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parser.yy @ 4b1afb6

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Last change on this file since 4b1afb6 was 1b29996, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 8 years ago
lex/parse new tuples
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Wed Oct 26 17:35:53 2016
13	// Update Count : 2066
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56	using namespace std;
57
58	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
59	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
60	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
61
62	stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
63
64	void appendStr( string to, string from ) {
65	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
66	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
67	} // appendStr
68	%}
69
70	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
71
72	// keywords
73	%token TYPEDEF
74	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
75	%token INLINE // C99
76	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
77	%token CONST VOLATILE
78	%token RESTRICT // C99
79	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
80	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
81	%token VALIST // GCC
82	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
83	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
84	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
85	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
86	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
87	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
88	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
89	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
90	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
91	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
92
93	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
94	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
95	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
96	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
97	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
98	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
99	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
100	%token<tok> REALDECIMALconstant REALFRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
101	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
102
103	// multi-character operators
104	%token ARROW // ->
105	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
106	%token LS RS // << >>
107	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
108	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
109	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
110
111	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
112	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
113	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
114	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
115
116	%token ATassign // @=
117
118	// Types declaration
119	%union
120	{
121	Token tok;
122	ParseNode *pn;
123	ExpressionNode *en;
124	DeclarationNode *decl;
125	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
126	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
127	StatementNode *sn;
128	ConstantExpr *constant;
129	ForCtl *fctl;
130	LabelNode *label;
131	InitializerNode *in;
132	OperKinds op;
133	std::string *str;
134	bool flag;
135	}
136
137	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
138	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
139	%type<constant> string_literal
140	%type<str> string_literal_list
141
142	// expressions
143	%type<en> constant
144	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
145	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
146	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
147	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
148	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
149	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
150	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
151	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
152	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
153	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
154	%type<en> subrange
155	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
156	%type<label> label_list
157	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
158	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
159
160	// statements
161	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
162	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
163	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
164	%type<sn> statement statement_list
165	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
166	%type<sn> case_clause
167	%type<en> case_value
168	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
169	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
170	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
171
172	// declarations
173	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
174	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
175	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
176
177	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
178	%type<decl> aggregate_name
179
180	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
181
182	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
183
184	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
185
186	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
187
188	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
189
190	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
191	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
192
193	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
194
195	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
196	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
197
198	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
199
200	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
201	%type<en> field field_list
202	%type<tok> field_name
203
204	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
205
206	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
207	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
208
209	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
210	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
211	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
212
213	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
214
215	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
216	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
217
218	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
219	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
220
221	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
222
223	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
224
225	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
226	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
227
228	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
229	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
230
231	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
232
233	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
234
235	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
236
237	%type<tclass> type_class
238	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
239
240	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
241	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
242	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
243	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
244
245	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
246	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
247
248	%type<en> type_name_list
249
250	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
251
252	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
253	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
254
255	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
256
257	// initializers
258	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
259
260	// designators
261	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
262
263
264	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
265	// is ambiguous:
266	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
267	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
268	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
269
270	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
271	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
272
273	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
274
275	%%
276	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
277
278	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
279	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
280	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
281	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
282	//
283	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
284	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parameterized types. This latter
285	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
286	//
287	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
288	// accesses a data structure (TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read. Semantic
289	// actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
290	//
291	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
292	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
293	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
294	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
295	// "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
296	//
297	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
298	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
299	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
300	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
301	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
302	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
303	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
304
305	push:
306	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
307	;
308
309	pop:
310	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
311	;
312
313	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
314
315	constant:
316	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
317	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
318	\| REALDECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
319	\| REALFRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
320	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
321	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
322	;
323
324	identifier:
325	IDENTIFIER
326	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
327	\| zero_one // CFA
328	;
329
330	no_01_identifier:
331	IDENTIFIER
332	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
333	;
334
335	no_attr_identifier:
336	IDENTIFIER
337	\| zero_one // CFA
338	;
339
340	zero_one: // CFA
341	ZERO
342	\| ONE
343	;
344
345	string_literal:
346	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
347	;
348
349	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
350	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
351	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
352	{
353	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
354	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
355	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
356	}
357	;
358
359	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
360
361	primary_expression:
362	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
363	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
364	\| zero_one
365	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
366	\| tuple
367	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
368	{ $$ = $2; }
369	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
370	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
371	;
372
373	postfix_expression:
374	primary_expression
375	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
376	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
377	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
378	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
379	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
380	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
381	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
382	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
383	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
384	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
385	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
386	\| postfix_expression REALFRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
387	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
388	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
389	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
390	\| postfix_expression ICR
391	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
392	\| postfix_expression DECR
393	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
394	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
395	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
