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parser.yy @ c6e6333

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Last change on this file since c6e6333 was b6b3c42, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 7 years ago
add mutex statement, and restrict mutex qualifier to only one occurrence in parameter list
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 117.2 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Oct 16 11:07:29 2017
13	// Update Count : 2892
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
46
47	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
48
49	#include <cstdio>
50	#include <stack>
51	using namespace std;
52
53	#include "ParseNode.h"
54	#include "TypedefTable.h"
55	#include "TypeData.h"
56	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
57	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
58	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
59
60	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
61	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
62	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
63
64	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
65
66	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
67	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
68	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
69	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
70	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
71	//
72	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
73	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
74	// i.e., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
75
76	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
77	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
78	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
79	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
80	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
81	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
82	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
83	} // if
84	} else {
85	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
86	to = "u8" + to;
87	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
88	} else {
89	to = from[0] + to;
90	} // if
91	} // if
92	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
93	} // if
94	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
95	return true;
96	} // appendStr
97
98	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
99	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
100	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
101	//cur->addType( specifier );
102	for ( cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast< DeclarationNode * >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
103	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
104	} // for
105	declList->addType( cl );
106	// delete cl;
107	return declList;
108	} // distAttr
109
110	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
111	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
112	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
113	iter->set_extension( true );
114	} // for
115	} // distExt
116
117	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
118
119	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
120	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
121	if ( N ) { \
122	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
123	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
124	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
125	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
126	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
127	} else { \
128	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
129	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
130	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
131	}
132	%}
133
134	%define parse.error verbose
135
136	// Types declaration for productions
137	%union
138	{
139	Token tok;
140	ParseNode * pn;
141	ExpressionNode * en;
142	DeclarationNode * decl;
143	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
144	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
145	StatementNode * sn;
146	WaitForStmt * wfs;
147	Expression * constant;
148	IfCtl * ifctl;
149	ForCtl * fctl;
150	LabelNode * label;
151	InitializerNode * in;
152	OperKinds op;
153	std::string * str;
154	bool flag;
155	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
156	}
157
158	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
159
160	// keywords
161	%token TYPEDEF
162	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
163	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
164	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
165	%token NORETURN // C11
166	%token CONST VOLATILE
167	%token RESTRICT // C99
168	%token ATOMIC // C11
169	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL // CFA
170	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
171	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
172	%token INT128 FLOAT80 FLOAT128 // GCC
173	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
174	%token VALIST // GCC
175	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
176	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
177	%token COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
178	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
179	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
180	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
181	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
182	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
183	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
184	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
185
186	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
187	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
188	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR
189	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
190	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
191	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
192	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
193	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
194	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
195
196	// multi-character operators
197	%token ARROW // ->
198	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
199	%token LS RS // << >>
200	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
201	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
202	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
203
204	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
205	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
206	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
207	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
208
209	%token ATassign // @=
210
211	%type<tok> identifier no_attr_identifier
212	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name attr_name
213	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
214	%type<constant> string_literal
215	%type<str> string_literal_list
216
217	// expressions
218	%type<en> constant
219	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
220	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
221	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
222	%type<en> cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
223	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
224	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
225	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
226	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
227	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
228	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initialize_opt
229	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
230	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
231	%type<en> subrange
232	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
233	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
234	%type<label> label_list
235	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
236	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
237	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
238
239	// statements
240	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
241	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
242	%type<sn> selection_statement
243	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
244	%type<en> case_value
245	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
246	%type<sn> fall_through fall_through_opt
247	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
248	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
249	%type<sn> with_statement with_clause_opt
250	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
251	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
252	%type<sn> mutex_statement
253	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
254	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
255	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
256
257	// declarations
258	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
259	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
260	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
261
262	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
263	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
264
265	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
266
267	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
268
269	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
270
271	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
272
273	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
274	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
275
276	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
277
278	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
279	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
280
281	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
282
283	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
284	%type<en> field field_list field_name fraction_constants
285
286	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
287
288	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
289	%type<decl> identifier_list
290
291	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
292	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
293	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
294
295	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
296
297	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list
298	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
299
300	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
301	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
302
303	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_type_list cfa_parameter_type_list_opt
304
305	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
306
307	%type<decl> c_declaration
308	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
309	%type<decl> KR_declaration_list KR_declaration_list_opt
310
311	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
312	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
313
314	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
315
316	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
317
318	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
319
320	%type<tclass> type_class
321	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
322
323	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
324	%type<decl> typedef typedef_declaration typedef_expression
325
326	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
327
328	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
329
330	%type<decl> type type_no_function
331	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
332
333	%type<en> type_list
334
335	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
336	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
337
338	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
339	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
340
341	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute_name_list attribute attribute_name
342
343	// initializers
344	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
345
346	// designators
347	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
348
349
350	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
351	// is ambiguous:
352	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
353	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
354	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
355	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
356
357	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
358	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
359	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
360	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
361	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
362	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
363
364	%locations
365
366	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
367
368	%%
369	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
370
371	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
372	// "identifier", "TYPEDEFname", and "TYPEGENname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely
373	// context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs.
374	// Hence, this grammar uses the ANSI style.
