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parser.yy @ ebb5ed9

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Last change on this file since ebb5ed9 was a9b657a, checked in by Rob Schluntz <rschlunt@…>, 7 years ago
Merge branch 'master' of plg.uwaterloo.ca:/u/cforall/software/cfa/cfa-cc
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Thu Mar 9 21:40:20 2017
13	// Update Count : 2292
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68
69	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
70	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
71	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
72	//cur->addType( specifier );
73	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
74	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
75	} // for
76	declList->addType( cl );
77	// delete cl;
78	return declList;
79	} // distAttr
80
81	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
82	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
83	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
84	iter->set_extension( true );
85	} // for
86	} // distExt
87	%}
88
89	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
90
91	// keywords
92	%token TYPEDEF
93	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
94	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
95	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
96	%token NORETURN // C11
97	%token CONST VOLATILE
98	%token RESTRICT // C99
99	%token ATOMIC // C11
100	%token FORALL LVALUE MUTEX // CFA
101	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED ZERO_T ONE_T
102	%token VALIST // GCC
103	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
104	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
105	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
106	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
107	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
108	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
109	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
110	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
111	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
112	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
113	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
114
115	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
116	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
117	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
118	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
119	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
120	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
121	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
122	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
123	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
124
125	// multi-character operators
126	%token ARROW // ->
127	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
128	%token LS RS // << >>
129	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
130	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
131	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
132
133	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
134	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
135	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
136	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
137
138	%token ATassign // @=
139
140	// Types declaration
141	%union
142	{
143	Token tok;
144	ParseNode * pn;
145	ExpressionNode * en;
146	DeclarationNode * decl;
147	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
148	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
149	StatementNode * sn;
150	ConstantExpr * constant;
151	ForCtl * fctl;
152	LabelNode * label;
153	InitializerNode * in;
154	OperKinds op;
155	std::string * str;
156	bool flag;
157	}
158
159	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
160	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
161	%type<constant> string_literal
162	%type<str> string_literal_list
163
164	// expressions
165	%type<en> constant
166	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
167	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
168	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
169	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
170	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
171	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
172	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
173	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
174	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
175	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
176	%type<en> subrange
177	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
178	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
179	%type<label> label_list
180	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
181	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
182
183	// statements
184	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
185	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
186	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
187	%type<sn> statement statement_list
188	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
189	%type<sn> case_clause
190	%type<en> case_value
191	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
192	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
193	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
194
195	// declarations
196	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
197	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
198	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
199
200	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
201	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
202
203	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
204
205	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
206
207	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
208
209	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
210
211	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
212	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
213
214	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
215
216	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
217	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
218
219	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
220
221	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
222	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
223
224	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
225
226	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
227	%type<decl> identifier_list
228
229	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
230	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
231	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
232
233	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
234
235	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
236	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
237
238	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
239	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
240
241	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
242
243	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
244
245	%type<decl> c_declaration
246	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
247	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
248
249	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
250	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
251
252	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
253
254	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
255
256	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
257
258	%type<tclass> type_class
259	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
260
261	%type<decl> typedef typedef_type_specifier typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
262
263	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
264
265	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
266	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
267
268	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
269	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
270
271	%type<en> type_name_list
272
273	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
274	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
275
276	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
277	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
278
279	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
280
281	// initializers
282	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
283
284	// designators
285	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
286
287
288	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
289	// is ambiguous:
290	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
291	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
292	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
293
294	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
295	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
296
297	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
298
299	%%
300	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
301
302	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
303	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
304	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
305	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
306	//
307	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
308	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
309	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
310	//
311	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
312	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
313	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
314	//
315	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
316	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
317	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
318	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
319	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
320	//
321	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
322	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
323	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
324	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
325	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
326	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
327	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
328
329	push:
330	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
331	;
332
333	pop:
334	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
335	;
336
337	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
338
339	constant:
340	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
341	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
342	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
343	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
344	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
345	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
346	;
347
348	identifier:
349	IDENTIFIER
350	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
351	\| zero_one // CFA
352	;
353
354	no_01_identifier:
355	IDENTIFIER
356	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
357	;
358
359	no_attr_identifier:
360	IDENTIFIER
361	\| zero_one // CFA
362	;
363
364	zero_one: // CFA
365	ZERO
366	\| ONE
367	;
368
369	string_literal:
370	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
371	;
372
373	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
374	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
375	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
376	{
377	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
378	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
379	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
380	}
381	;
382
383	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
384
385	primary_expression:
386	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
387	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
388	\| zero_one
389	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ) ); }
390	\| tuple
391	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
392	{ $$ = $2; }
393	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
394	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
395	;
396
397	postfix_expression:
398	primary_expression
399	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
400	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
401	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
402	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
403	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
404	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
405	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
406	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
407	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
408	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
409	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
410	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
411	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
412	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
413	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
414	{
415	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
416	}
417	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
418	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
419	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
420	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
421	\| postfix_expression ICR
422	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
423	\| postfix_expression DECR