396	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
397	{
398	Token fn;
399	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
400	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ConstructorExpr( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
401	}
402	;
403
404	argument_expression_list:
405	argument_expression
406	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
407	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
408	;
409
410	argument_expression:
411	// empty
412	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
413	\| assignment_expression
414	;
415
416	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
417	field
418	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
419	;
420
421	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
422	field_name
423	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
424	\| REALDECIMALconstant field
425	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $2, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
426	\| REALDECIMALconstant '[' push field_list pop ']'
427	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $4, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
428	\| field_name '.' field
429	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
430	\| field_name '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
431	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
432	\| field_name ARROW field
433	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
434	\| field_name ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
435	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
436	;
437
438	field_name:
439	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants
440	{ $$ = $1; }
441	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants
442	{ $$ = $1; }
443	\| no_attr_identifier fraction_constants
444	{ $$ = $1; }
445	;
446
447	fraction_constants:
448	// empty
449	\| fraction_constants REALFRACTIONconstant
450	;
451
452	unary_expression:
453	postfix_expression
454	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
455	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
456	\| constant
457	{ $$ = $1; }
458	\| string_literal
459	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
460	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
461	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
462	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
463	// { * X; } // dereference X
464	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
465	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
466	{
467	switch ( $1 ) {
468	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
469	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
470	break;
471	case OperKinds::PointTo:
472	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
473	break;
474	default:
475	assert( false );
476	}
477	}
478	\| unary_operator cast_expression
479	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
480	\| ICR unary_expression
481	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
482	\| DECR unary_expression
483	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
484	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
485	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
486	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
487	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
488	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
489	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
490	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
491	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
492	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
493	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
494	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
495	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
496	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
497	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
498	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
499	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
500	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
501	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
502	;
503
504	ptrref_operator:
505	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
506	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
507	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
508	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
509	;
510
511	unary_operator:
512	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
513	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
514	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
515	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
516	;
517
518	cast_expression:
519	unary_expression
520	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
521	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
522	// \| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
523	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
524	;
525
526	multiplicative_expression:
527	cast_expression
528	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
529	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
530	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
531	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
532	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
533	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
534	;
535
536	additive_expression:
537	multiplicative_expression
538	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
539	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
540	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
541	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
542	;
543
544	shift_expression:
545	additive_expression
546	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
547	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
548	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
549	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
550	;
551
552	relational_expression:
553	shift_expression
554	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
555	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
556	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
557	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
558	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
559	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
560	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
561	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
562	;
563
564	equality_expression:
565	relational_expression
566	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
567	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
568	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
569	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
570	;
571
572	AND_expression:
573	equality_expression
574	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
575	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
576	;
577
578	exclusive_OR_expression:
579	AND_expression
580	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
581	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
582	;
583
584	inclusive_OR_expression:
585	exclusive_OR_expression
586	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
587	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
588	;
589
590	logical_AND_expression:
591	inclusive_OR_expression
592	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
593	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
594	;
595
596	logical_OR_expression:
597	logical_AND_expression
598	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
599	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
600	;
601
602	conditional_expression:
603	logical_OR_expression
604	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
605	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
606	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
607	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
608	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
609	// \| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
610	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
611	;
612
613	constant_expression:
614	conditional_expression
615	;
616
617	assignment_expression:
618	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
619	conditional_expression
620	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
621	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
622	// \| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
623	// { $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	assignment_expression_opt:
627	// empty
628	{ $$ = nullptr; }
629	\| assignment_expression
630	;
631
632	assignment_operator:
633	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
634	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; }
635	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
636	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
637	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
638	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
639	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
640	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
641	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
642	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
643	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
644	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
645	;
646
647	tuple: // CFA, tuple
648	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
649	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
650	// '[' ']'
651	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
652	// '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
653	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
654	'[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
655	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
656	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
657	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
658	;
659
660	tuple_expression_list:
661	assignment_expression_opt
662	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
663	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
664	;
665
666	comma_expression:
667	assignment_expression
668	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
669	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
670	;
671
672	comma_expression_opt:
673	// empty
674	{ $$ = 0; }
675	\| comma_expression
676	;
677
678	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
679
680	statement:
681	labeled_statement
682	\| compound_statement
683	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
684	\| selection_statement
685	\| iteration_statement
686	\| jump_statement
687	\| exception_statement
688	\| asm_statement
689	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
690	{
691	Token fn;
692	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
693	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
694	}
695	;
696
697	labeled_statement:
698	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
699	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
700	{
701	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
702	}
703	;
704
705	compound_statement:
706	'{' '}'
707	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
708	\| '{'
709	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
710	// requires its own scope
711	push push
712	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
713	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
714	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
715	;
716
717	block_item_list: // C99
718	block_item
719	\| block_item_list push block_item
720	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
721	;
722
723	block_item:
724	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
725	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
726	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
727	{ // mark all fields in list
728	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
729	iter->set_extension( true );
730	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
731	}
732	\| function_definition
733	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
734	\| statement pop
735	;
736
737	statement_list:
738	statement
739	\| statement_list statement
740	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
741	;
742
743	expression_statement:
744	comma_expression_opt ';'
745	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
746	;
747
748	selection_statement:
749	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
750	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
751	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
752	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
753	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
754	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
755	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
756	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
757	{
758	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
759	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
760	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
761	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
762	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
763	// statement.
