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parser.yy @ 8bb59af

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Last change on this file since 8bb59af was bd85400, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
remove offsetof keyword, parser 0/1 names as structure fields, update examples to new stdlib, rename algorithms to stdlib, extend stdlib, use correct type for box parameters
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 102.7 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Feb 1 18:22:42 2016
13	// Update Count : 1483
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. nested functions
34	// 2. generalized lvalues
35	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
36	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
37	//
38	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
39	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
40	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
41	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
42	// grammar rule.
43
44	%{
45	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
46	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
47	extern char *yytext;
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "lex.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
58
59	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
60	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
61	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
62	TypedefTable typedefTable;
63	%}
64
65	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
66
67	// keywords
68	%token TYPEDEF
69	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
70	%token INLINE // C99
71	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
72	%token CONST VOLATILE
73	%token RESTRICT // C99
74	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
75	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
76	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
77	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
78	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
79	%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT // CFA
80	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
81	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
82	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
83	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
84	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
85	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
86
87	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
88	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
89	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
90	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
91	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
92
93	// multi-character operators
94	%token ARROW // ->
95	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
96	%token LS RS // << >>
97	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
98	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
99	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
100
101	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
102	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
103	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
104	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
105
106	%token ATassign // @=
107
108	// Types declaration
109	%union
110	{
111	Token tok;
112	ParseNode *pn;
113	ExpressionNode *en;
114	DeclarationNode *decl;
115	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
116	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
117	StatementNode *sn;
118	ConstantNode *constant;
119	LabelNode *label;
120	InitializerNode *in;
121	bool flag;
122	}
123
124	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
125	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
126	%type<constant> string_literal_list
127
128	// expressions
129	%type<constant> constant
130	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
131	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
132	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
133	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
134	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
135	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
136	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
137	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
138	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
139	%type<en> subrange
140	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
141	%type<label> label_list
142	%type<constant> asm_clobbers_list_opt
143	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
144
145	// statements
146	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
147	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
148	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
149	%type<sn> statement statement_list
150	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
151	%type<sn> case_clause
152	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
153	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
154	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
155	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
156
157	// declarations
158	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
159	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
160	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
161
162	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
163	%type<decl> aggregate_name
164
165	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
166
167	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
168
169	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
170
171	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
172
173	%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
174
175	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
176	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
177
178	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
179
180	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
181	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
182
183	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
184
185	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
186	%type<en> field field_list
187
188	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
189
190	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
191	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
192
193	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
194	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
195	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
196
197	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
198
199	%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
200	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
201
202	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
203	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
204
205	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
206
207	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
208
209	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
210	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
211
212	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
213	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
214
215	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
216
217	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
218
219	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
220
221	%type<tclass> type_class
222	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
223
224	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
225	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
226	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
227	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
228
229	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
230	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
231
232	%type<en> type_name_list
233
234	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
235
236	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
237	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
238
239	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
240
241	// initializers
242	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
243
244	// designators
245	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
246
247
248	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
249	// is ambiguous:
250	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
251	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
252	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
253
254	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
255	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
256
257	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
258
259	%%
260	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
261
262	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
263	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
264	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
265	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
266	//
267	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
268	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
269	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
270	//
271	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
272	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
273	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
274	//
275	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
276	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
277	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
278	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
279	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
280	//
281	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
282	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
283	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
284	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
285	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
286	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
287	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
288
289	push:
290	{
291	typedefTable.enterScope();
292	}
293	;
294
295	pop:
296	{
297	typedefTable.leaveScope();
298	}
299	;
300
301	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
302
303	constant:
304	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
305	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Integer, $1 ); }
306	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Float, $1 ); }
307	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Character, $1 ); }
308	;
309
310	identifier:
311	IDENTIFIER
312	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
313	\| zero_one // CFA
314	;
315
316	no_01_identifier:
317	IDENTIFIER
318	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
319	;
320
321	no_attr_identifier:
322	IDENTIFIER
323	\| zero_one // CFA
324	;
325
326	zero_one: // CFA
327	ZERO
328	\| ONE
329	;
330
331	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
332	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::String, $1 ); }
333	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->appendstr( $2 ); }
334	;
335
336	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
337
338	primary_expression:
339	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
340	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
341	\| zero_one
342	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
343	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
344	{ $$ = $2; }
345	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
346	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode( $2 ); }
347	;
348
349	postfix_expression:
350	primary_expression
351	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
352	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error: subscripting a
353	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
354	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
355	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
356	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Index ), $1, $4 ); }
357	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $3 ); }
359	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
360	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
361	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
362	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
363	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
364	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
365	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
366	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
367	\| postfix_expression ICR
368	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::IncrPost ), $1 ); }
369	\| postfix_expression DECR
370	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DecrPost ), $1 ); }
371	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
372	{ $$ = 0; }
373	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
374	{
375	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
376	$$ = new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_link( $3 ) );
377	}
378	;
379
380	argument_expression_list:
381	argument_expression
382	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
383	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
384	;
385
386	argument_expression:
387	// empty
388	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
389	\| assignment_expression
390	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
391	{ $$ = $3->set_argName( $1 ); }
392	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_type_name is allowed in this context. However, there is insufficient
393	// look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the tuple form must be used
394	// with an appropriate semantic check.