424	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
425	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
426	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
427	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
428	{
429	Token fn;
430	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
431	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
432	}
433	;
434
435	argument_expression_list:
436	argument_expression
437	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
438	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
439	;
440
441	argument_expression:
442	// empty
443	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
444	\| assignment_expression
445	;
446
447	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
448	field
449	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
450	;
451
452	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
453	field_name
454	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
455	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
456	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
457	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_REALDECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
458	\| field_name '.' field
459	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
460	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
461	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
462	\| field_name ARROW field
463	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
464	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
465	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
466	;
467
468	field_name:
469	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
470	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
471	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
472	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
473	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
474	{
475	if( ($1) == "0" \|\| ($1) == "1" ) {
476	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantZeroOne( *$1 ), $2 ) );
477	} else {
478	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
479	}
480	}
481	;
482
483	fraction_constants:
484	// empty
485	{ $$ = nullptr; }
486	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
487	{
488	Expression * constant = build_field_name_REALFRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
489	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
490	}
491	;
492
493	unary_expression:
494	postfix_expression
495	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
496	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
497	\| constant
498	{ $$ = $1; }
499	\| string_literal
500	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
501	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
502	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
503	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
504	// { * X; } // dereference X
505	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
506	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
507	{
508	switch ( $1 ) {
509	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
510	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
511	break;
512	case OperKinds::PointTo:
513	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
514	break;
515	default:
516	assert( false );
517	}
518	}
519	\| unary_operator cast_expression
520	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
521	\| ICR unary_expression
522	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
523	\| DECR unary_expression
524	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
525	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
526	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
527	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
528	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
529	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
530	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
531	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
532	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
533	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
534	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
535	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
536	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
537	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
538	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
539	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
540	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
541	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
542	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
543	;
544
545	ptrref_operator:
546	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
547	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
548	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
549	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
550	;
551
552	unary_operator:
553	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
554	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
555	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
556	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
557	;
558
559	cast_expression:
560	unary_expression
561	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
562	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
563	// \| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
564	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
565	;
566
567	multiplicative_expression:
568	cast_expression
569	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
570	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
571	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
573	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
575	;
576
577	additive_expression:
578	multiplicative_expression
579	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
580	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
581	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
582	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
583	;
584
585	shift_expression:
586	additive_expression
587	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
588	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
589	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
590	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
591	;
592
593	relational_expression:
594	shift_expression
595	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
596	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
597	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
598	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
599	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
600	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
601	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
602	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
603	;
604
605	equality_expression:
606	relational_expression
607	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
608	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
609	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
610	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
611	;
612
613	AND_expression:
614	equality_expression
615	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
616	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
617	;
618
619	exclusive_OR_expression:
620	AND_expression
621	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
622	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
623	;
624
625	inclusive_OR_expression:
626	exclusive_OR_expression
627	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
628	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
629	;
630
631	logical_AND_expression:
632	inclusive_OR_expression
633	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
634	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
635	;
636
637	logical_OR_expression:
638	logical_AND_expression
639	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
640	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
641	;
642
643	conditional_expression:
644	logical_OR_expression
645	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
646	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
647	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
648	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
649	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
650	// \| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
651	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
652	;
653
654	constant_expression:
655	conditional_expression
656	;
657
658	assignment_expression:
659	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
660	conditional_expression
661	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
662	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
663	// \| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
664	// { $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
665	;
666
667	assignment_expression_opt:
668	// empty
669	{ $$ = nullptr; }
670	\| assignment_expression
671	;
672
673	assignment_operator:
674	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
675	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
676	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
677	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
678	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
679	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
680	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
681	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
682	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
683	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
684	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
685	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
686	;
687
688	tuple: // CFA, tuple
689	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
690	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
691	// '[' ']'
692	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
693	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
694	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
695	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
696	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
697	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
698	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
699	;
700
701	tuple_expression_list:
702	assignment_expression_opt
703	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
704	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
705	;
706
707	comma_expression:
708	assignment_expression
709	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
710	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
711	;
712
713	comma_expression_opt:
714	// empty
715	{ $$ = nullptr; }
716	\| comma_expression
717	;
718
719	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
720
721	statement:
722	labeled_statement
723	\| compound_statement
724	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
725	\| selection_statement
726	\| iteration_statement
727	\| jump_statement
728	\| exception_statement
729	\| asm_statement
730	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
731	{
732	Token fn;
733	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
734	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
735	}
736	;
737
738	labeled_statement:
739	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
740	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
741	{
742	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
743	}
744	;
745
746	compound_statement:
747	'{' '}'
748	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
749	\| '{'
750	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
751	// requires its own scope.
752	push push
753	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
754	block_item_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
755	pop '}'
756	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
757	;
758
759	block_item_list: // C99
760	block_item
761	\| block_item_list push block_item
762	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
763	;
764
765	block_item:
766	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
767	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
768	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
769	{
770	distExt( $2 );
771	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
772	}
773	\| function_definition
774	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
775	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
776	{
777	distExt( $2 );
778	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
779	}
780	\| statement pop
781	;
782
783	statement_list:
784	statement
785	\| statement_list statement
786	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
787	;
788
789	expression_statement:
790	comma_expression_opt ';'
791	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
792	;
793
794	selection_statement:
795	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
796	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
797	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
798	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
799	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
800	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
801	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
802	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
803	{
804	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
805	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
806	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
807	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
808	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
809	// statement.