375	//
376	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
377	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
378	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
379	//
380	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
381	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
382	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
383	//
384	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
385	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
386	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
387	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
388	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
389	//
390	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
391	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
392	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
393	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
394	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
395	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
396	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
397
398	push:
399	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
400	;
401
402	pop:
403	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
404	;
405
406	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
407
408	constant:
409	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
410	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
411	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
412	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
413	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
414	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
415	;
416
417	quasi_keyword: // CFA
418	TIMEOUT
419	\| WOR
420	;
421
422	identifier:
423	IDENTIFIER
424	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
425	\| quasi_keyword
426	;
427
428	no_attr_identifier:
429	IDENTIFIER
430	\| quasi_keyword
431	;
432
433	string_literal:
434	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
435	;
436
437	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
438	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
439	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
440	{
441	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
442	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
443	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
444	}
445	;
446
447	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
448
449	primary_expression:
450	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
451	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
452	\| quasi_keyword
453	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
454	\| tuple
455	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
456	{ $$ = $2; }
457	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
458	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast< CompoundStmt * >(maybeMoveBuild< Statement >($2) ) ) ); }
459	\| type_name '.' no_attr_identifier // CFA, nested type
460	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
461	\| type_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
462	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
463	;
464
465	postfix_expression:
466	primary_expression
467	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
468	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
469	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
470	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
471	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
472	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
473	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA, constructor call
474	{
475	Token fn;
476	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
477	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
478	}
479	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
480	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
481	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
482	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
483	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
484	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
485	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
486	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
487	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
488	{
489	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, $3 == "0" \|\| $3 == "1" ? build_constantInteger( *$3 ) : build_varref( $3 ) ) );
490	}
491	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
492	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
493	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
494	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
495	\| postfix_expression ICR
496	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
497	\| postfix_expression DECR
498	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
499	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
500	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
501	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
502	{
503	Token fn;
504	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
505	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
506	}
507	;
508
509	argument_expression_list:
510	argument_expression
511	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
512	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
513	;
514
515	argument_expression:
516	// empty
517	{ $$ = nullptr; }
518	// \| '@' // use default argument
519	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
520	\| assignment_expression
521	;
522
523	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
524	field
525	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
526	;
527
528	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
529	field_name
530	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
532	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
534	\| field_name '.' field
535	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
536	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
537	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
538	\| field_name ARROW field
539	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
540	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $5 ) ) ); }
542	;
543
544	field_name:
545	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
546	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
547	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
548	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
549	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
550	{
551	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
552	}
553	;
554
555	fraction_constants:
556	// empty
557	{ $$ = nullptr; }
558	\| fraction_constants FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
559	{
560	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
561	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
562	}
563	;
564
565	unary_expression:
566	postfix_expression
567	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
568	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
569	\| constant
570	{ $$ = $1; }
571	\| string_literal
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
573	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
574	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
575	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
576	// { * X; } // dereference X
577	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
578	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
579	{
580	switch ( $1 ) {
581	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
582	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) );
583	break;
584	case OperKinds::PointTo:
585	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
586	break;
587	case OperKinds::And:
588	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) ) );
589	break;
590	default:
591	assert( false );
592	}
593	}
594	\| unary_operator cast_expression
595	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
596	\| ICR unary_expression
597	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
598	\| DECR unary_expression
599	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
600	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
601	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) ); }
602	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
603	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
604	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
605	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ) ) ); }
606	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
607	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
608	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
609	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
610	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
611	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AttrExpr( build_varref( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( (ExpressionNode *)nullptr ) ) ); }
612	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
613	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AttrExpr( build_varref( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
614	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type ')'
615	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AttrExpr( build_varref( $1 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
616	;
617
618	ptrref_operator:
619	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
620	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
621	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
622	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
623	;
624
625	unary_operator:
626	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
627	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
628	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
629	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
630	;
631
632	cast_expression:
633	unary_expression
634	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
635	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
636	// VIRTUAL cannot be opt because of look ahead issues
637	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression
638	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
639	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression
640	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
641	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
642	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
643	;
644
645	exponential_expression:
646	cast_expression
647	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
648	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
649	;
650
651	multiplicative_expression:
652	exponential_expression
653	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
654	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
655	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
656	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
657	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
658	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
659	;
660
661	additive_expression:
662	multiplicative_expression
663	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
664	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
665	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
667	;
668
669	shift_expression:
670	additive_expression
671	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
673	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
674	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
675	;
676
677	relational_expression:
678	shift_expression
679	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
680	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
681	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
682	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
683	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
684	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
685	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
686	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
687	;
688
689	equality_expression:
690	relational_expression
691	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
692	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
693	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
694	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
695	;
696
697	AND_expression:
698	equality_expression
699	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
700	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
701	;
702
703	exclusive_OR_expression:
704	AND_expression
705	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
706	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
707	;
708
709	inclusive_OR_expression:
710	exclusive_OR_expression
711	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
712	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
713	;
714
715	logical_AND_expression:
716	inclusive_OR_expression
717	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
718	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
719	;
720
721	logical_OR_expression:
722	logical_AND_expression
723	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
724	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
725	;
726
727	conditional_expression:
728	logical_OR_expression
729	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
730	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
731	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
732	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
733	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
734	;
735
736	constant_expression:
737	conditional_expression
738	;
739
740	assignment_expression:
741	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
742	conditional_expression
743	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
744	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
745	;
746
747	assignment_expression_opt:
748	// empty
749	{ $$ = nullptr; }
750	\| assignment_expression
751	;
752
753	assignment_operator:
754	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
755	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
756	\| EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
757	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
758	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
759	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
760	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
761	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
762	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
763	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
764	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
765	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
766	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
767	;
768
769	tuple: // CFA, tuple
770	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
771	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
772	// '[' ']'
773	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
774	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
775	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
776	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
777	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
778	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
779	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
780	;
781
782	tuple_expression_list:
783	assignment_expression_opt
784	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
785	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
786	;
787
788	comma_expression:
789	assignment_expression
790	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
791	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
792	;
793
794	comma_expression_opt:
795	// empty
796	{ $$ = nullptr; }
797	\| comma_expression
798	;
799
800	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
801
802	statement:
803	labeled_statement
804	\| compound_statement
805	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
806	\| selection_statement
807	\| iteration_statement
808	\| jump_statement
809	\| with_statement
810	\| mutex_statement
811	\| waitfor_statement
812	\| exception_statement
813	\| asm_statement
814
815	labeled_statement:
816	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1 or ATTR_IDENTIFIER
817	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
818	{
819	$$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 );
820	}
821	;
822
823	compound_statement:
824	'{' '}'
825	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
826	\| '{'
827	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
828	// requires its own scope.
