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parser.yy@ a1b41e3

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ADT ast-experimental

Last change on this file since a1b41e3 was c468150, checked in by Andrew Beach <ajbeach@…>, 3 years ago
Split up ParseNode.h so that headers match implementation. May have a bit less to include total because of it.
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 173.4 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
12	// Last Modified On : Tue Apr 4 14:02:00 2023
13	// Update Count : 6329
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "SynTree/Type.h" // for Type
51	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
52	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
53	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
54	#include "ParserTypes.h"
55	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
56	#include "TypedefTable.h"
57	#include "TypeData.h"
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
59	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	#include "SynTree/Attribute.h" // for Attribute
62
63	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
64	#ifdef __clang__
65	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
66	#endif
67
68	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
69	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
70	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
71
72	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
73
74	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
75	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
76	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
77	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
78	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
79	//
80	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
81	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
82	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
83
84	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
85	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
86	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
87	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
88	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
89	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
90	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
91	} // if
92	} else {
93	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
94	to = "u8" + to;
95	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
96	} else {
97	to = from[0] + to;
98	} // if
99	} // if
100	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
101	} // if
102	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
103	return true;
104	} // appendStr
105
106	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
107	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
108	assert( declList );
109	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
110	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
111	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
112	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
113
114	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
115	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
116	} // for
117	declList->addType( cl );
118	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
119	return declList;
120	} // distAttr
121
122	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
123	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
124	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
125	iter->set_extension( true );
126	} // for
127	} // distExt
128
129	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
130	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
131	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
132	iter->set_inLine( true );
133	} // for
134	} // distInl
135
136	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
137	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
138	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
139	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
140	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
141	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
142	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
143	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
144	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
145	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
146	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
147	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
148	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
149	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
150	DeclarationNode newnode;
151	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
152	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
153	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
154	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
155	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
156	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
157	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
158	} // if
159	} else { // just SC qualifiers
160	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
161	} // if
162	} // for
163	delete qualifiers;
164	} // distQual
165
166	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
167	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
168	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
169	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
170	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
171	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
172	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
173
174	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
175	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
176	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
177	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
178	} // if
179	} // rebindForall
180
181	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
182	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
183	return name;
184	} // build_postfix_name
185
186	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
187	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
188	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
189	stringstream ss;
190	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
191	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
192	return nullptr;
193	} // if
194	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
195	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
196	} // if
197	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
198
199	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
200	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
201	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
202	return temp;
203	} // fieldDecl
204
205	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
206	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
207	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
208	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "Missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
209	#define MISSING_LOW "Missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
210	#define MISSING_HIGH "Missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
211
212	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
213	const CodeLocation & location,
214	DeclarationNode * init,
215	enum OperKinds compop,
216	ExpressionNode * comp,
217	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
218	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
219	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
220	compop,
221	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
222	comp ) );
223	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
224	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
225	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
226	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
227	inc ) );
228	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
229	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
230	}
231
232	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
233	if ( index->initializer ) {
234	SemanticError( yylloc, "Direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
235	} // if
236	if ( index->next ) {
237	SemanticError( yylloc, "Multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
238	} // if
239	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
240	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
241	} // forCtrl
242
243	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
244	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
245	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
246	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
247	} // if
248	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
249	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
250	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
251	);
252	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
253	} // forCtrl
254
255	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
256	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
257	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
258	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
259	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
260	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
261	} else {
262	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
263	} // if
264	} else {
265	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
266	} // if
267	} // forCtrl
268
269	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
270	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Adjacent identifiers \"", identifier1, "\" and \"", identifier2, "\" are not meaningful in a", kind, ".\n"
271	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter." ) );
272	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
273
274	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
275	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Identifier \"", identifier, "\" cannot appear before a ", kind, ".\n"
276	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter." ) );
277	} // IdentifierBeforeType
278
279	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
280
281	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
282	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
283	if ( N ) { \
284	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
285	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
286	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
287	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
288	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
289	} else { \
290	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
291	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
292	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
293	}
294	%}
295
296	%define parse.error verbose
297
298	// Types declaration for productions
299
300	%union {
301	Token tok;
302	ParseNode * pn;
303	ExpressionNode * en;
304	DeclarationNode * decl;
305	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
306	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
307	StatementNode * sn;
308	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
309	ast::Expr * constant;
310	CondCtl * ifctl;
311	ForCtrl * fctl;
312	OperKinds compop;
313	LabelNode * label;
314	InitializerNode * in;
315	OperKinds op;
316	std::string * str;
317	bool flag;
318	EnumHiding hide;
319	ast::ExceptionKind catch_kind;
320	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
321	}
322
323	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
324
325	// keywords
326	%token TYPEDEF
327	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
328	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
329	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
330	%token NORETURN // C11
331	%token CONST VOLATILE
332	%token RESTRICT // C99
333	%token ATOMIC // C11
334	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
335	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
336	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
337	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
338	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
339	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
340	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
341	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
342	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
343	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
344	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
345	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
346	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
347	// %token RESUME // CFA
348	%token LABEL // GCC
349	%token SUSPEND // CFA
350	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
351	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
352	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
353	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
354	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
355	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
356
357	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
358	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
359	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
360	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
361	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
362	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
363	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
364	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
365	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
366
367	// multi-character operators
368	%token ARROW // ->
369	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
370	%token LS RS // << >>
371	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
372	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
373	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
374
375	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
376	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
377	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
378	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
379
380	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
381	%token ATassign // @=
382
383	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
384	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
385	%type<constant> string_literal
386	%type<str> string_literal_list
387
388	%type<hide> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
389
390	// expressions
391	%type<en> constant
392	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
393	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
394	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
395	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
396	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
397	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
398	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
399	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
400	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
401	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
402	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
403	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
404	%type<compop> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
405	%type<en> subrange
406	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
407	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
408	%type<label> label_list
409	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
410	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
411	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
412	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
413
414	// statements
415	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
416	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
417	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
418	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
419	%type<en> case_value
420	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
421	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
422	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
423	%type<sn> with_statement
424	%type<en> with_clause_opt
425	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
426	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
427	%type<sn> mutex_statement
428	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
429	%type<sn> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
430	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
431
432	// declarations
433	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
434	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
435	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
436
437	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
438	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
439
440	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
441
442	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
443
444	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
445	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
446
447	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
448
449	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
450	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
451
452	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
453
454	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
455	%type<in> enumerator_value_opt
456
457	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
458
459	%type<decl> exception_declaration
460
461	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
462	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
463
464	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
465
466	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
467	%type<decl> identifier_list
468
469	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
470	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
471	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
472
473	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
474
475	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
476	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
477
478	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
479	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
480
481	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
482
483	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
484
485	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
486	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
487	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
488
489	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
490
491	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
492
493	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
494
495	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
496
497	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
498	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
499
500	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
501	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
502
503	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
504	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
505
506	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
507
508	%type<decl> type type_no_function
509	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
510
511	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list
512
513	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
514	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
515
516	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
517	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
518
519	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
520
521	// initializers
522	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
523
524	// designators
525	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
526
527
528	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
529	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
530	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
531	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
532	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
533
534	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
535	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
536	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
537	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
538	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
539	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
540	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
541	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
542	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
543	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
544	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
545	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
546	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
547	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
548
549
550	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
551	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
552	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
553	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
554	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
555	// must be:
556	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
557	// The same problem occurs here:
558	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
559	// must be:
560	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
561
562	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
563	%precedence TYPEGENname
564	%precedence '}'
565	%precedence '('
566
567	// %precedence RESUME
568	// %precedence '{'
569	// %precedence ')'
570
571	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
572
573	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
574
575	%%
576	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
577
578	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
579	// which are lexically identical.
