, e.g.,
110	//
111	// struct __attribute__(( aligned(128) )) S { ...
112	// } v1 __attribute__(( aligned(64) )), v2 __attribute__(( aligned(32) )), v3;
113	// struct S v4;
114	//
115	// v1 => 64, v2 =>32, v3 => 128, v2 => 128
116	//
117	// Anonymous aggregates are a special case because there is no aggregate to bind the attribute to; hence it floats
118	// to the declaration list.
119	//
120	// struct __attribute__(( aligned(128) )) /anonymous / { ... } v1;
121	//
122	// v1 => 128
123
124	bool copyattr = ! (typeSpec->type && typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && ! typeSpec->type->aggregate.anon );
125
126	// addType copies the type information for the aggregate instances from typeSpec into cl's aggInst.aggregate.
127	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec ); // typeSpec IS DELETED!!!
128
129	// Start at second variable in declaration list and clone the type specifiers for each variable.
130	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = declList->next ; cur != nullptr; cur = cur->next ) {
131	cl->cloneBaseType( cur, copyattr ); // cur is modified
132	} // for
133
134	// Add first variable in declaration list with hidden type information in aggInst.aggregate, which is used by
135	// extractType to recover the type for the aggregate instances.
136	declList->addType( cl, copyattr ); // cl IS DELETED!!!
137	return declList;
138	} // distAttr
139
140	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
141	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
142	for ( DeclarationNode *iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
143	iter->set_extension( true );
144	} // for
145	} // distExt
146
147	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
148	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
149	for ( DeclarationNode *iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
150	iter->set_inLine( true );
151	} // for
152	} // distInl
153
154	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
155	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
156	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
157	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
158	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
159	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
160	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
161	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
162	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
163	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
164	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
165	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
166	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
167	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
168	DeclarationNode newnode;
169	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
170	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
171	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
172	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
173	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
174	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
175	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
176	} // if
177	} else { // just SC qualifiers
178	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
179	} // if
180	} // for
181	delete qualifiers;
182	} // distQual
183
184	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
185	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
186	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
187	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
188	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
189	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
190	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
191
192	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
193	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
194	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
195	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
196	} // if
197	} // rebindForall
198
199	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
200	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
201	return name;
202	} // build_postfix_name
203
204	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
205	if ( nullptr == fieldList ) {
206	if ( !( typeSpec->type && typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) ) {
207	stringstream ss;
208	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
209	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
210	return nullptr;
211	} // if
212	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
213	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
214	} // if
215
216	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
217	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
218	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
219	return temp;
220	} // fieldDecl
221
222	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
223	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
224	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
225	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "illegal syntax, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
226	#define MISSING_LOW "illegal syntax, missing low value for ascanding range so index is uninitialized."
227	#define MISSING_HIGH "illegal syntax, missing high value for descending range so index is uninitialized."
228
229	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * init, OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
230	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
231	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
232	compop,
233	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
234	comp ) );
235	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
236	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
237	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
238	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
239	inc ) );
240	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
241	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
242	}
243
244	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
245	if ( index->initializer ) {
246	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
247	} // if
248	if ( index->next ) {
249	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
250	} // if
251	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
252	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
253	} // forCtrl
254
255	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
256	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
257	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
258	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicKind::SignedInt ) ) );
259	} // if
260	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
261	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
262	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
263	);
264	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
265	} // forCtrl
266
267	#define MISSING_LOOP_INDEX "illegal syntax, only a single identifier or declaration allowed in initialization, e.g., for ( i; ... ) or for ( int i; ... ). Expression disallowed."
268
269	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
270	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
271	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
272	} else {
273	SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOOP_INDEX ); return nullptr;
274	} // if
275	} // forCtrl
276
277	ForCtrl * enumRangeCtrl( ExpressionNode * index_expr, OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * range_over_expr, DeclarationNode * type ) {
278	assert( compop == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::GEThan );
279	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index_expr->expr.get()) ) {
280	DeclarationNode * indexDecl =
281	DeclarationNode::newName( new std::string(identifier->name) )->addType( type );
282	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( indexDecl ), range_over_expr, compop );
283	} else {
284	SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOOP_INDEX ); return nullptr;
285	} // if
286	} // enumRangeCtrl
287
288	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
289	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, adjacent identifiers \"%s\" and \"%s\" are not meaningful in an %s.\n"
290	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter.",
291	identifier1.c_str(), identifier2.c_str(), kind );
292	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
293
294	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
295	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, identifier \"%s\" cannot appear before a %s.\n"
296	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter.",
297	identifier.c_str(), kind );
298	} // IdentifierBeforeType
299
300	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
301
302	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
303	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
304	if ( N ) { \
305	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
306	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
307	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
308	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
309	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
310	} else { \
311	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
312	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
313	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
314	}
315	%}
316
317	%define parse.error verbose
318
319	// Types declaration for productions
320
321	%union {
322	// A raw token can be used.
323	Token tok;
324
325	// The general node types hold some generic node or list of nodes.
326	DeclarationNode * decl;
327	InitializerNode * init;
328	ExpressionNode * expr;
329	StatementNode * stmt;
330	ClauseNode * clause;
331	TypeData * type;
332
333	// Special "nodes" containing compound information.
334	CondCtl * ifctl;
335	ForCtrl * forctl;
336	LabelNode * labels;
337
338	// Various flags and single values that become fields later.
339	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
340	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
341	OperKinds oper;
342	bool is_volatile;
343	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
344	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
345	// String passes ownership with it.
346	std::string * str;
347
348	// Narrower node types are used to avoid constant unwrapping.
349	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
350	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
351	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
352	}
353
354	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
355
356	// keywords
357	%token TYPEDEF
358	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
359	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
360	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
361	%token NORETURN // C11
362	%token CONST VOLATILE
363	%token RESTRICT // C99
364	%token ATOMIC // C11
365	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
366	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
367	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
368	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
369	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
370	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
371	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
372	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE COUNTOF // GCC
373	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
374	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
375	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
376	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
377	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
378	// %token RESUME // CFA
379	%token LABEL // GCC
380	%token SUSPEND // CFA
381	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
382	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
383	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
384	%token CORUN COFOR
385	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
386	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
387	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
388
389	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
390	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
391	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
392	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
393	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
394	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
395	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
396	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
397	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
398
399	// multi-character operators
400	%token ARROW // ->
401	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
402	%token LS RS // << >>
403	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
404	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
405	%token ATTR ELLIPSIS // @@ ...
406
407	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
408	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
409	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
410	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
411
412	%token ErangeUp ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // +~ +~=/~= -~ -~=
413	%token ATassign // @=
414
415	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
416	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
417	%type<expr> string_literal
418	%type<str> string_literal_list
419
420	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
421
422	// expressions
423	%type<expr> constant
424	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
425	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
426	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
427	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
428	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
429	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
430	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
431	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
432	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
433	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
434	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
435	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
436	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
437	%type<expr> subrange
438	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
439	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
440	%type<labels> label_list
441	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
442	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
443	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
444	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
445
446	// statements
447	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
448	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
449	%type<stmt> selection_statement
450	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
451	%type<expr> case_value
452	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
453	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
454	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
455	%type<stmt> with_statement
456	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
457	%type<stmt> corun_statement cofor_statement
458	%type<stmt> exception_statement
459	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
460	%type<except_kind> handler_key
461	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
462	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
463	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
464	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
465	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
466
467	// declarations
468	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
469	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
470	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
471
472	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
473	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
474
475	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
476
477	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
478
479	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
480	%type<type> basic_type_name_type
481	%type<type> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
482
483	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
484
485	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
486	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
487
488	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
489
490	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody enum_key enumerator_type
491	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
492
493	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
494
495	%type<decl> exception_declaration
496
497	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
498	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
499
500	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
501
502	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
503	%type<decl> identifier_list
504
505	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
506	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
507	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
508
509	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
510
511	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
512	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
513
514	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
515	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
516
517	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt
518
519	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
520
521	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
522	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
523	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
524
525	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_list_ellipsis_opt
526
527	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
528
529	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
530
531	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
532
533	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
534	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
535
536	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier
537	%type<type> type_name typegen_name
538	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
539
540	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
541	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
542
543	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
544
545	%type<decl> type type_no_function
546	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
547
548	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list // array_dimension_list
549
550	%type<decl> type_qualifier forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
551	%type<type> type_qualifier_name
552	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
553
554	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
555	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
556
557	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
558
559	// initializers
560	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
561
562	// designators
563	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
564
565
566	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
567	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
568	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
569	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
570	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
571
572	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
573	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
574	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
575	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
576	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
577	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
578	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
579	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
580	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
581	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
582	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
583	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
584	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
585	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
586
587
588	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
589	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
590	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
591	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
592	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
593	// must be:
594	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
595	// The same problem occurs here:
596	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
597	// must be:
598	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
599
600	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
601	%precedence TYPEGENname
602	%precedence '}'
603	%precedence '('
604
605	// %precedence RESUME
606	// %precedence '{'
607	// %precedence ')'
608
609	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
610
611	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
612
613	%%
614	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
615
616	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
617	// which are lexically identical.