395	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
396	{ $$ = $7->set_argName( $3 ); }
397	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
398	{ $$ = $9->set_argName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
399	;
400
401	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
402	field
403	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
404	;
405
406	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
407	no_attr_identifier
408	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
409	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
410	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
411	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
412	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
413	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
414	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
415	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
416	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
417	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
418	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
419	;
420
421	unary_expression:
422	postfix_expression
423	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc"
424	// still requires semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
425	\| constant
426	{ $$ = $1; }
427	\| string_literal_list
428	{ $$ = $1; }
429	\| ICR unary_expression
430	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Incr ), $2 ); }
431	\| DECR unary_expression
432	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Decr ), $2 ); }
433	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
434	{ $$ = $2; }
435	\| unary_operator cast_expression
436	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
437	\| '!' cast_expression
438	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neg ), $2 ); }
439	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
440	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PointTo ), $2 ); }
441	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
442	// { * X; } // dereference X
443	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
444	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
445	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
446	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), $2 ); }
447	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
448	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
449	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
450	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OffsetOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ), new VarRefNode( $5 )); }
451	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
452	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 )); }
453	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
454	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
455	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
456	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
457	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
458	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), $2 ); }
459	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
460	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ) ); }
461	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
462	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LabelAddress ), new VarRefNode( $2, true ) ); }
463	;
464
465	unary_operator:
466	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ); }
467	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnPlus ); }
468	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnMinus ); }
469	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitNeg ); }
470	;
471
472	cast_expression:
473	unary_expression
474	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
475	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
476	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
477	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
478	;
479
480	multiplicative_expression:
481	cast_expression
482	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
483	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mul ), $1, $3 ); }
484	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
485	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Div ), $1, $3 ); }
486	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
487	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mod ), $1, $3 ); }
488	;
489
490	additive_expression:
491	multiplicative_expression
492	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
493	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Plus ), $1, $3 ); }
494	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
495	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Minus ), $1, $3 ); }
496	;
497
498	shift_expression:
499	additive_expression
500	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
501	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LShift ), $1, $3 ); }
502	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
503	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RShift ), $1, $3 ); }
504	;
505
506	relational_expression:
507	shift_expression
508	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
509	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LThan ), $1, $3 ); }
510	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
511	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GThan ), $1, $3 ); }
512	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
513	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
514	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
515	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
516	;
517
518	equality_expression:
519	relational_expression
520	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
521	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Eq ), $1, $3 ); }
522	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
523	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neq ), $1, $3 ); }
524	;
525
526	AND_expression:
527	equality_expression
528	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
529	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitAnd ), $1, $3 ); }
530	;
531
532	exclusive_OR_expression:
533	AND_expression
534	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
535	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Xor ), $1, $3 ); }
536	;
537
538	inclusive_OR_expression:
539	exclusive_OR_expression
540	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
541	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitOr ), $1, $3 ); }
542	;
543
544	logical_AND_expression:
545	inclusive_OR_expression
546	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
547	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ), $1, $3 ); }
548	;
549
550	logical_OR_expression:
551	logical_AND_expression
552	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
553	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Or ), $1, $3 ); }
554	;
555
556	conditional_expression:
557	logical_OR_expression
558	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
559	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
560	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
561	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::NCond ), $1, $4 ); }
562	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
563	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
564	;
565
566	constant_expression:
567	conditional_expression
568	;
569
570	assignment_expression:
571	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
572	conditional_expression
573	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
574	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); }
575	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
576	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( $2, $1, $3 ); }
577	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
578	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
579	;
580
581	assignment_expression_opt:
582	// empty
583	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
584	\| assignment_expression
585	;
586
587	tuple: // CFA, tuple
588	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
589	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
590	'[' ']'
591	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
592	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
593	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
594	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
595	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
596	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
597	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
598	;
599
600	tuple_expression_list:
601	assignment_expression_opt
602	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
603	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
604	;
605
606	assignment_operator:
607	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MulAssn ); }
608	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DivAssn ); }
609	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ModAssn ); }
610	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PlusAssn ); }
611	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MinusAssn ); }
612	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LSAssn ); }
613	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RSAssn ); }
614	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AndAssn ); }
615	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ERAssn ); }
616	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OrAssn ); }
617	;
618
619	comma_expression:
620	assignment_expression
621	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list( $3 ); }
622	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Comma ), $1, $3 ); }
623	;
624
625	comma_expression_opt:
626	// empty
627	{ $$ = 0; }
628	\| comma_expression
629	;
630
631	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
632
633	statement:
634	labeled_statement
635	\| compound_statement
636	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
637	\| selection_statement
638	\| iteration_statement
639	\| jump_statement
640	\| exception_statement
641	\| asm_statement
642	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
643	{
644	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
645	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
646	(ExpressionNode *)(new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ), $2 ))->set_link( $4 ) ), 0 );
647	}
648	;
649
650	labeled_statement:
651	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
652	{
653	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
654	}
655	;
656
657	compound_statement:
658	'{' '}'
659	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
660	\| '{'
661	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
662	// requires its own scope
663	push push
664	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
665	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
666	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
667	;
668
669	block_item_list: // C99
670	block_item
671	\| block_item_list push block_item
672	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
673	;
674
675	block_item:
676	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
677	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
678	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
679	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
680	\| function_definition
681	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
682	\| statement pop
683	;
684
685	statement_list:
686	statement
687	\| statement_list statement
688	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
689	;
690
691	expression_statement:
692	comma_expression_opt ';'
693	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0 ); }
694	;
695
696	selection_statement:
697	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
698	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
699	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, $5 ); }
700	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
701	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7 )) ); }
702	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
703	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5 ); }
704	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
705	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8 ); /* xxx */ }
706	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is performed
707	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial declaration list can
708	// never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it.