580	//
581	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
582	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
583	//
584	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
585	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
586	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
587	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
588	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
589	//
590	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
591	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
592	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
593	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
594	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
595	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
596	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
597	//
598	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
599	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
600	// around the list separator.
601	//
602	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
603	// push pop push pop
604
605	push:
606	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
607	;
608
609	pop:
610	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
611	;
612
613	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
614
615	constant:
616	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
617	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
618	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
619	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
620	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
621	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
622	;
623
624	quasi_keyword: // CFA
625	TIMEOUT
626	\| WAND
627	\| WOR
628	\| CATCH
629	\| RECOVER
630	\| CATCHRESUME
631	\| FIXUP
632	\| FINALLY
633	;
634
635	identifier:
636	IDENTIFIER
637	\| quasi_keyword
638	;
639
640	identifier_at:
641	identifier
642	\| '@' // CFA
643	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
644	;
645
646	string_literal:
647	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ); }
648	;
649
650	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
651	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
652	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
653	{
654	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
655	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
656	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
657	}
658	;
659
660	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
661
662	primary_expression:
663	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
664	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
665	\| quasi_keyword
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
667	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
668	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
669	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
670	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
671	\| tuple
672	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
673	{ $$ = $2; }
674	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
675	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
676	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
677	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
678	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
679	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
680	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
681	{
682	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
683	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
684	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
685	}
686	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
687	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
688	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
689	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
690	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // syntax error
691	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "n expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
692	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // syntax error
693	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
694	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // syntax error
695	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
696	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // syntax error
697	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
698	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // syntax error
699	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
700	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // syntax error
701	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
702	;
703
704	generic_assoc_list: // C11
705	generic_association
706	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
707	{
708	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
709	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
710	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
711	delete $3;
712	$$ = $1;
713	}
714	;
715
716	generic_association: // C11
717	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
718	{
719	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
720	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
721	}
722	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
723	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
724	;
725
726	postfix_expression:
727	primary_expression
728	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
729	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
730	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
731	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
732	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
733	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
734	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
735	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
736	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
737	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
738	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
739	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
740	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
741	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
742	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, new ExpressionNode( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
743	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
744	{
745	Token fn;
746	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
747	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
748	}
749	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
750	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
751	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
752	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
753	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg") ) ),
754	(ExpressionNode )($3->set_last( (ExpressionNode )($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) )) ) ); }
755	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
756	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
757	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
758	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
759	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
760	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
761	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
762	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
763	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
764	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
765	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
766	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
767	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
768	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
769	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
770	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
771	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
772	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
773	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
775	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
776	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
777	\| postfix_expression ICR
778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
779	\| postfix_expression DECR
780	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
781	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
782	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
783	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
785	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
786	{
787	Token fn;
788	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
789	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
790	}
791	;
792
793	argument_expression_list_opt:
794	// empty
795	{ $$ = nullptr; }
796	\| argument_expression_list
797	;
798
799	argument_expression_list:
800	argument_expression
801	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
802	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
803	;
804
805	argument_expression:
806	'@' // CFA, default parameter
807	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
808	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
809	\| assignment_expression
810	;
811
812	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
813	field
814	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
815	;
816
817	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
818	field_name
819	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
820	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
821	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
823	\| field_name '.' field
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
825	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
827	\| field_name ARROW field
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
829	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
831	;
832
833	field_name:
834	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
835	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
836	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
838	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
839	{
840	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
841	}
842	;
843
844	fraction_constants_opt:
845	// empty
846	{ $$ = nullptr; }
847	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
848	{
849	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
850	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
851	}
852	;
853
854	unary_expression:
855	postfix_expression
856	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
857	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
858	\| constant
859	\| string_literal
860	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
861	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
862	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
863	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
864	// { * X; } // dereference X
865	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
866	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
867	{
868	switch ( $1 ) {
869	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
870	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
871	break;
872	case OperKinds::PointTo:
873	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
874	break;
875	case OperKinds::And:
876	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
877	break;
878	default:
879	assert( false );
880	}
881	}
882	\| unary_operator cast_expression
883	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
884	\| ICR unary_expression
885	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
886	\| DECR unary_expression
887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
888	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
889	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
890	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
891	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
892	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
893	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
894	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
895	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
896	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
897	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
898	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
899	{
900	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
901	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
902	}
903	;
904
905	ptrref_operator:
906	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
907	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
908	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
909	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
910	;
911
912	unary_operator:
913	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
914	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
915	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
916	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
917	;
918
919	cast_expression:
920	unary_expression
921	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
922	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
923	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
924	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
925	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
926	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
927	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
928	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
929	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
930	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
931	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
932	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
933	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
934	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
935	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
936	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
937	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
938	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
939	;
940
941	qualifier_cast_list:
942	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
943	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
944	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
945	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
946	;
947
948	cast_modifier:
949	'-'
950	\| '+'
951	;
952
953	exponential_expression:
954	cast_expression
955	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
956	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
957	;
958
959	multiplicative_expression:
960	exponential_expression
961	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
962	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
963	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
964	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
965	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
966	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
967	;
968
969	additive_expression:
970	multiplicative_expression
971	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
972	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
973	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
975	;
976
977	shift_expression:
978	additive_expression
979	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
980	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
981	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
982	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
983	;
984
985	relational_expression:
986	shift_expression
987	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
988	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
989	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
990	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
991	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
993	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
994	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
995	;
996
997	equality_expression:
998	relational_expression
999	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1000	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1001	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1002	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1003	;
1004
1005	AND_expression:
1006	equality_expression
1007	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1008	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1009	;
1010
1011	exclusive_OR_expression:
1012	AND_expression
1013	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1014	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1015	;
1016
1017	inclusive_OR_expression:
1018	exclusive_OR_expression
1019	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1020	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1021	;
1022
1023	logical_AND_expression:
1024	inclusive_OR_expression
1025	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1026	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1027	;
1028
1029	logical_OR_expression:
1030	logical_AND_expression
1031	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1032	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1033	;
1034
1035	conditional_expression:
1036	logical_OR_expression
1037	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1038	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1039	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
1040	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1041	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
1042	;
1043
1044	constant_expression:
1045	conditional_expression
1046	;
1047
1048	assignment_expression:
1049	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1050	conditional_expression
1051	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1052	{
1053	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1054	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1055	// } else {
1056	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1057	// } // if
1058	}
1059	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1060	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1061	;
1062
1063	assignment_expression_opt:
1064	// empty
1065	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1066	\| assignment_expression
1067	;
1068
1069	assignment_operator:
1070	simple_assignment_operator
1071	\| compound_assignment_operator
1072	;
1073
1074	simple_assignment_operator:
1075	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1076	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1077	;
1078
1079	compound_assignment_operator:
1080	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1081	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1082	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1083	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1084	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1085	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1086	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1087	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1088	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1089	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1090	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1091	;
1092
1093	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1094	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1095	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1096	// '[' ']'
1097	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1098	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1099	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1100	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1101	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1102	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1103	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1104	;
1105
1106	tuple_expression_list:
1107	assignment_expression
1108	\| '@' // CFA
1109	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1110	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1111	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1112	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1113	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1114	;
1115
1116	comma_expression:
1117	assignment_expression
1118	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1119	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1120	;
1121
1122	comma_expression_opt:
1123	// empty
1124	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1125	\| comma_expression
1126	;
1127
1128	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1129
1130	statement:
1131	labeled_statement
1132	\| compound_statement
1133	\| expression_statement
1134	\| selection_statement
1135	\| iteration_statement
1136	\| jump_statement
1137	\| with_statement
1138	\| mutex_statement
1139	\| waitfor_statement
1140	\| waituntil_statement
1141	\| exception_statement
1142	\| enable_disable_statement
1143	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1144	\| asm_statement
1145	\| DIRECTIVE
1146	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1147	;
1148
1149	labeled_statement:
1150	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1151	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1152	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1153	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // syntax error
1154	{
1155	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Label \"", *$1.str, "\" must be associated with a statement, "
1156	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement. "
1157	"Move the label or terminate with a semi-colon." ) );
1158	$$ = nullptr;
1159	}
1160	;
1161
1162	compound_statement:
1163	'{' '}'
1164	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1165	\| '{' push
1166	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1167	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1168	pop '}'
1169	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1170	;
1171
1172	statement_decl_list: // C99
1173	statement_decl
1174	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1175	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1176	;
1177
1178	statement_decl:
1179	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1180	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1181	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1182	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1183	\| function_definition
1184	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1185	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1186	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1187	\| statement
1188	;
1189
1190	statement_list_nodecl:
1191	statement
1192	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1193	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1194	\| statement_list_nodecl error // syntax error
1195	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1196	;
1197
1198	expression_statement:
1199	comma_expression_opt ';'
1200	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1201	;
1202
1203	selection_statement:
1204	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1205	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1206	push if_statement pop
1207	{ $$ = $2; }
1208	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1209	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1210	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1211	{
1212	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1213	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1214	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1215	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1216	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1217	// statement.