764	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
765	}
766	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
767	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
768	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
769	{
770	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
771	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
772	}
773	;
774
775	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
776	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
777
778	case_value: // CFA
779	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
780	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
781	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
782	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
783	;
784
785	case_value_list: // CFA
786	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
787	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
788	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
789	;
790
791	case_label: // CFA
792	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
793	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
794	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
795	;
796
797	case_label_list: // CFA
798	case_label
799	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
800	;
801
802	case_clause: // CFA
803	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
804	;
805
806	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
807	// empty
808	{ $$ = 0; }
809	\| switch_clause_list
810	;
811
812	switch_clause_list: // CFA
813	case_label_list statement_list
814	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
815	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
816	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
817	;
818
819	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
820	// empty
821	{ $$ = 0; }
822	\| choose_clause_list
823	;
824
825	choose_clause_list: // CFA
826	case_label_list fall_through
827	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
828	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
829	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
830	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
831	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
832	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
833	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
834	;
835
836	fall_through_opt: // CFA
837	// empty
838	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
839	\| fall_through
840	;
841
842	fall_through: // CFA
843	FALLTHRU
844	{ $$ = 0; }
845	\| FALLTHRU ';'
846	{ $$ = 0; }
847	;
848
849	iteration_statement:
850	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
851	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
852	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
853	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2, true ) ); }
854	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
855	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
856	;
857
858	for_control_expression:
859	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
860	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
861	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
862	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
863	;
864
865	jump_statement:
866	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
867	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
868	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
869	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
870	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
871	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
872	\| CONTINUE ';'
873	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
874	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
875	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
876	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
877	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
878	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
879	\| BREAK ';'
880	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
881	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
882	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
883	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
884	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
885	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
886	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
887	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
888	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
889	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
890	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
891	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
892	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
893	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
894	;
895
896	exception_statement:
897	TRY compound_statement handler_list
898	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
899	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
900	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
901	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
902	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
903	;
904
905	handler_list:
906	handler_clause
907	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
908	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
909	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
910	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
911	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
912	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
913	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
914	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
915	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
916	;
917
918	handler_clause:
919	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
920	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
921	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
922	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
923	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
924	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
925	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
926	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
927	;
928
929	finally_clause:
930	FINALLY compound_statement
931	{
932	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
933	}
934	;
935
936	exception_declaration:
937	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
938	//
939	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
940	//
941	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
942	type_specifier
943	\| type_specifier declarator
944	{
945	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
946	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
947	}
948	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
949	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
950	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
951	{
952	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
953	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
954	}
955	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
956	;
957
958	asm_statement:
959	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
960	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
961	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
962	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
963	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
964	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
965	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
966	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
967	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
968	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
969	;
970
971	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
972	// empty
973	{ $$ = false; }
974	\| VOLATILE
975	{ $$ = true; }
976	;
977
978	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
979	// empty
980	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
981	\| asm_operands_list
982	;
983
984	asm_operands_list: // GCC
985	asm_operand
986	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
987	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
988	;
989
990	asm_operand: // GCC
991	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
993	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
994	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
995	;
996
997	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
998	// empty
999	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
1000	\| string_literal
1001	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1002	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1003	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1004	;
1005
1006	label_list:
1007	no_attr_identifier
1008	{
1009	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1010	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1011	}
1012	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1013	{
1014	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1015	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1016	}
1017	;
1018
1019	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1020
1021	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1022	pop
1023	{ $$ = 0; }
1024	\| declaration_list
1025	;
1026
1027	declaration_list:
1028	declaration
1029	\| declaration_list push declaration
1030	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1031	;
1032
1033	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1034	pop
1035	{ $$ = 0; }
1036	\| old_declaration_list
1037	;
1038
1039	old_declaration_list:
1040	old_declaration
1041	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1042	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1043	;
1044
1045	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1046	// empty
1047	\| local_label_declaration_list
1048	;
1049
1050	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1051	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1052	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1053	;
1054
1055	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1056	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1057	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1058	;
1059
1060	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1061	new_declaration
1062	\| old_declaration
1063	;
1064
1065	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1066	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1067	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1068	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1069	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1070	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1071	//
1072	// CFA C
1073	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1074	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1075
1076	new_declaration: // CFA
1077	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1078	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1079	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1080	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1081	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1082	;
1083
1084	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1085	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1086	{
1087	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1088	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1089	}
1090	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1091	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1092	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1093	{
1094	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1095	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1096	}
1097	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1098	{
1099	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1100	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1101	}
1102	;
1103
1104	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1105	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1106	// storage-class
1107	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1108	{
1109	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1110	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1111	}
1112	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1113	{
1114	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1115	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1116	}
1117	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1118	{
1119	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1120	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1121	}
1122	;
1123
1124	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1125	new_function_specifier
1126	{
1127	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1128	$$ = $1;
1129	}
1130	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1131	{
1132	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1133	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1134	}
1135	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1136	{
1137	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1138	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1139	}
1140	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1141	{
1142	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1143	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1144	}
1145	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1146	{
1147	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1148	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1149	}
1150	;
1151
1152	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1153	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1154	// {
1155	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1156	// }
1157	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1158	// {
1159	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1160	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1161	// }
1162	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1163	// {
1164	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1165	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1166	// }
1167	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1168	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1169	//
1170	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1171	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1172	//
1173	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1174	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1175	new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1176	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1177	{
1178	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1179	}
1180	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1181	{
1182	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1183	}
1184	;
1185
1186	new_function_return: // CFA
1187	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1188	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1189	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1190	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1191	// ']'.