829	push push
830	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
831	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
832	pop '}'
833	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
834	;
835
836	statement_decl_list: // C99
837	statement_decl
838	\| statement_decl_list push statement_decl
839	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
840	;
841
842	statement_decl:
843	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
844	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
845	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
846	{
847	distExt( $2 );
848	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
849	}
850	\| function_definition
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
852	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
853	{
854	distExt( $2 );
855	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
856	}
857	\| statement pop
858	;
859
860	statement_list_nodecl:
861	statement
862	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
863	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
864	;
865
866	expression_statement:
867	comma_expression_opt ';'
868	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
869	;
870
871	selection_statement:
872	IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
873	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
874	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, nullptr ) ); }
875	\| IF '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
876	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
877	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
878	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
879	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
880	{
881	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
882	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
883	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
884	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
885	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
886	// statement.
887	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
888	}
889	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
890	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
891	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
892	{
893	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
894	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
895	}
896	;
897
898	if_control_expression:
899	comma_expression pop
900	{ $$ = new IfCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
901	\| c_declaration pop // no semi-colon
902	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
903	\| cfa_declaration pop // no semi-colon
904	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
905	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
906	{ $$ = new IfCtl( $1, $2 ); }
907	;
908
909	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
910	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
911
912	case_value: // CFA
913	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
914	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
915	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
916	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
917	;
918
919	case_value_list: // CFA
920	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
921	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
922	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
923	;
924
925	case_label: // CFA
926	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
927	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
928	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
929	;
930
931	case_label_list: // CFA
932	case_label
933	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
934	;
935
936	case_clause: // CFA
937	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
938	;
939
940	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
941	// empty
942	{ $$ = nullptr; }
943	\| switch_clause_list
944	;
945
946	switch_clause_list: // CFA
947	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
948	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
949	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
950	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
951	;
952
953	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
954	// empty
955	{ $$ = nullptr; }
956	\| choose_clause_list
957	;
958
959	choose_clause_list: // CFA
960	case_label_list fall_through
961	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
962	\| case_label_list statement_list_nodecl fall_through_opt
963	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
964	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
965	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
966	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl fall_through_opt
967	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
968	;
969
970	fall_through_opt: // CFA
971	// empty
972	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
973	\| fall_through
974	;
975
976	fall_through: // CFA
977	FALLTHRU
978	{ $$ = nullptr; }
979	\| FALLTHRU ';'
980	{ $$ = nullptr; }
981	;
982
983	iteration_statement:
984	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
985	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
986	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
987	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
988	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
989	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
990	;
991
992	for_control_expression:
993	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
994	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
995	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
996	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
997	;
998
999	jump_statement:
1000	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1001	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1002	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1003	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1004	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1005	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1006	\| CONTINUE ';'
1007	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1008	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1009	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1010	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1011	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1012	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1013	\| BREAK ';'
1014	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1015	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1016	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1017	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1018	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1019	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1020	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1021	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1022	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1023	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1024	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1025	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1026	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1027	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1028	;
1029
1030	with_statement:
1031	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1032	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
1033	;
1034
1035	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1036	mutex_statement:
1037	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list ')' statement
1038	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
1039	;
1040
1041	when_clause:
1042	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')'
1043	{ $$ = $3; }
1044	;
1045
1046	when_clause_opt:
1047	// empty
1048	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1049	\| when_clause
1050	;
1051
1052	waitfor:
1053	WAITFOR '(' identifier ')'
1054	{
1055	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new NameExpr( *$3 ) );
1056	delete $3;
1057	}
1058	\| WAITFOR '(' identifier ',' argument_expression_list ')'
1059	{
1060	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new NameExpr( *$3 ) );
1061	$$->set_last( $5 );
1062	delete $3;
1063	}
1064	;
1065
1066	timeout:
1067	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')'
1068	{ $$ = $3; }
1069	;
1070
1071	waitfor_clause:
1072	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1073	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1074	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1075	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ); }
1076	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1077	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1 ); }
1078	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1079	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, $3, $1 ); }
1080	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1081	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1082	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, $3, $1, $7, $5 ); }
1083	;
1084
1085	waitfor_statement:
1086	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1087	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1088	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1089	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1090	;
1091
1092	exception_statement:
1093	TRY compound_statement handler_clause
1094	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1095	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1096	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1097	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1098	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1099	;
1100
1101	handler_clause:
1102	handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
1103	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $5, $7, $9 ) ); }
1104	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement pop
1105	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $6, $8, $10 ) ) ); }
1106	;
1107
1108	handler_predicate_opt:
1109	//empty
1110	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1111	\| ';' conditional_expression
1112	{ $$ = $2; }
1113	;
1114
1115	handler_key:
1116	CATCH
1117	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1118	\| CATCHRESUME
1119	{ $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1120	;
1121
1122	finally_clause:
1123	FINALLY compound_statement
1124	{
1125	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
1126	}
1127	;
1128
1129	exception_declaration:
1130	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1131	type_specifier_nobody
1132	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1133	{
1134	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1135	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1136	}
1137	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1138	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1139	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
1140	{
1141	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1142	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1143	}
1144	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1145	;
1146
1147	asm_statement:
1148	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1149	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1150	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1151	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1152	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1153	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1154	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1155	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1156	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1157	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1158	;
1159
1160	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1161	// empty
1162	{ $$ = false; }
1163	\| VOLATILE
1164	{ $$ = true; }
1165	;
1166
1167	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1168	// empty
1169	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1170	\| asm_operands_list
1171	;
1172
1173	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1174	asm_operand
1175	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1176	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1177	;
1178
1179	asm_operand: // GCC
1180	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1181	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( (ExpressionNode *)nullptr ), $1, maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
1182	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1183	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $2 ), $4, maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $6 ) ) ); }
1184	;
1185
1186	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1187	// empty
1188	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1189	\| string_literal
1190	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1191	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1192	// set_last returns ParseNode *
1193	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1194	;
1195
1196	label_list:
1197	no_attr_identifier