1218	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1219	}
1220	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1221	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1222	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1223	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1224	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1225	{
1226	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1227	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1228	}
1229	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, syntax error
1230	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Only declarations can appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1231	;
1232
1233	if_statement:
1234	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1235	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1236	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1237	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1238	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1239	;
1240
1241	conditional_declaration:
1242	comma_expression
1243	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1244	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1245	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1246	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1247	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1248	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1249	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1250	;
1251
1252	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1253	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1254
1255	case_value: // CFA
1256	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1257	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1258	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1259	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1260	;
1261
1262	case_value_list: // CFA
1263	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1264	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1265	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1266	;
1267
1268	case_label: // CFA
1269	CASE error // syntax error
1270	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing case list after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1271	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1272	\| CASE case_value_list error // syntax error
1273	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1274	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1275	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1276	\| DEFAULT error // syntax error
1277	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing colon after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1278	;
1279
1280	case_label_list: // CFA
1281	case_label
1282	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1283	;
1284
1285	case_clause: // CFA
1286	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1287	;
1288
1289	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1290	// empty
1291	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1292	\| switch_clause_list
1293	;
1294
1295	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1296	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1297	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1298	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1299	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1300	;
1301
1302	iteration_statement:
1303	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1304	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1305	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1306	{
1307	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1308	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1309	}
1310	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1311	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1312	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1313	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1314	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1315	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1316	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1317	{
1318	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1319	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1320	}
1321	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1322	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1323	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1324	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1325	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1326	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1327	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1328	{
1329	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1330	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1331	}
1332	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1333	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1334	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1335	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1336	;
1337
1338	for_control_expression_list:
1339	for_control_expression
1340	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1341	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1342	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1343	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1344	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1345	{
1346	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1347	if ( $1->condition ) {
1348	if ( $3->condition ) {
1349	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1350	} // if
1351	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1352	if ( $1->change ) {
1353	if ( $3->change ) {
1354	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1355	} // if
1356	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1357	$$ = $1;
1358	}
1359	;
1360
1361	for_control_expression:
1362	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1363	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1364	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1365	{
1366	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1367	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1368	}
1369	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1370	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1371
1372	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1373	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1374	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1375	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1376
1377	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1378	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1379	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1380	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1381
1382	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1383	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1384	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1385	{
1386	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1387	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1388	}
1389	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1390	{
1391	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1392	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1393	}
1394	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1395	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1396	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1397	{
1398	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1399	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1400	}
1401	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1402	{
1403	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1404	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1405	}
1406	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1407	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1408	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, error
1409	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1410	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1411	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1412	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1413	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1414	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1415	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1416
1417	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1418	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1419	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1420	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1421
1422	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1423	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1424	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1425	{
1426	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1427	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1428	}
1429	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1430	{
1431	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1432	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1433	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1434	}
1435	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, error
1436	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1437
1438	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1439	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1440	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, error
1441	{
1442	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1443	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1444	}
1445	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1446	{
1447	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1448	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1449	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1450	}
1451	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1452	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1453	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, error
1454	{
1455	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1456	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1457	}
1458	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1459	{
1460	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1461	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1462	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1463	}
1464	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1465	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1466
1467	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1468	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1469	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1470	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1471
1472	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1473	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1474	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1475	{
1476	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1477	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1478	}
1479	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1480	{
1481	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1482	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1483	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1484	}
1485
1486	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1487	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1488	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1489	{
1490	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1491	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1492	}
1493	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1494	{
1495	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1496	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1497	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1498	}
1499	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1500	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1501	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1502	{
1503	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1504	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1505	}
1506	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1507	{
1508	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1509	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "Equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1510	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1511	}
1512	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, error
1513	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1514
1515	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1516	{
1517	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1518	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1519	}
1520	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1521	{
1522	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "All enumation ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1523	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1524	}
1525	;
1526
1527	downupdowneq:
1528	ErangeDown
1529	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1530	\| ErangeUpEq
1531	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1532	\| ErangeDownEq
1533	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1534	;
1535
1536	updown:
1537	'~'
1538	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1539	\| ErangeDown
1540	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1541	;
1542
1543	updowneq:
1544	updown
1545	\| ErangeUpEq
1546	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1547	\| ErangeDownEq
1548	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1549	;
1550
1551	jump_statement:
1552	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1553	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1554	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1555	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1556	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1557	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1558	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1559	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1560	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1561	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1562	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1563	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1564	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1565	\| CONTINUE ';'
1566	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1567	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1568	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1569	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1570	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1571	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1572	\| BREAK ';'
1573	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1574	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1575	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1576	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1577	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1578	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1579	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1580	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1581	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1582	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1583	\| SUSPEND ';'
1584	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1585	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1586	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1587	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1588	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1589	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1590	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1591	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1592	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1593	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1594	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1595	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1596	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1597	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1598	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1599	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1600	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1601	;
1602
1603	fall_through_name: // CFA
1604	FALLTHRU
1605	\| FALLTHROUGH
1606	;
1607
1608	with_statement:
1609	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1610	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1611	;
1612
1613	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1614	mutex_statement:
1615	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1616	{
1617	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1618	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1619	}
1620	;
1621
1622	when_clause:
1623	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1624	;
1625
1626	when_clause_opt:
1627	// empty
1628	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1629	\| when_clause
1630	;
1631
1632	cast_expression_list:
1633	cast_expression
1634	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1635	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1636	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1637	;
1638
1639	timeout:
1640	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1641	;
1642
1643	wor:
1644	OROR
1645	\| WOR
1646
1647	waitfor:
1648	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1649	{ $$ = $3; }
1650	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1651	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1652	;
1653
1654	wor_waitfor_clause:
1655	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1656	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1657	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1658	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1659	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1660	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1661	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1662	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1663	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1664	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1665	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // syntax error
1666	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1667	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1668	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1669	;
1670
1671	waitfor_statement:
1672	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1673	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1674	;
1675
1676	wand:
1677	ANDAND
1678	\| WAND
1679	;
1680
1681	waituntil:
1682	WAITUNTIL '(' cast_expression ')'
1683	{ $$ = $3; }
1684	;
1685
1686	waituntil_clause:
1687	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1688	{ printf( "waituntil_clause 1\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1689	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1690	{ printf( "waituntil_clause 2\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1691	;
1692
1693	wand_waituntil_clause:
1694	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1695	{ printf( "wand_waituntil_clause 1\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1696	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1697	{ printf( "wand_waituntil_clause 2\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1698	;
1699
1700	wor_waituntil_clause:
1701	wand_waituntil_clause
1702	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 1\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1703	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1704	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 2\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1705	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1706	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 3\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1707	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1708	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 4\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1709	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1710	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // syntax error
1711	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1712	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1713	{ printf( "wor_waituntil_clause 6\n" ); $$ = nullptr; }
1714	;
1715
1716	waituntil_statement:
1717	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1718	// SKULLDUGGERY: create an empty compound statement to test parsing of waituntil statement.
