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parser.yy @ 6c2dc00

ADTast-experimentalenumforall-pointer-decayjacob/cs343-translationpthread-emulationqualifiedEnum

Last change on this file since 6c2dc00 was 8a1d95af, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 3 years ago
Merge branch 'master' of plg.uwaterloo.ca:software/cfa/cfa-cc
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sun Aug 8 09:14:44 2021
13	// Update Count : 5038
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <stack>
47	using namespace std;
48
49	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
50	#include "ParseNode.h"
51	#include "TypedefTable.h"
52	#include "TypeData.h"
53	#include "SynTree/LinkageSpec.h"
54	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
55	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
56
57	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
58	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
59	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
60
61	stack<LinkageSpec::Spec> linkageStack;
62
63	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
64	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
65	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
66	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
67	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
68	//
69	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
70	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
71	// i.e., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
72
73	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
74	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
75	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
76	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
77	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
78	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
79	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
80	} // if
81	} else {
82	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
83	to = "u8" + to;
84	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
85	} else {
86	to = from[0] + to;
87	} // if
88	} // if
89	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
90	} // if
91	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
92	return true;
93	} // appendStr
94
95	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * specifier, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
96	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
97	DeclarationNode * cur = declList, * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( specifier );
98	for ( cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
99	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
100	} // for
101	declList->addType( cl );
102	return declList;
103	} // distAttr
104
105	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
106	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
107	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
108	iter->set_extension( true );
109	} // for
110	} // distExt
111
112	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
113	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
114	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
115	iter->set_inLine( true );
116	} // for
117	} // distInl
118
119	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
120	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
121	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
122	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
123	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
124	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
125	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
126	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
127	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
128	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
129	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
130	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
131	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
132	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
133	DeclarationNode newnode;
134	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
135	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
136	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
137	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
138	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
139	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
140	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
141	} // if
142	} else { // just SC qualifiers
143	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
144	} // if
145	} // for
146	delete qualifiers;
147	} // distQual
148
149	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
150	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
151	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
152	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
153	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
154	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
155	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
156
157	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
158	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
159	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
160	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
161	} // if
162	} // rebindForall
163
164	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
165	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
166	return name;
167	} // build_postfix_name
168
169	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
170	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
171	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
172	stringstream ss;
173	typeSpec->type->print( ss );
174	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
175	return nullptr;
176	} // if
177	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
178	} // if
179	return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
180	} // fieldDecl
181
182	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
183	ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
184	if ( constant && (constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "0" \|\| constant->get_constant()->get_value() == "1") ) {
185	type = new ExpressionNode( new CastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>(type), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
186	} // if
187	// type = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( "__for_control_index_constraints__" ) ) ), type ) );
188	return new ForCtrl(
189	distAttr( DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ), DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) ) ),
190	// NULL comp/inc => leave blank
191	comp ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), comp ) ) : 0,
192	inc ? new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? // choose += or -= for upto/downto
193	OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( new string( *index ) ) ), inc ) ) : 0 );
194	} // forCtrl
195
196	ForCtrl * forCtrl( ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
197	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
198	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
199	} else if ( CommaExpr * commaExpr = dynamic_cast<CommaExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
200	if ( NameExpr * identifier = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(commaExpr->arg1 ) ) {
201	return forCtrl( type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
202	} else {
203	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
204	} // if
205	} else {
206	SemanticError( yylloc, "Expression disallowed. Only loop-index name allowed." ); return nullptr;
207	} // if
208	} // forCtrl
209
210	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
211
212	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
213	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
214	if ( N ) { \
215	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
216	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
217	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
218	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
219	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
220	} else { \
221	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
222	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
223	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
224	}
225	%}
226
227	%define parse.error verbose
228
229	// Types declaration for productions
230	%union {
231	Token tok;
232	ParseNode * pn;
233	ExpressionNode * en;
234	DeclarationNode * decl;
235	AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
236	TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
237	StatementNode * sn;
238	WaitForStmt * wfs;
239	Expression * constant;
240	IfCtrl * ifctl;
241	ForCtrl * fctl;
242	enum OperKinds compop;
243	LabelNode * label;
244	InitializerNode * in;
245	OperKinds op;
246	std::string * str;
247	bool flag;
248	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
249	GenericExpr * genexpr;
250	}
251
252	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
253
254	// keywords
255	%token TYPEDEF
256	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
257	%token THREADLOCAL // C11
258	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
259	%token NORETURN // C11
260	%token CONST VOLATILE
261	%token RESTRICT // C99
262	%token ATOMIC // C11
263	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
264	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
265	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
266	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
267	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
268	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
269	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
270	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VALIST AUTO_TYPE // GCC
271	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
272	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
273	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
274	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
275	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
276	// %token RESUME // CFA
277	%token LABEL // GCC
278	%token SUSPEND // CFA
279	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
280	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
281	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR // CFA
282	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
283	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
284	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
285
286	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
287	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
288	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
289	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
290	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
291	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
292	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
293	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
294	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
295
296	// multi-character operators
297	%token ARROW // ->
298	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
299	%token LS RS // << >>
300	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
301	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
302	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
303
304	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
305	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
306	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
307	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
308
309	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
310	%token ATassign // @=
311
312	%type<tok> identifier
313	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name attr_name
314	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
315	%type<constant> string_literal
316	%type<str> string_literal_list
317
318	// expressions
319	%type<en> constant
320	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
321	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
322	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
323	%type<en> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
324	%type<en> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
325	%type<en> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
326	%type<en> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
327	%type<en> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
328	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
329	%type<en> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression default_initializer_opt
330	%type<ifctl> if_control_expression
331	%type<fctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
332	%type<compop> inclexcl
333	%type<en> subrange
334	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
335	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
336	%type<label> label_list
337	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
338	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
339	%type<en> handler_predicate_opt
340	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
341
342	// statements
343	%type<sn> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
344	%type<sn> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
345	%type<sn> selection_statement if_statement
346	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
347	%type<en> case_value
348	%type<sn> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
349	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement
350	%type<sn> expression_statement asm_statement
351	%type<sn> with_statement
352	%type<en> with_clause_opt
353	%type<sn> exception_statement handler_clause finally_clause
354	%type<catch_kind> handler_key
355	%type<sn> mutex_statement
356	%type<en> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor timeout
357	%type<sn> waitfor_statement
358	%type<wfs> waitfor_clause
359
360	// declarations
361	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
362	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
363	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
364
365	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
366	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
367
368	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
369
370	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
371
372	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
373	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
374
375	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
376
377	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
378	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
379
380	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
381
382	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
383	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
384
385	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
386
387	%type<decl> exception_declaration
388
389	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
390	%type<en> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
391
392	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
393
394	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
395	%type<decl> identifier_list
396
397	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
398	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
399	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
400
401	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
402
403	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
404	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
405
406	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
407	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
408
409	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
410
411	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
412
413	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
414	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
415	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
416
417	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
418
419	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
420
421	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
422
423	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
424
425	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
426	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
427
428	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
429	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
430
431	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator type_ptr type_array type_function
432
433	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
434
435	%type<decl> type type_no_function
436	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
437
438	%type<en> type_parameters_opt type_list
439
440	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
441	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
442
443	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
444	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
445
446	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
447
448	// initializers
449	%type<in> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
450
451	// designators
452	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
453
454
455	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
456	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
457	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
458	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
459	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
460
461	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WOR is left
462	// associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
463	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
464	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
465	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
466	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
467	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
468	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
469	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
470	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
471	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
472
473
474	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
475	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
476	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
477	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
478	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
479	// must be:
480	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
481	// The same problem occurs here:
482	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
483	// must be:
484	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
485
486	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
487	%precedence TYPEGENname
488	%precedence '}'
489	%precedence '('
490
491	// %precedence RESUME
492	// %precedence '{'
493	// %precedence ')'
494
495	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
496
497	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
498
499	%%
500	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
501
502	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
503	// which are lexically identical.