618	//
619	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
620	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
621	//
622	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
623	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
624	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
625	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
626	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
627	//
628	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
629	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
630	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
631	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
632	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
633	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
634	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
635	//
636	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
637	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
638	// around the list separator.
639	//
640	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
641	// push pop push pop
642
643	push:
644	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
645	;
646
647	pop:
648	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
649	;
650
651	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
652
653	constant:
654	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
655	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
656	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
657	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
658	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
659	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
660	;
661
662	quasi_keyword: // CFA
663	TIMEOUT
664	\| WAND
665	\| WOR
666	\| CATCH
667	\| RECOVER
668	\| CATCHRESUME
669	\| FIXUP
670	\| FINALLY
671	;
672
673	identifier:
674	IDENTIFIER
675	\| quasi_keyword
676	;
677
678	identifier_at:
679	identifier
680	\| '@' // CFA
681	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
682	;
683
684	identifier_or_type_name:
685	identifier
686	\| TYPEDEFname
687	\| TYPEGENname
688	;
689
690	string_literal:
691	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
692	;
693
694	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
695	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
696	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
697	{
698	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
699	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
700	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
701	}
702	;
703
704	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
705
706	primary_expression:
707	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
708	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
709	\| quasi_keyword
710	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
711	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
712	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
713	\| tuple
714	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
715	{ $$ = $2; }
716	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
717	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
718	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
719	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ), build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
720	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
721	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
722	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
723	{
724	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
725	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
726	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
727	}
728	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
729	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
730	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
731	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
732	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
733	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
734	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
735	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
736	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
737	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
738	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
739	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
740	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
741	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
742	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
743	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
744	;
745
746	generic_assoc_list: // C11
747	generic_association
748	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
749	{
750	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
751	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
752	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
753	delete $3;
754	$$ = $1;
755	}
756	;
757
758	generic_association: // C11
759	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
760	{
761	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
762	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
763	}
764	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
765	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
766	;
767
768	postfix_expression:
769	primary_expression
770	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
771	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
772	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
773	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, $3->set_last( $5 ) ) ) ) ); }
775	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
776	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
777	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
778	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
779	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
780	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
781	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
782	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
783	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
785	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
786	{
787	Token fn;
788	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
789	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), $1->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
790	}
791	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
792	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
793	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
794	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
795	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg" ) ) ),
796	$3->set_last( (ExpressionNode *)($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) ) ) ); }
797	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
798	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
799	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
800	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
801	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
802	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
803
804	// SKULLDUGGERY: The typedef table used for parsing does not store fields in structures. To parse a qualified
805	// name, it is assumed all name-tokens after the first are identifiers, regardless of how the lexer identifies
806	// them. For example:
807	//
808	// struct S;
809	// forall(T) struct T;
810	// union U;
811	// enum E { S, T, E };
812	// struct Z { int S, T, Z, E, U; };
813	// void fred () {
814	// Z z;
815	// z.S; // lexer returns S is TYPEDEFname
816	// z.T; // lexer returns T is TYPEGENname
817	// z.Z; // lexer returns Z is TYPEDEFname
818	// z.U; // lexer returns U is TYPEDEFname
819	// z.E; // lexer returns E is TYPEDEFname
820	// }
821	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier_or_type_name
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
823
824	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
825	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
826	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
828	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
829	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
830	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
831	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
832	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
833	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
834	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
835	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
836	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
838	\| postfix_expression ICR
839	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
840	\| postfix_expression DECR
841	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
842	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
843	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
844	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
845	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
846	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
847	{
848	Token fn;
849	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
850	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), $2->set_last( $4 ) ) );
851	}
852	;
853
854	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
855	field
856	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
857	;
858
859	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
860	field_name
861	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
862	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
863	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
864	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
865	\| field_name '.' field
866	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
867	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
868	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
869	\| field_name ARROW field
870	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
871	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
872	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
873	;
874
875	field_name:
876	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
877	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
878	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
879	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
880	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
881	{
882	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
883	}
884	;
885
886	fraction_constants_opt:
887	// empty
888	{ $$ = nullptr; }
889	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
890	{
891	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
892	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
893	}
894	;
895
896	unary_expression:
897	postfix_expression
898	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
899	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
900	\| constant
901	\| string_literal
902	{ $$ = $1; }
903	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
904	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
905	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
906	// { * X; } // dereference X
907	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
908	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
909	{
910	switch ( $1 ) {
911	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
912	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
913	break;
914	case OperKinds::PointTo:
915	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
916	break;
917	case OperKinds::And:
918	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
919	break;
920	default:
921	assert( false );
922	}
923	}
924	\| unary_operator cast_expression
925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
926	\| ICR unary_expression
927	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
928	\| DECR unary_expression
929	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
930	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
931	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
932	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
933	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
934	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
935	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
936	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
937	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
938
939	// Cannot use rule "type", which includes cfa_abstract_function, for sizeof/alignof, because of S/R problems on
940	// look ahead, so the cfa_abstract_function is factored out.
941	\| SIZEOF '(' cfa_abstract_function ')'
942	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
943	\| ALIGNOF '(' cfa_abstract_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
944	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
945
946	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
947	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
948	\| TYPEID '(' type ')'
949	{
950	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
951	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
952	}
953	\| COUNTOF unary_expression
954	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CountExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
955	\| COUNTOF '(' type_no_function ')'
956	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CountExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
957	;
958
959	ptrref_operator:
960	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
961	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
962	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
963	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
964	;
965
966	unary_operator:
967	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
968	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
969	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
970	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
971	;
972
973	cast_expression:
974	unary_expression
975	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
976	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
977	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
978	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
979	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
980	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
981	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
982	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), nullptr ) ); }
983	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
984	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
985	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
986	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
987	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
988	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
989	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
990	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
991	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
992	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
993	;
994
995	qualifier_cast_list:
996	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
997	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
998	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
999	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
1000	;
1001
1002	cast_modifier:
1003	'-'
1004	\| '+'
1005	;
1006
1007	exponential_expression:
1008	cast_expression
1009	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
1010	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
1011	;
1012
1013	multiplicative_expression:
1014	exponential_expression
1015	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
1016	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
1017	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
1018	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
1019	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
1020	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
1021	;
1022
1023	additive_expression:
1024	multiplicative_expression
1025	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
1026	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
1027	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
1028	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
1029	;
1030
1031	shift_expression:
1032	additive_expression
1033	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
1034	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
1035	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
1036	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
1037	;
1038
1039	relational_expression:
1040	shift_expression
1041	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
1042	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1043	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
1044	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1045	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
1046	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1047	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
1048	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1049	;
1050
1051	equality_expression:
1052	relational_expression
1053	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1054	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1055	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1056	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1057	;
1058
1059	AND_expression:
1060	equality_expression
1061	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1062	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1063	;
1064
1065	exclusive_OR_expression:
1066	AND_expression
1067	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1068	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1069	;
1070
1071	inclusive_OR_expression:
1072	exclusive_OR_expression
1073	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1074	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1075	;
1076
1077	logical_AND_expression:
1078	inclusive_OR_expression
1079	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1080	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1081	;
1082
1083	logical_OR_expression:
1084	logical_AND_expression
1085	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1086	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1087	;
1088
1089	conditional_expression:
1090	logical_OR_expression
1091	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1092	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1093	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1094	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, nullptr, $4 ) ); }
1095	;
1096
1097	constant_expression:
1098	conditional_expression
1099	;
1100
1101	argument_expression_list_opt:
1102	// empty
1103	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1104	\| argument_expression_list
1105	;
1106
1107	argument_expression_list:
1108	argument_expression
1109	// \| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression // CFA, allow empty argument
1110	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression // no empty argument
1111	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1112	;
1113
1114	argument_expression:
1115	'?' // CFA, default parameter
1116	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Argument to default parameter is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1117	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
1118	\| '?' identifier '=' assignment_expression // CFA, keyword argument
1119	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "keyword argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1120	{ $$ = $4; }
1121	\| assignment_expression
1122	;
1123
1124	assignment_expression:
1125	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1126	conditional_expression
1127	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1128	{
1129	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1130	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1131	// } else {
1132	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1133	// } // if
1134	}
1135	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1136	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1137	;
1138
1139	assignment_expression_opt:
1140	// empty
1141	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1142	\| assignment_expression
1143	;
1144
1145	assignment_operator:
1146	simple_assignment_operator
1147	\| compound_assignment_operator
1148	;
1149
1150	simple_assignment_operator:
1151	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1152	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1153	;