1719	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, nullptr ) ); }
1720	;
1721
1722	exception_statement:
1723	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1724	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1725	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1726	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1727	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1728	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1729	;
1730
1731	handler_clause:
1732	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1733	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1734	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1735	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1736	;
1737
1738	handler_predicate_opt:
1739	// empty
1740	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1741	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1742	;
1743
1744	handler_key:
1745	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1746	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1747	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1748	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1749	;
1750
1751	finally_clause:
1752	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1753	;
1754
1755	exception_declaration:
1756	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1757	type_specifier_nobody
1758	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1759	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1760	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1761	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1762	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1763	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1764	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1765	;
1766
1767	enable_disable_statement:
1768	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1769	;
1770
1771	enable_disable_key:
1772	ENABLE
1773	\| DISABLE
1774	;
1775
1776	asm_statement:
1777	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1778	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1779	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1780	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1781	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1782	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1783	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1784	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1785	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1786	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1787	;
1788
1789	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1790	// empty
1791	{ $$ = false; }
1792	\| VOLATILE
1793	{ $$ = true; }
1794	;
1795
1796	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1797	// empty
1798	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1799	\| asm_operands_list
1800	;
1801
1802	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1803	asm_operand
1804	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1805	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1806	;
1807
1808	asm_operand: // GCC
1809	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1810	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1811	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1812	{
1813	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, $4, maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1814	delete $2.str;
1815	}
1816	;
1817
1818	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1819	// empty
1820	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1821	\| string_literal
1822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1823	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1824	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1825	;
1826
1827	label_list:
1828	identifier
1829	{
1830	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1831	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1832	}
1833	\| label_list ',' identifier
1834	{
1835	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1836	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1837	}
1838	;
1839
1840	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1841
1842	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1843	// empty
1844	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1845	\| declaration_list
1846	;
1847
1848	declaration_list:
1849	declaration
1850	\| declaration_list declaration
1851	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1852	;
1853
1854	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1855	// empty
1856	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1857	\| KR_parameter_list
1858	;
1859
1860	KR_parameter_list:
1861	push c_declaration pop ';'
1862	{ $$ = $2; }
1863	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1864	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1865	;
1866
1867	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1868	// empty
1869	\| local_label_declaration_list
1870	;
1871
1872	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1873	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1874	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1875	;
1876
1877	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1878	identifier_or_type_name
1879	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1880	;
1881
1882	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1883	c_declaration ';'
1884	{
1885	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1886	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1887	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1888	// } // for
1889	}
1890	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1891	\| static_assert // C11
1892	;
1893
1894	static_assert:
1895	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1896	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1897	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1898	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1899
1900	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1901	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1902	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1903	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1904	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1905	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1906	//
1907	// CFA C
1908	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1909	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1910
1911	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1912	cfa_variable_declaration
1913	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1914	\| cfa_function_declaration
1915	\| type_declaring_list
1916	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1917	\| trait_specifier
1918	;
1919
1920	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1921	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1922	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1923	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1924	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1925	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1926	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1927	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1928	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1929	;
1930
1931	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1932	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1933	// storage-class
1934	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1935	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1936	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1937	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1938	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1939	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1940	;
1941
1942	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1943	cfa_function_specifier
1944	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1945	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1946	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1947	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1948	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1949	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1950	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1951	{
1952	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1953	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1954	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1955	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1956	}
1957	;
1958
1959	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1960	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1961	// {
1962	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, nullptr, true );
1963	// }
1964	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1965	// {
1966	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1967	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1968	// }
1969	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1970	// {
1971	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1972	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1973	// }
1974	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1975	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1976	//
1977	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1978	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1979	//
1980	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1981	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1982	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1983	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1984	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1985	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1986	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1987	;
1988
1989	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1990	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1992	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1993	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1994	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1995	;
1996
1997	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1998	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1999	{
2000	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
2001	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2002	}
2003	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2004	{
2005	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
2006	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2007	}
2008	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
2009	{
2010	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
2011	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2012	}
2013	;
2014
2015	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2016	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2017
2018	typedef_declaration:
2019	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2020	{
2021	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
2022	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2023	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2024	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2025	}
2026	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
2027	{
2028	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
2029	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
2030	}
2031	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2032	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2033	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2034	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2035	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2036	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2037	;
2038
2039	typedef_expression:
2040	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2041	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2042	{
2043	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2044	}
2045	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
2046	{
2047	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2048	}
2049	;
2050
2051	c_declaration:
2052	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2053	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2054	\| typedef_declaration
2055	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2056	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2057	{
2058	assert( $1->type );
2059	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2060	SemanticError( yylloc, "Useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2061	}
2062	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2063	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2064	SemanticError( yylloc, "Useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2065	}
2066	}
2067	;
2068
2069	declaring_list:
2070	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2071	// storage-class
2072	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2073	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2074	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2075	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2076
2077	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2078	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2079	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2080	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2081
2082	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2083	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2084	;
2085
2086	general_function_declarator:
2087	function_type_redeclarator
2088	\| function_declarator
2089	;
2090
2091	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2092	basic_declaration_specifier
2093	\| type_declaration_specifier
2094	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2095	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types
2096	{
2097	SemanticError( yylloc, ::toString( "Missing ';' after end of ",
2098	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ),
2099	" declaration" ) );
2100	$$ = nullptr;
2101	}
2102	;
2103
2104	invalid_types:
2105	aggregate_key
2106	\| basic_type_name
2107	\| indirect_type
2108	;
2109
2110	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2111	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2112	//
2113	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2114	//
2115	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2116	basic_declaration_specifier
2117	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2118	\| type_declaration_specifier
2119	;
2120
2121	type_specifier: // type specifier
2122	basic_type_specifier
2123	\| sue_type_specifier
2124	\| type_type_specifier
2125	;
2126
2127	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2128	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2129	//
2130	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2131	//
2132	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2133	basic_type_specifier
2134	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2135	\| type_type_specifier
2136	;
2137
2138	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2139	// empty
2140	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2141	\| type_qualifier_list
2142	;
2143
2144	type_qualifier_list:
2145	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2146	//
2147	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2148	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2149	// appeared only once.