504	//
505	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
506	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
507	//
508	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
509	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
510	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
511	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
512	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
513	//
514	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
515	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
516	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
517	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
518	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
519	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
520	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
521	//
522	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
523	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
524	// around the list separator.
525	//
526	// int f( forall(T) T (f1) T , forall( S ) S (f2)( S ) );
527	// push pop push pop
528
529	push:
530	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
531	;
532
533	pop:
534	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
535	;
536
537	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
538
539	constant:
540	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
541	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
542	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
543	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
544	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
545	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
546	;
547
548	quasi_keyword: // CFA
549	TIMEOUT
550	\| WOR
551	\| CATCH
552	\| RECOVER
553	\| CATCHRESUME
554	\| FIXUP
555	\| FINALLY
556	;
557
558	identifier:
559	IDENTIFIER
560	\| quasi_keyword
561	\| '@' // CFA
562	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
563	;
564
565	string_literal:
566	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
567	;
568
569	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
570	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
571	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
572	{
573	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
574	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
575	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
576	}
577	;
578
579	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
580
581	primary_expression:
582	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
583	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
584	\| quasi_keyword
585	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
586	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
587	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
588	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
589	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( $1 ) ); }
590	\| tuple
591	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
592	{ $$ = $2; }
593	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
594	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new StmtExpr( dynamic_cast<CompoundStmt *>(maybeMoveBuild<Statement>($2) ) ) ); }
595	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
596	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
597	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
598	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
599	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
600	{
601	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
602	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 );
603	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
604	}
605	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
606	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
607	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
608	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
609	;
610
611	generic_assoc_list: // C11
612	generic_association
613	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
614	{
615	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
616	$1->associations.splice($1->associations.end(), $3->associations);
617	delete $3;
618	$$ = $1;
619	}
620	;
621
622	generic_association: // C11
623	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
624	{
625	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
626	$$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType($1), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } );
627	}
628	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
629	{ $$ = new GenericExpr( nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) } } ); }
630	;
631
632	postfix_expression:
633	primary_expression
634	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
635	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
636	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
637	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array subscript is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
638	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
639	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
640	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
641	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
642	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
643	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
644	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
645	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
646	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
647	{
648	Token fn;
649	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
650	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
651	}
652	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
653	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
654	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
655	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
656	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
657	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
658	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
659	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), new ExpressionNode( $1 ) ) ); }
660	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
661	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
662	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
663	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
664	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
665	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 ) ) ); }
666	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
668	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
669	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $3, $1 ) ); }
670	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
671	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
672	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
673	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_constantInteger( *$3 ) ) ); }
674	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
675	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
676	\| postfix_expression ICR
677	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
678	\| postfix_expression DECR
679	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
680	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
681	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
682	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
683	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
684	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
685	{
686	Token fn;
687	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
688	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
689	}
690	;
691
692	argument_expression_list_opt:
693	// empty
694	{ $$ = nullptr; }
695	\| argument_expression
696	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
697	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
698	;
699
700	argument_expression:
701	'@' // CFA, default parameter
702	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
703	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
704	\| assignment_expression
705	;
706
707	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
708	field
709	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
710	;
711
712	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
713	field_name
714	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
715	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
716	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
717	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( *$1 ) ), build_tuple( $3 ) ) ); }
718	\| field_name '.' field
719	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
720	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
721	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
722	\| field_name ARROW field
723	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
724	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
725	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_tuple( $4 ) ) ); }
726	;
727
728	field_name:
729	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
730	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_constantInteger( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
731	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
732	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
733	\| identifier fraction_constants_opt
734	{
735	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( build_varref( $1 ), $2 ) );
736	}
737	;
738
739	fraction_constants_opt:
740	// empty
741	{ $$ = nullptr; }
742	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
743	{
744	Expression * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( *$2 );
745	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
746	}
747	;
748
749	unary_expression:
750	postfix_expression
751	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
752	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
753	\| constant
754	\| string_literal
755	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
756	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
757	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
758	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
759	// { * X; } // dereference X
760	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
761	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
762	{
763	switch ( $1 ) {
764	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
765	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) );
766	break;
767	case OperKinds::PointTo:
768	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
769	break;
770	case OperKinds::And:
771	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new AddressExpr( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ) );
772	break;
773	default:
774	assert( false );
775	}
776	}
777	\| unary_operator cast_expression
778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
779	\| ICR unary_expression
780	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
781	\| DECR unary_expression
782	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
783	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
785	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
786	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new SizeofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
787	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
788	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $2 ) ) ); }
789	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
790	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AlignofExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
791	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
792	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
793	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
794	{
795	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
796	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
797	}
798	;
799
800	ptrref_operator:
801	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
802	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
803	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
804	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
805	;
806
807	unary_operator:
808	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
809	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
810	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
811	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
812	;
813
814	cast_expression:
815	unary_expression
816	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
817	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
818	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
819	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
820	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
821	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( $2, $5 ) ); }
822	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
824	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
825	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new VirtualCastExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
826	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
827	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Return cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
828	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
829	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
830	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
831	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
832	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
833	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
834	;
835
836	qualifier_cast_list:
837	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
838	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
839	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
840	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
841	;
842
843	cast_modifier:
844	'-'
845	\| '+'
846	;
847
848	exponential_expression:
849	cast_expression
850	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
851	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
852	;
853
854	multiplicative_expression:
855	exponential_expression
856	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
857	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
858	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
859	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
860	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
861	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
862	;
863
864	additive_expression:
865	multiplicative_expression
866	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
867	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
868	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
869	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
870	;
871
872	shift_expression:
873	additive_expression
874	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
875	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
876	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
877	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
878	;
879
880	relational_expression:
881	shift_expression
882	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
883	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
884	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
885	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
886	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
888	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
889	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
890	;
891
892	equality_expression:
893	relational_expression
894	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
895	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
896	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
897	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
898	;
899
900	AND_expression:
901	equality_expression
902	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
903	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
904	;
905
906	exclusive_OR_expression:
907	AND_expression
908	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
909	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
910	;
911
912	inclusive_OR_expression:
913	exclusive_OR_expression
914	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
915	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
916	;
917
918	logical_AND_expression:
919	inclusive_OR_expression
920	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
921	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
922	;
923
924	logical_OR_expression:
925	logical_AND_expression
926	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
927	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
928	;
929
930	conditional_expression:
931	logical_OR_expression
932	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
933	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
934	// FIX ME: computes $1 twice
935	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
936	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
937	;
938
939	constant_expression:
940	conditional_expression
941	;
942
943	assignment_expression:
944	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
945	conditional_expression
946	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
947	{
948	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
949	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
950	// } else {
951	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) );
952	// } // if
953	}
954	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
955	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
956	;
957
958	assignment_expression_opt:
959	// empty
960	{ $$ = nullptr; }
961	\| assignment_expression
962	;
963
964	assignment_operator:
965	simple_assignment_operator
966	\| compound_assignment_operator
967	;
968
969	simple_assignment_operator:
970	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
971	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
972	;
973
974	compound_assignment_operator:
975	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
976	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
977	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
978	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
979	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
980	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
981	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
982	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
983	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
984	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
985	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
986	;
987
988	tuple: // CFA, tuple
989	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
990	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
991	// '[' ']'
992	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
993	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
994	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
995	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
996	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
997	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
998	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
999	;
1000
1001	tuple_expression_list:
1002	assignment_expression
1003	\| '@' // CFA
1004	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1005	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1006	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1007	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1008	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1009	;
1010
1011	comma_expression:
1012	assignment_expression
1013	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1014	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new CommaExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1015	;
1016
1017	comma_expression_opt:
1018	// empty
1019	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1020	\| comma_expression
1021	;
1022
1023	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
1024
1025	statement:
1026	labeled_statement
1027	\| compound_statement
1028	\| expression_statement
1029	\| selection_statement
1030	\| iteration_statement
1031	\| jump_statement
1032	\| with_statement
1033	\| mutex_statement
1034	\| waitfor_statement
1035	\| exception_statement
1036	\| enable_disable_statement
1037	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1038	\| asm_statement
1039	\| DIRECTIVE
1040	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ); }
1041	;
1042
1043	labeled_statement:
1044	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1045	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1046	{ $$ = $4->add_label( $1, $3 ); }
1047	;
1048
1049	compound_statement:
1050	'{' '}'
1051	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1052	\| '{' push
1053	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1054	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1055	pop '}'
1056	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $4 ) ); }
1057	;
1058
1059	statement_decl_list: // C99
1060	statement_decl
1061	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1062	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1063	;
1064
1065	statement_decl:
1066	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1067	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1068	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1069	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1070	\| function_definition
1071	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1072	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1073	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1074	\| statement
1075	;
1076
1077	statement_list_nodecl:
1078	statement
1079	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1080	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1081	;
1082
1083	expression_statement:
1084	comma_expression_opt ';'
1085	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
1086	;
1087
1088	selection_statement:
1089	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1090	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1091	push if_statement pop
1092	{ $$ = $2; }
1093	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1094	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1095	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1096	{
1097	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( true, $3, $8 ) );
1098	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1099	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1100	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1101	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1102	// statement.
1103	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1104	}
1105	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1106	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1107	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1108	{
1109	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( false, $3, $8 ) );
1110	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1111	}
1112	;
1113
1114	if_statement:
1115	IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
1116	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1117	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1118	\| IF '(' if_control_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
1119	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, maybe_build_compound( $5 ), maybe_build_compound( $7 ) ) ); }
1120	;
1121
1122	if_control_expression:
1123	comma_expression
1124	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1125	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1126	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1127	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1128	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, nullptr ); }
1129	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1130	{ $$ = new IfCtrl( $1, $2 ); }
1131	;
1132
1133	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1134	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1135
1136	case_value: // CFA
1137	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1138	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1139	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1140	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1141	;
1142
1143	case_value_list: // CFA
1144	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
1145	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1146	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1147	;
1148
1149	case_label: // CFA
1150	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1151	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
1152	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1153	;
1154
1155	//label_list_opt:
1156	// // empty
1157	// \| identifier_or_type_name ':'
1158	// \| label_list_opt identifier_or_type_name ':'
1159	// ;
1160
1161	case_label_list: // CFA
1162	case_label
1163	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
1164	;
1165
1166	case_clause: // CFA
1167	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ); }
1168	;
1169
1170	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1171	// empty
1172	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1173	\| switch_clause_list
1174	;
1175
1176	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1177	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1178	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1179	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1180	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
1181	;
1182
1183	iteration_statement:
1184	WHILE '(' push if_control_expression ')' statement pop
1185	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $4, maybe_build_compound( $6 ) ) ); }
1186	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement // CFA => while ( 1 )
1187	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( new IfCtrl( nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1188	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1189	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( $5, maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1190	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1191	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ), maybe_build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
1192	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression_list ')' statement pop
1193	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, maybe_build_compound( $6 ) ) ); }
1194	\| FOR '(' ')' statement // CFA => for ( ;; )
1195	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, (ExpressionNode * )nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( $4 ) ) ); }
1196	;
1197
1198	for_control_expression_list:
1199	for_control_expression
1200	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1201	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1202	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1203	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1204	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1205	{
1206	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1207	if ( $1->condition ) {
1208	if ( $3->condition ) {
1209	$1->condition->expr.reset( new LogicalExpr( $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), true ) );
1210	} // if
1211	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1212	if ( $1->change ) {
1213	if ( $3->change ) {
1214	$1->change->expr.reset( new CommaExpr( $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1215	} // if
1216	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1217	$$ = $1;
1218	}
1219	;
1220
1221	for_control_expression:
1222	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1223	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( (ExpressionNode * )nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1224	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1225	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $3, $5 ); }
1226	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1227	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
1228
1229	\| comma_expression // CFA
1230	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1231	OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1232	\| '=' comma_expression // CFA
1233	{ $$ = forCtrl( $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1234	OperKinds::LEThan, $2->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1235	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1236	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1237	\| comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1238	{ $$ = forCtrl( $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $1->clone(), $2, $3, $5 ); }
1239	\| comma_expression ';' // CFA
1240	{ $$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0u" ) ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1241	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1242	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1243	OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1244	\| comma_expression ';' '=' comma_expression // CFA
1245	{ $$ = forCtrl( $4, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "0" ) ) ),
1246	OperKinds::LEThan, $4->clone(), new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1247	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression // CFA
1248	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1249	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression inclexcl comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1250	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, $5, $7 ); }
1251
1252	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1253	{
1254	SemanticError( yylloc, "Array interator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1255	$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1256	}
1257
1258	// There is a S/R conflicit if ~ and -~ are factored out.
1259	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1260	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1261	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' // CFA
1262	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "1" ) ) ) ); }
1263	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1264	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1265	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression ErangeDown '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1266	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::GThan, nullptr, $7 ); }
1267	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression '~' '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1268	{ $$ = forCtrl( $3, $1, $3->clone(), OperKinds::LThan, nullptr, nullptr ); }
1269	;
1270
1271	inclexcl:
1272	'~'
1273	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1274	\| ErangeUpEq
1275	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1276	\| ErangeDown
1277	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1278	\| ErangeDownEq
1279	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1280	;
1281
1282	jump_statement:
1283	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1284	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1285	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1286	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1287	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1288	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1289	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1290	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1291	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1292	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1293	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1294	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1295	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1296	\| CONTINUE ';'
1297	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1298	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1299	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1300	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1301	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1302	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1303	\| BREAK ';'
1304	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1305	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1306	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1307	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1308	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1309	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1310	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1311	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
1312	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1313	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1314	\| SUSPEND ';'
1315	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr ) ); }
1316	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1317	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $2 ) ); }
1318	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1319	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1320	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1321	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1322	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1323	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( nullptr, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1324	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1325	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( $3, SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1326	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1327	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
1328	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1329	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( $2 ) ); }
1330	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1331	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1332	;
1333
1334	fall_through_name: // CFA
1335	FALLTHRU
1336	\| FALLTHROUGH
1337	;
1338
1339	with_statement:
1340	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1341	{
1342	$$ = new StatementNode( build_with( $3, $5 ) );
1343	}
1344	;
1345
1346	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so change syntax to "with mutex".