810	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
811	}
812	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
813	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
814	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
815	{
816	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
817	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
818	}
819	;
820
821	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
822	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
823
824	case_value: // CFA
825	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
826	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
828	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
829	;
830
831	case_value_list: // CFA
832	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
833	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
834	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
835	;
836
837	case_label: // CFA
838	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
839	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
840	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
841	;
842
843	case_label_list: // CFA
844	case_label
845	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
846	;
847
848	case_clause: // CFA
849	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
850	;
851
852	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
853	// empty
854	{ $$ = nullptr; }
855	\| switch_clause_list
856	;
857
858	switch_clause_list: // CFA
859	case_label_list statement_list
860	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
861	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
862	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
863	;
864
865	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
866	// empty
867	{ $$ = nullptr; }
868	\| choose_clause_list
869	;
870
871	choose_clause_list: // CFA
872	case_label_list fall_through
873	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
874	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
875	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
876	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
877	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
878	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
879	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
880	;
881
882	fall_through_opt: // CFA
883	// empty
884	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
885	\| fall_through
886	;
887
888	fall_through: // CFA
889	FALLTHRU
890	{ $$ = nullptr; }
891	\| FALLTHRU ';'
892	{ $$ = nullptr; }
893	;
894
895	iteration_statement:
896	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
897	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
898	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
899	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
900	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
901	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
902	;
903
904	for_control_expression:
905	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
906	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
907	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
908	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
909	;
910
911	jump_statement:
912	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
913	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
914	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
915	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
916	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
917	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
918	\| CONTINUE ';'
919	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
920	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
921	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
922	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
923	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
924	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
925	\| BREAK ';'
926	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
927	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
928	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
929	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
930	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
931	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
932	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
933	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
934	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
935	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
936	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
937	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
938	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
939	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
940	;
941
942	exception_statement:
943	TRY compound_statement handler_list
944	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
945	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
946	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
947	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
948	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
949	;
950
951	handler_list:
952	handler_clause
953	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
954	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
955	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
956	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
957	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
958	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
959	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
960	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
961	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
962	;
963
964	handler_clause:
965	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
966	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
967	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
968	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
969	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
970	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
971	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
972	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
973	;
974
975	finally_clause:
976	FINALLY compound_statement
977	{
978	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
979	}
980	;
981
982	exception_declaration:
983	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
984	type_specifier_nobody
985	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
986	{
987	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
988	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
989	}
990	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
991	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
992	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
993	{
994	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
995	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
996	}
997	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
998	;
999
1000	asm_statement:
1001	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1002	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1003	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1004	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1005	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1006	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1007	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1008	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1009	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1010	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1011	;
1012
1013	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1014	// empty
1015	{ $$ = false; }
1016	\| VOLATILE
1017	{ $$ = true; }
1018	;
1019
1020	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1021	// empty
1022	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1023	\| asm_operands_list
1024	;
1025
1026	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1027	asm_operand
1028	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1029	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1030	;
1031
1032	asm_operand: // GCC
1033	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1034	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1035	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1036	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1037	;
1038
1039	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1040	// empty
1041	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1042	\| string_literal
1043	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1044	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1045	// set_last return ParseNode *
1046	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1047	;
1048
1049	label_list:
1050	no_attr_identifier
1051	{
1052	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1053	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1054	}
1055	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1056	{
1057	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1058	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1059	}
1060	;
1061
1062	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1063
1064	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1065	pop
1066	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1067	\| declaration_list
1068	;
1069
1070	declaration_list:
1071	declaration
1072	\| declaration_list push declaration
1073	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1074	;
1075
1076	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1077	pop
1078	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1079	\| KR_declaration_list
1080	;
1081
1082	KR_declaration_list:
1083	c_declaration
1084	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration
1085	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1086	;
1087
1088	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1089	// empty
1090	\| local_label_declaration_list
1091	;
1092
1093	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1094	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1095	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1096	;
1097
1098	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1099	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1100	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1101	;
1102
1103	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1104	cfa_declaration
1105	\| c_declaration
1106	;
1107
1108	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1109	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1110	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1111	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1112	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1113	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1114	//
1115	// CFA C
1116	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1117	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1118
1119	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1120	cfa_variable_declaration pop ';'
1121	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1122	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ';'
1123	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1124	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1125	;
1126
1127	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1128	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1129	{
1130	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1131	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1132	}
1133	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1134	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1135	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1136	{
1137	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1138	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1139	}
1140	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1141	{
1142	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1143	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1144	}
1145	;
1146
1147	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1148	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1149	// storage-class
1150	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1151	{
1152	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1153	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1154	}
1155	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1156	{
1157	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1158	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1159	}
1160	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1161	{
1162	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1163	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1164	}
1165	;
1166
1167	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1168	cfa_function_specifier
1169	{
1170	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1171	$$ = $1;
1172	}
1173	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1174	{
1175	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1176	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1177	}
1178	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1179	{
1180	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1181	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1182	}
1183	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1184	{
1185	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1186	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1187	}
1188	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1189	{
1190	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1191	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1192	}
1193	;
1194
1195	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1196	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1197	// {
1198	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1199	// }
1200	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1201	// {
1202	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1203	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1204	// }
1205	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1206	// {
1207	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1208	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1209	// }
1210	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1211	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1212	//
1213	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1214	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1215	//
1216	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1217	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1218	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1219	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1220	{
1221	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1222	}
1223	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1224	{
1225	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1226	}
1227	;
1228
1229	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1230	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1231	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1232	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1233	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1234	// ']'.