709	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
710	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5 ); }
711	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
712	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8 ); }
713	;
714
715	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
716	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
717
718	case_value: // CFA
719	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
720	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
721	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
722	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
723	;
724
725	case_value_list: // CFA
726	case_value
727	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
728	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents( $1 ))->set_link( $3 ) ); }
729	;
730
731	case_label: // CFA
732	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Case, $2, 0 ); }
733	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Default ); }
734	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
735	;
736
737	case_label_list: // CFA
738	case_label
739	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
740	;
741
742	case_clause: // CFA
743	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
744	;
745
746	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
747	// empty
748	{ $$ = 0; }
749	\| switch_clause_list
750	;
751
752	switch_clause_list: // CFA
753	case_label_list statement_list
754	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
755	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
756	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
757	;
758
759	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
760	// empty
761	{ $$ = 0; }
762	\| choose_clause_list
763	;
764
765	choose_clause_list: // CFA
766	case_label_list fall_through
767	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
768	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
769	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3 ))); }
770	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
771	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
772	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
773	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4 ))))); }
774	;
775
776	fall_through_opt: // CFA
777	// empty
778	{ $$ = 0; }
779	\| fall_through
780	;
781
782	fall_through: // CFA
783	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
784	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
785	;
786
787	iteration_statement:
788	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
789	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::While, $3, $5 ); }
790	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
791	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Do, $5, $2 ); }
792	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
793	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::For, $4, $6 ); }
794	;
795
796	for_control_expression:
797	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
798	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $4, $6 ); }
799	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
800	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $2, $4 ); }
801	;
802
803	jump_statement:
804	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
805	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $2 ); }
806	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
807	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3 );
808	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
809	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $3 ); }
810	\| CONTINUE ';'
811	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
812	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue ); }
813	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
814	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
815	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
816	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue, $2 ); }
817	\| BREAK ';'
818	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
819	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break ); }
820	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
821	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
822	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
823	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
824	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
825	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Return, $2, 0 ); }
826	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';'
827	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
828	// \| THROW ';'
829	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
830	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';'
831	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
832	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';'
833	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
834	// \| THROWRESUME ';'
835	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
836	;
837
838	exception_statement:
839	TRY compound_statement handler_list
840	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
841	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
842	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
843	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
844	{
845	$3->set_link( $4 );
846	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 ))));
847	}
848	;
849
850	handler_list:
851	// There must be at least one catch clause
852	handler_clause
853	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
854	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
855	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
856	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
857	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
858	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
859	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
860	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
861	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
862	;
863
864	handler_clause:
865	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
866	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
867	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
868	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
869	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
870	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
871	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
872	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
873	;
874
875	finally_clause:
876	FINALLY compound_statement
877	{
878	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2 );
879	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
880	}
881	;
882
883	exception_declaration:
884	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
885	//
886	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
887	//
888	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
889	type_specifier
890	\| type_specifier declarator
891	{
892	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
893	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
894	}
895	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
896	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
897	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
898	{
899	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
900	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
901	}
902	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
903	;
904
905	asm_statement:
906	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
907	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, 0 ); }
908	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
909	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6 ); }
910	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
911	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8 ); }
912	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
913	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ); }
914	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
915	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ); }
916	;
917
918	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
919	// empty
920	{ $$ = false; }
921	\| VOLATILE
922	{ $$ = true; }
923	;
924
925	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
926	// empty
927	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
928	\| asm_operands_list
929	;
930
931	asm_operands_list: // GCC
932	asm_operand
933	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
934	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
935	;
936
937	asm_operand: // GCC
938	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
939	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( 0, $1, $3 ); }
940	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
941	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( $2, $4, $6 ); }
942	;
943
944	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
945	// empty
946	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
947	\| string_literal_list
948	{ $$ = $1; }
949	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
950	{ $$ = (ConstantNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
951	;
952
953	label_list:
954	no_attr_identifier
955	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->append_label( $1 ); }
956	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
957	{ $$ = $1; $1->append_label( $3 ); }
958	;
959
960	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
961
962	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
963	pop
964	{ $$ = 0; }
965	\| declaration_list
966	;
967
968	declaration_list:
969	declaration
970	\| declaration_list push declaration
971	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
972	;
973
974	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
975	pop
976	{ $$ = 0; }
977	\| old_declaration_list
978	;
979
980	old_declaration_list:
981	old_declaration
982	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
983	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
984	;
985
986	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
987	// empty
988	\| local_label_declaration_list
989	;
990
991	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
992	LABEL local_label_list ';'
993	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
994	;
995
996	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
997	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
998	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
999	;
1000
1001	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1002	new_declaration
1003	\| old_declaration
1004	;
1005
1006	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1007	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1008	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1009	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1010	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1011	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1012	//
1013	// CFA C
1014	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1015	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1016
1017	new_declaration: // CFA
1018	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1019	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1020	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1021	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1022	\| context_specifier pop ';'
1023	;
1024
1025	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1026	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1027	{
1028	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1029	$$ = $1;
1030	}
1031	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1032	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1033	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1034	{
1035	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1036	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1037	}
1038	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1039	{
1040	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1041	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1042	}
1043	;
1044
1045	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1046	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1047	// storage-class
1048	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1049	{
1050	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1051	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1052	}
1053	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1054	{
1055	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1056	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1057	}
1058	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1059	{
1060	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1061	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1062	}
1063	;
1064
1065	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1066	new_function_specifier
1067	{
1068	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1069	$$ = $1;
1070	}
1071	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1072	{
1073	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1074	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1075	}
1076	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1077	{
1078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1079	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1080	}
1081	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1082	{
1083	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1084	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1085	}
1086	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1087	{
1088	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1089	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1090	}
1091	;
1092
1093	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1094	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1095	{
1096	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1097	}
1098	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1099	// {
1100	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1101	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1102	// }
1103	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1104	// {
1105	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1106	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1107	// }
1108	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1109	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1110	//
1111	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1112	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1113	//
1114	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1115	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1116	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1117	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1118	{
1119	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1120	}
1121	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1122	{
1123	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1124	}
1125	;
1126
1127	new_function_return: // CFA
1128	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1129	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1130	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1131	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1132	// ']'.