1347	mutex_statement:
1348	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1349	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( $3, $5 ) ); }
1350	;
1351
1352	when_clause:
1353	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1354	;
1355
1356	when_clause_opt:
1357	// empty
1358	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1359	\| when_clause
1360	;
1361
1362	waitfor:
1363	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1364	{ $$ = $3; }
1365	// \| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ',' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1366	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ); }
1367	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1368	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1369	;
1370
1371	cast_expression_list:
1372	cast_expression
1373	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1374	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1375	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1376	;
1377
1378	timeout:
1379	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1380	;
1381
1382	waitfor_clause:
1383	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1384	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1385	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1386	{ $$ = build_waitfor( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, $5 ); }
1387	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1388	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1389	\| when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1390	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( nullptr, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1 ); }
1391	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1392	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR ELSE statement
1393	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1394	\| when_clause_opt timeout statement WOR when_clause ELSE statement
1395	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( $2, maybe_build_compound( $3 ), $1, maybe_build_compound( $7 ), $5 ); }
1396	;
1397
1398	waitfor_statement:
1399	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1400	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1 ) ); }
1401	\| when_clause_opt waitfor statement WOR waitfor_clause
1402	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waitfor( $2, $3, $1, $5 ) ); }
1403	;
1404
1405	exception_statement:
1406	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1407	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
1408	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1409	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
1410	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1411	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1412	;
1413
1414	handler_clause:
1415	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1416	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1417	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1418	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1419	;
1420
1421	handler_predicate_opt:
1422	// empty
1423	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1424	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1425	;
1426
1427	handler_key:
1428	CATCH { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1429	\| RECOVER { $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
1430	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1431	\| FIXUP { $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
1432	;
1433
1434	finally_clause:
1435	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) ); }
1436	;
1437
1438	exception_declaration:
1439	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1440	type_specifier_nobody
1441	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1442	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1443	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1444	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1445	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1446	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1447	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1448	;
1449
1450	enable_disable_statement:
1451	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1452	;
1453
1454	enable_disable_key:
1455	ENABLE
1456	\| DISABLE
1457	;
1458
1459	asm_statement:
1460	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1461	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
1462	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1463	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1464	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1465	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1466	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1467	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1468	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1469	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1470	;
1471
1472	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1473	// empty
1474	{ $$ = false; }
1475	\| VOLATILE
1476	{ $$ = true; }
1477	;
1478
1479	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1480	// empty
1481	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1482	\| asm_operands_list
1483	;
1484
1485	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1486	asm_operand
1487	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1488	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1489	;
1490
1491	asm_operand: // GCC
1492	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1493	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( nullptr, $1, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
1494	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1495	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new AsmExpr( $2, $4, maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $6 ) ) ); }
1496	;
1497
1498	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1499	// empty
1500	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1501	\| string_literal
1502	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1503	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1504	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) )); }
1505	;
1506
1507	label_list:
1508	identifier
1509	{
1510	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1511	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1512	}
1513	\| label_list ',' identifier
1514	{
1515	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1516	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1517	}
1518	;
1519
1520	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1521
1522	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1523	// empty
1524	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1525	\| declaration_list
1526	;
1527
1528	declaration_list:
1529	declaration
1530	\| declaration_list declaration
1531	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1532	;
1533
1534	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1535	// empty
1536	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1537	\| KR_parameter_list
1538	;
1539
1540	KR_parameter_list:
1541	push c_declaration pop ';'
1542	{ $$ = $2; }
1543	\| KR_parameter_list push c_declaration pop ';'
1544	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1545	;
1546
1547	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1548	// empty
1549	\| local_label_declaration_list
1550	;
1551
1552	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1553	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1554	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1555	;
1556
1557	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1558	identifier_or_type_name
1559	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1560	;
1561
1562	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1563	c_declaration ';'
1564	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1565	\| static_assert // C11
1566	;
1567
1568	static_assert:
1569	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1570	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, $5 ); }
1571	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1572	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1573
1574	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1575	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1576	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1577	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1578	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1579	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1580	//
1581	// CFA C
1582	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1583	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1584
1585	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1586	cfa_variable_declaration
1587	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1588	\| cfa_function_declaration
1589	\| type_declaring_list
1590	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1591	\| trait_specifier
1592	;
1593
1594	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1595	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1596	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1597	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1598	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1599	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1600	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1601	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1602	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1603	;
1604
1605	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1606	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1607	// storage-class
1608	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1609	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1610	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1611	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1612	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1613	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1614	;
1615
1616	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1617	cfa_function_specifier
1618	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1619	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1620	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1621	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1622	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1623	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1624	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1625	{
1626	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1627	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1628	ret->type = maybeClone( $1->type->base );
1629	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1630	}
1631	;
1632
1633	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1634	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1635	// {
1636	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1637	// }
1638	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1639	// {
1640	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1641	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1642	// }
1643	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1644	// {
1645	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1646	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1647	// }
1648	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1649	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1650	//
1651	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1652	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1653	//
1654	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1655	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1656	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1657	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1658	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1659	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1660	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0 )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1661	;
1662
1663	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1664	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1665	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1666	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1667	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
1668	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1669	;
1670
1671	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1672	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
1673	{
1674	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "1" );
1675	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1676	}
1677	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
1678	{
1679	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "2" );
1680	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1681	}
1682	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
1683	{
1684	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "3" );
1685	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1686	}
1687	;
1688
1689	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1690	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1691
1692	typedef_declaration:
1693	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1694	{
1695	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "4" );
1696	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1697	}
1698	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1699	{
1700	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5->name, TYPEDEFname, "5" );
1701	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1702	}
1703	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1704	{
1705	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "6" );
1706	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1707	}
1708	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1709	{
1710	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "7" );
1711	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1712	}
1713	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1714	{
1715	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$4->name, TYPEDEFname, "8" );
1716	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1717	}
1718	;
1719
1720	typedef_expression:
1721	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1722	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
1723	{
1724	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1725	}
1726	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push identifier '=' assignment_expression
1727	{
1728	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typedef expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
1729	}
1730	;
1731
1732	c_declaration:
1733	declaration_specifier declaring_list
1734	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
1735	\| typedef_declaration
1736	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
1737	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1738	;
1739
1740	declaring_list:
1741	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1742	// storage-class
1743	declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1744	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1745	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1746	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1747	;
1748
1749	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1750	basic_declaration_specifier
1751	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1752	\| type_declaration_specifier
1753	;
1754
1755	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
1756	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1757	//
1758	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1759	//
1760	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1761	basic_declaration_specifier
1762	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
1763	\| type_declaration_specifier
1764	;
1765
1766	type_specifier: // type specifier
1767	basic_type_specifier
1768	\| sue_type_specifier
1769	\| type_type_specifier
1770	;
1771
1772	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
1773	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
1774	//
1775	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
1776	//
1777	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
1778	basic_type_specifier
1779	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
1780	\| type_type_specifier
1781	;
1782
1783	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1784	// empty
1785	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1786	\| type_qualifier_list
1787	;
1788
1789	type_qualifier_list:
1790	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1791	//
1792	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1793	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1794	// appeared only once.