1235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1236	;
1237
1238	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1239	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1240	{
1241	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1242	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1243	}
1244	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1245	{
1246	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1247	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1248	}
1249	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1250	{
1251	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1252	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1253	}
1254	;
1255
1256	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1257	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1258
1259	typedef_declaration:
1260	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1261	{
1262	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1263	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1264	}
1265	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1266	{
1267	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1268	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1269	}
1270	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1271	{
1272	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1273	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1274	}
1275	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1276	{
1277	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1278	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1279	}
1280	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1281	{
1282	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1283	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1284	}
1285	;
1286
1287	typedef_expression:
1288	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1289	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1290	{
1291	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1292	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1293	}
1294	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1295	{
1296	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1297	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1298	}
1299	;
1300
1301	//c_declaration:
1302	// declaring_list pop ';'
1303	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1304	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1305	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1306	// ;
1307	//
1308	//declaring_list:
1309	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1310	// // storage-class
1311	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1312	// {
1313	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1314	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1315	// }
1316	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1317	// {
1318	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1319	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1320	// }
1321	// ;
1322
1323	c_declaration:
1324	declaration_specifier declaring_list pop ';'
1325	{
1326	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1327	}
1328	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1329	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1330	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1331	;
1332
1333	declaring_list:
1334	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1335	// storage-class
1336	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1337	{
1338	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1339	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1340	}
1341	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1342	{
1343	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1344	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1345	}
1346	;
1347
1348	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1349	basic_declaration_specifier
1350	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1351	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1352	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1353	;
1354
1355	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1356	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1357	//
1358	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1359	//
1360	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1361	basic_declaration_specifier
1362	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1363	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1364	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1365	;
1366
1367	type_specifier: // type specifier
1368	basic_type_specifier
1369	\| sue_type_specifier
1370	\| typedef_type_specifier
1371	\| typegen_type_specifier
1372	;
1373
1374	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1375	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1376	//
1377	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1378	//
1379	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1380	basic_type_specifier
1381	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1382	\| typedef_type_specifier
1383	\| typegen_type_specifier
1384	;
1385
1386	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1387	// empty
1388	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1389	\| type_qualifier_list
1390	;
1391
1392	type_qualifier_list:
1393	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1394	//
1395	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1396	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1397	// appeared only once.
1398	type_qualifier
1399	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1400	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1401	;
1402
1403	type_qualifier:
1404	type_qualifier_name
1405	\| attribute
1406	;
1407
1408	type_qualifier_name:
1409	CONST
1410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1411	\| RESTRICT
1412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1413	\| VOLATILE
1414	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1415	\| LVALUE // CFA
1416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1417	\| MUTEX
1418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( DeclarationNode::Mutex ); }
1419	\| ATOMIC
1420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1421	\| FORALL '('
1422	{
1423	typedefTable.enterScope();
1424	}
1425	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1426	{
1427	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1428	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1429	}
1430	;
1431
1432	declaration_qualifier_list:
1433	storage_class_list
1434	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1435	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1436	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1437	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1438	;
1439
1440	storage_class_list:
1441	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1442	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1443	//
1444	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1445	// specifiers in a declaration.
1446	storage_class
1447	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1448	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1449	;
1450
1451	storage_class:
1452	EXTERN
1453	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1454	\| STATIC
1455	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1456	\| AUTO
1457	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1458	\| REGISTER
1459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1460	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1462	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1463	\| INLINE // C99
1464	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1465	\| FORTRAN // C99
1466	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1467	\| NORETURN // C11
1468	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1469	;
1470
1471	basic_type_name:
1472	CHAR
1473	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1474	\| DOUBLE
1475	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1476	\| FLOAT
1477	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1478	\| INT
1479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1480	\| LONG
1481	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1482	\| SHORT
1483	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1484	\| SIGNED
1485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1486	\| UNSIGNED
1487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1488	\| VOID
1489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1490	\| BOOL // C99
1491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1492	\| COMPLEX // C99
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1494	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1496	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1498	\| ZERO_T
1499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1500	\| ONE_T
1501	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1502	;
1503
1504	basic_declaration_specifier:
1505	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1506	basic_type_specifier
1507	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1508	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1509	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1510	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1511	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1512	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1513	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1514	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1515	;
1516
1517	basic_type_specifier:
1518	direct_type_name
1519	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1520	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1521	;
1522
1523	direct_type_name:
1524	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1525	basic_type_name
1526	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1527	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1528	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1529	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1530	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1531	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1532	;
1533
1534	indirect_type_name:
1535	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1536	{ $$ = $3; }
1537	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1538	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1539	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1540	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1541	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1542	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1543	;
1544
1545	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1546	sue_type_specifier
1547	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1548	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1549	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1550	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1551	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1552	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1553	;
1554
1555	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1556	elaborated_type
1557	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type
1558	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1559	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1560	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1561	;
1562
1563	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1564	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1565	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1566	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1567	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1568	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1569	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1570	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1571	;
1572
1573	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1574	elaborated_type_nobody
1575	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1576	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1577	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1578	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1579	;
1580
1581	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1582	typedef_type_specifier
1583	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1584	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1585	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1586	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1587	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1588	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1589	;
1590
1591	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1592	TYPEDEFname
1593	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1594	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1595	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1596	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1597	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1598	;
1599
1600	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1601	aggregate_type
1602	\| enum_type
1603	;
1604
1605	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1606	aggregate_type_nobody
1607	\| enum_type_nobody
1608	;
1609