1133	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1134	;
1135
1136	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1137	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1138	{
1139	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1140	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1141	}
1142	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1143	{
1144	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1145	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1146	}
1147	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1148	{
1149	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1150	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1151	}
1152	;
1153
1154	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1155	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1156
1157	typedef_declaration:
1158	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1159	{
1160	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1161	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1162	}
1163	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1164	{
1165	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1166	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1167	}
1168	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1169	{
1170	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1171	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1172	}
1173	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1174	{
1175	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1176	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1177	}
1178	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1179	{
1180	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1181	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1182	}
1183	;
1184
1185	typedef_expression:
1186	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1187	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1188	{
1189	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1190	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1191	}
1192	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1193	{
1194	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1195	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1196	}
1197	;
1198
1199	old_declaration:
1200	declaring_list pop ';'
1201	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1202	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1203	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1204	;
1205
1206	declaring_list:
1207	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1208	// storage-class
1209	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1210	{
1211	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1212	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1213	}
1214	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1215	{
1216	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1217	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1218	}
1219	;
1220
1221	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1222	basic_declaration_specifier
1223	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1224	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1225	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1226	;
1227
1228	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1229	basic_type_specifier
1230	\| sue_type_specifier
1231	\| typedef_type_specifier
1232	\| typegen_type_specifier
1233	;
1234
1235	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1236	// empty
1237	{ $$ = 0; }
1238	\| type_qualifier_list
1239	;
1240
1241	type_qualifier_list:
1242	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1243	//
1244	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1245	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1246	// appeared only once.
1247	type_qualifier
1248	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1249	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1250	;
1251
1252	type_qualifier:
1253	type_qualifier_name
1254	\| attribute
1255	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1256	;
1257
1258	type_qualifier_name:
1259	CONST
1260	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1261	\| RESTRICT
1262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1263	\| VOLATILE
1264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1265	\| LVALUE // CFA
1266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1267	\| ATOMIC
1268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1269	\| FORALL '('
1270	{
1271	typedefTable.enterScope();
1272	}
1273	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1274	{
1275	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1276	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1277	}
1278	;
1279
1280	declaration_qualifier_list:
1281	storage_class_list
1282	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1283	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1284	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1285	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1286	;
1287
1288	storage_class_list:
1289	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1290	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1291	//
1292	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1293	// specifiers in a declaration.
1294	storage_class
1295	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1296	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1297	;
1298
1299	storage_class:
1300	storage_class_name
1301	;
1302
1303	storage_class_name:
1304	EXTERN
1305	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1306	\| STATIC
1307	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1308	\| AUTO
1309	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1310	\| REGISTER
1311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1312	\| INLINE // C99
1313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1314	\| FORTRAN // C99
1315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1316	\| NORETURN // C11
1317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1318	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1320	;
1321
1322	basic_type_name:
1323	CHAR
1324	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1325	\| DOUBLE
1326	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1327	\| FLOAT
1328	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1329	\| INT
1330	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1331	\| LONG
1332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1333	\| SHORT
1334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1335	\| SIGNED
1336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1337	\| UNSIGNED
1338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1339	\| VOID
1340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1341	\| BOOL // C99
1342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1343	\| COMPLEX // C99
1344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1345	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1347	;
1348
1349	basic_declaration_specifier:
1350	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1351	basic_type_specifier
1352	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1353	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1354	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1355	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1356	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1357	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1358	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1359	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1360	;
1361
1362	basic_type_specifier:
1363	direct_type_name
1364	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1365	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1366	;
1367
1368	direct_type_name:
1369	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1370	basic_type_name
1371	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1372	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1373	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1374	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1375	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1376	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1377	;
1378
1379	indirect_type_name:
1380	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1381	{ $$ = $3; }
1382	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1383	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1384	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1385	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1386	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1388	;
1389
1390	sue_declaration_specifier:
1391	sue_type_specifier
1392	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1393	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1394	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1395	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1396	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1397	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1398	;
1399
1400	sue_type_specifier:
1401	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1402	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1403	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1404	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1405	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1406	;
1407
1408	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1409	typedef_type_specifier
1410	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1411	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1412	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1413	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1414	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1415	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1416	;
1417
1418	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1419	TYPEDEFname
1420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1421	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1423	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1424	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1425	;
1426
1427	elaborated_type_name:
1428	aggregate_name
1429	\| enum_name
1430	;
1431
1432	aggregate_name:
1433	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1434	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1435	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0 ); }
1437	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $4 ); }
1439	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1440	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6 ); }
1441	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1442	{ $$ = $2; }
1443	;
1444
1445	aggregate_key:
1446	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1447	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1448	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1449	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1450	;
1451
1452	field_declaration_list:
1453	field_declaration
1454	{ $$ = $1; }
1455	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1456	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1457	;
1458
1459	field_declaration:
1460	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1461	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1462	{ $$ = $2; }
1463	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1464	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1465	{ $$ = $2; }
1466	;
1467
1468	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1469	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1470	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1471	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1472	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1473	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1474	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1475	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1476	;
1477
1478	field_declaring_list:
1479	type_specifier field_declarator
1480	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1481	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1482	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1483	;
1484
1485	field_declarator:
1486	// empty
1487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1488	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1490	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1491	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1492	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1493	\| type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1494	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1495	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1496	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1497	;
1498
1499	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1500	// empty
1501	{ $$ = 0; }
1502	\| bit_subrange_size
1503	{ $$ = $1; }
1504	;
1505
1506	bit_subrange_size:
1507	':' constant_expression
1508	{ $$ = $2; }
1509	;
1510
1511	enum_key:
1512	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1513	;
1514
1515	enum_name:
1516	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1517	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1518	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1519	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1520	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1521	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1522	;
1523
1524	enumerator_list:
1525	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1526	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1527	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1528	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1529	;
1530
1531	enumerator_value_opt:
1532	// empty
1533	{ $$ = 0; }
1534	\| '=' constant_expression
1535	{ $$ = $2; }
1536	;
1537
1538	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1539
1540	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1541	// empty
1542	{ $$ = 0; }
1543	\| new_parameter_type_list
1544	;
1545
1546	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1547	new_abstract_parameter_list
1548	\| new_parameter_list
1549	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1550	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1551	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1552	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1553	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1554	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1555	;
1556
1557	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1558	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1559	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1560	new_parameter_declaration
1561	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1562	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1563	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1564	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1565	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1566	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1567	;
1568
1569	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1570	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1571	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1572	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1573	;
1574
1575	parameter_type_list_opt:
1576	// empty
1577	{ $$ = 0; }
1578	\| parameter_type_list
1579	;
1580
1581	parameter_type_list:
1582	parameter_list
1583	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1584	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1585	;
1586
1587	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1588	abstract_parameter_declaration
1589	\| parameter_declaration
1590	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1591	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1592	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1593	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1594	;
1595
1596	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1597	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1598
1599	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1600	parameter_declaration
1601	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1602	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1603	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1604	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1605	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1606	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1607	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1608	\| new_function_specifier
1609	;
1610
1611	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1612	abstract_parameter_declaration
1613	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1614	\| new_abstract_tuple
1615	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1616	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1617	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1618	\| new_abstract_function
1619	;
1620
1621	parameter_declaration:
1622	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1623	{
1624	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1625	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1626	}
1627	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1628	{
1629	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1630	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1631	}
1632	;
1633
1634	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1635	declaration_specifier
1636	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1637	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1638	;
1639
1640	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1641	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1642	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1643
1644	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1645	no_attr_identifier
1646	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1647	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1648	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1649	;
1650
1651	identifier_or_type_name:
1652	identifier
1653	\| TYPEDEFname
1654	\| TYPEGENname
1655	;
1656
1657	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1658	no_01_identifier
1659	\| TYPEDEFname
1660	\| TYPEGENname
1661	;
1662
1663	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1664	no_attr_identifier
1665	\| TYPEDEFname
1666	\| TYPEGENname
1667	;
1668
1669	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1670	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1671	\| type_specifier
1672	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1673	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1674	;
1675
1676	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1677	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1678	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1679	\| type_specifier
1680	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1681	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1682	;
1683
1684	initializer_opt:
1685	// empty
1686	{ $$ = 0; }
1687	\| '=' initializer
1688	{ $$ = $2; }
1689	\| ATassign initializer
1690	{ $$ = $2; }
1691	;
1692
1693	initializer:
1694	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1695	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1696	;
1697
1698	initializer_list:
1699	// empty
1700	{ $$ = 0; }
1701	\| initializer
1702	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1703	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 ) ); }
1704	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1705	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1706	;
1707
1708	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1709	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1710	//
1711	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1712	//
1713	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1714	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1715	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1716	// shift/reduce conflicts
1717
1718	designation:
1719	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1720	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1721	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1722	;
1723
1724	designator_list: // C99
1725	designator
1726	\| designator_list designator
1727	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
1728	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
1729	;
1730
1731	designator:
1732	// lexer ambiguity: designator ".0" is floating-point constant or designator for name 0
1733	// only ".0" and ".1" allowed => semantic check
1734	FLOATINGconstant
1735	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $1 ) ); }
1736	\| '.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1737	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $2 ) ); }
1738	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1739	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1740	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1741	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1742	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1743	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1744	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $3, $5 ), true ); }
1745	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1746	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $4 ); }
1747	;
1748
1749	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1750	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1751	//
1752	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1753	//
1754	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1755	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1756	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1757	//
1758	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1759	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1760	//