1198	{
1199	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1200	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1201	}
1202	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1203	{
1204	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1205	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1206	}
1207	;
1208
1209	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1210
1211	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1212	pop
1213	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1214	\| declaration_list
1215	;
1216
1217	declaration_list:
1218	declaration
1219	\| declaration_list push declaration
1220	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1221	;
1222
1223	KR_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1224	// empty
1225	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1226	\| KR_declaration_list
1227	;
1228
1229	KR_declaration_list:
1230	push c_declaration pop ';'
1231	{ $$ = $2; }
1232	\| KR_declaration_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1233	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1234	;
1235
1236	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1237	// empty
1238	\| local_label_declaration_list
1239	;
1240
1241	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1242	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1243	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1244	;
1245
1246	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1247	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1248	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1249	;
1250
1251	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1252	c_declaration pop ';'
1253	\| cfa_declaration pop ';' // CFA
1254	;
1255
1256	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1257	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1258	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1259	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1260	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1261	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1262	//
1263	// CFA C
1264	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1265	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1266
1267	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1268	cfa_variable_declaration
1269	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1270	\| cfa_function_declaration
1271	\| type_declaring_list
1272	\| trait_specifier
1273	;
1274
1275	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1276	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1277	{
1278	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1279	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1280	}
1281	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1282	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1283	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1284	{
1285	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1286	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1287	}
1288	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1289	{
1290	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1291	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1292	}
1293	;
1294
1295	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1296	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1297	// storage-class
1298	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1299	{
1300	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1301	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1302	}
1303	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1304	{
1305	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1306	$$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 );
1307	}
1308	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1309	{
1310	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1311	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 );
1312	}
1313	;
1314
1315	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1316	cfa_function_specifier
1317	{
1318	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1319	$$ = $1;
1320	}
1321	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1322	{
1323	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1324	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1325	}
1326	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1327	{
1328	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1329	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1330	}
1331	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1332	{
1333	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1334	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1335	}
1336	\| cfa_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1337	{
1338	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1339	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1340	}
1341	;
1342
1343	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1344	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1345	// {
1346	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1347	// }
1348	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1349	// {
1350	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1351	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1352	// }
1353	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1354	// {
1355	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1356	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1357	// }
1358	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1359	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1360	//
1361	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1362	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1363	//
1364	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1365	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1366	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1367	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1368	{
1369	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1370	}
1371	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1372	{
1373	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1374	}
1375	;
1376
1377	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1378	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1379	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1380	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1381	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1382	// ']'.
1383	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1384	;
1385
1386	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1387	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1388	{
1389	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1390	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1391	}
1392	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1393	{
1394	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1395	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1396	}
1397	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1398	{
1399	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1400	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1401	}
1402	;
1403
1404	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1405	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1406
1407	typedef_declaration:
1408	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1409	{
1410	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1411	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1412	}
1413	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1414	{
1415	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1416	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1417	}
1418	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1419	{
1420	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1421	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1422	}
1423	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1424	{
1425	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1426	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1427	}
1428	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1429	{
1430	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1431	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1432	}
1433	;
1434
1435	typedef_expression:
1436	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1437	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1438	{
1439	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1440	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1441	}
1442	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1443	{
1444	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1445	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // unimplemented
1446	}
1447	;
1448
1449	//c_declaration:
1450	// declaring_list pop ';'
1451	// \| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1452	// \| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1453	// \| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1454	// ;
1455	//
1456	//declaring_list:
1457	// // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1458	// // storage-class
1459	// declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1460	// {
1461	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1462	// $$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addAsmName( $3 )->addInitializer( $4 );
1463	// }
1464	// \| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1465	// {
1466	// typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1467	// $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1468	// }
1469	// ;
1470
1471	c_declaration:
1472	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1473	{
1474	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 );
1475	}
1476	\| typedef_declaration
1477	\| typedef_expression // GCC, naming expression type
1478	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1479	;
1480
1481	declaring_list:
1482	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1483	// storage-class
1484	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1485	{
1486	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1487	$$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 );
1488	}
1489	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1490	{
1491	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1492	$$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1493	}
1494	;
1495
1496	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1497	basic_declaration_specifier
1498	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1499	\| type_declaration_specifier
1500	;
1501
1502	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1503	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1504	//
1505	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1506	//
1507	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1508	basic_declaration_specifier
1509	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1510	\| type_declaration_specifier
1511	;
1512
1513	type_specifier: // type specifier
1514	basic_type_specifier
1515	\| sue_type_specifier
1516	\| type_type_specifier
1517	;
1518
1519	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1520	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1521	//
1522	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1523	//
1524	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1525	basic_type_specifier
1526	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1527	\| type_type_specifier
1528	;
1529
1530	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1531	// empty
1532	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1533	\| type_qualifier_list
1534	;
1535
1536	type_qualifier_list:
1537	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1538	//
1539	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1540	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1541	// appeared only once.
1542	type_qualifier
1543	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1544	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1545	;
1546
1547	type_qualifier:
1548	type_qualifier_name
1549	\| attribute
1550	;
1551
1552	type_qualifier_name:
1553	CONST
1554	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1555	\| RESTRICT
1556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1557	\| VOLATILE
1558	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1559	\| ATOMIC
1560	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1561	\| FORALL '('
1562	{
1563	typedefTable.enterScope();
1564	}
1565	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1566	{
1567	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1568	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1569	}
1570	;
1571
1572	declaration_qualifier_list:
1573	storage_class_list
1574	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1575	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1576	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1577	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1578	;
1579
1580	storage_class_list:
1581	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1582	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1583	//
1584	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1585	// specifiers in a declaration.