2150	type_qualifier
2151	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2152	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2153	;
2154
2155	type_qualifier:
2156	type_qualifier_name
2157	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
2158	;
2159
2160	type_qualifier_name:
2161	CONST
2162	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
2163	\| RESTRICT
2164	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
2165	\| VOLATILE
2166	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
2167	\| ATOMIC
2168	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
2169	\| forall
2170	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $1 ); }
2171	;
2172
2173	forall:
2174	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2175	{ $$ = $3; }
2176	;
2177
2178	declaration_qualifier_list:
2179	storage_class_list
2180	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2181	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2182	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2183	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2184	;
2185
2186	storage_class_list:
2187	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2188	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2189	//
2190	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2191	// specifiers in a declaration.
2192	storage_class
2193	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2194	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2195	;
2196
2197	storage_class:
2198	EXTERN
2199	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
2200	\| STATIC
2201	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
2202	\| AUTO
2203	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
2204	\| REGISTER
2205	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
2206	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2207	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalGcc ); }
2208	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::ThreadlocalC11 ); }
2210	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2211	\| INLINE // C99
2212	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
2213	\| FORTRAN // C99
2214	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
2215	\| NORETURN // C11
2216	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
2217	;
2218
2219	basic_type_name:
2220	VOID
2221	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2222	\| BOOL // C99
2223	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2224	\| CHAR
2225	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2226	\| INT
2227	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2228	\| INT128
2229	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2230	\| UINT128
2231	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2232	\| FLOAT
2233	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2234	\| DOUBLE
2235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2236	\| uuFLOAT80
2237	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2238	\| uuFLOAT128
2239	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2240	\| uFLOAT16
2241	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2242	\| uFLOAT32
2243	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2244	\| uFLOAT32X
2245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2246	\| uFLOAT64
2247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2248	\| uFLOAT64X
2249	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2250	\| uFLOAT128
2251	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2252	\| DECIMAL32
2253	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2254	\| DECIMAL64
2255	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2256	\| DECIMAL128
2257	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2258	\| COMPLEX // C99
2259	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2260	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2261	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2262	\| SIGNED
2263	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2264	\| UNSIGNED
2265	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2266	\| SHORT
2267	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2268	\| LONG
2269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2270	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2272	\| AUTO_TYPE
2273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2274	\| vtable
2275	;
2276
2277	vtable_opt:
2278	// empty
2279	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2280	\| vtable
2281	;
2282
2283	vtable:
2284	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2285	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2286	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2287	;
2288
2289	default_opt:
2290	// empty
2291	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2292	\| DEFAULT
2293	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2294	;
2295
2296	basic_declaration_specifier:
2297	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2298	basic_type_specifier
2299	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2300	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2301	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2302	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2303	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2304	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2305	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2306	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2307	;
2308
2309	basic_type_specifier:
2310	direct_type
2311	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2312	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2313	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2314	;
2315
2316	direct_type:
2317	basic_type_name
2318	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2319	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2320	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2321	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2322	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2323	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2324	;
2325
2326	indirect_type:
2327	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2328	{ $$ = $3; }
2329	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2330	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2331	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2333	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2335	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2337	\| ONE_T // CFA
2338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2339	;
2340
2341	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2342	sue_type_specifier
2343	{
2344	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2345	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2346	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2347	// } // for
2348	}
2349	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2350	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2351	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2352	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2353	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2354	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2355	;
2356
2357	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2358	elaborated_type
2359	{
2360	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2361	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2362	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2363	// } // for
2364	}
2365	\| type_qualifier_list
2366	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2367	elaborated_type
2368	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2369	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2370	{
2371	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2372	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2373	}
2374	;
2375
2376	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2377	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2378	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2379	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2380	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2381	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2382	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2383	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2384	;
2385
2386	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2387	elaborated_type_nobody
2388	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2389	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2390	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2391	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2392	;
2393
2394	type_declaration_specifier:
2395	type_type_specifier
2396	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2397	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2398	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2399	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2400	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2401	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2402	;
2403
2404	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2405	type_name
2406	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2407	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2408	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2409	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2410	;
2411
2412	type_name:
2413	TYPEDEFname
2414	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2415	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2417	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2419	\| typegen_name
2420	\| '.' typegen_name
2421	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2422	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2423	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2424	;
2425
2426	typegen_name: // CFA
2427	TYPEGENname
2428	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2429	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2430	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2431	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2432	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2433	;
2434
2435	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2436	aggregate_type
2437	{
2438	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2439	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2440	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2441	// } // for
2442	}
2443	\| enum_type
2444	;
2445
2446	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2447	aggregate_type_nobody
2448	\| enum_type_nobody
2449	;
2450
2451	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2452	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2453	{ forall = false; } // reset
2454	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2455	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2456	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2457	{
2458	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2459	forall = false; // reset
2460	}
2461	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2462	{
2463	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2464	}
2465	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2466	{
2467	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2468	forall = false; // reset
2469	}
2470	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2471	{
2472	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2473	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2474	}
2475	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2476	{
2477	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2478	forall = false; // reset
2479	}
2480	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2481	{
2482	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2483	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2484	}
2485	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2486	;
2487
2488	type_parameters_opt:
2489	// empty
2490	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2491	\| '(' type_list ')'
2492	{ $$ = $2; }
2493	;
2494
2495	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2496	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2497	{
2498	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2499	forall = false; // reset
2500	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2501	}
2502	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2503	{
2504	forall = false; // reset
2505	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2506	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2507	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2508	if ( $3->type->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->type->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2509	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 );
2510	} else {
2511	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2512	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2513	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2514	delete $3;
2515	}
2516	}
2517	;
2518
2519	aggregate_key:
2520	aggregate_data
2521	\| aggregate_control
2522	;
2523
2524	aggregate_data:
2525	STRUCT vtable_opt
2526	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2527	\| UNION
2528	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2529	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2530	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2531	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2532	;
2533
2534	aggregate_control: // CFA
2535	MONITOR
2536	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2537	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2538	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2539	\| GENERATOR
2540	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2541	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2542	{
2543	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2544	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2545	}
2546	\| COROUTINE
2547	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2548	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2549	{
2550	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2551	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2552	}
2553	\| THREAD
2554	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2555	\| MUTEX THREAD
2556	{
2557	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2558	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2559	}
2560	;
2561
2562	field_declaration_list_opt:
2563	// empty
2564	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2565	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2566	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2567	;
2568
2569	field_declaration:
2570	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2571	{
2572	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2573	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2574	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2575	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2576	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2577	// } // for
2578	}
2579	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2580	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2581	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2582	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2583	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2584	{
2585	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2586	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2587	} // if
2588	$3->inLine = true;
2589	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2590	distInl( $3 );
2591	}
2592	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2593	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2594	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2595	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2596	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2597	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2598	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2599	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2600	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2601	\| static_assert // C11
2602	;
2603
2604	field_declaring_list_opt:
2605	// empty
2606	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2607	\| field_declarator
2608	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2609	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2610	;
2611
2612	field_declarator:
2613	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2614	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2615	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2616	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2617	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2618	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2619	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2620	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2621	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2622	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2623	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2624	;
2625
2626	field_abstract_list_opt:
2627	// empty
2628	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2629	\| field_abstract
2630	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2631	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2632	;
2633
2634	field_abstract:
2635	// no bit fields
2636	variable_abstract_declarator
2637	;
2638
2639	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2640	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2641	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2642	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2643	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2644	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2645	;
2646
2647	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2648	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2649	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2650	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2651	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2652	;
2653
2654	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2655	// empty
2656	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2657	\| bit_subrange_size
2658	;
2659
2660	bit_subrange_size:
2661	':' assignment_expression
2662	{ $$ = $2; }
2663	;
2664
2665	enum_type:
2666	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2667	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2668	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2669	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2670	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2671	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2672	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2673	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2674	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2675	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2676	{
2677	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() )
2678	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2679
2680	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2681	}
2682	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2683	{
2684	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2685	}
2686	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2687	{
2688	if ( $3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2689	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2690	}
2691	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2692	{
2693	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2694	}
2695	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2696	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2697	{
2698	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2699	}
2700	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt
2701	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2702	{
2703	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2704	}
2705	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt
2706	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2707	{
2708	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2709	}
2710	\| enum_type_nobody
2711	;
2712
2713	hide_opt:
2714	// empty
2715	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2716	\| '!'