1192	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1193	;
1194
1195	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1196	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1197	{
1198	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1199	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1200	}
1201	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1202	{
1203	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1204	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1205	}
1206	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1207	{
1208	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1209	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1210	}
1211	;
1212
1213	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1214	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1215
1216	typedef_declaration:
1217	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1218	{
1219	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1220	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1221	}
1222	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1223	{
1224	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1225	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1226	}
1227	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1228	{
1229	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1230	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1231	}
1232	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1233	{
1234	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1235	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1236	}
1237	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1238	{
1239	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1240	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1241	}
1242	;
1243
1244	typedef_expression:
1245	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1246	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1247	{
1248	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1249	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1250	}
1251	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1252	{
1253	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1254	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1255	}
1256	;
1257
1258	old_declaration:
1259	declaring_list pop ';'
1260	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1261	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1262	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1263	;
1264
1265	declaring_list:
1266	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1267	// storage-class
1268	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1269	{
1270	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1271	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1272	}
1273	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1274	{
1275	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1276	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1277	}
1278	;
1279
1280	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1281	basic_declaration_specifier
1282	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1283	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1284	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1285	;
1286
1287	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1288	basic_type_specifier
1289	\| sue_type_specifier
1290	\| typedef_type_specifier
1291	\| typegen_type_specifier
1292	;
1293
1294	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1295	// empty
1296	{ $$ = 0; }
1297	\| type_qualifier_list
1298	;
1299
1300	type_qualifier_list:
1301	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1302	//
1303	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1304	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1305	// appeared only once.
1306	type_qualifier
1307	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1308	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1309	;
1310
1311	type_qualifier:
1312	type_qualifier_name
1313	\| attribute
1314	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1315	;
1316
1317	type_qualifier_name:
1318	CONST
1319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1320	\| RESTRICT
1321	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1322	\| VOLATILE
1323	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1324	\| LVALUE // CFA
1325	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1326	\| ATOMIC
1327	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1328	\| FORALL '('
1329	{
1330	typedefTable.enterScope();
1331	}
1332	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1333	{
1334	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1335	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1336	}
1337	;
1338
1339	declaration_qualifier_list:
1340	storage_class_list
1341	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1342	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1343	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1344	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1345	;
1346
1347	storage_class_list:
1348	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1349	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1350	//
1351	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1352	// specifiers in a declaration.
1353	storage_class
1354	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1355	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1356	;
1357
1358	storage_class:
1359	EXTERN
1360	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1361	\| STATIC
1362	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1363	\| AUTO
1364	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1365	\| REGISTER
1366	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1367	\| INLINE // C99
1368	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1369	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isInline = true; }
1370	\| FORTRAN // C99
1371	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1372	\| NORETURN // C11
1373	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1374	{ $$ = new DeclarationNode; $$->isNoreturn = true; }
1375	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1376	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1377	;
1378
1379	basic_type_name:
1380	CHAR
1381	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1382	\| DOUBLE
1383	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1384	\| FLOAT
1385	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1386	\| INT
1387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1388	\| LONG
1389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1390	\| SHORT
1391	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1392	\| SIGNED
1393	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1394	\| UNSIGNED
1395	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1396	\| VOID
1397	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1398	\| BOOL // C99
1399	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1400	\| COMPLEX // C99
1401	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1402	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1403	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1404	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1405	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1406	;
1407
1408	basic_declaration_specifier:
1409	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1410	basic_type_specifier
1411	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1412	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1413	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1414	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1415	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1416	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1417	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1418	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1419	;
1420
1421	basic_type_specifier:
1422	direct_type_name
1423	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1424	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1425	;
1426
1427	direct_type_name:
1428	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1429	basic_type_name
1430	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1431	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1432	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1433	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1434	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1435	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1436	;
1437
1438	indirect_type_name:
1439	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1440	{ $$ = $3; }
1441	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1442	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1443	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1444	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1445	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1446	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1447	;
1448
1449	sue_declaration_specifier:
1450	sue_type_specifier
1451	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1452	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1453	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1454	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1455	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1456	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1457	;
1458
1459	sue_type_specifier:
1460	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1461	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1462	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1463	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1464	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1465	;
1466
1467	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1468	typedef_type_specifier
1469	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1470	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1471	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1472	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1473	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1474	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1475	;
1476
1477	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1478	TYPEDEFname
1479	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1480	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1481	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1482	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1483	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1484	;
1485
1486	elaborated_type_name:
1487	aggregate_name
1488	\| enum_name
1489	;
1490
1491	aggregate_name:
1492	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, nullptr, $3, true ); }
1494	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1495	{
1496	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1497	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, nullptr, false );
1498	}
1499	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1500	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1501	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1502	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, nullptr, $5, true ); }