1795	type_qualifier
1796	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1797	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1798	;
1799
1800	type_qualifier:
1801	type_qualifier_name
1802	\| attribute // trick handles most atrribute locations
1803	;
1804
1805	type_qualifier_name:
1806	CONST
1807	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Const ); }
1808	\| RESTRICT
1809	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Restrict ); }
1810	\| VOLATILE
1811	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
1812	\| ATOMIC
1813	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Atomic ); }
1814	\| forall
1815	;
1816
1817	forall:
1818	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1819	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $3 ); }
1820	;
1821
1822	declaration_qualifier_list:
1823	storage_class_list
1824	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1825	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1826	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1827	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1828	;
1829
1830	storage_class_list:
1831	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1832	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1833	//
1834	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1835	// specifiers in a declaration.
1836	storage_class
1837	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1838	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1839	;
1840
1841	storage_class:
1842	EXTERN
1843	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Extern ); }
1844	\| STATIC
1845	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Static ); }
1846	\| AUTO
1847	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Auto ); }
1848	\| REGISTER
1849	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Register ); }
1850	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1851	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( Type::Threadlocal ); }
1852	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
1853	\| INLINE // C99
1854	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Inline ); }
1855	\| FORTRAN // C99
1856	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Fortran ); }
1857	\| NORETURN // C11
1858	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( Type::Noreturn ); }
1859	;
1860
1861	basic_type_name:
1862	VOID
1863	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1864	\| BOOL // C99
1865	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1866	\| CHAR
1867	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1868	\| INT
1869	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1870	\| INT128
1871	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
1872	\| UINT128
1873	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
1874	\| FLOAT
1875	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1876	\| DOUBLE
1877	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1878	\| uuFLOAT80
1879	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
1880	\| uuFLOAT128
1881	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
1882	\| uFLOAT16
1883	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
1884	\| uFLOAT32
1885	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
1886	\| uFLOAT32X
1887	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
1888	\| uFLOAT64
1889	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
1890	\| uFLOAT64X
1891	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
1892	\| uFLOAT128
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
1894	\| DECIMAL32
1895	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1896	\| DECIMAL64
1897	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1898	\| DECIMAL128
1899	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1900	\| COMPLEX // C99
1901	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1902	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1903	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1904	\| SIGNED
1905	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1906	\| UNSIGNED
1907	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1908	\| SHORT
1909	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1910	\| LONG
1911	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1912	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1913	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1914	\| AUTO_TYPE
1915	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
1916	\| vtable
1917	;
1918
1919	vtable_opt:
1920	// empty
1921	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1922	\| vtable
1923	;
1924
1925	vtable:
1926	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
1927	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
1928	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1929	;
1930
1931	default_opt:
1932	// empty
1933	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1934	\| DEFAULT
1935	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1936	;
1937
1938	basic_declaration_specifier:
1939	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1940	basic_type_specifier
1941	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1942	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1943	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1944	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1945	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1946	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1947	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1948	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1949	;
1950
1951	basic_type_specifier:
1952	direct_type
1953	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
1954	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
1955	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1956	;
1957
1958	direct_type:
1959	basic_type_name
1960	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1961	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1962	\| direct_type type_qualifier
1963	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1964	\| direct_type basic_type_name
1965	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1966	;
1967
1968	indirect_type:
1969	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
1970	{ $$ = $3; }
1971	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
1972	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1973	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
1974	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
1975	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
1976	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
1977	\| ZERO_T // CFA
1978	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
1979	\| ONE_T // CFA
1980	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
1981	;
1982
1983	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
1984	sue_type_specifier
1985	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1986	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1987	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1988	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1989	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1990	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1991	;
1992
1993	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
1994	elaborated_type
1995	\| type_qualifier_list
1996	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
1997	elaborated_type
1998	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1999	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2000	{
2001	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2002	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2003	}
2004	;
2005
2006	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2007	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2008	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2009	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2010	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2011	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2012	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2013	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2014	;
2015
2016	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2017	elaborated_type_nobody
2018	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2019	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2020	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2021	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2022	;
2023
2024	type_declaration_specifier:
2025	type_type_specifier
2026	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2027	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2028	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2029	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2030	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2031	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2032	;
2033
2034	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2035	type_name
2036	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2037	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2038	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2039	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2040	;
2041
2042	type_name:
2043	TYPEDEFname
2044	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2045	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2046	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2047	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2048	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2049	\| typegen_name
2050	\| '.' typegen_name
2051	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2052	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2053	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2054	;
2055
2056	typegen_name: // CFA
2057	TYPEGENname
2058	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2059	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2060	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2061	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2062	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2063	;
2064
2065	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2066	aggregate_type
2067	\| enum_type
2068	;
2069
2070	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2071	aggregate_type_nobody
2072	\| enum_type_nobody
2073	;
2074
2075	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2076	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2077	{ forall = false; } // reset
2078	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2079	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2080	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2081	{
2082	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2083	forall = false; // reset
2084	}
2085	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2086	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2087	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2088	{
2089	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2090	forall = false; // reset
2091	}
2092	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2093	{
2094	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2095	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2096	}
2097	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2098	{
2099	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname ); // create typedef
2100	forall = false; // reset
2101	}
2102	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2103	{
2104	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2105	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2106	}
2107	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2108	;
2109
2110	type_parameters_opt:
2111	// empty
2112	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2113	\| '(' type_list ')'
2114	{ $$ = $2; }
2115	;
2116
2117	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2118	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2119	{
2120	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname );
2121	forall = false; // reset
2122	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2123	}
2124	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2125	{
2126	forall = false; // reset
2127	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2128	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2129	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2130	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2131	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2132	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2133	delete $3;
2134	}
2135	;
2136
2137	aggregate_key:
2138	aggregate_data
2139	\| aggregate_control
2140	;
2141
2142	aggregate_data:
2143	STRUCT vtable_opt
2144	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2145	\| UNION
2146	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Union; }
2147	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2148	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2149	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2150	;
2151
2152	aggregate_control: // CFA
2153	MONITOR
2154	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2155	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2156	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2157	\| GENERATOR
2158	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2159	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2160	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2161	\| COROUTINE
2162	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2163	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2164	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2165	\| THREAD
2166	{ $$ = AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2167	\| MUTEX THREAD
2168	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2169	;
2170
2171	field_declaration_list_opt:
2172	// empty
2173	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2174	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2175	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2176	;
2177
2178	field_declaration:
2179	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2180	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 ); }
2181	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2182	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2183	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2184	{
2185	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2186	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2187	} // if
2188	$3->inLine = true;
2189	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2190	distInl( $3 );
2191	}
2192	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2193	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2194	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2195	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2196	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2197	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2198	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2199	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2200	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2201	\| static_assert // C11
2202	;
2203
2204	field_declaring_list_opt:
2205	// empty
2206	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2207	\| field_declarator
2208	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2209	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2210	;
2211
2212	field_declarator:
2213	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2214	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2215	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2216	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2217	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2218	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2219	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2220	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2221	;
2222
2223	field_abstract_list_opt:
2224	// empty
2225	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2226	\| field_abstract
2227	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2228	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2229	;
2230
2231	field_abstract:
2232	// no bit fields
2233	variable_abstract_declarator
2234	;
2235
2236	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2237	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2238	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2239	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2240	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2241	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2242	;
2243
2244	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2245	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2246	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2247	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2248	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2249	;
2250
2251	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2252	// empty
2253	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2254	\| bit_subrange_size
2255	;
2256
2257	bit_subrange_size:
2258	':' assignment_expression
2259	{ $$ = $2; }
2260	;
2261
2262	enum_type: // enum
2263	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2265	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2266	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); }
2267	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2269	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name // unqualified type name
2270	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2272	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2273	{
2274	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2275	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2276	}
2277	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2278	{
2279	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2280	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6 );