2717	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2718	;
2719
2720	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2721	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2722	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2723	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2724	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2725	;
2726
2727	enumerator_list:
2728	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2729	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2730	\| INLINE type_name
2731	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->type->symbolic.name ); }
2732	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2733	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2734	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2735	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2736	;
2737
2738	visible_hide_opt:
2739	hide_opt
2740	\| '^'
2741	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2742	;
2743
2744	enumerator_value_opt:
2745	// empty
2746	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2747	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2748	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2749	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2750	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2751	;
2752
2753	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2754	// empty
2755	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2756	\| ELLIPSIS
2757	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2758	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2759	\| cfa_parameter_list
2760	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2761	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2762	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2763	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2764	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2765	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2766	;
2767
2768	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2769	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2770	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2771	cfa_parameter_declaration
2772	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2773	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2774	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2775	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2776	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2777	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2778	;
2779
2780	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2781	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2782	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2783	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2784	;
2785
2786	parameter_type_list_opt:
2787	// empty
2788	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2789	\| ELLIPSIS
2790	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2791	\| parameter_list
2792	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2793	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2794	;
2795
2796	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2797	abstract_parameter_declaration
2798	\| parameter_declaration
2799	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2800	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2801	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2802	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2803	;
2804
2805	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2806	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2807
2808	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2809	parameter_declaration
2810	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2811	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2812	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2813	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2814	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2815	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2816	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2817	\| cfa_function_specifier
2818	;
2819
2820	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2821	abstract_parameter_declaration
2822	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2823	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2824	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2825	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2826	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2827	\| cfa_abstract_function
2828	;
2829
2830	parameter_declaration:
2831	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2832	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2833	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2834	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2835	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2836	;
2837
2838	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2839	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2840	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2841	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2842	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2843	;
2844
2845	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2846	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2847	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2848
2849	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2850	identifier
2851	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2852	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2853	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2854	;
2855
2856	identifier_or_type_name:
2857	identifier
2858	\| TYPEDEFname
2859	\| TYPEGENname
2860	;
2861
2862	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2863	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2864	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2865	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2866	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2867	;
2868
2869	type: // typeof, assertion
2870	type_no_function
2871	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2872	;
2873
2874	initializer_opt:
2875	// empty
2876	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2877	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2878	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2879	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2880	;
2881
2882	initializer:
2883	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2884	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2885	;
2886
2887	initializer_list_opt:
2888	// empty
2889	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2890	\| initializer
2891	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2892	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2893	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2894	;
2895
2896	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2897	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2898	//
2899	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2900	//
2901	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2902	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2903	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2904	// shift/reduce conflicts
2905
2906	designation:
2907	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2908	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2909	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2910	;
2911
2912	designator_list: // C99
2913	designator
2914	\| designator_list designator
2915	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2916	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2917	;
2918
2919	designator:
2920	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2921	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
2922	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2923	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2924	{ $$ = $3; }
2925	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2926	{ $$ = $3; }
2927	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2928	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
2929	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2930	{ $$ = $4; }
2931	;
2932
2933	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2934	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2935	//
2936	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2937	//
2938	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2939	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2940	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2941	//
2942	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2943	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2944	//
2945	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2946	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2947	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2948	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2949	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2950
2951	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2952	type_parameter
2953	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2954	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2955	;
2956
2957	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2958	// empty
2959	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2960	\| '=' type
2961	{ $$ = $2; }
2962	;
2963
2964	type_parameter: // CFA
2965	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2966	{
2967	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2968	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2969	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2970	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2971	}
2972	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2973	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2974	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2975	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2976	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2977	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2978	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2979	{
2980	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2981	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2982	}
2983	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2984	\| assertion_list
2985	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2986	;
2987
2988	new_type_class: // CFA
2989	// empty
2990	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
2991	\| '&'
2992	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2993	\| '*'
2994	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2995	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2996	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2997	\| ELLIPSIS
2998	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2999	;
3000
3001	type_class: // CFA
3002	OTYPE
3003	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3004	\| DTYPE
3005	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3006	\| FTYPE
3007	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3008	\| TTYPE
3009	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3010	;
3011
3012	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3013	// empty
3014	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3015	\| assertion_list
3016	;
3017
3018	assertion_list: // CFA
3019	assertion
3020	\| assertion_list assertion
3021	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
3022	;
3023
3024	assertion: // CFA
3025	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3026	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3027	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3028	{ $$ = $4; }
3029	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3030	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3031	;
3032
3033	type_list: // CFA
3034	type
3035	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3036	\| assignment_expression
3037	\| type_list ',' type
3038	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3039	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3040	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
3041	;
3042
3043	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3044	OTYPE type_declarator
3045	{ $$ = $2; }
3046	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3047	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3048	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3049	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3050	;
3051
3052	type_declarator: // CFA
3053	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3054	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3055	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3056	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3057	;
3058
3059	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3060	identifier_or_type_name
3061	{
3062	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
3063	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3064	}
3065	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3066	{
3067	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
3068	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3069	}
3070	;
3071
3072	trait_specifier: // CFA
3073	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3074	{
3075	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3076	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3077	}
3078	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3079	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3080	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3081	{
3082	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3083	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3084	}
3085	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3086	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3087	;
3088
3089	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3090	trait_declaration
3091	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3092	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
3093	;
3094
3095	trait_declaration: // CFA
3096	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3097	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3098	;
3099
3100	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3101	cfa_variable_specifier
3102	\| cfa_function_specifier
3103	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3104	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3105	;
3106
3107	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3108	type_specifier declarator
3109	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3110	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3111	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3112	;
3113
3114	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3115
3116	translation_unit:
3117	// empty, input file
3118	\| external_definition_list
3119	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
3120	;
3121
3122	external_definition_list:
3123	push external_definition pop
3124	{ $$ = $2; }
3125	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3126	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
3127	;
3128
3129	external_definition_list_opt:
3130	// empty
3131	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3132	\| external_definition_list
3133	;
3134
3135	up:
3136	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3137	;
3138
3139	down:
3140	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3141	;
3142
3143	external_definition:
3144	DIRECTIVE
3145	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3146	\| declaration
3147	{
3148	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3149	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3150	// disallowed at the moment.
