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parser.yy @ 35897fb

Last change on this file since 35897fb was e78966e, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 6 months ago
add parsing support for enum type in 'with' statement
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File size: 176.4 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sat Apr 27 16:23:14 2024
13	// Update Count : 6625
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
51	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
52	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
53	#include "ParserTypes.h"
54	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
55	#include "TypedefTable.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "AST/Type.hpp" // for BasicType, BasicKind
58	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
59	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
60
61	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
62	#ifdef __clang__
63	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
64	#endif
65
66	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
67	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
68	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
69
70	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
71
72	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
73	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
74	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
75	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
76	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
77	//
78	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
79	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
80	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
81
82	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
83	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
84	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
85	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
86	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
87	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
88	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
89	} // if
90	} else {
91	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
92	to = "u8" + to;
93	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
94	} else {
95	to = from[0] + to;
96	} // if
97	} // if
98	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
99	} // if
100	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
101	return true;
102	} // appendStr
103
104	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
105	// Distribute type specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, __attribute__.
106	assert( declList );
107
108	// Do not distribute attributes for aggregates because the attributes surrounding the aggregate belong it not the
109	// variables in the declaration list, e.g.,
110	//
111	// struct __attribute__(( aligned(128) )) S { ...
112	// } v1 __attribute__(( aligned(64) )), v2 __attribute__(( aligned(32) )), v3;
113	// struct S v4;
114	//
115	// v1 => 64, v2 =>32, v3 => 128, v2 => 128
116	//
117	// Anonymous aggregates are a special case because there is no aggregate to bind the attribute to; hence it floats
118	// to the declaration list.
119	//
120	// struct __attribute__(( aligned(128) )) /anonymous / { ... } v1;
121	//
122	// v1 => 128
123
124	bool copyattr = ! (typeSpec->type && typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && ! typeSpec->type->aggregate.anon );
125
126	// addType copies the type information for the aggregate instances from typeSpec into cl's aggInst.aggregate.
127	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec ); // typeSpec IS DELETED!!!
128
129	// Start at second variable in declaration list and clone the type specifiers for each variable.
130	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = declList->next ; cur != nullptr; cur = cur->next ) {
131	cl->cloneBaseType( cur, copyattr ); // cur is modified
132	} // for
133
134	// Add first variable in declaration list with hidden type information in aggInst.aggregate, which is used by
135	// extractType to recover the type for the aggregate instances.
136	declList->addType( cl, copyattr ); // cl IS DELETED!!!
137	return declList;
138	} // distAttr
139
140	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
141	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
142	for ( DeclarationNode *iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
143	iter->set_extension( true );
144	} // for
145	} // distExt
146
147	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
148	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
149	for ( DeclarationNode *iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
150	iter->set_inLine( true );
151	} // for
152	} // distInl
153
154	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
155	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
156	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration ; iter != nullptr ; iter = iter->next ) {
157	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
158	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
159	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
160	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
161	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
162	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
163	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
164	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
165	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
166	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
167	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
168	DeclarationNode newnode;
169	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
170	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
171	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
172	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
173	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
174	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
175	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
176	} // if
177	} else { // just SC qualifiers
178	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
179	} // if
180	} // for
181	delete qualifiers;
182	} // distQual
183
184	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
185	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
186	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
187	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
188	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
189	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
190	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
191
192	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
193	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
194	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
195	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
196	} // if
197	} // rebindForall
198
199	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
200	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
201	return name;
202	} // build_postfix_name
203
204	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
205	if ( nullptr == fieldList ) {
206	if ( !( typeSpec->type && typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) ) {
207	stringstream ss;
208	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
209	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
210	return nullptr;
211	} // if
212	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
213	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
214	} // if
215
216	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
217	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
218	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
219	return temp;
220	} // fieldDecl
221
222	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
223	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
224	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
225	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "syntax error, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
226	#define MISSING_LOW "syntax error, missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
227	#define MISSING_HIGH "syntax error, missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
228
229	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
230	const CodeLocation & location,
231	DeclarationNode * init,
232	enum OperKinds compop,
233	ExpressionNode * comp,
234	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
235	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
236	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
237	compop,
238	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
239	comp ) );
240	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
241	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
242	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
243	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
244	inc ) );
245	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
246	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
247	}
248
249	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
250	if ( index->initializer ) {
251	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
252	} // if
253	if ( index->next ) {
254	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
255	} // if
256	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
257	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
258	} // forCtrl
259
260	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
261	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
262	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
263	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicKind::SignedInt ) ) );
264	} // if
265	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
266	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
267	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
268	);
269	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
270	} // forCtrl
271
272	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
273	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
274	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
275	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
276	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
277	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
278	} else {
279	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
280	} // if
281	} else {
282	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
283	} // if
284	} // forCtrl
285
286	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
287	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, adjacent identifiers \"%s\" and \"%s\" are not meaningful in an %s.\n"
288	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter.",
289	identifier1.c_str(), identifier2.c_str(), kind );
290	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
291
292	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
293	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, identifier \"%s\" cannot appear before a %s.\n"
294	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter.",
295	identifier.c_str(), kind );
296	} // IdentifierBeforeType
297
298	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
299
300	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
301	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
302	if ( N ) { \
303	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
304	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
305	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
306	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
307	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
308	} else { \
309	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
310	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
311	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
312	}
313	%}
314
315	%define parse.error verbose
316
317	// Types declaration for productions
318
319	%union {
320	// A raw token can be used.