1586	storage_class
1587	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1588	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1589	;
1590
1591	storage_class:
1592	EXTERN
1593	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1594	\| STATIC
1595	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1596	\| AUTO
1597	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1598	\| REGISTER
1599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1600	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1601	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1602	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1603	\| INLINE // C99
1604	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1605	\| FORTRAN // C99
1606	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1607	\| NORETURN // C11
1608	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1609	;
1610
1611	basic_type_name:
1612	VOID
1613	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1614	\| BOOL // C99
1615	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1616	\| CHAR
1617	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1618	\| INT
1619	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1620	\| INT128
1621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1622	\| FLOAT
1623	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1624	\| FLOAT80
1625	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float80 ); }
1626	\| FLOAT128
1627	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float128 ); }
1628	\| DOUBLE
1629	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1630	\| COMPLEX // C99
1631	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1632	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1633	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1634	\| SIGNED
1635	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1636	\| UNSIGNED
1637	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1638	\| SHORT
1639	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1640	\| LONG
1641	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1642	\| ZERO_T
1643	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1644	\| ONE_T
1645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1646	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1647	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1648	;
1649
1650	basic_declaration_specifier:
1651	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1652	basic_type_specifier
1653	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1654	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1655	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1656	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1657	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1658	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1659	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1660	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1661	;
1662
1663	basic_type_specifier:
1664	direct_type
1665	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1666	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1667	;
1668
1669	direct_type:
1670	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1671	basic_type_name
1672	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1673	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1674	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1675	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1676	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1677	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1678	;
1679
1680	indirect_type:
1681	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1682	{ $$ = $3; }
1683	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1685	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1687	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1689	;
1690
1691	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1692	sue_type_specifier
1693	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1694	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1695	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1696	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1697	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1698	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1699	;
1700
1701	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1702	elaborated_type
1703	\| type_qualifier_list
1704	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1705	elaborated_type
1706	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1707	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1708	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1709	;
1710
1711	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
1712	sue_type_specifier_nobody
1713	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
1714	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1715	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1716	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1717	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
1718	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1719	;
1720
1721	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
1722	elaborated_type_nobody
1723	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
1724	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1725	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
1726	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1727	;
1728
1729	type_declaration_specifier:
1730	type_type_specifier
1731	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
1732	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1733	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1734	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1735	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1736	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1737	;
1738
1739	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
1740	type_name
1741	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
1742	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1743	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
1744	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1745	;
1746
1747	type_name:
1748	TYPEDEFname
1749	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1750	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
1751	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ); } // FIX ME
1752	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
1753	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ); } // FIX ME
1754	\| typegen_name
1755	\| '.' typegen_name
1756	{ $$ = $2; } // FIX ME
1757	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
1758	{ $$ = $3; } // FIX ME
1759	;
1760
1761	typegen_name: // CFA
1762	TYPEGENname '(' ')'
1763	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
1764	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
1765	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1766	;
1767
1768	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
1769	aggregate_type
1770	\| enum_type
1771	;
1772
1773	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
1774	aggregate_type_nobody
1775	\| enum_type_nobody
1776	;
1777
1778	aggregate_type: // struct, union
1779	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1780	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1781	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1782	{
1783	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); // create typedef
1784	if ( forall ) typedefTable.changeKind( *$3, TypedefTable::TG ); // possibly update
1785	forall = false; // reset
1786	}
1787	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1788	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1789	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt '(' type_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1790	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, $7, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1791	\| aggregate_type_nobody
1792	;
1793
1794	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
1795	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier
1796	{
1797	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1798	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1799	}
1800	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname
1801	{
1802	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1803	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1804	}
1805	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt typegen_name // CFA
1806	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1807	;
1808
1809	aggregate_key:
1810	STRUCT
1811	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1812	\| UNION
1813	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1814	\| COROUTINE
1815	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Coroutine; }
1816	\| MONITOR
1817	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Monitor; }
1818	\| THREAD
1819	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Thread; }
1820	;
1821
1822	field_declaration_list:
1823	// empty
1824	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1825	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1826	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1827	;
1828
1829	field_declaration:
1830	cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1831	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1832	{
1833	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
1834	$$ = $2;
1835	}
1836	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list ';'
1837	{
1838	$$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1839	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1840	{
1841	distExt( $3 ); // mark all fields in list
1842	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 );
1843	}
1844	;
1845
1846	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1847	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1848	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1849	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1850	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1851	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1852	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1853	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1854	;
1855
1856	field_declaring_list:
1857	field_declarator
1858	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1859	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
1860	;
1861
1862	field_declarator:
1863	// empty
1864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1865	// '@'
1866	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) ); } // CFA, no field name
1867	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1868	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1869	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1870	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1871	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1872	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1873	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1874	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1875	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1876	;
1877
1878	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1879	// empty
1880	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1881	\| bit_subrange_size
1882	{ $$ = $1; }
1883	;
1884
1885	bit_subrange_size:
1886	':' constant_expression
1887	{ $$ = $2; }
1888	;
1889
1890	enum_type: // enum
1891	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1892	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1893	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1894	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
1895	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1897	\| enum_type_nobody
1898	;
1899
1900	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
1901	ENUM attribute_list_opt no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1902	{
1903	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 );
1904	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1905	}
1906	;
1907
1908	enumerator_list:
1909	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1910	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1911	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1912	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1913	;
1914
1915	enumerator_value_opt:
1916	// empty
1917	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1918	\| '=' constant_expression
1919	{ $$ = $2; }
1920	;
1921
1922	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1923
1924	cfa_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1925	// empty
1926	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1927	\| cfa_parameter_type_list
1928	;
1929
1930	cfa_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1931	cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1932	\| cfa_parameter_list
1933	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
1934	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1935	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1936	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1937	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1938	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1939	;
1940
1941	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
1942	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
1943	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1944	cfa_parameter_declaration
1945	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1946	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1947	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1948	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1949	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
1950	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1951	;
1952
1953	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1954	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1955	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
1956	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1957	;
1958
1959	parameter_type_list_opt:
1960	// empty
1961	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1962	\| parameter_type_list
1963	;
1964
1965	parameter_type_list:
1966	parameter_list
1967	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1968	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1969	;
1970
1971	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1972	abstract_parameter_declaration
1973	\| parameter_declaration
1974	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1975	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1976	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1977	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1978	;
1979
1980	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1981	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1982
1983	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1984	parameter_declaration
1985	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1986	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1987	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1988	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1989	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1990	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initialize_opt