3151	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static && $1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3152	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3153	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3154	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3155	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3156	}
3157	}
3158	}
3159	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3160	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3161	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // syntax error
3162	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3163	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // syntax error
3164	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3165	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // syntax error
3166	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3167	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // syntax error
3168	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3169	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // syntax error
3170	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3171	\| external_function_definition
3172	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3173	{
3174	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3175	$$ = $2;
3176	}
3177	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3178	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3179	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3180	{
3181	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3182	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3183	}
3184	up external_definition down
3185	{
3186	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3187	linkageStack.pop();
3188	$$ = $5;
3189	}
3190	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3191	{
3192	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3193	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3194	}
3195	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3196	{
3197	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3198	linkageStack.pop();
3199	$$ = $6;
3200	}
3201	// global distribution
3202	\| type_qualifier_list
3203	{
3204	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3205	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3206	}
3207	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3208	{
3209	distQual( $5, $1 );
3210	forall = false;
3211	$$ = $5;
3212	}
3213	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3214	{
3215	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3216	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3217	}
3218	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3219	{
3220	distQual( $5, $1 );
3221	forall = false;
3222	$$ = $5;
3223	}
3224	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3225	{
3226	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
3227	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3228	}
3229	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3230	{
3231	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3232	forall = false;
3233	$$ = $6;
3234	}
3235	;
3236
3237	external_function_definition:
3238	function_definition
3239	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3240	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3241	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3242	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3243	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3244	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3245	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3246	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3247	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3248	;
3249
3250	with_clause_opt:
3251	// empty
3252	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3253	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3254	{
3255	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3256	if ( $5 ) {
3257	SemanticError( yylloc, "Attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3258	$$ = nullptr;
3259	} // if
3260	}
3261	;
3262
3263	function_definition:
3264	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3265	{
3266	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3267	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3268	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3269	$$ = $1;
3270	}
3271	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3272	{
3273	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3274	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3275	}
3276	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3277	{
3278	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3279	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3280	}
3281	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3282	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3283	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3284	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3285	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3286	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3287	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3288	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3289	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3290
3291	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3292	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3293	{
3294	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3295	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3296	}
3297	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3298	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3299	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3300	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3301	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3302	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3303	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3304	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3305	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3306	;
3307
3308	declarator:
3309	variable_declarator
3310	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3311	\| function_declarator
3312	\| function_type_redeclarator
3313	;
3314
3315	subrange:
3316	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3317	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3318	;
3319
3320	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3321	// empty
3322	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3323	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3324	{
3325	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3326	name->asmName = $3;
3327	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3328	}
3329	;
3330
3331	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3332	// empty
3333	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3334	\| attribute_list
3335	;
3336
3337	attribute_list: // GCC
3338	attribute
3339	\| attribute_list attribute
3340	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3341	;
3342
3343	attribute: // GCC
3344	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3345	{ $$ = $4; }
3346	;
3347
3348	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3349	attribute_name
3350	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3351	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3352	;
3353
3354	attribute_name: // GCC
3355	// empty
3356	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3357	\| attr_name
3358	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3359	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3361	;
3362
3363	attr_name: // GCC
3364	IDENTIFIER
3365	\| quasi_keyword
3366	\| TYPEDEFname
3367	\| TYPEGENname
3368	\| FALLTHROUGH
3369	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3370	\| CONST
3371	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3372	;
3373
3374	// ============================================================================
3375	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3376	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3377	// in:
3378	//
3379	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3380	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3381	//
3382	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3383	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3384	// ============================================================================
3385
3386	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3387	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3388	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3389	//
3390	// valid declaration invalid definition
3391	// ----------------- ------------------
3392	// int f; int f {}
3393	// int f; int f {}
3394	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3395	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3396	//
3397	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3398	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3399	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3400
3401	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3402	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3403
3404	paren_identifier:
3405	identifier_at
3406	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3407	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3408	{ $$ = $2; }
3409	;
3410
3411	variable_declarator:
3412	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3413	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3414	\| variable_ptr
3415	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3416	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3417	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3418	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3419	;
3420
3421	variable_ptr:
3422	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3423	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3424	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3425	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3426	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3427	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3428	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3429	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3430	;
3431
3432	variable_array:
3433	paren_identifier array_dimension
3434	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3435	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3436	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3437	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3438	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3439	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3440	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3441	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3442	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3443	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3444	{ $$ = $2; }
3445	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3446	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3447	;
3448
3449	variable_function:
3450	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3451	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3452	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3453	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3454	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3455	{ $$ = $2; }
3456	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3457	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3458	;
3459
3460	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3461	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3462	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3463
3464	function_declarator:
3465	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3466	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3467	\| function_ptr
3468	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3469	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3470	;
3471
3472	function_no_ptr:
3473	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3474	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3475	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3476	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3477	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3478	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3479	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3480	{ $$ = $2; }
3481	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3482	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3483	;
3484
3485	function_ptr:
3486	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3487	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3488	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3489	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3490	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3491	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3492	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3493	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3494	;
3495
3496	function_array:
3497	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3498	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3499	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3500	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3501	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3502	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3503	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3504	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3505	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3506	{ $$ = $2; }
3507	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3508	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3509	;
3510
3511	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3512	//
3513	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3514	//
3515	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3516	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3517
3518	KR_function_declarator:
3519	KR_function_no_ptr
3520	\| KR_function_ptr
3521	\| KR_function_array
3522	;
3523
3524	KR_function_no_ptr:
3525	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3526	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3527	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3528	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3529	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3530	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3531	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3532	{ $$ = $2; }
3533	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3534	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3535	;
3536
3537	KR_function_ptr:
3538	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3539	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3540	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3541	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3542	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3543	{ $$ = $2; }
3544	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3545	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3546	;
3547
3548	KR_function_array:
3549	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3550	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3551	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3552	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3553	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3554	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3555	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3556	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3557	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3558	{ $$ = $2; }
3559	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3560	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3561	;
3562
3563	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3564	//
3565	// typedef int foo;
3566	// {
3567	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3568	// }
3569
3570	paren_type:
3571	typedef_name
3572	{
3573	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3574	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3575	}
3576	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3577	{ $$ = $2; }
3578	;
3579
3580	variable_type_redeclarator:
3581	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3582	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3583	\| variable_type_ptr
3584	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3585	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3586	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3587	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3588	;
3589
3590	variable_type_ptr:
3591	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3592	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3593	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3594	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3595	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3596	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3597	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3598	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3599	;
3600
3601	variable_type_array:
3602	paren_type array_dimension
3603	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3604	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3605	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3606	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3607	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3608	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3609	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3610	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3611	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3612	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3613	{ $$ = $2; }
3614	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3615	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3616	;
3617
3618	variable_type_function:
3619	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3620	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3621	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3622	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3623	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3624	{ $$ = $2; }
3625	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3626	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3627	;
3628
3629	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3630	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3631	// arrays and functions.