1154
1155	compound_assignment_operator:
1156	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1157	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1158	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1159	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1160	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1161	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1162	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1163	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1164	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1165	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1166	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1167	;
1168
1169	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1170	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1171	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1172	// '[' ']'
1173	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1174	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1175	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1176	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1177	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (new ExpressionNode( nullptr ))->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1178	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1179	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, $3->set_last( $6 ) ) ); }
1180	;
1181
1182	tuple_expression_list:
1183	assignment_expression
1184	\| '@' // CFA
1185	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1186	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1187	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1188	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1189	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1190	;
1191
1192	comma_expression:
1193	assignment_expression
1194	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1195	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1196	;
1197
1198	comma_expression_opt:
1199	// empty
1200	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1201	\| comma_expression
1202	;
1203
1204	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1205
1206	statement:
1207	labeled_statement
1208	\| compound_statement
1209	\| expression_statement
1210	\| selection_statement
1211	\| iteration_statement
1212	\| jump_statement
1213	\| with_statement
1214	\| mutex_statement
1215	\| waitfor_statement
1216	\| waituntil_statement
1217	\| corun_statement
1218	\| cofor_statement
1219	\| exception_statement
1220	\| enable_disable_statement
1221	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1222	\| asm_statement
1223	\| DIRECTIVE
1224	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1225	;
1226
1227	labeled_statement:
1228	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1229	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1230	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1231	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1232	{
1233	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntx error, label \"%s\" must be associated with a statement, "
1234	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement.\n"
1235	"Move the label or terminate with a semicolon.", $1.str->c_str() );
1236	$$ = nullptr;
1237	}
1238	;
1239
1240	compound_statement:
1241	'{' '}'
1242	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1243	\| '{' push
1244	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1245	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1246	pop '}'
1247	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1248	;
1249
1250	statement_decl_list: // C99
1251	statement_decl
1252	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1253	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1254	;
1255
1256	statement_decl:
1257	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1258	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1259	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1260	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1261	\| function_definition
1262	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1263	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1264	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1265	\| statement
1266	;
1267
1268	statement_list_nodecl:
1269	statement
1270	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1271	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1272	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1273	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body,"
1274	" i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1275	;
1276
1277	expression_statement:
1278	comma_expression_opt ';'
1279	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1280	;
1281
1282	// "if", "switch", and "choose" require parenthesis around the conditional. See the following ambiguities without
1283	// parenthesis:
1284	//
1285	// if x + y + z; => if ( x ) + y + z or if ( x + y ) + z
1286	//
1287	// switch O { }
1288	//
1289	// O{} => object-constructor for conditional, switch body ???
1290	// O{} => O for conditional followed by switch body
1291	//
1292	// C++ has this problem, as it has the same constructor syntax.
1293	//
1294	// switch sizeof ( T ) { }
1295	//
1296	// sizeof ( T ) => sizeof of T for conditional followed by switch body
1297	// sizeof ( T ) => sizeof of compound literal (T){ }, closing parenthesis ???
1298	//
1299	// Note the two grammar rules for sizeof (alignof)
1300	//
1301	// \| SIZEOF unary_expression
1302	// \| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
1303	//
1304	// where the first DOES NOT require parenthesis! And C++ inherits this problem from C.
1305
1306	selection_statement:
1307	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1308	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1309	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1310	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1311	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1312	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1313	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1314	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1315	{
1316	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1317	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1318	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1319	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1320	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1321	// statement.
1322	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw ) ) ) : sw;
1323	}
1324	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1325	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1326	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1327	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1328	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1329	{
1330	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1331	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw ) ) ) : sw;
1332	}
1333	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1334	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1335	;
1336
1337	conditional_declaration:
1338	comma_expression
1339	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1340	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1341	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1342	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1343	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1344	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1345	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1346	;
1347
1348	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1349	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1350
1351	case_value: // CFA
1352	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1353	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1354	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1355	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1356	;
1357
1358	case_value_list: // CFA
1359	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1360	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1361	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1362	;
1363
1364	case_label: // CFA
1365	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1366	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1367	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1368	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1369	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1370	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1371	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1372	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1373	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1374	;
1375
1376	case_label_list: // CFA
1377	case_label
1378	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1379	;
1380
1381	case_clause: // CFA
1382	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1383	;
1384
1385	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1386	// empty
1387	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1388	\| switch_clause_list
1389	;
1390
1391	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1392	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1393	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1394	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1395	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1396	;
1397
1398	iteration_statement:
1399	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1400	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1401	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1402	{
1403	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1404	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1405	}
1406	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1407	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1408	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1409	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1410	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1411	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1412	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1413	{
1414	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1415	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1416	}
1417	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1418	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1419	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1420	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1421	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1422	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1423	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1424	{
1425	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1426	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1427	}
1428	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1429	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1430	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1431	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1432	;
1433
1434	for_control_expression_list:
1435	for_control_expression
1436	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1437	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1438	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1439	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1440	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1441	{
1442	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1443	if ( $1->condition ) {
1444	if ( $3->condition ) {
1445	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1446	} // if
1447	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1448	if ( $1->change ) {
1449	if ( $3->change ) {
1450	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1451	} // if
1452	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1453	$$ = $1;
1454	}
1455	;
1456
1457	for_control_expression:
1458	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1459	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1460	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1461	{
1462	$$ = new ForCtrl( $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr, $3, $5 );
1463	}
1464	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1465	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1466
1467	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1468	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1469	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1470	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1471
1472	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1473	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1474	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1475	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1476
1477	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1478	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1479	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1480	{
1481	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1482	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1483	}
1484	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1485	{
1486	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1487	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1488	}
1489	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1490	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1491	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1492	{
1493	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1494	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1495	}
1496	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1497	{
1498	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1499	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1500	}
1501	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1502	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1503	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1504	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1505	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1506	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1507	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1508	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1509	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1510	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1511
1512	// These rules accept a comma_expression for the initialization, when only an identifier is correct. Being
1513	// permissive allows for a better error message from forCtrl.
1514	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1515	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1516	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1517	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1518
1519	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1520	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1521	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1522	{
1523	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1524	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1525	}
1526	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1527	{
1528	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1529	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1530	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1531	}
1532	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1533	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, missing low/high value for ascending/descending range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1534
1535	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1536	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1537	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1538	{
1539	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1540	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1541	}
1542	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1543	{
1544	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1545	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1546	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1547	}
1548	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1549	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1550	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1551	{
1552	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1553	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1554	}
1555	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1556	{
1557	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1558	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1559	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1560	}
1561	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1562	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, missing low/high value for ascending/descending range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1563
1564	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1565	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1566	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1567	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1568
1569	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1570	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1571	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1572	{
1573	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1574	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1575	}
1576	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1577	{
1578	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1579	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1580	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1581	}
1582
1583	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1584	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1585	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1586	{
1587	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1588	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1589	}
1590	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1591	{
1592	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1593	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1594	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1595	}
1596	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1597	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1598	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1599	{
1600	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1601	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1602	}
1603	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1604	{
1605	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1606	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1607	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1608	}
1609	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1610	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, missing low/high value for ascending/descending range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1611
1612	\| comma_expression ';' type_type_specifier // CFA, enum type
1613	{
1614	$$ = enumRangeCtrl( $1, OperKinds::LEThan, new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, $3->clone()->buildType() ) ), $3 );
1615	}
1616	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq enum_key // CFA, enum type, reverse direction
1617	{
1618	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan ) {
1619	SemanticError( yylloc, "all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Add an equal, e.g., ~=, -~=." ); $$ = nullptr;
1620	$3 = OperKinds::GEThan;
1621	} // if
1622	$$ = enumRangeCtrl( $1, $3, new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, $4->clone()->buildType() ) ), $4 );
1623	}
1624	;
1625
1626	enum_key:
1627	type_name
1628	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$1->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
1629	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $1->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false ); }
1630	\| ENUM identifier
1631	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
1632	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, nullptr, false, false ); }
1633	\| ENUM type_name
1634	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 3" );
1635	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false ); }
1636	;
1637
1638	// This rule exists to handle the ambiguity with unary operator '~'. The rule is the same as updowneq minus the '~'.
1639	// Specifically, "for ( ~5 )" means the complement of 5, not loop 0..4. Hence, in this case "for ( ~= 5 )", i.e., 0..5,
1640	// it is not possible to just remove the '='. The entire '~=' must be removed.