1610	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1611	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1612	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1613	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1614	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1615	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1616	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1617	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1618	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1619	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1620	;
1621
1622	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1623	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1624	{
1625	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1626	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1627	}
1628	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1629	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1630	;
1631
1632	aggregate_key:
1633	STRUCT
1634	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1635	\| UNION
1636	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1637	\| COROUTINE
1638	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1639	\| MONITOR
1640	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1641	\| THREAD
1642	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1643	;
1644
1645	field_declaration_list:
1646	// empty
1647	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1648	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1649	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1650	;
1651
1652	field_declaration:
1653	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1654	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1655	{
1656	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1657	$$ = $2;
1658	}
1659	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1660	{
1661	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1662	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1663	{
1664	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1665	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1666	}
1667	;
1668
1669	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1670	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1671	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1672	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1673	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1674	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1675	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1676	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1677	;
1678
1679	field_declaring_list:
1680	field_declarator
1681	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1682	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1683	;
1684
1685	field_declarator:
1686	// empty
1687	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1688	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1689	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1690	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1691	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1692	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1693	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1694	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1695	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1696	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1697	;
1698
1699	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1700	// empty
1701	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1702	\| bit_subrange_size
1703	{ $$ = $1; }
1704	;
1705
1706	bit_subrange_size:
1707	':' constant_expression
1708	{ $$ = $2; }
1709	;
1710
1711	enum_type: // enum
1712	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1713	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1714	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1715	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1716	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1717	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1718	\| enum_type_nobody
1719	;
1720
1721	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1722	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1723	{
1724	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1725	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1726	}
1727	;
1728
1729	enumerator_list:
1730	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1731	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1732	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1733	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1734	;
1735
1736	enumerator_value_opt:
1737	// empty
1738	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1739	\| '=' constant_expression
1740	{ $$ = $2; }
1741	;
1742
1743	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1744
1745	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1746	// empty
1747	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1748	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1749	;
1750
1751	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1752	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1753	\| cfa_parameter_list
1754	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1755	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1756	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1757	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1758	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1759	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1760	;
1761
1762	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1763	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1764	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1765	cfa_parameter_declaration
1766	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1767	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1768	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1769	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1770	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1771	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1772	;
1773
1774	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1775	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1776	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1777	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1778	;
1779
1780	parameter_type_list_opt:
1781	// empty
1782	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1783	\| parameter_type_list
1784	;
1785
1786	parameter_type_list:
1787	parameter_list
1788	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1789	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1790	;
1791
1792	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1793	abstract_parameter_declaration
1794	\| parameter_declaration
1795	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1796	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1797	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1798	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1799	;
1800
1801	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1802	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1803
1804	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1805	parameter_declaration
1806	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1807	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1808	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1809	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1810	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1811	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1812	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1813	\| cfa_function_specifier
1814	;
1815
1816	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1817	abstract_parameter_declaration
1818	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1819	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1820	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1821	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
1822	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1823	\| cfa_abstract_function
1824	;
1825
1826	parameter_declaration:
1827	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1828	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1829	{
1830	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1831	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1832	}
1833	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1834	{
1835	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1836	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
1837	}
1838	;
1839
1840	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1841	declaration_specifier_nobody assignment_opt
1842	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
1843	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1844	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
1845	;
1846
1847	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1848	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1849	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1850
1851	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1852	no_attr_identifier
1853	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1854	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1855	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1856	;
1857
1858	identifier_or_type_name:
1859	identifier
1860	\| TYPEDEFname
1861	\| TYPEGENname
1862	;
1863
1864	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1865	no_01_identifier
1866	\| TYPEDEFname
1867	\| TYPEGENname
1868	;
1869
1870	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1871	no_attr_identifier
1872	\| TYPEDEFname
1873	\| TYPEGENname
1874	;
1875
1876	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1877	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1878	\| type_specifier
1879	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1880	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1881	;
1882
1883	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1884	type_name_no_function
1885	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
1886	;
1887
1888	initializer_opt:
1889	// empty
1890	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1891	\| '=' initializer
1892	{ $$ = $2; }
1893	\| ATassign initializer
1894	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1895	;
1896
1897	initializer:
1898	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1899	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1900	;
1901
1902	initializer_list:
1903	// empty
1904	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1905	\| initializer
1906	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1907	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1908	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1909	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1910	;
1911
1912	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1913	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1914	//
1915	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1916	//
1917	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1918	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1919	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1920	// shift/reduce conflicts
1921
1922	designation:
1923	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1924	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1925	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1926	;
1927
1928	designator_list: // C99
1929	designator
1930	\| designator_list designator
1931	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1932	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1933	;
1934
1935	designator:
1936	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1937	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1938	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1939	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1940	{ $$ = $3; }
1941	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1942	{ $$ = $3; }
1943	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1944	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1945	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1946	{ $$ = $4; }
1947	;
1948
1949	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1950	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1951	//
1952	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1953	//
1954	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1955	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1956	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1957	//
1958	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1959	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1960	//
1961	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1962	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1963	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1964	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1965	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1966
1967	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1968	typegen_type_specifier
1969	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1970	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1971	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1972	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1973	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1974	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1975	;
1976
1977	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1978	typegen_name
1979	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1980	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1981	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1982	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1983	;