1991	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1992	\| cfa_function_specifier
1993	;
1994
1995	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1996	abstract_parameter_declaration
1997	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1998	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
1999	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2000	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2001	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2002	\| cfa_abstract_function
2003	;
2004
2005	parameter_declaration:
2006	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2007	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
2008	{
2009	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2010	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
2011	}
2012	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initialize_opt
2013	{
2014	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2015	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr );
2016	}
2017	;
2018
2019	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2020	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initialize_opt
2021	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2022	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initialize_opt
2023	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2024	;
2025
2026	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2027	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2028	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2029
2030	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2031	no_attr_identifier
2032	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2033	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
2034	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2035	;
2036
2037	identifier_or_type_name:
2038	identifier
2039	\| TYPEDEFname
2040	\| TYPEGENname
2041	;
2042
2043	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
2044	no_attr_identifier
2045	\| TYPEDEFname
2046	\| TYPEGENname
2047	;
2048
2049	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2050	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2051	\| type_specifier
2052	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2053	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2054	;
2055
2056	type: // typeof, assertion
2057	type_no_function
2058	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2059	;
2060
2061	initializer_opt:
2062	// empty
2063	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2064	\| '=' initializer
2065	{ $$ = $2; }
2066	\| '=' VOID
2067	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2068	\| ATassign initializer
2069	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2070	;
2071
2072	initializer:
2073	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2074	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2075	;
2076
2077	initializer_list:
2078	// empty
2079	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2080	\| initializer
2081	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2082	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2083	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
2084	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
2085	;
2086
2087	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2088	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2089	//
2090	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2091	//
2092	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2093	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2094	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2095	// shift/reduce conflicts
2096
2097	designation:
2098	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2099	\| no_attr_identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2100	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2101	;
2102
2103	designator_list: // C99
2104	designator
2105	\| designator_list designator
2106	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
2107	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2108	;
2109
2110	designator:
2111	'.' no_attr_identifier // C99, field name
2112	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2113	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2114	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2115	{ $$ = $3; }
2116	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2117	{ $$ = $3; }
2118	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2119	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $5 ) ) ); }
2120	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2121	{ $$ = $4; }
2122	;
2123
2124	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2125	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2126	//
2127	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2128	//
2129	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2130	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2131	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2132	//
2133	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2134	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2135	//
2136	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2137	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2138	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2139	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2140	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2141
2142	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2143	type_parameter
2144	{ $$ = $1; }
2145	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2146	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2147	;
2148
2149	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2150	// empty
2151	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2152	\| '=' type
2153	{ $$ = $2; }
2154	;
2155
2156	type_parameter: // CFA
2157	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2158	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
2159	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2160	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2161	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2162	;
2163
2164	type_class: // CFA
2165	OTYPE
2166	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
2167	\| DTYPE
2168	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
2169	\| FTYPE
2170	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
2171	\| TTYPE
2172	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ttype; }
2173	;
2174
2175	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2176	// empty
2177	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2178	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
2179	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2180	;
2181
2182	assertion: // CFA
2183	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2184	{
2185	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
2186	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
2187	}
2188	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
2189	{ $$ = $4; }
2190	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_list ')'
2191	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2192	;
2193
2194	type_list: // CFA
2195	type
2196	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2197	\| assignment_expression
2198	\| type_list ',' type
2199	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
2200	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2201	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2202	;
2203
2204	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2205	OTYPE type_declarator
2206	{ $$ = $2; }
2207	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2208	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2209	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2210	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2211	;
2212
2213	type_declarator: // CFA
2214	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2215	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2216	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2217	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2218	;
2219
2220	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2221	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
2222	{
2223	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
2224	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2225	}
2226	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
2227	{
2228	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
2229	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
2230	}
2231	;
2232
2233	trait_specifier: // CFA
2234	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
2235	{
2236	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2237	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
2238	}
2239	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
2240	{
2241	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
2242	typedefTable.enterScope();
2243	}
2244	trait_declaration_list '}'
2245	{
2246	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
2247	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
2248	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
2249	}
2250	;
2251
2252	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2253	trait_declaration
2254	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
2255	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2256	;
2257
2258	trait_declaration: // CFA
2259	cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2260	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
2261	;
2262
2263	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2264	cfa_variable_specifier
2265	{
2266	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2267	$$ = $1;
2268	}
2269	\| cfa_function_specifier
2270	{
2271	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2272	$$ = $1;
2273	}
2274	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2275	{
2276	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
2277	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2278	}
2279	;
2280
2281	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2282	type_specifier declarator
2283	{
2284	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2285	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2286	}
2287	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2288	{
2289	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2290	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2291	}
2292	;
2293
2294	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2295
2296	translation_unit:
2297	// empty
2298	{} // empty input file
2299	\| external_definition_list
2300	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2301	;
2302
2303	external_definition_list:
2304	external_definition
2305	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2306	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2307	;
2308
2309	external_definition_list_opt:
2310	// empty
2311	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2312	\| external_definition_list
2313	;
2314
2315	external_definition:
2316	declaration
2317	\| external_function_definition
2318	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2319	{
2320	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( false, $3, 0 ) ) );
2321	}
2322	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2323	{
2324	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2325	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageUpdate( linkage, $2 );
2326	}
2327	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}'
2328	{
2329	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2330	linkageStack.pop();
2331	$$ = $5;
2332	}
2333	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2334	{
2335	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2336	$$ = $2;
2337	}
2338	;
2339
2340	external_function_definition:
2341	function_definition
2342	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2343	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2344	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2345	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2346	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2347	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2348	{
2349	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2350	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2351	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2352	}
2353	\| KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2354	{
2355	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2356	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2357	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2358	}
2359	;
2360
2361	with_clause_opt:
2362	// empty
2363	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
2364	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2365	{ $$ = nullptr; } // FIX ME
2366	;
2367
2368	function_definition:
2369	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2370	{
2371	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2372	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2373	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $3 );
2374	}
2375	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2376	{
2377	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2378	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2379	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addType( $1 );
2380	}
2381	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2382	{
2383	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2384	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2385	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2386	}
2387	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2388	{
2389	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2390	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2391	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2392	}
2393	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2394	{
2395	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2396	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2397	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2398	}
2399
2400	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2401	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2402	{
2403	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2404	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2405	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2406	}
2407	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2408	{
2409	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2410	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2411	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2412	}
2413
2414	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2415	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2416	{
2417	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2418	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2419	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2420	}
2421	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_declaration_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2422	{