3632
3633	function_type_redeclarator:
3634	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3635	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3636	\| function_type_ptr
3637	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3638	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3639	;
3640
3641	function_type_no_ptr:
3642	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3643	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3644	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3645	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3646	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3647	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3648	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3649	{ $$ = $2; }
3650	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3651	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3652	;
3653
3654	function_type_ptr:
3655	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3656	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3657	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3658	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3659	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3660	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3661	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3662	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3663	;
3664
3665	function_type_array:
3666	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3667	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3668	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3669	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3670	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3671	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3672	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3673	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3674	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3675	{ $$ = $2; }
3676	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3677	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3678	;
3679
3680	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3681	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3682	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3683	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3684
3685	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3686	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3687	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3688	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3689	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3690	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3691	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3692	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3693	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3694	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3695	;
3696
3697	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3698	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3699	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3700	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3701	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3702	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3703	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3704	;
3705
3706	identifier_parameter_array:
3707	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3708	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3709	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3710	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3711	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3712	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3713	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3714	{ $$ = $2; }
3715	;
3716
3717	identifier_parameter_function:
3718	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3719	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3720	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3721	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3722	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3723	{ $$ = $2; }
3724	;
3725
3726	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3727	// e.g.:
3728	//
3729	// typedef int foo;
3730	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3731	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3732	//
3733	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3734
3735	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3736	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3737	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3738	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3739	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3740	\| type_parameter_ptr
3741	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3742	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3743	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3744	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3745	;
3746
3747	typedef_name:
3748	TYPEDEFname
3749	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3750	\| TYPEGENname
3751	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3752	;
3753
3754	type_parameter_ptr:
3755	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3756	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3757	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3758	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3759	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3760	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3761	;
3762
3763	type_parameter_array:
3764	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3765	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3766	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3767	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3768	;
3769
3770	type_parameter_function:
3771	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3772	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3773	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3774	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3775	;
3776
3777	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3778	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3779	//
3780	// sizeof( int );
3781	// sizeof( int * );
3782	// sizeof( int [10] );
3783	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3784	// sizeof( int () );
3785	//
3786	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3787	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3788
3789	abstract_declarator:
3790	abstract_ptr
3791	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3792	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3793	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3794	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3795	;
3796
3797	abstract_ptr:
3798	ptrref_operator
3799	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3800	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3801	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3802	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3803	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3804	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3805	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3806	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3807	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3808	;
3809
3810	abstract_array:
3811	array_dimension
3812	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3813	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3814	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3815	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3816	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3817	{ $$ = $2; }
3818	;
3819
3820	abstract_function:
3821	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3822	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3823	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3824	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3825	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3826	{ $$ = $2; }
3827	;
3828
3829	array_dimension:
3830	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3831	'[' ']'
3832	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3833	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3834	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3835	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3836	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3837	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3838	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3839	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3840	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3841	\| multi_array_dimension
3842	;
3843
3844	array_type_list:
3845	basic_type_name
3846	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3847	\| type_name
3848	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3849	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3850	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3851	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3852	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3853	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3854	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3855	;
3856
3857	upupeq:
3858	'~'
3859	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3860	\| ErangeUpEq
3861	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3862	;
3863
3864	multi_array_dimension:
3865	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3866	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3867	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3868	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3869	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3870	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3871	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3872	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3873	;
3874
3875	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3876	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3877	//
3878	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3879	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3880	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3881	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3882	//
3883	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3884	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3885	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3886	//
3887	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3888	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3889	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3890	//
3891	// For example:
3892	//
3893	// typedef float T;
3894	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3895	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3896	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3897	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3898	//
3899	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3900	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3901	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3902	// functions.
3903
3904	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
3905	// empty
3906	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3907	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
3908	;
3909
3910	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3911	abstract_parameter_ptr
3912	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3913	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3914	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3915	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3916	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3917	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3918	;
3919
3920	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3921	ptrref_operator
3922	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3923	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3924	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3925	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3926	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3927	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3928	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3929	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3930	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3931	;
3932
3933	abstract_parameter_array:
3934	array_parameter_dimension
3935	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3936	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3937	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3938	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3939	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3940	{ $$ = $2; }
3941	;
3942
3943	abstract_parameter_function:
3944	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3945	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3946	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3947	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3948	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3949	{ $$ = $2; }
3950	;
3951
3952	array_parameter_dimension:
3953	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3954	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3955	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3956	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3957	\| multi_array_dimension
3958	;
3959
3960	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3961	//
3962	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3963	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3964
3965	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3966	'[' ']'
3967	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3968	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3969	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3970	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3971	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3972	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
3973	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3974	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3975	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3976	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3977	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3978	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3979	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3980	;
3981
3982	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3983	//
3984	// struct S {
3985	// int;
3986	// int *;
3987	// int [10];
3988	// int (*)();
3989	// };
3990
3991	variable_abstract_declarator:
3992	variable_abstract_ptr
3993	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3994	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3995	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3996	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3997	;
3998
3999	variable_abstract_ptr:
4000	ptrref_operator
4001	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4002	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4003	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4004	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4005	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4006	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4007	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4008	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4009	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4010	;
4011
4012	variable_abstract_array:
4013	array_dimension
4014	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4015	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4016	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4017	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4018	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4019	{ $$ = $2; }
4020	;
4021
4022	variable_abstract_function:
4023	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4024	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
4025	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4026	{ $$ = $2; }
4027	;
4028
4029	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4030	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4031
4032	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4033	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4034	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4035	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4036	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4037	;
4038
4039	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4040	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4041	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4042	;
4043
4044	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4045	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4046	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4047	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4048	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4049	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4050	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4051	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4052	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4053	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4054	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4055	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4056	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4057	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4058	;
4059
4060	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4061	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4062	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4063	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4064	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4065	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4066	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4067	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4068	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4069	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4070	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4071	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4072	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4073
4074	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4075	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4076	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4077	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4078	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4079	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4080	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4081	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4082	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4083	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4084	;
4085
4086	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4087	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4088	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4089	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4090	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4091	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4092	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4093	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4094	// appear in this context.
4095	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4096	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4097	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4098	;
4099
4100	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4101	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4102	//
4103	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4104	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4105	//
4106	// These rules need LR(3):
4107	//
4108	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4109	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4110	//
4111	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4112	//
4113	// [int, int] t;
4114	// [int, int] f( int );
4115	//
4116	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4117	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4118	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4119	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4120
4121	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4122	cfa_abstract_tuple
4123	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4124	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4125	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4126	;
4127
4128	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4129	cfa_abstract_ptr
4130	\| cfa_abstract_array
4131	;
4132
4133	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4134	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4135	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4136	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4137	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4138	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4139	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4140	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4141	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4142	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4143	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4144	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4145	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4146	;
4147
4148	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4149	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4150	// empty (void) function return type.
4151	'[' ']' type_specifier
4152	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4153	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4154	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4155	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4156	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4157	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4158	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4159	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4160	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4161	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4162	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4163	;
4164
4165	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4166	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4167	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4168	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4169	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4170	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4171	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4172	;
4173
4174	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4175	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4176	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4177	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4178	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4179	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4180	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4181	;
4182
4183	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4184	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4185	//
4186	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4187	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4188	//
4189	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4190	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4191	//
4192	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4193	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4194
4195	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4196
4197	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4198	// empty
4199	\| ','
4200	;
4201
4202	default_initializer_opt:
4203	// empty
4204	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4205	\| '=' assignment_expression
4206	{ $$ = $2; }
4207	;
4208
4209	%%
4210
4211	// ----end of grammar----
4212
4213	// Local Variables: //
4214	// mode: c++ //
4215	// tab-width: 4 //
4216	// compile-command: "make install" //
4217	// End: //

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