1984
1985	typegen_name: // CFA
1986	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1987	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1988	;
1989
1990	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1991	type_parameter assignment_opt
1992	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1993	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1994	;
1995
1996	type_parameter: // CFA
1997	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1998	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1999	assertion_list_opt
2000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
2001	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2002	;
2003
2004	type_class: // CFA
2005	OTYPE
2006	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2007	\| DTYPE
2008	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2009	\| FTYPE
2010	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2011	\| TTYPE
2012	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2013	;
2014
2015	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2016	// empty
2017	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2018	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2019	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2020	;
2021
2022	assertion: // CFA
2023	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
2024	{
2025	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2026	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2027	}
2028	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2029	{ $$ = $4; }
2030	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
2031	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2032	;
2033
2034	type_name_list: // CFA
2035	type_name
2036	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
2037	\| assignment_expression
2038	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
2039	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
2040	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
2041	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2042	;
2043
2044	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2045	OTYPE type_declarator
2046	{ $$ = $2; }
2047	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2048	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2049	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2050	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2051	;
2052
2053	type_declarator: // CFA
2054	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2055	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2056	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
2057	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2058	;
2059
2060	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2061	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2062	{
2063	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2064	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2065	}
2066	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2067	{
2068	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2069	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2070	}
2071	;
2072
2073	trait_specifier: // CFA
2074	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2075	{
2076	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2077	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2078	}
2079	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2080	{
2081	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2082	typedefTable.enterScope();
2083	}
2084	trait_declaration_list '}'
2085	{
2086	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2088	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2089	}
2090	;
2091
2092	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2093	trait_declaration
2094	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2095	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2096	;
2097
2098	trait_declaration: // CFA
2099	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2100	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2101	;
2102
2103	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2104	cfa_variable_specifier
2105	{
2106	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2107	$$ = $1;
2108	}
2109	\| cfa_function_specifier
2110	{
2111	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2112	$$ = $1;
2113	}
2114	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2115	{
2116	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2117	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2118	}
2119	;
2120
2121	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2122	type_specifier declarator
2123	{
2124	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2125	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2126	}
2127	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2128	{
2129	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2130	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2131	}
2132	;
2133
2134	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2135
2136	translation_unit:
2137	// empty
2138	{} // empty input file
2139	\| external_definition_list
2140	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2141	;
2142
2143	external_definition_list:
2144	external_definition
2145	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2146	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2147	;
2148
2149	external_definition_list_opt:
2150	// empty
2151	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2152	\| external_definition_list
2153	;
2154
2155	external_definition:
2156	declaration
2157	\| external_function_definition
2158	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2159	{
2160	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2161	}
2162	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2163	{
2164	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2165	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2166	}
2167	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2168	{
2169	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2170	linkageStack.pop();
2171	$$ = $5;
2172	}
2173	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2174	{
2175	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2176	$$ = $2;
2177	}
2178	;
2179
2180	external_function_definition:
2181	function_definition
2182	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2183	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2184	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2185	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2186	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2187	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2188	{
2189	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2190	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2191	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2192	}
2193	\| KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2194	{
2195	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2196	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2197	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2198	}
2199	;
2200
2201	function_definition:
2202	cfa_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2203	{
2204	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2205	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2206	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2207	}
2208	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2209	{
2210	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2211	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2212	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2213	}
2214	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2215	{
2216	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2217	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2218	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2219	}
2220	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2221	{
2222	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2223	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2224	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2225	}
2226	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2227	{
2228	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2229	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2230	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2231	}
2232
2233	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2234	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2235	{
2236	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2237	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2238	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2239	}
2240	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2241	{
2242	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2243	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2244	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2245	}
2246
2247	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2248	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2249	{
2250	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2251	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2252	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2253	}
2254	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator push KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2255	{
2256	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2257	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2258	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2259	}
2260	;
2261
2262	declarator:
2263	variable_declarator
2264	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2265	\| function_declarator
2266	;
2267
2268	subrange:
2269	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2270	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2271	;
2272
2273	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2274	// empty
2275	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2276	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2277	{
2278	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2279	name->asmName = $3;
2280	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2281	}
2282	;
2283
2284	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2285	// empty
2286	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2287	\| attribute_list
2288	;
2289
2290	attribute_list: // GCC
2291	attribute
2292	\| attribute_list attribute
2293	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2294	;
2295
2296	attribute: // GCC
2297	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2298	{ $$ = $4; }
2299	;
2300
2301	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2302	attribute_name
2303	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2304	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2305	;
2306
2307	attribute_name: // GCC
2308	// empty
2309	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2310	\| attr_name
2311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2312	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2314	;
2315
2316	attr_name: // GCC
2317	IDENTIFIER
2318	\| TYPEDEFname
2319	\| TYPEGENname
2320	\| CONST
2321	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ) }; }
2322	;
2323
2324	// ============================================================================
2325	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2326	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2327	// in:
2328	//
2329	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2330	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2331	//
2332	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2333	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2334	// ============================================================================
2335
2336	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2337	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2338	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2339	//
2340	// valid declaration invalid definition
2341	// ----------------- ------------------
2342	// int f; int f {}
2343	// int f; int f {}
2344	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2345	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2346	//
2347	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2348	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2349	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2350
2351	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2352	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2353
2354	variable_declarator:
2355	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2356	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2357	\| variable_ptr
2358	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2359	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2360	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2361	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2362	;
2363
2364	paren_identifier:
2365	identifier
2366	{
2367	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2368	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2369	}
2370	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2371	{ $$ = $2; }
2372	;
2373
2374	variable_ptr:
2375	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2376	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2377	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2378	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2379	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2380	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2381	;