1503	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1504	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $3, $6, false ); }
1505	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1506	{ $$ = $2; }
1507	;
1508
1509	aggregate_key:
1510	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1511	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1512	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1513	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1514	;
1515
1516	field_declaration_list:
1517	// empty
1518	{ $$ = 0; }
1519	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1520	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1521	;
1522
1523	field_declaration:
1524	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1525	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1526	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1527	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1528	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1529	{ // mark all fields in list
1530	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1531	iter->set_extension( true );
1532	$$ = $2;
1533	}
1534	;
1535
1536	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1537	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1538	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1539	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1540	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1541	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1542	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1543	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1544	;
1545
1546	field_declaring_list:
1547	type_specifier field_declarator
1548	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1549	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1550	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1551	;
1552
1553	field_declarator:
1554	// empty
1555	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1556	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1557	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1558	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1559	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1560	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1561	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1562	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1563	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1564	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1565	;
1566
1567	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1568	// empty
1569	{ $$ = 0; }
1570	\| bit_subrange_size
1571	{ $$ = $1; }
1572	;
1573
1574	bit_subrange_size:
1575	':' constant_expression
1576	{ $$ = $2; }
1577	;
1578
1579	enum_key:
1580	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1581	;
1582
1583	enum_name:
1584	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1585	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $3 ); }
1586	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1587	{
1588	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1589	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1590	}
1591	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1592	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1593	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1594	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1595	;
1596
1597	enumerator_list:
1598	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1600	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1601	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1602	;
1603
1604	enumerator_value_opt:
1605	// empty
1606	{ $$ = 0; }
1607	\| '=' constant_expression
1608	{ $$ = $2; }
1609	;
1610
1611	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1612
1613	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1614	// empty
1615	{ $$ = 0; }
1616	\| new_parameter_type_list
1617	;
1618
1619	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1620	new_abstract_parameter_list
1621	\| new_parameter_list
1622	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1623	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1624	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1625	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1626	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1627	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1628	;
1629
1630	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1631	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1632	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1633	new_parameter_declaration
1634	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1635	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1636	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1637	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1638	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1639	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1640	;
1641
1642	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1643	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1644	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1645	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1646	;
1647
1648	parameter_type_list_opt:
1649	// empty
1650	{ $$ = 0; }
1651	\| parameter_type_list
1652	;
1653
1654	parameter_type_list:
1655	parameter_list
1656	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1657	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1658	;
1659
1660	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1661	abstract_parameter_declaration
1662	\| parameter_declaration
1663	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1664	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1665	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1666	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1667	;
1668
1669	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1670	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1671
1672	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1673	parameter_declaration
1674	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1675	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1676	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1677	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1678	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1679	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1680	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1681	\| new_function_specifier
1682	;
1683
1684	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1685	abstract_parameter_declaration
1686	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1687	\| new_abstract_tuple
1688	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1689	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1690	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1691	\| new_abstract_function
1692	;
1693
1694	parameter_declaration:
1695	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1696	{
1697	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1698	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1699	}
1700	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1701	{
1702	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1703	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1704	}
1705	;
1706
1707	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1708	declaration_specifier
1709	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1710	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1711	;
1712
1713	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1714	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1715	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1716
1717	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1718	no_attr_identifier
1719	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1720	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1721	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1722	;
1723
1724	identifier_or_type_name:
1725	identifier
1726	\| TYPEDEFname
1727	\| TYPEGENname
1728	;
1729
1730	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1731	no_01_identifier
1732	\| TYPEDEFname
1733	\| TYPEGENname
1734	;
1735
1736	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1737	no_attr_identifier
1738	\| TYPEDEFname
1739	\| TYPEGENname
1740	;
1741
1742	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1743	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1744	\| type_specifier
1745	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1746	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1747	;
1748
1749	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1750	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1751	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1752	\| type_specifier
1753	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1754	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1755	;
1756
1757	initializer_opt:
1758	// empty
1759	{ $$ = 0; }
1760	\| '=' initializer
1761	{ $$ = $2; }
1762	\| ATassign initializer
1763	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1764	;
1765
1766	initializer:
1767	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1768	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1769	;
1770
1771	initializer_list:
1772	// empty
1773	{ $$ = 0; }
1774	\| initializer
1775	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1776	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1777	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1778	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1779	;
1780
1781	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1782	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1783	//
1784	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1785	//
1786	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1787	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1788	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1789	// shift/reduce conflicts
1790
1791	designation:
1792	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1793	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1794	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1795	;
1796
1797	designator_list: // C99
1798	designator
1799	\| designator_list designator
1800	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1801	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1802	;
1803
1804	designator:
1805	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1806	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1807	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1808	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1809	{ $$ = $3; }
1810	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1811	{ $$ = $3; }
1812	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1813	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1814	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1815	{ $$ = $4; }
1816	;
1817
1818	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1819	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1820	//
1821	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1822	//
1823	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1824	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1825	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1826	//