1761	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1762	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1763	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1764	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1765	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1766
1767	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1768	typegen_type_specifier
1769	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1770	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1771	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1772	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1773	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1774	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1775	;
1776
1777	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1778	typegen_name
1779	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1780	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1781	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1782	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1783	;
1784
1785	typegen_name: // CFA
1786	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1787	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1788	;
1789
1790	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1791	type_parameter assignment_opt
1792	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1793	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1794	;
1795
1796	type_parameter: // CFA
1797	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1798	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1799	assertion_list_opt
1800	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1801	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1802	;
1803
1804	type_class: // CFA
1805	TYPE
1806	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1807	\| DTYPE
1808	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1809	\| FTYPE
1810	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1811	;
1812
1813	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1814	// empty
1815	{ $$ = 0; }
1816	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1817	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1818	;
1819
1820	assertion: // CFA
1821	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1822	{
1823	typedefTable.openContext( *$2 );
1824	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1825	}
1826	\| '\|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1827	{ $$ = $4; }
1828	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1829	{ $$ = 0; }
1830	;
1831
1832	type_name_list: // CFA
1833	type_name
1834	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1835	\| assignment_expression
1836	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1837	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1838	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1839	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
1840	;
1841
1842	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1843	TYPE type_declarator
1844	{ $$ = $2; }
1845	\| storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1846	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1847	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1848	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1849	;
1850
1851	type_declarator: // CFA
1852	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1853	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1854	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1855	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1856	;
1857
1858	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1859	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1860	{
1861	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1862	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1863	}
1864	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1865	{
1866	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1867	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1868	}
1869	;
1870
1871	context_specifier: // CFA
1872	CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1873	{
1874	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1875	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1876	}
1877	\| CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1878	{
1879	typedefTable.enterContext( *$2 );
1880	typedefTable.enterScope();
1881	}
1882	context_declaration_list '}'
1883	{
1884	typedefTable.leaveContext();
1885	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1886	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1887	}
1888	;
1889
1890	context_declaration_list: // CFA
1891	context_declaration
1892	\| context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1893	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1894	;
1895
1896	context_declaration: // CFA
1897	new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1898	\| context_declaring_list pop ';'
1899	;
1900
1901	new_context_declaring_list: // CFA
1902	new_variable_specifier
1903	{
1904	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1905	$$ = $1;
1906	}
1907	\| new_function_specifier
1908	{
1909	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1910	$$ = $1;
1911	}
1912	\| new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1913	{
1914	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1915	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1916	}
1917	;
1918
1919	context_declaring_list: // CFA
1920	type_specifier declarator
1921	{
1922	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1923	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1924	}
1925	\| context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1926	{
1927	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1928	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1929	}
1930	;
1931
1932	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1933
1934	translation_unit:
1935	// empty
1936	{} // empty input file
1937	\| external_definition_list
1938	{
1939	if ( theTree ) {
1940	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1941	} else {
1942	theTree = $1;
1943	}
1944	}
1945	;
1946
1947	external_definition_list:
1948	external_definition
1949	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1950	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1951	;
1952
1953	external_definition_list_opt:
1954	// empty
1955	{ $$ = 0; }
1956	\| external_definition_list
1957	;
1958
1959	external_definition:
1960	declaration
1961	\| external_function_definition
1962	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1963	{}
1964	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1965	{
1966	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1967	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1968	}
1969	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1970	{
1971	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1972	linkageStack.pop();
1973	$$ = $5;
1974	}
1975	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1976	{ $$ = $2; }
1977	;
1978
1979	external_function_definition:
1980	function_definition
1981	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
1982	// code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible because
1983	// function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would preclude this
1984	// concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1985	\| function_declarator compound_statement
1986	{
1987	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1988	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1989	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1990	}
1991	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1992	{
1993	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1994	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1995	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1996	}
1997	;
1998
1999	function_definition:
2000	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2001	{
2002	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2003	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2004	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2005	}
2006	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2007	{
2008	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2009	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2010	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2011	}
2012	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2013	{
2014	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2015	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2016	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2017	}
2018	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2019	{
2020	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2021	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2022	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2023	}
2024	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2025	{
2026	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2027	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2028	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2029	}
2030
2031	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2032	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2033	{
2034	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2035	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2036	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2037	}
2038	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2039	{
2040	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2041	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2042	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2043	}
2044
2045	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2046	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2047	{
2048	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2049	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2050	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2051	}
2052	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2053	{
2054	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2055	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2056	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2057	}
2058	;
2059
2060	declarator:
2061	variable_declarator
2062	\| function_declarator
2063	\| type_redeclarator
2064	;
2065
2066	subrange:
2067	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2068	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
2069	;
2070
2071	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2072	// empty
2073	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2074	;
2075
2076	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2077	// empty
2078	{ $$ = 0; }
2079	\| attribute_list
2080	;
2081
2082	attribute_list: // GCC
2083	attribute
2084	\| attribute_list attribute
2085	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2086	;
2087
2088	attribute: // GCC
2089	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2090	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2091	{ $$ = 0; }
2092	;
2093
2094	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2095	attrib