2382
2383	variable_array:
2384	paren_identifier array_dimension
2385	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2386	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2387	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2388	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2389	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2390	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2391	{ $$ = $2; }
2392	;
2393
2394	variable_function:
2395	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2396	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2397	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2398	{ $$ = $2; }
2399	;
2400
2401	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2402	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2403	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2404
2405	function_declarator:
2406	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2407	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2408	\| function_ptr
2409	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2410	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2411	;
2412
2413	function_no_ptr:
2414	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2415	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2416	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2417	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2418	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2419	{ $$ = $2; }
2420	;
2421
2422	function_ptr:
2423	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2424	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2425	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2426	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2427	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2428	{ $$ = $2; }
2429	;
2430
2431	function_array:
2432	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2433	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2434	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2435	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2436	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2437	{ $$ = $2; }
2438	;
2439
2440	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2441	//
2442	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2443	//
2444	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2445	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2446
2447	KR_function_declarator:
2448	KR_function_no_ptr
2449	\| KR_function_ptr
2450	\| KR_function_array
2451	;
2452
2453	KR_function_no_ptr:
2454	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2455	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2456	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2457	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2458	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2459	{ $$ = $2; }
2460	;
2461
2462	KR_function_ptr:
2463	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2464	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2465	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2466	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2467	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2468	{ $$ = $2; }
2469	;
2470
2471	KR_function_array:
2472	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2473	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2474	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2475	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2476	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2477	{ $$ = $2; }
2478	;
2479
2480	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2481	//
2482	// typedef int foo;
2483	// {
2484	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2485	// }
2486	//
2487	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2488	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2489
2490	variable_type_redeclarator:
2491	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2492	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2493	\| type_ptr
2494	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2495	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2496	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2497	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2498	;
2499
2500	paren_type:
2501	typedef
2502	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2503	{ $$ = $2; }
2504	;
2505
2506	type_ptr:
2507	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2508	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2509	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2510	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2511	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2512	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2513	;
2514
2515	type_array:
2516	paren_type array_dimension
2517	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2518	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2519	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2520	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2521	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2522	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2523	{ $$ = $2; }
2524	;
2525
2526	type_function:
2527	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2528	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2529	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2530	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2531	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2532	{ $$ = $2; }
2533	;
2534
2535	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2536	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2537	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2538	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2539
2540	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2541	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2542	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2543	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2544	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2545	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2546	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2547	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2548	;
2549
2550	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2551	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2552	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2553	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2554	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2555	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2556	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2557	;
2558
2559	identifier_parameter_array:
2560	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2561	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2562	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2563	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2564	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2565	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2566	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2567	{ $$ = $2; }
2568	;
2569
2570	identifier_parameter_function:
2571	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2572	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2573	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2574	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2575	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2576	{ $$ = $2; }
2577	;
2578
2579	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2580	// e.g.:
2581	//
2582	// typedef int foo;
2583	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2584	//
2585	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2586
2587	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2588	typedef attribute_list_opt
2589	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2590	\| type_parameter_ptr
2591	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2592	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2593	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2594	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2595	;
2596
2597	typedef:
2598	TYPEDEFname
2599	{
2600	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2601	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2602	}
2603	\| TYPEGENname
2604	{
2605	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2606	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2607	}
2608	;
2609
2610	type_parameter_ptr:
2611	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2612	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2613	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2614	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2615	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2616	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2617	;
2618
2619	type_parameter_array:
2620	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2621	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2622	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2623	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2624	;
2625
2626	type_parameter_function:
2627	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2628	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2629	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2630	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2631	;
2632
2633	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2634	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2635	//
2636	// sizeof( int );
2637	// sizeof( int * );
2638	// sizeof( int [10] );
2639	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2640	// sizeof( int () );
2641	//
2642	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2643	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2644
2645	abstract_declarator:
2646	abstract_ptr
2647	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2648	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2649	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2650	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2651	;
2652
2653	abstract_ptr:
2654	ptrref_operator
2655	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2656	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2657	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2658	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2659	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2660	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2661	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2662	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2663	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2664	;
2665
2666	abstract_array:
2667	array_dimension
2668	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2669	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2670	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2671	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2672	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2673	{ $$ = $2; }
2674	;
2675
2676	abstract_function:
2677	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2678	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2679	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2680	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2681	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2682	{ $$ = $2; }
2683	;
2684
2685	array_dimension:
2686	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2687	'[' ']'
2688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2689	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2690	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2691	\| multi_array_dimension
2692	;
2693
2694	multi_array_dimension:
2695	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2696	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2697	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2698	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2699	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2700	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2701	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2702	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2703	;
2704
2705	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2706	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2707	//
2708	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2709	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2710	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2711	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2712	//
2713	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2714	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2715	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2716	//
2717	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2718	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2719	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2720	//
2721	// For example:
2722	//
2723	// typedef float T;
2724	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2725	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2726	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2727	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2728	//
2729	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2730	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2731	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2732	// functions.