1641	downupdowneq:
1642	ErangeUp
1643	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1644	\| ErangeDown
1645	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1646	\| ErangeUpEq
1647	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1648	\| ErangeDownEq
1649	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1650	;
1651
1652	updown:
1653	'~' // shorthand 0 ~ 10 => 0 +~ 10
1654	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1655	\| ErangeUp
1656	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1657	\| ErangeDown
1658	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1659	;
1660
1661	updowneq:
1662	updown
1663	\| ErangeUpEq
1664	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1665	\| ErangeDownEq
1666	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1667	;
1668
1669	jump_statement:
1670	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1671	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1672	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1673	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1674	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1675	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1676	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1677	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1678	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1679	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1680	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1681	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1682	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1683	\| CONTINUE ';'
1684	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1685	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1686	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1687	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1688	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1689	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1690	\| BREAK ';'
1691	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1692	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1693	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1694	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1695	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1696	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1697	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1698	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1699	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1700	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1701	\| SUSPEND ';'
1702	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1703	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1704	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1705	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1706	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1707	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1708	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1709	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1710	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1711	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1712	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1713	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1714	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1715	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1716	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1717	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1718	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1719	;
1720
1721	fall_through_name: // CFA
1722	FALLTHRU
1723	\| FALLTHROUGH
1724	;
1725
1726	with_statement:
1727	WITH '(' type_list ')' statement // support scoped enumeration
1728	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1729	;
1730
1731	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1732	mutex_statement:
1733	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1734	{
1735	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1736	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1737	}
1738	;
1739
1740	when_clause:
1741	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1742	;
1743
1744	when_clause_opt:
1745	// empty
1746	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1747	\| when_clause
1748	;
1749
1750	cast_expression_list:
1751	cast_expression
1752	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1753	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1754	;
1755
1756	timeout:
1757	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1758	;
1759
1760	wor:
1761	OROR
1762	\| WOR
1763
1764	waitfor:
1765	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1766	{ $$ = $3; }
1767	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1768	{ $$ = $3->set_last( $5 ); }
1769	;
1770
1771	wor_waitfor_clause:
1772	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1773	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1774	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1775	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1776	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1777	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1778	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1779	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1780	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1781	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1782	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1783	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1784	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1785	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1786	;
1787
1788	waitfor_statement:
1789	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1790	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1791	;
1792
1793	wand:
1794	ANDAND
1795	\| WAND
1796	;
1797
1798	waituntil:
1799	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1800	{ $$ = $3; }
1801	;
1802
1803	waituntil_clause:
1804	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1805	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1806	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1807	{ $$ = $2; }
1808	;
1809
1810	wand_waituntil_clause:
1811	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1812	{ $$ = $1; }
1813	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1814	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1815	;
1816
1817	wor_waituntil_clause:
1818	wand_waituntil_clause
1819	{ $$ = $1; }
1820	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1821	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1822	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1823	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1824	;
1825
1826	waituntil_statement:
1827	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1828	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1829	;
1830
1831	corun_statement:
1832	CORUN statement
1833	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_corun( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1834	;
1835
1836	cofor_statement:
1837	COFOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement
1838	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_cofor( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1839	;
1840
1841	exception_statement:
1842	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1843	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1844	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1845	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1846	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1847	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1848	;
1849
1850	handler_clause:
1851	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1852	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1853	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1854	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1855	;
1856
1857	handler_predicate_opt:
1858	// empty
1859	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1860	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1861	;
1862
1863	handler_key:
1864	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1865	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1866	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1867	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1868	;
1869
1870	finally_clause:
1871	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1872	;
1873
1874	exception_declaration:
1875	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1876	type_specifier_nobody
1877	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1878	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1879	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1880	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1881	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1882	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1883	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1884	;
1885
1886	enable_disable_statement:
1887	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1888	;
1889
1890	enable_disable_key:
1891	ENABLE
1892	\| DISABLE
1893	;
1894
1895	asm_statement:
1896	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1897	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1898	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1899	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1900	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1901	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1902	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1903	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1904	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1905	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1906	;
1907
1908	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1909	// empty
1910	{ $$ = false; }
1911	\| VOLATILE
1912	{ $$ = true; }
1913	;
1914
1915	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1916	// empty
1917	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1918	\| asm_operands_list
1919	;
1920
1921	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1922	asm_operand
1923	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1924	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1925	;
1926
1927	asm_operand: // GCC
1928	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1929	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1930	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1931	{
1932	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1933	delete $2.str;
1934	}
1935	;
1936
1937	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1938	// empty
1939	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1940	\| string_literal
1941	{ $$ = $1; }
1942	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1943	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1944	;
1945
1946	label_list:
1947	identifier
1948	{
1949	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1950	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1951	}
1952	\| label_list ',' identifier
1953	{
1954	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1955	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1956	}
1957	;
1958
1959	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1960
1961	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1962	// empty
1963	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1964	\| declaration_list
1965	;
1966
1967	declaration_list:
1968	declaration
1969	\| declaration_list declaration
1970	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1971	;
1972
1973	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1974	// empty
1975	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1976	\| KR_parameter_list
1977	;
1978
1979	KR_parameter_list:
1980	c_declaration ';'
1981	{ $$ = $1; }
1982	\| KR_parameter_list c_declaration ';'
1983	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1984	;
1985
1986	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1987	// empty
1988	\| local_label_declaration_list
1989	;
1990
1991	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1992	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1993	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1994	;
1995
1996	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1997	identifier_or_type_name
1998	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1999	;
2000
2001	declaration: // old & new style declarations
2002	c_declaration ';'
2003	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
2004	\| static_assert ';' // C11
2005	;
2006
2007	static_assert:
2008	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' // C11
2009	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
2010	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' // CFA
2011	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
2012
2013	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
2014	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
2015	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
2016	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
2017	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
2018	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
2019	//
2020	// CFA C
2021	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
2022	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
2023
2024	cfa_declaration: // CFA
2025	cfa_variable_declaration
2026	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
2027	\| cfa_function_declaration
2028	\| type_declaring_list
2029	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2030	\| trait_specifier
2031	;
2032
2033	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
2034	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
2035	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
2036	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
2037	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
2038	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
2039	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2040	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
2041	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2042	;
2043
2044	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
2045	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2046	// storage-class
2047	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2048	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
2049	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2050	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
2051	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2052	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
2053
2054	// [ int s, int t ]; // declare s and t
2055	// [ int, int ] f();
2056	// [] g( int );
2057	// [ int x, int y ] = f(); // declare x and y, initialize each from f
2058	// g( x + y );
2059	\| cfa_function_return asm_name_opt
2060	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "tuple-element declarations is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2061	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_return asm_name_opt
2062	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "tuple variable declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2063	;
2064
2065	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
2066	cfa_function_specifier
2067	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2068	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2069	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2070	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2071	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2072	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2073	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
2074	{
2075	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
2076	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
2077	ret->type = maybeCopy( $1->type->base );
2078	$$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
2079	}
2080	;
2081
2082	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
2083	'[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2084	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2085	\| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2086	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2087	// \| '[' ']' TYPEGENname '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2088	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2089
2090	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
2091	//
2092	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
2093	// '[' ']' type_specifier
2094	//
2095	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
2096	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
2097	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2098	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2099	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
2100	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2101	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
2102	;
2103
2104	cfa_function_return: // CFA
2105	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
2106	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2107	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2108	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
2109	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->set_last( $5 ) ); }
2110	;
2111
2112	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
2113	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
2114	{
2115	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
2116	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2117	}
2118	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2119	{
2120	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2121	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2122	}
2123	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ',' identifier
2124	{
2125	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2126	$$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $3 ) );
2127	}
2128	;
2129
2130	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2131	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2132
2133	typedef_declaration:
2134	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2135	{
2136	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2137	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2138	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2139	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2140	}
2141	\| typedef_declaration ',' declarator
2142	{
2143	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2144	$$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneBaseType( $3 )->addTypedef() );
2145	}
2146	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2147	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2148	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2149	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2150	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2151	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2152	;
2153
2154	typedef_expression:
2155	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2156	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2157	{
2158	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2159	}
2160	\| typedef_expression ',' identifier '=' assignment_expression
2161	{
2162	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2163	}
2164	;
2165
2166	c_declaration:
2167	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2168	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2169	\| typedef_declaration
2170	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2171	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2172	{
2173	assert( $1->type );
2174	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2175	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2176	}
2177	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2178	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2179	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2180	}
2181	}
2182	;
2183
2184	declaring_list:
2185	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2186	// storage-class
2187	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2188	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2189	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2190	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2191
2192	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2193	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2194	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2195	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2196
2197	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2198	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2199	;
2200
2201	general_function_declarator:
2202	function_type_redeclarator
2203	\| function_declarator
2204	;
2205
2206	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2207	basic_declaration_specifier
2208	\| type_declaration_specifier
2209	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2210	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2211	{
2212	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, expecting ';' at end of \"%s\" declaration.",
2213	ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ) );
2214	$$ = nullptr;
2215	}
2216	;
2217
2218	invalid_types:
2219	aggregate_key
2220	\| basic_type_name
2221	\| indirect_type
2222	;
2223
2224	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2225	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2226	//
2227	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2228	//
2229	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2230	basic_declaration_specifier
2231	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2232	\| type_declaration_specifier
2233	;
2234
2235	type_specifier: // type specifier
2236	basic_type_specifier
2237	\| sue_type_specifier
2238	\| type_type_specifier
2239	;
2240
2241	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2242	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2243	//
2244	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2245	//
2246	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2247	basic_type_specifier
2248	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2249	\| type_type_specifier
2250	;
2251
2252	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2253	// empty
2254	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2255	\| type_qualifier_list
2256	;
2257
2258	type_qualifier_list:
2259	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2260	//
2261	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2262	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2263	// appeared only once.