2096	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2097	;
2098
2099	attrib: // GCC
2100	// empty
2101	\| any_word
2102	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2103	;
2104
2105	any_word: // GCC
2106	identifier_or_type_name {}
2107	\| storage_class_name {}
2108	\| basic_type_name {}
2109	\| type_qualifier {}
2110	;
2111
2112	// ============================================================================
2113	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2114	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2115	// in:
2116	//
2117	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2118	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2119	//
2120	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2121	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2122	// ============================================================================
2123
2124	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2125	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2126	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2127	//
2128	// valid declaration invalid definition
2129	// ----------------- ------------------
2130	// int f; int f {}
2131	// int f; int f {}
2132	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2133	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2134	//
2135	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2136	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2137	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2138
2139	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2140	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2141
2142	variable_declarator:
2143	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2144	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2145	\| variable_ptr
2146	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2147	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2148	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2149	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2150	;
2151
2152	paren_identifier:
2153	identifier
2154	{
2155	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2156	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2157	}
2158	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2159	{ $$ = $2; }
2160	;
2161
2162	variable_ptr:
2163	'*' variable_declarator
2164	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2165	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2166	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2167	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2168	{ $$ = $2; }
2169	;
2170
2171	variable_array:
2172	paren_identifier array_dimension
2173	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2174	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2175	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2176	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2177	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2178	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2179	{ $$ = $2; }
2180	;
2181
2182	variable_function:
2183	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2184	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2185	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2186	{ $$ = $2; }
2187	;
2188
2189	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot be nested,
2190	// there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested functions requires
2191	// further separation of variable and function declarators in type_redeclarator. The pattern precludes returning
2192	// arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2193
2194	function_declarator:
2195	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2196	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2197	\| function_ptr
2198	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2199	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2200	;
2201
2202	function_no_ptr:
2203	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2204	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2205	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2206	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2207	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2208	{ $$ = $2; }
2209	;
2210
2211	function_ptr:
2212	'*' function_declarator
2213	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2214	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2215	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2216	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2217	{ $$ = $2; }
2218	;
2219
2220	function_array:
2221	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2222	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2223	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2224	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2225	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2226	{ $$ = $2; }
2227	;
2228
2229	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2230	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2231	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2232
2233	old_function_declarator:
2234	old_function_no_ptr
2235	\| old_function_ptr
2236	\| old_function_array
2237	;
2238
2239	old_function_no_ptr:
2240	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2241	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2242	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2243	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2244	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2245	{ $$ = $2; }
2246	;
2247
2248	old_function_ptr:
2249	'*' old_function_declarator
2250	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2251	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2252	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2253	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2254	{ $$ = $2; }
2255	;
2256
2257	old_function_array:
2258	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2259	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2260	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2261	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2262	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2263	{ $$ = $2; }
2264	;
2265
2266	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2267	//
2268	// typedef int foo;
2269	// {
2270	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2271	// }
2272	//
2273	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2274	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2275
2276	type_redeclarator:
2277	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2278	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2279	\| type_ptr
2280	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2281	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2282	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2283	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2284	;
2285
2286	paren_type:
2287	typedef
2288	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2289	{ $$ = $2; }
2290	;
2291
2292	type_ptr:
2293	'*' type_redeclarator
2294	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2295	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_redeclarator
2296	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2297	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2298	{ $$ = $2; }
2299	;
2300
2301	type_array:
2302	paren_type array_dimension
2303	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2304	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2305	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2306	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2307	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2308	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2309	{ $$ = $2; }
2310	;
2311
2312	type_function:
2313	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2314	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2315	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2316	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2317	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2318	{ $$ = $2; }
2319	;
2320
2321	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2322	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2323	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2324	// arrays and functions.
2325
2326	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2327	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2328	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2329	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2330	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2331	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2332	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2333	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2334	;
2335
2336	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2337	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2338	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2339	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2340	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2341	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2342	{ $$ = $2; }
2343	;
2344
2345	identifier_parameter_array:
2346	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2347	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2348	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2349	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2350	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2351	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2352	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2353	{ $$ = $2; }
2354	;
2355
2356	identifier_parameter_function:
2357	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2358	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2359	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2360	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2361	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2362	{ $$ = $2; }
2363	;
2364
2365	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2366	// e.g.:
2367	//
2368	// typedef int foo;
2369	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2370	//
2371	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2372	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2373	//
2374	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2375	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2376	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2377	//
2378	// which precludes the following cases:
2379	//
2380	// typedef float T;
2381	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2382	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2383	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2384	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2385	//
2386	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2387	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2388	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2389	// functions.