2733
2734	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2735	abstract_parameter_ptr
2736	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2737	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2738	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2739	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2740	;
2741
2742	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2743	ptrref_operator
2744	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ); }
2745	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2746	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2747	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2748	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ) ); }
2749	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2750	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2751	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2752	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2753	;
2754
2755	abstract_parameter_array:
2756	array_parameter_dimension
2757	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2758	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2759	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2760	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2761	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2762	{ $$ = $2; }
2763	;
2764
2765	abstract_parameter_function:
2766	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2767	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2768	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2769	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2770	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2771	{ $$ = $2; }
2772	;
2773
2774	array_parameter_dimension:
2775	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2776	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2777	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2778	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2779	\| multi_array_dimension
2780	;
2781
2782	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2783	//
2784	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2785	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2786
2787	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2788	'[' ']'
2789	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2790	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2791	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2792	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2793	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2794	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2795	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2796	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2797	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2798	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2799	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2800	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2802	;
2803
2804	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2805	//
2806	// struct S {
2807	// int;
2808	// int *;
2809	// int [10];
2810	// int (*)();
2811	// };
2812
2813	variable_abstract_declarator:
2814	variable_abstract_ptr
2815	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2816	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2817	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2818	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2819	;
2820
2821	variable_abstract_ptr:
2822	ptrref_operator
2823	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2824	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2825	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2826	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2827	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2828	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2829	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2830	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2831	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2832	;
2833
2834	variable_abstract_array:
2835	array_dimension
2836	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2837	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2838	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2839	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2840	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2841	{ $$ = $2; }
2842	;
2843
2844	variable_abstract_function:
2845	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2846	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2847	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2848	{ $$ = $2; }
2849	;
2850
2851	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2852	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2853
2854	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2855	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2856	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2857	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2858	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2859	;
2860
2861	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2862	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2863	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
2864	;
2865
2866	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2867	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2868	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2869	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2870	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
2871	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2872	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2873	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2874	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2875	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2876	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2877	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2878	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2879	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2880	;
2881
2882	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2883	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2884	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2885	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
2886	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2887	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2888	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2889	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2890	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2891	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2892	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2893	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
2894	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2895
2896	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2897	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2898	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2899	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2900	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2901	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2902	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2903	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2904	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
2905	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2906	;
2907
2908	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2909	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2910	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2911	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2912	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2913	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2914	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2915	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2916	// appear in this context.
2917	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2918	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2919	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2920	;
2921
2922	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2923	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2924	//
2925	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2926	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2927	//
2928	// These rules need LR(3):
2929	//
2930	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2931	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2932	//
2933	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2934	//
2935	// [int, int] t;
2936	// [int, int] f( int );
2937	//
2938	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2939	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2940	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2941	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
2942
2943	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2944	cfa_abstract_tuple
2945	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2946	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2947	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2948	;
2949
2950	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2951	cfa_abstract_ptr
2952	\| cfa_abstract_array
2953	;
2954
2955	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2956	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2957	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2958	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2959	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2960	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2961	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2962	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
2963	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2964	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2965	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2966	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2967	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2968	;
2969
2970	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
2971	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2972	// empty (void) function return type.
2973	'[' ']' type_specifier
2974	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2975	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2976	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2977	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2978	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2979	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
2980	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2981	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2982	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2983	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
2984	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2985	;
2986
2987	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2988	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2989	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2990	;
2991
2992	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
2993	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2994	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2995	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2996	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2997	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2998	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2999	;
3000
3001	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3002	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3003	//
3004	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3005	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3006	//
3007	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3008	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3009	//
3010	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3011	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3012
3013	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3014
3015	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3016	// empty
3017	\| ','
3018	;
3019
3020	assignment_opt:
3021	// empty
3022	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3023	\| '=' assignment_expression
3024	{ $$ = $2; }
3025	;
3026
3027	%%
3028	// ----end of grammar----
3029
3030	extern char *yytext;
3031
3032	void yyerror( const char * ) {
3033	cout << "Error ";
3034	if ( yyfilename ) {
3035	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
3036	} // if
3037	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
3038	}
3039
3040	// Local Variables: //
3041	// mode: c++ //
3042	// tab-width: 4 //
3043	// compile-command: "make install" //
3044	// End: //

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