2264	type_qualifier
2265	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2266	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2267	;
2268
2269	type_qualifier:
2270	type_qualifier_name
2271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2272	\| attribute // trick handles most attribute locations
2273	;
2274
2275	type_qualifier_name:
2276	CONST
2277	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Const ); }
2278	\| RESTRICT
2279	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Restrict ); }
2280	\| VOLATILE
2281	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Volatile ); }
2282	\| ATOMIC
2283	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Atomic ); }
2284
2285	// forall is a CV qualifier because it can appear in places where SC qualifiers are disallowed.
2286	//
2287	// void foo( forall( T ) T (*)( T ) ); // forward declaration
2288	// void bar( static int ); // static disallowed (gcc/CFA)
2289	\| forall
2290	{ $$ = build_forall( $1 ); }
2291	;
2292
2293	forall:
2294	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2295	{ $$ = $3; }
2296	;
2297
2298	declaration_qualifier_list:
2299	storage_class_list
2300	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2301	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2302	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2303	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2304	;
2305
2306	storage_class_list:
2307	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2308	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2309	//
2310	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2311	// specifiers in a declaration.
2312	storage_class
2313	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2314	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2315	;
2316
2317	storage_class:
2318	EXTERN
2319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Extern ); }
2320	\| STATIC
2321	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Static ); }
2322	\| AUTO
2323	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Auto ); }
2324	\| REGISTER
2325	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Register ); }
2326	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalGcc ); }
2328	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2329	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalC11 ); }
2330	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2331	\| INLINE // C99
2332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Inline ); }
2333	\| FORTRAN // C99
2334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Fortran ); }
2335	\| NORETURN // C11
2336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Noreturn ); }
2337	;
2338
2339	basic_type_name:
2340	basic_type_name_type
2341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2342	;
2343
2344	// Just an intermediate value for conversion.
2345	basic_type_name_type:
2346	VOID
2347	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Void ); }
2348	\| BOOL // C99
2349	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Bool ); }
2350	\| CHAR
2351	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Char ); }
2352	\| INT
2353	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Int ); }
2354	\| INT128
2355	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Int128 ); }
2356	\| UINT128
2357	{ $$ = addType( build_basic_type( TypeData::Int128 ), build_signedness( TypeData::Unsigned ) ); }
2358	\| FLOAT
2359	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Float ); }
2360	\| DOUBLE
2361	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Double ); }
2362	\| uuFLOAT80
2363	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uuFloat80 ); }
2364	\| uuFLOAT128
2365	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uuFloat128 ); }
2366	\| uFLOAT16
2367	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat16 ); }
2368	\| uFLOAT32
2369	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat32 ); }
2370	\| uFLOAT32X
2371	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat32x ); }
2372	\| uFLOAT64
2373	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat64 ); }
2374	\| uFLOAT64X
2375	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat64x ); }
2376	\| uFLOAT128
2377	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat128 ); }
2378	\| DECIMAL32
2379	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2380	\| DECIMAL64
2381	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2382	\| DECIMAL128
2383	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2384	\| COMPLEX // C99
2385	{ $$ = build_complex_type( TypeData::Complex ); }
2386	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2387	{ $$ = build_complex_type( TypeData::Imaginary ); }
2388	\| SIGNED
2389	{ $$ = build_signedness( TypeData::Signed ); }
2390	\| UNSIGNED
2391	{ $$ = build_signedness( TypeData::Unsigned ); }
2392	\| SHORT
2393	{ $$ = build_length( TypeData::Short ); }
2394	\| LONG
2395	{ $$ = build_length( TypeData::Long ); }
2396	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2397	{ $$ = build_builtin_type( TypeData::Valist ); }
2398	\| AUTO_TYPE
2399	{ $$ = build_builtin_type( TypeData::AutoType ); }
2400	\| vtable
2401	;
2402
2403	vtable_opt:
2404	// empty
2405	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2406	\| vtable
2407	;
2408
2409	vtable:
2410	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2411	{ $$ = build_vtable_type( $3 ); }
2412	;
2413
2414	default_opt:
2415	// empty
2416	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2417	\| DEFAULT
2418	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2419	;
2420
2421	basic_declaration_specifier:
2422	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2423	basic_type_specifier
2424	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2425	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2426	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2427	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2428	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2429	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2430	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2431	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2432	;
2433
2434	basic_type_specifier:
2435	direct_type
2436	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2437	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2438	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2439	;
2440
2441	direct_type:
2442	basic_type_name
2443	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2444	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2445	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2446	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2447	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2448	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2449	;
2450
2451	indirect_type:
2452	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2453	{ $$ = $3; }
2454	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2455	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2456	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2457	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2458	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2460	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_builtin_type( TypeData::Zero ) ); }
2462	\| ONE_T // CFA
2463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_builtin_type( TypeData::One ) ); }
2464	;
2465
2466	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2467	sue_type_specifier
2468	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2469	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2470	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2471	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2472	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2473	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2474	;
2475
2476	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2477	elaborated_type
2478	\| type_qualifier_list
2479	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2480	elaborated_type
2481	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2482	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2483	{
2484	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2485	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2486	}
2487	;
2488
2489	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2490	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2491	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2492	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2493	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2494	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2495	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2496	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2497	;
2498
2499	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2500	elaborated_type_nobody
2501	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2502	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2503	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2504	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2505	;
2506
2507	type_declaration_specifier:
2508	type_type_specifier
2509	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2510	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2511	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2512	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2513	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2514	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2515	;
2516
2517	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2518	type_name
2519	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2520	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2521	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2522	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2523	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2524	;
2525
2526	type_name:
2527	TYPEDEFname
2528	{ $$ = build_typedef( $1 ); }
2529	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2530	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( build_global_scope(), build_typedef( $2 ) ); }
2531	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2532	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( $1, build_typedef( $3 ) ); }
2533	\| typegen_name
2534	\| '.' typegen_name
2535	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( build_global_scope(), $2 ); }
2536	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2537	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( $1, $3 ); }
2538	;
2539
2540	typegen_name: // CFA
2541	TYPEGENname
2542	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, nullptr ); }
2543	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2544	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, nullptr ); }
2545	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2546	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, $3 ); }
2547	;
2548
2549	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2550	aggregate_type
2551	\| enum_type
2552	;
2553
2554	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2555	aggregate_type_nobody
2556	\| enum_type_nobody
2557	;
2558
2559	// ************************ AGGREGATE *****************************
2560
2561	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2562	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2563	{ forall = false; } // reset
2564	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2565	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2566	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2567	{
2568	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2569	forall = false; // reset
2570	}
2571	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2572	{
2573	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2574	}
2575	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2576	{
2577	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2578	forall = false; // reset
2579	}
2580	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2581	{
2582	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_typedef( $3 ) );
2583	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2584	}
2585	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2586	{
2587	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2588	forall = false; // reset
2589	}
2590	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2591	{
2592	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_gen( $3, nullptr ) );
2593	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2594	}
2595	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2596	;
2597
2598	type_parameters_opt:
2599	// empty
2600	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2601	\| '(' type_list ')'
2602	{ $$ = $2; }
2603	;
2604
2605	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2606	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2607	{
2608	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2609	forall = false; // reset
2610	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2611	}
2612	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2613	{
2614	forall = false; // reset
2615	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2616	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2617	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2618	if ( $3->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2619	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $3 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2620	} else {
2621	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->symbolic.name, $3->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2622	$3->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2623	$3->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2624	delete $3;
2625	}
2626	}
2627	;
2628
2629	aggregate_key:
2630	aggregate_data
2631	\| aggregate_control
2632	;
2633
2634	aggregate_data:
2635	STRUCT vtable_opt
2636	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2637	\| UNION
2638	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2639	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2640	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2641	;
2642
2643	aggregate_control: // CFA
2644	MONITOR
2645	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2646	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2647	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2648	\| GENERATOR
2649	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2650	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2651	{
2652	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2653	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2654	}
2655	\| COROUTINE
2656	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2657	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2658	{
2659	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2660	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2661	}
2662	\| THREAD
2663	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2664	\| MUTEX THREAD
2665	{
2666	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2667	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2668	}
2669	;
2670
2671	field_declaration_list_opt:
2672	// empty
2673	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2674	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2675	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->set_last( $2 ) : $2; }
2676	;
2677
2678	field_declaration:
2679	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2680	{
2681	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2682	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2683	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2684	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2685	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2686	// } // for
2687	}
2688	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2689	{
2690	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." );
2691	$$ = nullptr;
2692	}
2693	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2694	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2695	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2696	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2697	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2698	{
2699	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2700	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2701	} // if
2702	$3->inLine = true;
2703	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2704	distInl( $3 );
2705	}
2706	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2707	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2708	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2709	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2710	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2711	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2712	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2713	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2714	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2715	\| static_assert ';' // C11
2716	;
2717
2718	field_declaring_list_opt:
2719	// empty
2720	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2721	\| field_declarator
2722	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2723	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2724	;
2725
2726	field_declarator:
2727	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2728	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2729	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2730	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2731	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2732	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2733	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2734	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2735	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2736	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2737	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2738	;
2739
2740	field_abstract_list_opt:
2741	// empty
2742	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2743	\| field_abstract
2744	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2745	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2746	;
2747
2748	field_abstract:
2749	// no bit fields
2750	variable_abstract_declarator
2751	;
2752
2753	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2754	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2755	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2756	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2757	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2758	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2759	;
2760
2761	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2762	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2763	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2764	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2765	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2766	;
2767
2768	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2769	// empty
2770	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2771	\| bit_subrange_size
2772	;
2773