1827	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1828	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1829	//
1830	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1831	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1832	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1833	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1834	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1835
1836	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1837	typegen_type_specifier
1838	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1839	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1840	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1841	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1842	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1843	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1844	;
1845
1846	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1847	typegen_name
1848	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1849	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1850	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1851	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1852	;
1853
1854	typegen_name: // CFA
1855	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1856	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1857	;
1858
1859	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1860	type_parameter assignment_opt
1861	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1862	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1863	;
1864
1865	type_parameter: // CFA
1866	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1867	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1868	assertion_list_opt
1869	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1870	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1871	;
1872
1873	type_class: // CFA
1874	OTYPE
1875	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Otype; }
1876	\| DTYPE
1877	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1878	\| FTYPE
1879	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1880	;
1881
1882	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1883	// empty
1884	{ $$ = 0; }
1885	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1886	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1887	;
1888
1889	assertion: // CFA
1890	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1891	{
1892	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1893	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1894	}
1895	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1896	{ $$ = $4; }
1897	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1898	{ $$ = 0; }
1899	;
1900
1901	type_name_list: // CFA
1902	type_name
1903	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1904	\| assignment_expression
1905	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1906	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1907	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1908	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1909	;
1910
1911	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1912	OTYPE type_declarator
1913	{ $$ = $2; }
1914	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1915	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1916	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1917	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1918	;
1919
1920	type_declarator: // CFA
1921	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1922	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1923	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1924	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1925	;
1926
1927	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1928	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1929	{
1930	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1931	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1932	}
1933	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1934	{
1935	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1936	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1937	}
1938	;
1939
1940	trait_specifier: // CFA
1941	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1942	{
1943	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1944	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1945	}
1946	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1947	{
1948	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1949	typedefTable.enterScope();
1950	}
1951	trait_declaration_list '}'
1952	{
1953	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1954	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1955	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1956	}
1957	;
1958
1959	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1960	trait_declaration
1961	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1962	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1963	;
1964
1965	trait_declaration: // CFA
1966	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1967	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1968	;
1969
1970	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1971	new_variable_specifier
1972	{
1973	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1974	$$ = $1;
1975	}
1976	\| new_function_specifier
1977	{
1978	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1979	$$ = $1;
1980	}
1981	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1982	{
1983	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1984	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1985	}
1986	;
1987
1988	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1989	type_specifier declarator
1990	{
1991	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1992	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1993	}
1994	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1995	{
1996	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1997	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1998	}
1999	;
2000
2001	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2002
2003	translation_unit:
2004	// empty
2005	{} // empty input file
2006	\| external_definition_list
2007	{ parseTree = parseTree != nullptr ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2008	;
2009
2010	external_definition_list:
2011	external_definition
2012	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2013	{ $$ = $1 != nullptr ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2014	;
2015
2016	external_definition_list_opt:
2017	// empty
2018	{ $$ = 0; }
2019	\| external_definition_list
2020	;
2021
2022	external_definition:
2023	declaration
2024	\| external_function_definition
2025	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
2026	{}
2027	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2028	{
2029	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2030	linkage = LinkageSpec::linkageCheck( $2 );
2031	}
2032	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2033	{
2034	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2035	linkageStack.pop();
2036	$$ = $5;
2037	}
2038	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2039	{ // mark all fields in list
2040	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2041	iter->set_extension( true );
2042	$$ = $2;
2043	}
2044	;
2045
2046	external_function_definition:
2047	function_definition
2048	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2049	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2050	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2051	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2052	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2053	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2054	{
2055	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2056	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2057	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2058	}
2059	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2060	{
2061	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2062	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2063	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2064	}
2065	;
2066
2067	function_definition:
2068	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2069	{
2070	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2071	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2072	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2073	}
2074	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2075	{
2076	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2077	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2078	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2079	}
2080	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2081	{
2082	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2083	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2084	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2085	}
2086	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2087	{
2088	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2089	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2090	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2091	}
2092	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2093	{
2094	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2095	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2096	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2097	}
2098
2099	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2100	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2101	{
2102	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2103	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2104	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2105	}
2106	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2107	{
2108	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2109	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2110	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2111	}
2112
2113	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2114	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2115	{
2116	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2117	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2118	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2119	}
2120	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2121	{
2122	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2123	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2124	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2125	}
2126	;
2127
2128	declarator:
2129	variable_declarator
2130	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2131	\| function_declarator
2132	;
2133
2134	subrange:
2135	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2136	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2137	;
2138
2139	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2140	// empty
2141	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2142	;
2143
2144	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2145	// empty
2146	{ $$ = 0; }
2147	\| attribute_list
2148	;
2149
2150	attribute_list: // GCC
2151	attribute
2152	\| attribute_list attribute
2153	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2154	;
2155
2156	attribute: // GCC