2423	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2424	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2425	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2426	}
2427	;
2428
2429	declarator:
2430	variable_declarator
2431	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2432	\| function_declarator
2433	;
2434
2435	subrange:
2436	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2437	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( $3 ) ) ); }
2438	;
2439
2440	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2441	// empty
2442	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2443	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2444	{
2445	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2446	name->asmName = $3;
2447	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2448	}
2449	;
2450
2451	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2452	// empty
2453	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2454	\| attribute_list
2455	;
2456
2457	attribute_list: // GCC
2458	attribute
2459	\| attribute_list attribute
2460	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2461	;
2462
2463	attribute: // GCC
2464	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2465	{ $$ = $4; }
2466	;
2467
2468	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2469	attribute_name
2470	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2471	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2472	;
2473
2474	attribute_name: // GCC
2475	// empty
2476	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2477	\| attr_name
2478	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2479	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list ')'
2480	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2481	;
2482
2483	attr_name: // GCC
2484	IDENTIFIER
2485	\| quasi_keyword
2486	\| TYPEDEFname
2487	\| TYPEGENname
2488	\| CONST
2489	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2490	;
2491
2492	// ============================================================================
2493	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2494	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2495	// in:
2496	//
2497	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2498	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2499	//
2500	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2501	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2502	// ============================================================================
2503
2504	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2505	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2506	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2507	//
2508	// valid declaration invalid definition
2509	// ----------------- ------------------
2510	// int f; int f {}
2511	// int f; int f {}
2512	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2513	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2514	//
2515	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2516	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2517	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2518
2519	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2520	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2521
2522	variable_declarator:
2523	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2524	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2525	\| variable_ptr
2526	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2527	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2528	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2529	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2530	;
2531
2532	paren_identifier:
2533	identifier
2534	{
2535	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2536	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2537	}
2538	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2539	{ $$ = $2; }
2540	;
2541
2542	variable_ptr:
2543	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2544	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2545	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2546	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2547	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2548	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); } // redundant parenthesis
2549	;
2550
2551	variable_array:
2552	paren_identifier array_dimension
2553	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2554	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2555	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2556	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2557	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2558	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2559	{ $$ = $2; }
2560	;
2561
2562	variable_function:
2563	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2564	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2565	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2566	{ $$ = $2; }
2567	;
2568
2569	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2570	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2571	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2572
2573	function_declarator:
2574	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2575	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2576	\| function_ptr
2577	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2578	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2579	;
2580
2581	function_no_ptr:
2582	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2583	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2584	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2585	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2586	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2587	{ $$ = $2; }
2588	;
2589
2590	function_ptr:
2591	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2592	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2593	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2594	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2595	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2596	{ $$ = $2; }
2597	;
2598
2599	function_array:
2600	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2601	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2602	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2603	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2604	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2605	{ $$ = $2; }
2606	;
2607
2608	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
2609	//
2610	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
2611	//
2612	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
2613	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2614
2615	KR_function_declarator:
2616	KR_function_no_ptr
2617	\| KR_function_ptr
2618	\| KR_function_array
2619	;
2620
2621	KR_function_no_ptr:
2622	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2623	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2624	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2625	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2626	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2627	{ $$ = $2; }
2628	;
2629
2630	KR_function_ptr:
2631	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
2632	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2633	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
2634	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2635	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
2636	{ $$ = $2; }
2637	;
2638
2639	KR_function_array:
2640	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2641	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2642	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2643	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2644	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2645	{ $$ = $2; }
2646	;
2647
2648	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2649	//
2650	// typedef int foo;
2651	// {
2652	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2653	// }
2654	//
2655	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2656	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2657
2658	variable_type_redeclarator:
2659	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2660	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2661	\| type_ptr
2662	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2663	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2664	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2665	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2666	;
2667
2668	paren_type:
2669	typedef
2670	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2671	{ $$ = $2; }
2672	;
2673
2674	type_ptr:
2675	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2676	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2677	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2678	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2679	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2680	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2681	;
2682
2683	type_array:
2684	paren_type array_dimension
2685	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2686	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2687	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2688	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2689	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2690	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2691	{ $$ = $2; }
2692	;
2693
2694	type_function:
2695	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2696	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2697	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2698	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2699	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2700	{ $$ = $2; }
2701	;
2702
2703	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
2704	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
2705	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
2706	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2707
2708	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2709	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2710	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2711	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2712	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2713	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2714	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2715	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2716	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2717	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2718	;
2719
2720	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2721	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2722	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2723	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2724	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2725	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2726	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2727	;
2728
2729	identifier_parameter_array:
2730	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2731	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2732	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2733	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2734	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2735	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2736	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2737	{ $$ = $2; }
2738	;
2739
2740	identifier_parameter_function:
2741	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2742	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2743	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2744	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2745	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2746	{ $$ = $2; }
2747	;
2748
2749	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2750	// e.g.:
2751	//
2752	// typedef int foo;
2753	// forall( otype T ) foo( T );
2754	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2755	//
2756	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2757
2758	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2759	typedef attribute_list_opt
2760	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2761	\| '&' MUTEX typedef attribute_list_opt
2762	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2763	\| type_parameter_ptr
2764	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2765	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2766	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2767	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2768	;
2769
2770	typedef:
2771	TYPEDEFname
2772	{
2773	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2774	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2775	}
2776	\| TYPEGENname
2777	{
2778	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2779	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2780	}
2781	;
2782
2783	type_parameter_ptr:
2784	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2785	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2786	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2787	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2788	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2789	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2790	;
2791
2792	type_parameter_array:
2793	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2794	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2795	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2796	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2797	;
2798
2799	type_parameter_function:
2800	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2801	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2802	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2803	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2804	;
2805
2806	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2807	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2808	//
2809	// sizeof( int );
2810	// sizeof( int * );
2811	// sizeof( int [10] );
2812	// sizeof( int (*)() );
2813	// sizeof( int () );
2814	//
2815	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2816	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2817
2818	abstract_declarator:
2819	abstract_ptr
2820	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2821	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2822	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2823	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2824	;
2825
2826	abstract_ptr:
2827	ptrref_operator
2828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2829	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2830	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2831	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2832	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2833	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2834	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2835	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2836	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2837	;
2838
2839	abstract_array:
2840	array_dimension