2774	bit_subrange_size:
2775	':' assignment_expression
2776	{ $$ = $2; }
2777	;
2778
2779	// ************************ ENUMERATION *****************************
2780
2781	enum_type:
2782	// anonymous, no type name
2783	ENUM attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2784	{
2785	if ( $3 == EnumHiding::Hide ) {
2786	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr;
2787	} // if
2788	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $5, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2789	}
2790	\| ENUM enumerator_type attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2791	{
2792	if ( $2 && ($2->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
2793	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2794	}
2795	if ( $4 == EnumHiding::Hide ) {
2796	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr;
2797	} // if
2798	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true, $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 );
2799	}
2800
2801	// named type
2802	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2803	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2804	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2805	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2806	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2807	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2808	\| ENUM enumerator_type attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2809	{
2810	if ( $2 && ($2->storageClasses.any() \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val != 0) ) {
2811	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2812	}
2813	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$4, "enum_type 2" );
2814	}
2815	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2816	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $4, $9, true, true, $2, $7 )->addQualifiers( $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2817	\| ENUM enumerator_type attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2818	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $4->name, $8, true, true, $2, $6 )->addQualifiers( $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2819
2820	// forward declaration
2821	\| enum_type_nobody
2822	;
2823
2824	enumerator_type:
2825	'(' ')' // pure enumeration
2826	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2827	\| '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' // typed enumeration
2828	{ $$ = $2; }
2829	;
2830
2831	hide_opt:
2832	// empty
2833	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2834	\| '!'
2835	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2836	;
2837
2838	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2839	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2840	{
2841	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2842	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2843	}
2844	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2845	{
2846	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2847	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2848	}
2849	;
2850
2851	enumerator_list:
2852	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2853	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2854	\| INLINE type_name
2855	{
2856	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( $2->symbolic.name );
2857	$2->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2858	delete $2;
2859	}
2860	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2861	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2862	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name
2863	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( $4->symbolic.name ) ); }
2864	;
2865
2866	visible_hide_opt:
2867	hide_opt
2868	\| '^'
2869	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2870	;
2871
2872	enumerator_value_opt:
2873	// empty
2874	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2875	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2876	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2877	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2878	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2879	;
2880
2881	// ************************ FUNCTION PARAMETERS *****************************
2882
2883	parameter_list_ellipsis_opt:
2884	// empty
2885	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2886	\| ELLIPSIS
2887	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2888	\| parameter_list
2889	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2890	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2891	;
2892
2893	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2894	parameter_declaration
2895	\| abstract_parameter_declaration
2896	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2897	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2898	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2899	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2900	;
2901
2902	cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2903	// empty
2904	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_basic_type( TypeData::Void ) ); }
2905	\| ELLIPSIS
2906	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2907	\| cfa_parameter_list
2908	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2909	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2910	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2911	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2912	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2913	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2914	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2915	;
2916
2917	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2918	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2919	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2920	cfa_parameter_declaration
2921	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2922	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2923	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2924	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2925	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2926	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 )->set_last( $5 ); }
2927	;
2928
2929	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2930	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2931	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2932	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2933	;
2934
2935	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2936	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2937
2938	parameter_declaration:
2939	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2940	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2941	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2942	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2943	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2944	;
2945
2946	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2947	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2948	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2949	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2950	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2951	;
2952
2953	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2954	parameter_declaration
2955	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2956	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2957	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2958	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2959	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2960	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2961	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2962	\| cfa_function_specifier // int f( "int fp()" );
2963	;
2964
2965	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2966	abstract_parameter_declaration
2967	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2968	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2969	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2970	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2971	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2972	\| cfa_abstract_function // int f( "int ()" );
2973	;
2974
2975	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2976	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2977	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2978
2979	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2980	identifier
2981	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2982	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2983	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2984	;
2985
2986	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2987	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2988	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2989	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2990	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2991	;
2992
2993	type: // typeof, assertion
2994	type_no_function
2995	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2996	;
2997
2998	initializer_opt:
2999	// empty
3000	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3001	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
3002	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
3003	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
3004	;
3005
3006	initializer:
3007	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
3008	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
3009	;
3010
3011	initializer_list_opt:
3012	// empty
3013	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3014	\| initializer
3015	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
3016	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3017	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ); }
3018	;
3019
3020	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
3021	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
3022	//
3023	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
3024	//
3025	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
3026	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
3027	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
3028	// shift/reduce conflicts
3029
3030	designation:
3031	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
3032	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
3033	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
3034	;
3035
3036	designator_list: // C99
3037	designator
3038	\| designator_list designator
3039	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
3040	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
3041	;
3042
3043	designator:
3044	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
3045	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
3046	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
3047	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
3048	{ $$ = $3; }
3049	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
3050	{ $$ = $3; }
3051	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
3052	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
3053	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
3054	{ $$ = $4; }
3055	;
3056
3057	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
3058	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
3059	//
3060	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
3061	//
3062	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
3063	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
3064	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
3065	//
3066	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
3067	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
3068	//
3069	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
3070	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
3071	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
3072	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
3073	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
3074
3075	type_parameter_list: // CFA
3076	type_parameter
3077	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
3078	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3079	;
3080
3081	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
3082	// empty
3083	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3084	\| '=' type
3085	{ $$ = $2; }
3086	;
3087
3088	type_parameter: // CFA
3089	type_class identifier_or_type_name
3090	{
3091	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
3092	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
3093	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
3094	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
3095	}
3096	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3097	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3098	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
3099	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
3100	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3101	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3102	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
3103	{
3104	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
3105	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
3106	}
3107	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
3108	\| assertion_list
3109	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
3110	\| ENUM '(' identifier_or_type_name ')' identifier_or_type_name new_type_class type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3111	{
3112	typedefTable.addToScope( *$3, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 4" );
3113	typedefTable.addToScope( *$5, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 5" );
3114	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $6, $5 )->addTypeInitializer( $7 )->addAssertions( $8 );
3115	}
3116	;
3117
3118	new_type_class: // CFA
3119	// empty
3120	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3121	\| '&'
3122	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3123	\| '*'
3124	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // Dtype + sized
3125	// \| '(' '*' ')' // Gregor made me do it
3126	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3127	\| ELLIPSIS
3128	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3129	;
3130
3131	type_class: // CFA
3132	OTYPE
3133	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3134	\| DTYPE
3135	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3136	\| FTYPE
3137	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3138	\| TTYPE
3139	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3140	;
3141
3142	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3143	// empty
3144	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3145	\| assertion_list
3146	;
3147
3148	assertion_list: // CFA
3149	assertion
3150	\| assertion_list assertion
3151	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
3152	;
3153
3154	assertion: // CFA
3155	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3156	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3157	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3158	{ $$ = $4; }
3159	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3160	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3161	;
3162
3163	type_list: // CFA
3164	type
3165	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3166	\| assignment_expression
3167	\| type_list ',' type
3168	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3169	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3170	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3171	;
3172
3173	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3174	OTYPE type_declarator
3175	{ $$ = $2; }
3176	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3177	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3178	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3179	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3180	;
3181
3182	type_declarator: // CFA
3183	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3184	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3185	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3186	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3187	;
3188
3189	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3190	identifier_or_type_name
3191	{
3192	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3193	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3194	}
3195	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3196	{
3197	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3198	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3199	}
3200	;
3201
3202	trait_specifier: // CFA
3203	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3204	{
3205	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3206	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3207	}
3208	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3210	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3211	{
3212	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3213	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3214	}
3215	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3216	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3217	;
3218
3219	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3220	trait_declaration
3221	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3222	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4 ); }
3223	;
3224
3225	trait_declaration: // CFA
3226	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3227	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3228	;
3229
3230	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3231	cfa_variable_specifier
3232	\| cfa_function_specifier
3233	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3234	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3235	;
3236
3237	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3238	type_specifier declarator
3239	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3240	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3241	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3242	;
3243
3244	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3245
3246	translation_unit:
3247	// empty, input file
3248	\| external_definition_list
3249	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->set_last( $1 ) : $1; }
3250	;
3251
3252	external_definition_list:
3253	push external_definition pop
3254	{ $$ = $2; }
3255	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3256	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->set_last( $3 ) : $3; }
3257	;
3258
3259	external_definition_list_opt:
3260	// empty
3261	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3262	\| external_definition_list
3263	;
3264
3265	up:
3266	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3267	;
3268
3269	down:
3270	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3271	;
3272
3273	external_definition:
3274	DIRECTIVE
3275	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3276	\| declaration
3277	{
3278	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3279	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3280	// disallowed at the moment.