2281	}
2282	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2283	{
2284	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2285	}
2286	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2287	{
2288	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." ); }
2289	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6->name );
2290	SemanticError( yylloc, "Typed enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2291	}
2292	\| enum_type_nobody
2293	;
2294
2295	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2296	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2297	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3 ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2298	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name // qualified type name
2299	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name ); $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, 0, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2300	;
2301
2302	enumerator_list:
2303	identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
2305	\| INLINE type_name
2306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ); }
2307	\| enumerator_list ',' identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2308	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
2309	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2310	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2311	;
2312
2313	enumerator_value_opt:
2314	// empty
2315	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2316	// \| '=' constant_expression
2317	// { $$ = $2; }
2318	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2319	{ $$ = $2->get_expression(); } // FIX ME: enum only deals with constant_expression
2320	;
2321
2322	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2323	// empty
2324	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2325	\| ELLIPSIS
2326	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2327	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2328	\| cfa_parameter_list
2329	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2330	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2331	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2332	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2333	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2334	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2335	;
2336
2337	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2338	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2339	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2340	cfa_parameter_declaration
2341	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2342	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2343	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2344	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2345	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2346	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2347	;
2348
2349	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2350	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2351	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2352	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2353	;
2354
2355	parameter_type_list_opt:
2356	// empty
2357	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2358	\| ELLIPSIS
2359	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2360	\| parameter_list
2361	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2362	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2363	;
2364
2365	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2366	abstract_parameter_declaration
2367	\| parameter_declaration
2368	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
2369	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2370	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
2371	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2372	;
2373
2374	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2375	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2376
2377	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2378	parameter_declaration
2379	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2380	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2381	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2382	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2383	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2384	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2385	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2386	\| cfa_function_specifier
2387	;
2388
2389	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2390	abstract_parameter_declaration
2391	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2392	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2393	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2394	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2395	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2396	\| cfa_abstract_function
2397	;
2398
2399	parameter_declaration:
2400	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2401	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2402	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2403	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2404	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2405	;
2406
2407	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2408	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2409	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2410	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2411	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2412	;
2413
2414	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2415	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2416	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2417
2418	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2419	identifier
2420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2421	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2422	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2423	;
2424
2425	identifier_or_type_name:
2426	identifier
2427	\| TYPEDEFname
2428	\| TYPEGENname
2429	;
2430
2431	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2432	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2433	\| type_specifier
2434	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2435	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2436	;
2437
2438	type: // typeof, assertion
2439	type_no_function
2440	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2441	;
2442
2443	initializer_opt:
2444	// empty
2445	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2446	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2447	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2448	;
2449
2450	initializer:
2451	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2452	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2453	;
2454
2455	initializer_list_opt:
2456	// empty
2457	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2458	\| initializer
2459	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2460	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2461	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer
2462	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2463	;
2464
2465	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2466	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2467	//
2468	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2469	//
2470	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2471	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2472	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2473	// shift/reduce conflicts
2474
2475	designation:
2476	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2477	\| identifier ':' // GCC, field name
2478	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
2479	;
2480
2481	designator_list: // C99
2482	designator
2483	\| designator_list designator
2484	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2485	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2486	;
2487
2488	designator:
2489	'.' identifier // C99, field name
2490	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
2491	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2492	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2493	{ $$ = $3; }
2494	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2495	{ $$ = $3; }
2496	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2497	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $5 ) ) ); }
2498	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2499	{ $$ = $4; }
2500	;
2501
2502	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2503	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2504	//
2505	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2506	//
2507	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2508	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2509	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2510	//
2511	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2512	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2513	//
2514	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2515	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2516	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2517	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2518	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2519
2520	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2521	type_parameter
2522	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2523	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2524	;
2525
2526	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2527	// empty
2528	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2529	\| '=' type
2530	{ $$ = $2; }
2531	;
2532
2533	type_parameter: // CFA
2534	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2535	{
2536	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "9" );
2537	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2538	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2539	if ( $1 == TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2540	}
2541	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2542	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2543	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2544	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "9" ); }
2545	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2546	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2547	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
2548	{
2549	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "9" );
2550	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
2551	}
2552	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
2553	\| assertion_list
2554	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
2555	;
2556
2557	new_type_class: // CFA
2558	// empty
2559	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2560	\| '&'
2561	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2562	\| '*'
2563	{ $$ = TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
2564	// \| '(' '*' ')'
2565	// { $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2566	\| ELLIPSIS
2567	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2568	;
2569
2570	type_class: // CFA
2571	OTYPE
2572	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Otype; }
2573	\| DTYPE
2574	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Dtype; }
2575	\| FTYPE
2576	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ftype; }
2577	\| TTYPE
2578	{ $$ = TypeDecl::Ttype; }
2579	;
2580
2581	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
2582	// empty
2583	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2584	\| assertion_list
2585	;
2586
2587	assertion_list: // CFA
2588	assertion
2589	\| assertion_list assertion
2590	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
2591	;
2592
2593	assertion: // CFA
2594	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
2595	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
2596	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2597	{ $$ = $4; }
2598	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
2599	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2600	;
2601
2602	type_list: // CFA
2603	type
2604	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
2605	\| assignment_expression
2606	\| type_list ',' type
2607	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
2608	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
2609	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
2610	;
2611
2612	type_declaring_list: // CFA
2613	OTYPE type_declarator
2614	{ $$ = $2; }
2615	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
2616	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2617	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
2618	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
2619	;
2620
2621	type_declarator: // CFA
2622	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
2623	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
2624	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
2625	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
2626	;
2627
2628	type_declarator_name: // CFA
2629	identifier_or_type_name
2630	{
2631	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "10" );
2632	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
2633	}
2634	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
2635	{
2636	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "11" );
2637	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
2638	}
2639	;
2640
2641	trait_specifier: // CFA
2642	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
2643	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, 0 ); }
2644	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
2645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 ); }
2646	;
2647
2648	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
2649	trait_declaration
2650	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
2651	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
2652	;
2653
2654	trait_declaration: // CFA
2655	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
2656	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
2657	;
2658
2659	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2660	cfa_variable_specifier
2661	\| cfa_function_specifier
2662	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
2663	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
2664	;
2665
2666	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2667	type_specifier declarator
2668	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2669	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2670	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
2671	;
2672
2673	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2674
2675	translation_unit:
2676	// empty, input file
2677	\| external_definition_list
2678	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2679	;
2680
2681	external_definition_list:
2682	push external_definition pop
2683	{ $$ = $2; }
2684	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
2685	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2686	;
2687
2688	external_definition_list_opt:
2689	// empty
2690	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2691	\| external_definition_list
2692	;
2693
2694	up:
2695	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
2696	;
2697
2698	down:
2699	{ typedefTable.down(); }
2700	;
2701
2702	external_definition:
2703	DIRECTIVE
2704	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( $1 ) ) ); }
2705	\| declaration
2706	\| external_function_definition
2707	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
2708	{
2709	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
2710	$$ = $2;
2711	}
2712	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
2713	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( false, $3, 0 ) ) ); }
2714	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
2715	{
2716	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2717	linkage = LinkageSpec::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
2718	}
2719	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
2720	{
2721	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2722	linkageStack.pop();
2723	$$ = $6;
2724	}
2725	\| type_qualifier_list
2726	{
2727	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2728	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2729	}
2730	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2731	{
2732	distQual( $5, $1 );
2733	forall = false;
2734	$$ = $5;
2735	}
2736	\| declaration_qualifier_list
2737	{
2738	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2739	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2740	}
2741	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2742	{
2743	distQual( $5, $1 );
2744	forall = false;
2745	$$ = $5;
2746	}
2747	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
2748	{
2749	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.val) \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." ); }
2750	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2751	}
2752	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
2753	{
2754	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
2755	forall = false;
2756	$$ = $6;
2757	}
2758	;
2759
2760	external_function_definition:
2761	function_definition
2762	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2763	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2764	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2765	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2766	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2767	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2768	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
2769	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