2390
2391	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2392	typedef attribute_list_opt
2393	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2394	\| type_parameter_ptr
2395	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2396	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2397	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2398	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2399	;
2400
2401	typedef:
2402	TYPEDEFname
2403	{
2404	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2405	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2406	}
2407	\| TYPEGENname
2408	{
2409	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2410	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2411	}
2412	;
2413
2414	type_parameter_ptr:
2415	'*' type_parameter_redeclarator
2416	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2417	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2418	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2419	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2420	{ $$ = $2; }
2421	;
2422
2423	type_parameter_array:
2424	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2425	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2426	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2427	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2428	;
2429
2430	type_parameter_function:
2431	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2432	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2433	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2434	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2435	;
2436
2437	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2438	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2439	//
2440	// sizeof( int );
2441	// sizeof( int [10] );
2442	//
2443	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2444	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2445
2446	abstract_declarator:
2447	abstract_ptr
2448	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2449	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2450	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2451	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2452	;
2453
2454	abstract_ptr:
2455	'*'
2456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2457	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2459	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2460	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2461	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2462	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2463	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2464	{ $$ = $2; }
2465	;
2466
2467	abstract_array:
2468	array_dimension
2469	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2470	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2471	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2472	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2473	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2474	{ $$ = $2; }
2475	;
2476
2477	abstract_function:
2478	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2480	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2481	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2482	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2483	{ $$ = $2; }
2484	;
2485
2486	array_dimension:
2487	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2488	'[' ']'
2489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2490	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2492	\| multi_array_dimension
2493	;
2494
2495	multi_array_dimension:
2496	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2498	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2499	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2500	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2501	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2502	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2503	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2504	;
2505
2506	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2507	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2508	//
2509	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2510	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2511	//
2512	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2513	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2514
2515	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2516	abstract_parameter_ptr
2517	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2518	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2519	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2520	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2521	;
2522
2523	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2524	'*'
2525	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2526	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2527	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2528	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2529	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2530	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2531	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2532	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2533	{ $$ = $2; }
2534	;
2535
2536	abstract_parameter_array:
2537	array_parameter_dimension
2538	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2539	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2540	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2541	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2542	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2543	{ $$ = $2; }
2544	;
2545
2546	abstract_parameter_function:
2547	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2548	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2549	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2550	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2551	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2552	{ $$ = $2; }
2553	;
2554
2555	array_parameter_dimension:
2556	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2557	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2558	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2559	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2560	\| multi_array_dimension
2561	;
2562
2563	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2564	//
2565	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2566	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2567
2568	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2569	'[' ']'
2570	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2571	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2572	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2573	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2574	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2575	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2576	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2577	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2579	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2580	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2581	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2582	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2583	;
2584
2585	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2586	// e.g.:
2587	//
2588	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2589	//
2590	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2591	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2592
2593	variable_abstract_declarator:
2594	variable_abstract_ptr
2595	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2596	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2597	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2598	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2599	;
2600
2601	variable_abstract_ptr:
2602	'*'
2603	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2604	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2605	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2606	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2607	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2608	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2609	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2610	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2611	{ $$ = $2; }
2612	;
2613
2614	variable_abstract_array:
2615	array_dimension
2616	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2617	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2618	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2619	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2620	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2621	{ $$ = $2; }
2622	;
2623
2624	variable_abstract_function:
2625	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2626	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2627	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2628	{ $$ = $2; }
2629	;
2630
2631	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2632	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2633
2634	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2635	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2636	\| new_abstract_tuple
2637	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2638	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2639	;
2640
2641	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2642	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2643	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2644	;
2645
2646	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2647	'*' type_specifier
2648	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2649	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2650	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2651	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2652	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2653	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2654	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2655	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2656	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2657	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2658	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2659	;
2660
2661	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2662	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2663	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2664	'[' ']' type_specifier
2665	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2666	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2667	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2668	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2669	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2670	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2671	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2672	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2673	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2674	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2675	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2676	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2677	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2678	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2679	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2680	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2681	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2682	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2683	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2684	;
2685
2686	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2687	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2689	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2690	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2691	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2692	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2693	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2694	// appear in this context.
2695	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2696	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2697	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2698	;
2699
2700	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2701	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2702	//
2703	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2704	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2705	//
2706	// These rules need LR(3):
2707	//
2708	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2709	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2710	//
2711	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2712	//
2713	// [int, int] t;
2714	// [int, int] f( int );
2715	//
2716	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2717	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2718	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2719	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2720
2721	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2722	new_abstract_tuple
2723	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2724	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2725	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2726	;
2727
2728	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2729	new_abstract_ptr
2730	\| new_abstract_array
2731	;
2732
2733	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2734	'*' type_specifier
2735	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2736	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2737	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2738	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2739	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2740	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2741	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2742	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2743	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2744	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2745	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2746	;
2747
2748	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2749	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2750	// empty (void) function return type.
2751	'[' ']' type_specifier
2752	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2753	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2754	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2755	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2756	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2757	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2758	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2759	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2760	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2761	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2762	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2763	;
2764
2765	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2766	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2767	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2768	;
2769
2770	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2771	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2772	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2773	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2774	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2775	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2776	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2777	;
2778
2779	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2780	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2781	//
2782	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2783	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2784	//
2785	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2786	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2787	//
2788	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2789	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2790
2791	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2792
2793	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2794	// empty
2795	\| ','
2796	;
2797
2798	assignment_opt:
2799	// empty
2800	{ $$ = 0; }
2801	\| '=' assignment_expression
2802	{ $$ = $2; }
2803	;
2804
2805	%%
2806	// ----end of grammar----
2807
2808	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2809	std::cout << "Error ";
2810	if ( yyfilename ) {
2811	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2812	} // if
2813	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2814	}
2815
2816	// Local Variables: //
2817	// mode: c++ //
2818	// tab-width: 4 //
2819	// compile-command: "make install" //
2820	// End: //

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