3281	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static &&
3282	$1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3283	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) {
3284	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3285	}
3286	}
3287	}
3288	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3289	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3290	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3291	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3292	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3293	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3294	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3295	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3296	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3297	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3298	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3299	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3300	\| external_function_definition
3301	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3302	{
3303	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3304	$$ = $2;
3305	}
3306	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3307	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3308	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3309	{
3310	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3311	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3312	}
3313	up external_definition down
3314	{
3315	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3316	linkageStack.pop();
3317	$$ = $5;
3318	}
3319	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3320	{
3321	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3322	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3323	}
3324	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3325	{
3326	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3327	linkageStack.pop();
3328	$$ = $6;
3329	}
3330	// global distribution
3331	\| type_qualifier_list
3332	{
3333	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3334	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3335	}
3336	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3337	}
3338	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3339	{
3340	distQual( $5, $1 );
3341	forall = false;
3342	$$ = $5;
3343	}
3344	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3345	{
3346	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3347	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3348	}
3349	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3350	}
3351	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3352	{
3353	distQual( $5, $1 );
3354	forall = false;
3355	$$ = $5;
3356	}
3357	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3358	{
3359	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3360	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3361	}
3362	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3363	}
3364	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3365	{
3366	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3367	forall = false;
3368	$$ = $6;
3369	}
3370	\| ';' // empty declaration
3371	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3372	;
3373
3374	external_function_definition:
3375	function_definition
3376	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3377	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3378	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3379	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3380	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3381	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3382	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3383	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3384	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3385	;
3386
3387	with_clause_opt:
3388	// empty
3389	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3390	\| WITH '(' type_list ')' attribute_list_opt // support scoped enumeration
3391	{
3392	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3393	if ( $5 ) {
3394	SemanticError( yylloc, "illegal syntax, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3395	$$ = nullptr;
3396	} // if
3397	}
3398	;
3399
3400	function_definition:
3401	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3402	{
3403	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3404	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3405	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3406	$$ = $1;
3407	}
3408	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3409	{
3410	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3411	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3412	}
3413	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3414	{
3415	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3416	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3417	}
3418	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3419	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3420	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3421	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3422	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3423	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3424	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3425	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3426	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3427
3428	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3429	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3430	{
3431	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3432	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3433	}
3434	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3435	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3436	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3437	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3438	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3439	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3440	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3441	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3442	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3443	;
3444
3445	declarator:
3446	variable_declarator
3447	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3448	\| function_declarator
3449	\| function_type_redeclarator
3450	;
3451
3452	subrange:
3453	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3454	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3455	;
3456
3457	// ************************** ASM ***************************
3458
3459	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3460	// empty
3461	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3462	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3463	{
3464	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3465	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3466	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3467	}
3468	;
3469
3470	// ************************** ATTRIBUTE ***************************
3471
3472	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3473	// empty
3474	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3475	\| attribute_list
3476	;
3477
3478	attribute_list: // GCC
3479	attribute
3480	\| attribute_list attribute
3481	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3482	;
3483
3484	attribute: // GCC
3485	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3486	{ $$ = $4; }
3487	\| ATTRIBUTE '(' attribute_name_list ')' // CFA
3488	{ $$ = $3; }
3489	\| ATTR '(' attribute_name_list ')' // CFA
3490	{ $$ = $3; }
3491	;
3492
3493	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3494	attribute_name
3495	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3496	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3497	;
3498
3499	attribute_name: // GCC
3500	// empty
3501	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3502	\| attr_name
3503	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3504	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3505	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3506	;
3507
3508	attr_name: // GCC
3509	identifier_or_type_name
3510	\| FALLTHROUGH
3511	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3512	\| CONST
3513	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3514	;
3515
3516	// ============================================================================
3517	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3518	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3519	// in:
3520	//
3521	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3522	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3523	//
3524	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3525	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3526	// ============================================================================
3527
3528	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3529	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3530	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3531	//
3532	// valid declaration invalid definition
3533	// ----------------- ------------------
3534	// int f; int f {}
3535	// int f; int f {}
3536	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3537	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3538	//
3539	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3540	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3541	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3542
3543	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3544	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3545
3546	paren_identifier:
3547	identifier_at
3548	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3549	\| '?' identifier
3550	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "keyword parameter is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3551	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $2 ); }
3552	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3553	{ $$ = $2; }
3554	;
3555
3556	variable_declarator:
3557	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3558	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3559	\| variable_ptr
3560	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3561	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3562	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3563	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3564	;
3565
3566	variable_ptr:
3567	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3568	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3569	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3570	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3571	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3572	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3573	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3574	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3575	;
3576
3577	variable_array:
3578	paren_identifier array_dimension
3579	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3580	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3581	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3582	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3583	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3584	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3585	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3586	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3587	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3588	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3589	{ $$ = $2; }
3590	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3591	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3592	;
3593
3594	variable_function:
3595	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3596	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3597	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3598	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3599	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3600	{ $$ = $2; }
3601	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3602	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3603	;
3604
3605	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3606	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3607	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3608
3609	function_declarator:
3610	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3611	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3612	\| function_ptr
3613	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3614	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3615	;
3616
3617	function_no_ptr:
3618	paren_identifier '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3619	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3620	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3621	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3622	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3623	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3624	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3625	{ $$ = $2; }
3626	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3627	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3628	;
3629
3630	function_ptr:
3631	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3632	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3633	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3634	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3635	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3636	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3637	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3638	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3639	;
3640
3641	function_array:
3642	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3643	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3644	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3645	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3646	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3647	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3648	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3649	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3650	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3651	{ $$ = $2; }
3652	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3653	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3654	;
3655
3656	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3657	//
3658	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3659	//
3660	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3661	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3662
3663	KR_function_declarator:
3664	KR_function_no_ptr
3665	\| KR_function_ptr
3666	\| KR_function_array
3667	;
3668
3669	KR_function_no_ptr:
3670	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3671	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3672	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3673	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3674	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3675	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3676	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3677	{ $$ = $2; }
3678	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3679	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3680	;
3681
3682	KR_function_ptr:
3683	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3684	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3685	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3686	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3687	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3688	{ $$ = $2; }
3689	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3690	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3691	;
3692
3693	KR_function_array:
3694	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3695	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3696	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3697	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3698	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3699	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3700	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3701	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3702	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3703	{ $$ = $2; }
3704	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3705	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3706	;
3707
3708	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3709	//
3710	// typedef int foo;
3711	// {
3712	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3713	// }
3714
3715	paren_type:
3716	typedef_name
3717	{
3718	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3719	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3720	}
3721	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3722	{ $$ = $2; }
3723	;
3724
3725	variable_type_redeclarator:
3726	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3727	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3728	\| variable_type_ptr
3729	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3730	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3731	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3732	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3733	;
3734
3735	variable_type_ptr:
3736	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3737	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3738	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3739	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3740	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3741	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3742	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3743	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3744	;
3745
3746	variable_type_array:
3747	paren_type array_dimension
3748	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3749	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3750	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3751	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3752	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3753	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3754	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3755	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3756	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3757	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3758	{ $$ = $2; }
3759	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3760	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3761	;
3762
3763	variable_type_function:
3764	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3765	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3766	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3767	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3768	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3769	{ $$ = $2; }
3770	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3771	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3772	;
3773
3774	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3775	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3776	// arrays and functions.