2770	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
2771	;
2772
2773	with_clause_opt:
2774	// empty
2775	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
2776	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')'
2777	{ $$ = $3; forall = false; }
2778	;
2779
2780	function_definition:
2781	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
2782	{
2783	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
2784	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
2785	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
2786	$$ = $1;
2787	}
2788	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2789	{
2790	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2791	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2792	}
2793	\| declaration_specifier variable_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2794	{
2795	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2796	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
2797	}
2798	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2799	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2800	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2801	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2802	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2803	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2804	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2805	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
2806	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2807
2808	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2809	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2810	{
2811	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
2812	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
2813	}
2814	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2815	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2816	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2817	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2818	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2819	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2820	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2821	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
2822	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2823	;
2824
2825	declarator:
2826	variable_declarator
2827	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2828	\| function_declarator
2829	;
2830
2831	subrange:
2832	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2833	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new RangeExpr( maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild<Expression>( $3 ) ) ); }
2834	;
2835
2836	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2837	// empty
2838	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2839	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
2840	{
2841	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
2842	name->asmName = $3;
2843	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
2844	}
2845	;
2846
2847	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2848	// empty
2849	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2850	\| attribute_list
2851	;
2852
2853	attribute_list: // GCC
2854	attribute
2855	\| attribute_list attribute
2856	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2857	;
2858
2859	attribute: // GCC
2860	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
2861	{ $$ = $4; }
2862	;
2863
2864	attribute_name_list: // GCC
2865	attribute_name
2866	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
2867	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2868	;
2869
2870	attribute_name: // GCC
2871	// empty
2872	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2873	\| attr_name
2874	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
2875	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
2876	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
2877	;
2878
2879	attr_name: // GCC
2880	IDENTIFIER
2881	\| quasi_keyword
2882	\| TYPEDEFname
2883	\| TYPEGENname
2884	\| FALLTHROUGH
2885	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2886	\| CONST
2887	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
2888	;
2889
2890	// ============================================================================
2891	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2892	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2893	// in:
2894	//
2895	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2896	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2897	//
2898	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2899	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2900	// ============================================================================
2901
2902	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2903	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2904	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2905	//
2906	// valid declaration invalid definition
2907	// ----------------- ------------------
2908	// int f; int f {}
2909	// int f; int f {}
2910	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2911	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2912	//
2913	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2914	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2915	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2916
2917	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2918	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2919
2920	paren_identifier:
2921	identifier
2922	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2923	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2924	{ $$ = $2; }
2925	;
2926
2927	variable_declarator:
2928	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2929	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2930	\| variable_ptr
2931	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2932	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2933	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2934	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2935	;
2936
2937	variable_ptr:
2938	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2939	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
2940	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2941	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
2942	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2943	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
2944	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
2945	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2946	;
2947
2948	variable_array:
2949	paren_identifier array_dimension
2950	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2951	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2952	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2953	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2954	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2955	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2956	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2957	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2958	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
2959	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2960	{ $$ = $2; }
2961	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2962	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2963	;
2964
2965	variable_function:
2966	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2967	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2968	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2969	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2970	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2971	{ $$ = $2; }
2972	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2973	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2974	;
2975
2976	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2977	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2978	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2979
2980	function_declarator:
2981	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2982	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2983	\| function_ptr
2984	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2985	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2986	;
2987
2988	function_no_ptr:
2989	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2990	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2991	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2992	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2993	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2994	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
2995	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2996	{ $$ = $2; }
2997	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2998	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2999	;
3000
3001	function_ptr:
3002	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3003	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3004	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3005	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3006	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3007	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3008	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3009	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3010	;
3011
3012	function_array:
3013	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3014	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3015	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3016	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3017	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3018	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3019	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3020	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3021	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3022	{ $$ = $2; }
3023	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3024	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3025	;
3026
3027	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3028	//
3029	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3030	//
3031	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3032	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3033
3034	KR_function_declarator:
3035	KR_function_no_ptr
3036	\| KR_function_ptr
3037	\| KR_function_array
3038	;
3039
3040	KR_function_no_ptr:
3041	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3042	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3043	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3044	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3045	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
3046	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3047	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3048	{ $$ = $2; }
3049	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3050	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3051	;
3052
3053	KR_function_ptr:
3054	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3055	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3056	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3057	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3058	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3059	{ $$ = $2; }
3060	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3061	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3062	;
3063
3064	KR_function_array:
3065	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3066	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3067	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3068	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3069	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3070	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3071	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3072	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3073	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3074	{ $$ = $2; }
3075	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3076	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3077	;
3078
3079	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3080	//
3081	// typedef int foo;
3082	// {
3083	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3084	// }
3085	//
3086	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3087	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3088
3089	paren_type:
3090	typedef_name
3091	{
3092	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3093	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "ID" );
3094	}
3095	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3096	{ $$ = $2; }
3097	;
3098
3099	variable_type_redeclarator:
3100	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3101	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3102	\| type_ptr
3103	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
3104	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3105	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
3106	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3107	;
3108
3109	type_ptr:
3110	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3111	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3112	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3113	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3114	\| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3115	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3116	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3117	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3118	;
3119
3120	type_array:
3121	paren_type array_dimension
3122	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3123	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3124	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3125	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3126	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3127	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3128	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3129	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3130	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3131	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3132	{ $$ = $2; }
3133	\| '(' attribute_list type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3134	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3135	;
3136
3137	type_function:
3138	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3139	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3140	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3141	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3142	\| '(' attribute_list type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3143	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $7 ); }
3144	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3145	{ $$ = $2; }
3146	\| '(' attribute_list type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3147	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3148	;
3149
3150	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3151	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3152	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3153	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3154
3155	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3156	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3157	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3158	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3159	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3160	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3161	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3162	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3163	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3164	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3165	;
3166
3167	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3168	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3169	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3170	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3171	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3172	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3173	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3174	;
3175
3176	identifier_parameter_array:
3177	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3178	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3179	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3180	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3181	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3182	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3183	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3184	{ $$ = $2; }
3185	;
3186
3187	identifier_parameter_function:
3188	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3189	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3190	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3191	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3192	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3193	{ $$ = $2; }
3194	;
3195
3196	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3197	// e.g.:
3198	//
3199	// typedef int foo;
3200	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3201	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3202	//
3203	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3204
3205	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3206	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3207	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3208	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3209	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3210	\| type_parameter_ptr
3211	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3212	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3213	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3214	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3215	;