2157	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2158	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2159	{ $$ = 0; }
2160	;
2161
2162	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2163	attrib
2164	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2165	;
2166
2167	attrib: // GCC
2168	// empty
2169	\| any_word
2170	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')' { delete $3; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2171	;
2172
2173	any_word: // GCC
2174	identifier_or_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2175	\| storage_class { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2176	\| basic_type_name { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2177	\| type_qualifier { delete $1; } // FIX ME: unimplemented
2178	;
2179
2180	// ============================================================================
2181	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2182	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2183	// in:
2184	//
2185	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2186	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2187	//
2188	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2189	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2190	// ============================================================================
2191
2192	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2193	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2194	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2195	//
2196	// valid declaration invalid definition
2197	// ----------------- ------------------
2198	// int f; int f {}
2199	// int f; int f {}
2200	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2201	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2202	//
2203	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2204	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2205	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2206
2207	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2208	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2209
2210	variable_declarator:
2211	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2212	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2213	\| variable_ptr
2214	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2215	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2216	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2217	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2218	;
2219
2220	paren_identifier:
2221	identifier
2222	{
2223	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2224	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2225	}
2226	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2227	{ $$ = $2; }
2228	;
2229
2230	variable_ptr:
2231	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2232	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2233	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2234	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2235	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2236	{ $$ = $2; }
2237	;
2238
2239	variable_array:
2240	paren_identifier array_dimension
2241	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2242	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2243	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2244	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2245	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2246	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2247	{ $$ = $2; }
2248	;
2249
2250	variable_function:
2251	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2252	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2253	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2254	{ $$ = $2; }
2255	;
2256
2257	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2258	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2259	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2260
2261	function_declarator:
2262	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2263	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2264	\| function_ptr
2265	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2266	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2267	;
2268
2269	function_no_ptr:
2270	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2271	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2272	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2273	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2274	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2275	{ $$ = $2; }
2276	;
2277
2278	function_ptr:
2279	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2280	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2281	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2282	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2283	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2284	{ $$ = $2; }
2285	;
2286
2287	function_array:
2288	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2289	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2290	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2291	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2292	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2293	{ $$ = $2; }
2294	;
2295
2296	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2297	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2298	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2299
2300	old_function_declarator:
2301	old_function_no_ptr
2302	\| old_function_ptr
2303	\| old_function_array
2304	;
2305
2306	old_function_no_ptr:
2307	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2308	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2309	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2310	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2311	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2312	{ $$ = $2; }
2313	;
2314
2315	old_function_ptr:
2316	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2317	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2318	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2319	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2320	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2321	{ $$ = $2; }
2322	;
2323
2324	old_function_array:
2325	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2326	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2327	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2328	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2329	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2330	{ $$ = $2; }
2331	;
2332
2333	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2334	//
2335	// typedef int foo;
2336	// {
2337	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2338	// }
2339	//
2340	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2341	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2342
2343	variable_type_redeclarator:
2344	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2345	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2346	\| type_ptr
2347	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2348	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2349	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2350	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2351	;
2352
2353	paren_type:
2354	typedef
2355	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2356	{ $$ = $2; }
2357	;
2358
2359	type_ptr:
2360	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2361	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2362	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2363	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2364	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2365	{ $$ = $2; }
2366	;
2367
2368	type_array:
2369	paren_type array_dimension
2370	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2371	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2372	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2373	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2374	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2375	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2376	{ $$ = $2; }
2377	;
2378
2379	type_function:
2380	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2381	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2382	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2383	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2384	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2385	{ $$ = $2; }
2386	;
2387
2388	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2389	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2390	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2391	// arrays and functions.
2392
2393	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2394	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2395	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2396	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2397	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2398	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2399	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2400	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2401	;
2402
2403	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2404	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2405	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2406	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2407	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2408	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2409	{ $$ = $2; }
2410	;
2411
2412	identifier_parameter_array:
2413	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2414	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2415	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2416	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2417	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2418	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2419	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2420	{ $$ = $2; }
2421	;
2422
2423	identifier_parameter_function:
2424	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2425	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2426	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2427	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2428	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2429	{ $$ = $2; }
2430	;
2431
2432	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2433	// e.g.:
2434	//
2435	// typedef int foo;
2436	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2437	//
2438	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2439	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2440	//
2441	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2442	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2443	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2444	//
2445	// For example:
2446	//
2447	// typedef float T;
2448	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2449	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2450	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2451	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2452	//
2453	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2454	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2455	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2456	// functions.