3777
3778	function_type_redeclarator:
3779	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3780	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3781	\| function_type_ptr
3782	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3783	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3784	;
3785
3786	function_type_no_ptr:
3787	paren_type '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3788	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3789	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3790	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3791	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3792	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3793	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3794	{ $$ = $2; }
3795	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3796	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3797	;
3798
3799	function_type_ptr:
3800	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3801	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3802	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3803	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3804	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3805	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3806	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3807	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3808	;
3809
3810	function_type_array:
3811	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3812	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3813	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3814	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3815	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3816	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3817	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3818	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3819	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3820	{ $$ = $2; }
3821	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3822	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3823	;
3824
3825	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3826	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3827	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3828	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3829
3830	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3831	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3832	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3833	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3834	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
3835	OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3836	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3837	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3838	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3839	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3840	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3841	;
3842
3843	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3844	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3845	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3846	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3847	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3848	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3849	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3850	;
3851
3852	identifier_parameter_array:
3853	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3854	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3855	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3856	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3857	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3858	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3859	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3860	{ $$ = $2; }
3861	;
3862
3863	identifier_parameter_function:
3864	paren_identifier '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3865	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3866	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3867	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3868	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3869	{ $$ = $2; }
3870	;
3871
3872	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3873	// e.g.:
3874	//
3875	// typedef int foo;
3876	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3877	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3878	//
3879	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3880
3881	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3882	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3883	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3884	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3885	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
3886	OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3887	\| type_parameter_ptr
3888	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3889	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3890	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3891	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3892	;
3893
3894	typedef_name:
3895	TYPEDEFname
3896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3897	\| TYPEGENname
3898	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3899	;
3900
3901	type_parameter_ptr:
3902	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3903	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3904	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3905	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3906	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3907	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3908	;
3909
3910	type_parameter_array:
3911	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3912	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3913	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3914	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3915	;
3916
3917	type_parameter_function:
3918	typedef_name '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3919	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3920	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3921	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3922	;
3923
3924	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3925	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3926	//
3927	// sizeof( int );
3928	// sizeof( int * );
3929	// sizeof( int [10] );
3930	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3931	// sizeof( int () );
3932	//
3933	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3934	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3935
3936	abstract_declarator:
3937	abstract_ptr
3938	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3939	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3940	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3941	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3942	;
3943
3944	abstract_ptr:
3945	ptrref_operator
3946	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3947	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3948	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3949	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3950	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3951	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3952	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3953	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3954	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3955	;
3956
3957	abstract_array:
3958	array_dimension
3959	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3960	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3961	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3962	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3963	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3964	{ $$ = $2; }
3965	;
3966
3967	abstract_function:
3968	'(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3969	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3970	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3971	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3972	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3973	{ $$ = $2; }
3974	;
3975
3976	array_dimension:
3977	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3978	'[' ']'
3979	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3980	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3981	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3982	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3983	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3984	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3985	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3986
3987	// If needed, the following parses and does not use comma_expression, so the array structure can be built.
3988	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' push array_dimension_list pop ']' // CFA
3989
3990	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3992	\| multi_array_dimension
3993	;
3994
3995	// array_dimension_list:
3996	// assignment_expression
3997	// \| array_dimension_list ',' assignment_expression
3998	// ;
3999
4000	array_type_list:
4001	basic_type_name
4002	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
4003	\| type_name
4004	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
4005	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
4006	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
4007	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
4008	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
4009	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
4010	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
4011	;
4012
4013	upupeq:
4014	'~'
4015	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
4016	\| ErangeUpEq
4017	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
4018	;
4019
4020	multi_array_dimension:
4021	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
4022	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
4023	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
4024	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
4025	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
4026	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
4027	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
4028	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
4029	;
4030
4031	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4032	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4033	//
4034	// int f( int ); // not handled here
4035	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4036	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4037	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4038	//
4039	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
4040	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the special meaning of
4041	// parenthesis around a typedef name:
4042	//
4043	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
4044	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
4045	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
4046	//
4047	// For example:
4048	//
4049	// typedef float T;
4050	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
4051	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
4052	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
4053	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
4054	//
4055	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
4056	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
4057	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
4058	// functions.
4059
4060	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
4061	// empty
4062	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4063	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
4064	;
4065
4066	abstract_parameter_declarator:
4067	abstract_parameter_ptr
4068	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
4069	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
4070	OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
4071	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
4072	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4073	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
4074	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4075	;
4076
4077	abstract_parameter_ptr:
4078	ptrref_operator
4079	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4080	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4081	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4082	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
4083	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4084	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
4085	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4086	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4087	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4088	;
4089
4090	abstract_parameter_array:
4091	array_parameter_dimension
4092	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
4093	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4094	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4095	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4096	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4097	{ $$ = $2; }
4098	;
4099
4100	abstract_parameter_function:
4101	'(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4102	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
4103	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4104	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4105	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4106	{ $$ = $2; }
4107	;
4108
4109	array_parameter_dimension:
4110	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
4111	array_parameter_1st_dimension
4112	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
4113	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
4114	\| multi_array_dimension
4115	;
4116
4117	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
4118	//
4119	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
4120	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
4121
4122	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4123	'[' ']'
4124	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
4125	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
4126	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4127	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4128	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
4129	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
4130	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
4131	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4132	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4133	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
4134	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
4135	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
4136	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
4137	;
4138
4139	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
4140	//
4141	// struct S {
4142	// int;
4143	// int *;
4144	// int [10];
4145	// int (*)();
4146	// };
4147
4148	variable_abstract_declarator:
4149	variable_abstract_ptr
4150	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4151	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4152	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4153	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4154	;
4155
4156	variable_abstract_ptr:
4157	ptrref_operator
4158	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4159	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4160	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4161	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4162	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4163	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4164	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4165	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4166	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4167	;
4168
4169	variable_abstract_array:
4170	array_dimension
4171	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4172	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4173	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4174	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4175	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4176	{ $$ = $2; }
4177	;
4178
4179	variable_abstract_function:
4180	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4181	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4182	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4183	{ $$ = $2; }
4184	;
4185
4186	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4187	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4188
4189	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4190	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4191	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4192	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4193	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4194	;
4195
4196	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4197	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4198	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4199	;
4200
4201	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4202	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4203	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4204	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4205	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4206	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4207	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4208	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4209	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4210	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4211	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4212	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4213	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4214	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4215	;
4216
4217	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4218	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4219	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4220	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4221	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4222	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4223	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4224	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4225	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4226	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4227	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4228	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4229	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4230
4231	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4232	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4233	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4234	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4235	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4236	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4237	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4238	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4239	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4240	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4241	;
4242
4243	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4244	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4246	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4248	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4249	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4250	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4251	// appear in this context.
4252	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4253	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4254	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4255	;
4256
4257	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4258	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4259	//
4260	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4261	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4262	//
4263	// These rules need LR(3):
4264	//
4265	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4266	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
4267	//
4268	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4269	//
4270	// [int, int] t;
4271	// [int, int] f( int );
4272	//
4273	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4274	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4275	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4276	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4277
4278	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4279	cfa_abstract_tuple
4280	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4281	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4282	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4283	;
4284
4285	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4286	cfa_abstract_ptr
4287	\| cfa_abstract_array
4288	;
4289
4290	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4291	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4292	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4293	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4294	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4295	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4296	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4297	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4298	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4299	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4300	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4301	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4302	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4303	;
4304
4305	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4306	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4307	// empty (void) function return type.
4308	'[' ']' type_specifier
4309	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4310	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4311	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4312	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4313	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4314	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4315	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4316	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4317	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4318	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4319	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4320	;
4321
4322	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4323	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4324	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4325	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4326	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4327	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4328	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4329	;
4330
4331	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4332	'[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
4333	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4334	\| cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
4335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4336	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
4337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4338	;
4339
4340	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4341	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4342	//
4343	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4344	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4345	//
4346	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4347	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4348	//
4349	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4350	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4351
4352	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4353
4354	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4355	// empty
4356	\| ','
4357	;
4358
4359	default_initializer_opt:
4360	// empty
4361	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4362	\| '=' assignment_expression
4363	{ $$ = $2; }
4364	;
4365
4366	%%
4367
4368	// ----end of grammar----
4369
4370	// Local Variables: //
4371	// mode: c++ //
4372	// tab-width: 4 //
4373	// compile-command: "bison -Wcounterexamples parser.yy" //
4374	// End: //

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