3216
3217	typedef_name:
3218	TYPEDEFname
3219	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3220	\| TYPEGENname
3221	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3222	;
3223
3224	type_parameter_ptr:
3225	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3226	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3227	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3228	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3229	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3230	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3231	;
3232
3233	type_parameter_array:
3234	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3235	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3236	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3237	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3238	;
3239
3240	type_parameter_function:
3241	typedef_name '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3242	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
3243	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3244	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3245	;
3246
3247	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3248	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3249	//
3250	// sizeof( int );
3251	// sizeof( int * );
3252	// sizeof( int [10] );
3253	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3254	// sizeof( int () );
3255	//
3256	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3257	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3258
3259	abstract_declarator:
3260	abstract_ptr
3261	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3262	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3263	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3264	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3265	;
3266
3267	abstract_ptr:
3268	ptrref_operator
3269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3270	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3272	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3273	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3274	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3275	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3276	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3277	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3278	;
3279
3280	abstract_array:
3281	array_dimension
3282	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3283	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3284	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3285	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3286	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3287	{ $$ = $2; }
3288	;
3289
3290	abstract_function:
3291	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3292	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3293	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3294	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3295	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3296	{ $$ = $2; }
3297	;
3298
3299	array_dimension:
3300	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3301	'[' ']'
3302	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3303	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3305	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']'
3306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, 0, false ) ); }
3307	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3308	\| multi_array_dimension
3309	;
3310
3311	multi_array_dimension:
3312	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
3314	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3316	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3317	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
3318	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3319	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3320	;
3321
3322	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3323	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3324	//
3325	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3326	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3327	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3328	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3329	//
3330	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3331	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3332	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3333	//
3334	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3335	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3336	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3337	//
3338	// For example:
3339	//
3340	// typedef float T;
3341	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3342	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3343	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3344	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3345	//
3346	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3347	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3348	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3349	// functions.
3350
3351	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3352	abstract_parameter_ptr
3353	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3354	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3355	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3356	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3357	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3358	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3359	;
3360
3361	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3362	ptrref_operator
3363	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3364	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3365	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3366	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3367	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3368	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3369	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3370	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3371	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3372	;
3373
3374	abstract_parameter_array:
3375	array_parameter_dimension
3376	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3377	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3378	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3379	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3380	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3381	{ $$ = $2; }
3382	;
3383
3384	abstract_parameter_function:
3385	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3386	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
3387	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3388	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3389	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3390	{ $$ = $2; }
3391	;
3392
3393	array_parameter_dimension:
3394	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3395	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3396	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3397	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3398	\| multi_array_dimension
3399	;
3400
3401	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3402	//
3403	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3404	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3405
3406	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3407	'[' ']'
3408	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
3409	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3410	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3412	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
3414	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
3415	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3416	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3417	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
3418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
3419	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
3420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
3421	;
3422
3423	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
3424	//
3425	// struct S {
3426	// int;
3427	// int *;
3428	// int [10];
3429	// int (*)();
3430	// };
3431
3432	variable_abstract_declarator:
3433	variable_abstract_ptr
3434	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3435	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3436	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3437	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3438	;
3439
3440	variable_abstract_ptr:
3441	ptrref_operator
3442	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
3443	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3444	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3445	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
3446	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3447	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
3448	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3449	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3450	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3451	;
3452
3453	variable_abstract_array:
3454	array_dimension
3455	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3456	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3457	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3458	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3459	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3460	{ $$ = $2; }
3461	;
3462
3463	variable_abstract_function:
3464	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3465	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
3466	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3467	{ $$ = $2; }
3468	;
3469
3470	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
3471	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3472
3473	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3474	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
3475	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
3476	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3477	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3478	;
3479
3480	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3481	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3482	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
3483	;
3484
3485	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
3486	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
3487	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3488	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3489	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
3490	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3491	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3492	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3493	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3494	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3495	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3496	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3497	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
3498	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3499	;
3500
3501	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
3502	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
3503	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
3504	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
3505	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3506	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3507	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3508	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3509	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3510	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3511	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3512	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
3513	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3514
3515	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3516	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3517	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3518	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3519	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3520	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
3521	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3522	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3523	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
3524	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3525	;
3526
3527	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3528	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3529	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3530	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3531	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
3532	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3533	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
3534	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
3535	// appear in this context.
3536	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
3537	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
3538	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
3539	;
3540
3541	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3542	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3543	//
3544	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
3545	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3546	//
3547	// These rules need LR(3):
3548	//
3549	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
3550	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3551	//
3552	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
3553	//
3554	// [int, int] t;
3555	// [int, int] f( int );
3556	//
3557	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
3558	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
3559	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
3560	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
3561
3562	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
3563	cfa_abstract_tuple
3564	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
3565	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3566	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
3567	;
3568
3569	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
3570	cfa_abstract_ptr
3571	\| cfa_abstract_array
3572	;
3573
3574	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
3575	ptrref_operator type_specifier
3576	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3577	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
3578	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3579	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3580	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3581	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
3582	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3583	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3584	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
3585	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
3586	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
3587	;
3588
3589	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
3590	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
3591	// empty (void) function return type.
3592	'[' ']' type_specifier
3593	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3594	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3595	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3596	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
3597	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3598	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
3599	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3600	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3601	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
3602	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
3603	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
3604	;
3605
3606	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
3607	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
3608	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
3609	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
3610	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3611	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
3612	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3613	;
3614
3615	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
3616	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
3617	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
3618	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3619	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3620	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
3621	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
3622	;
3623
3624	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
3625	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
3626	//
3627	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
3628	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
3629	//
3630	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
3631	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
3632	//
3633	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
3634	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
3635
3636	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
3637
3638	comma_opt: // redundant comma
3639	// empty
3640	\| ','
3641	;
3642
3643	default_initializer_opt:
3644	// empty
3645	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3646	\| '=' assignment_expression
3647	{ $$ = $2; }
3648	;
3649
3650	%%
3651
3652	// ----end of grammar----
3653
3654	// Local Variables: //
3655	// mode: c++ //
3656	// tab-width: 4 //
3657	// compile-command: "make install" //
3658	// End: //

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