2457
2458	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2459	typedef attribute_list_opt
2460	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2461	\| type_parameter_ptr
2462	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2463	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2464	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2465	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2466	;
2467
2468	typedef:
2469	TYPEDEFname
2470	{
2471	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2472	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2473	}
2474	\| TYPEGENname
2475	{
2476	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2477	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2478	}
2479	;
2480
2481	type_parameter_ptr:
2482	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2483	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2484	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2485	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2486	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2487	{ $$ = $2; }
2488	;
2489
2490	type_parameter_array:
2491	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2492	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2493	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2494	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2495	;
2496
2497	type_parameter_function:
2498	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2499	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2500	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2501	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2502	;
2503
2504	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2505	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2506	//
2507	// sizeof( int );
2508	// sizeof( int [10] );
2509	//
2510	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2511	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2512
2513	abstract_declarator:
2514	abstract_ptr
2515	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2516	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2517	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2518	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2519	;
2520
2521	abstract_ptr:
2522	ptrref_operator
2523	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2524	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2525	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2526	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2527	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2528	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2529	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2530	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2531	{ $$ = $2; }
2532	;
2533
2534	abstract_array:
2535	array_dimension
2536	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2537	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2538	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2539	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2540	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2541	{ $$ = $2; }
2542	;
2543
2544	abstract_function:
2545	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2546	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2547	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2548	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2549	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2550	{ $$ = $2; }
2551	;
2552
2553	array_dimension:
2554	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2555	'[' ']'
2556	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2557	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2558	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2559	\| multi_array_dimension
2560	;
2561
2562	multi_array_dimension:
2563	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2564	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2565	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2566	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2567	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2568	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2569	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2570	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2571	;
2572
2573	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2574	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2575	//
2576	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2577	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2578	//
2579	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2580	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2581
2582	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2583	abstract_parameter_ptr
2584	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2585	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2586	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2587	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2588	;
2589
2590	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2591	ptrref_operator
2592	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2593	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2594	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2595	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2596	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2597	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2598	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2599	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2600	{ $$ = $2; }
2601	;
2602
2603	abstract_parameter_array:
2604	array_parameter_dimension
2605	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2606	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2607	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2608	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2609	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2610	{ $$ = $2; }
2611	;
2612
2613	abstract_parameter_function:
2614	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2615	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
2616	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2617	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2618	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2619	{ $$ = $2; }
2620	;
2621
2622	array_parameter_dimension:
2623	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2624	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2625	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2626	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2627	\| multi_array_dimension
2628	;
2629
2630	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2631	//
2632	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2633	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2634
2635	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2636	'[' ']'
2637	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2638	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2639	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2640	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2641	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2642	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2643	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2644	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2645	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2646	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2647	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2648	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2649	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2650	;
2651
2652	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2653	// e.g.:
2654	//
2655	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2656	//
2657	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2658	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2659
2660	variable_abstract_declarator:
2661	variable_abstract_ptr
2662	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2663	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2664	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2665	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2666	;
2667
2668	variable_abstract_ptr:
2669	ptrref_operator
2670	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2671	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2672	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2673	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2674	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2675	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2676	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2677	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2678	{ $$ = $2; }
2679	;
2680
2681	variable_abstract_array:
2682	array_dimension
2683	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2684	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2685	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2686	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2687	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2688	{ $$ = $2; }
2689	;
2690
2691	variable_abstract_function:
2692	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2693	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2694	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2695	{ $$ = $2; }
2696	;
2697
2698	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2699	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2700
2701	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2702	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2703	\| new_abstract_tuple
2704	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2705	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2706	;
2707
2708	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2709	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2710	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2711	;
2712
2713	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2714	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2715	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2716	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2717	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2718	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2719	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2720	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2721	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2722	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2723	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2724	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2725	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2726	;
2727
2728	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2729	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2730	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2731	'[' ']' type_specifier
2732	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2733	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2734	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2735	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2736	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2737	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2738	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2739	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2740	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2741
2742	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2743	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2744	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2745	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2746	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2747	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2748	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2749	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2750	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2751	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2752	;
2753
2754	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2755	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2756	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2757	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2758	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2759	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2760	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2761	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2762	// appear in this context.
2763	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2764	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2765	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2766	;
2767
2768	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2769	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2770	//
2771	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2772	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2773	//
2774	// These rules need LR(3):
2775	//
2776	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2777	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2778	//
2779	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2780	//
2781	// [int, int] t;
2782	// [int, int] f( int );
2783	//
2784	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2785	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2786	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2787	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2788
2789	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2790	new_abstract_tuple
2791	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2792	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2793	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2794	;
2795
2796	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2797	new_abstract_ptr
2798	\| new_abstract_array
2799	;
2800
2801	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2802	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2803	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2804	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2805	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2806	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2807	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2808	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2809	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2810	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2811	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2812	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2813	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2814	;
2815
2816	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2817	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2818	// empty (void) function return type.
2819	'[' ']' type_specifier
2820	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2821	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2822	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2823	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2824	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2825	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2826	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2827	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2828	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
2829	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2830	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2831	;
2832
2833	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2834	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2835	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2836	;
2837
2838	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2839	// '[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2840	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
2841	new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2842	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2843	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2844	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
2845	;
2846
2847	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2848	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2849	//
2850	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2851	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2852	//
2853	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2854	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2855	//
2856	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2857	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2858
2859	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2860
2861	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2862	// empty
2863	\| ','
2864	;
2865
2866	assignment_opt:
2867	// empty
2868	{ $$ = 0; }
2869	\| '=' assignment_expression
2870	{ $$ = $2; }
2871	;
2872
2873	%%
2874	// ----end of grammar----
2875
2876	extern char *yytext;
2877
2878	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2879	cout << "Error ";
2880	if ( yyfilename ) {
2881	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2882	} // if
2883	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << endl;
2884	}
2885
2886	// Local Variables: //
2887	// mode: c++ //
2888	// tab-width: 4 //
2889	// compile-command: "make install" //
2890	// End: //

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