2841	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2842	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2843	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2844	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2845	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2846	{ $$ = $2; }
2847	;
2848
2849	abstract_function:
2850	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2851	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2852	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2853	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2854	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2855	{ $$ = $2; }
2856	;
2857
2858	array_dimension:
2859	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2860	'[' ']'
2861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2862	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2864	\| multi_array_dimension
2865	;
2866
2867	multi_array_dimension:
2868	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2869	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2870	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2871	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2872	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2873	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2874	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2875	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2876	;
2877
2878	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2879	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2880	//
2881	// int f( int ); // not handled here
2882	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2883	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2884	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2885	//
2886	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2887	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
2888	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2889	//
2890	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2891	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2892	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2893	//
2894	// For example:
2895	//
2896	// typedef float T;
2897	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2898	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2899	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2900	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2901	//
2902	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2903	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2904	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2905	// functions.
2906
2907	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2908	abstract_parameter_ptr
2909	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
2910	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2911	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2912	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2913	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2914	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2915	;
2916
2917	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2918	ptrref_operator
2919	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
2920	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2921	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
2922	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2923	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
2924	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2925	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2926	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
2927	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2928	;
2929
2930	abstract_parameter_array:
2931	array_parameter_dimension
2932	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2933	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2934	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2935	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2936	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2937	{ $$ = $2; }
2938	;
2939
2940	abstract_parameter_function:
2941	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2942	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2943	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2944	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2945	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2946	{ $$ = $2; }
2947	;
2948
2949	array_parameter_dimension:
2950	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2951	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2952	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2953	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2954	\| multi_array_dimension
2955	;
2956
2957	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2958	//
2959	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2960	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2961
2962	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2963	'[' ']'
2964	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2965	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2966	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2967	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2968	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2969	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2970	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2971	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2972	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2973	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2975	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2976	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2977	;
2978
2979	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
2980	//
2981	// struct S {
2982	// int;
2983	// int *;
2984	// int [10];
2985	// int (*)();
2986	// };
2987
2988	variable_abstract_declarator:
2989	variable_abstract_ptr
2990	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2991	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2992	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2993	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2994	;
2995
2996	variable_abstract_ptr:
2997	ptrref_operator
2998	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
2999	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3000	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3001	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3002	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3003	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3004	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3005	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3006	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3007	;
3008
3009	variable_abstract_array:
3010	array_dimension
3011	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3012	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3013	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3014	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3015	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3016	{ $$ = $2; }
3017	;
3018
3019	variable_abstract_function:
3020	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3021	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3022	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3023	{ $$ = $2; }
3024	;
3025
3026	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3027	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3028
3029	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3030	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3031	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3032	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3033	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3034	;
3035
3036	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3037	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3038	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3039	;
3040
3041	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3042	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3043	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3044	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3045	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3046	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3047	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3048	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3049	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3050	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3051	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3052	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3053	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3054	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3055	;
3056
3057	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3058	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3059	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3060	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3061	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3062	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3063	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3064	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3065	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3066	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3067	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3068	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3069	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3070
3071	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3072	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3073	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3074	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3075	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3076	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3077	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3078	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3079	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3080	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3081	;
3082
3083	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3084	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3085	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3086	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3087	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3088	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3089	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3090	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3091	// appear in this context.
3092	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3093	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3094	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3095	;
3096
3097	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3098	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3099	//
3100	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3101	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3102	//
3103	// These rules need LR(3):
3104	//
3105	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3106	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3107	//
3108	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3109	//
3110	// [int, int] t;
3111	// [int, int] f( int );
3112	//
3113	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3114	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3115	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3116	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3117
3118	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3119	cfa_abstract_tuple
3120	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3121	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3122	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3123	;
3124
3125	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3126	cfa_abstract_ptr
3127	\| cfa_abstract_array
3128	;
3129
3130	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3131	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3132	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3133	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3134	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3135	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3136	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3137	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3138	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3139	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3140	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3141	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3142	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3143	;
3144
3145	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3146	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3147	// empty (void) function return type.
3148	'[' ']' type_specifier
3149	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3150	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3151	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3152	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3153	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3154	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3155	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3156	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3157	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3158	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3159	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3160	;
3161
3162	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3163	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3164	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3165	;
3166
3167	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3168	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3169	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3170	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3171	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3172	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3173	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3174	;
3175
3176	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3177	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3178	//
3179	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3180	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3181	//
3182	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3183	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3184	//
3185	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3186	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3187
3188	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3189
3190	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3191	// empty
3192	\| ','
3193	;
3194
3195	default_initialize_opt:
3196	// empty
3197	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3198	\| '=' assignment_expression
3199	{ $$ = $2; }
3200	;
3201
3202	%%
3203	// ----end of grammar----
3204
3205	// Local Variables: //
3206	// mode: c++ //
3207	// tab-width: 4 //
3208	// compile-command: "make install" //
3209	// End: //

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