321	Token tok;
322
323	// The general node types hold some generic node or list of nodes.
324	DeclarationNode * decl;
325	InitializerNode * init;
326	ExpressionNode * expr;
327	StatementNode * stmt;
328	ClauseNode * clause;
329	TypeData * type;
330
331	// Special "nodes" containing compound information.
332	CondCtl * ifctl;
333	ForCtrl * forctl;
334	LabelNode * labels;
335
336	// Various flags and single values that become fields later.
337	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
338	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
339	OperKinds oper;
340	bool is_volatile;
341	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
342	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
343	// String passes ownership with it.
344	std::string * str;
345
346	// Narrower node types are used to avoid constant unwrapping.
347	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
348	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
349	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
350	}
351
352	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
353
354	// keywords
355	%token TYPEDEF
356	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
357	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
358	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
359	%token NORETURN // C11
360	%token CONST VOLATILE
361	%token RESTRICT // C99
362	%token ATOMIC // C11
363	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
364	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
365	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
366	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
367	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
368	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
369	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
370	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
371	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
372	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
373	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
374	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
375	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
376	// %token RESUME // CFA
377	%token LABEL // GCC
378	%token SUSPEND // CFA
379	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
380	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
381	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
382	%token CORUN COFOR
383	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
384	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
385	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
386
387	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
388	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
389	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
390	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
391	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
392	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
393	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
394	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
395	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
396
397	// multi-character operators
398	%token ARROW // ->
399	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
400	%token LS RS // << >>
401	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
402	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
403	%token ATTR ELLIPSIS // @@ ...
404
405	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
406	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
407	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
408	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
409
410	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
411	%token ATassign // @=
412
413	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
414	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
415	%type<expr> string_literal
416	%type<str> string_literal_list
417
418	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
419
420	// expressions
421	%type<expr> constant
422	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
423	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
424	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
425	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
426	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
427	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
428	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
429	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
430	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
431	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
432	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
433	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
434	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
435	%type<expr> subrange
436	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
437	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
438	%type<labels> label_list
439	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
440	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
441	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
442	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
443
444	// statements
445	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
446	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
447	%type<stmt> selection_statement
448	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
449	%type<expr> case_value
450	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
451	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
452	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
453	%type<stmt> with_statement
454	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
455	%type<stmt> corun_statement cofor_statement
456	%type<stmt> exception_statement
457	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
458	%type<except_kind> handler_key
459	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
460	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
461	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
462	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
463	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
464
465	// declarations
466	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
467	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
468	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
469
470	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
471	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
472
473	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
474
475	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
476
477	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
478	%type<type> basic_type_name_type
479	%type<type> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
480
481	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
482
483	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
484	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
485
486	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
487
488	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody enumerator_type
489	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
490
491	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
492
493	%type<decl> exception_declaration
494
495	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declaring_list field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
496	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
497
498	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
499
500	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
501	%type<decl> identifier_list
502
503	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
504	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
505	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
506
507	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
508
509	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
510	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
511
512	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
513	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
514
515	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt
516
517	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
518
519	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
520	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
521	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
522
523	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_list_ellipsis_opt
524
525	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
526
527	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
528
529	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
530
531	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
532	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
533
534	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier
535	%type<type> type_name typegen_name
536	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
537
538	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
539	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
540
541	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
542
543	%type<decl> type type_no_function
544	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
545
546	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list // array_dimension_list
547
548	%type<decl> type_qualifier forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
549	%type<type> type_qualifier_name
550	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
551
552	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
553	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
554
555	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
556
557	// initializers
558	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
559
560	// designators
561	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
562
563
564	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
565	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
566	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
567	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
568	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
569
570	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
571	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
572	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
573	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
574	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
575	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
576	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
577	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
578	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
579	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
580	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
581	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
582	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
583	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
584
585
586	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
587	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
588	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
589	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
590	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
591	// must be:
592	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
593	// The same problem occurs here:
594	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
595	// must be:
596	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
597
598	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
599	%precedence TYPEGENname
600	%precedence '}'
601	%precedence '('
602
603	// %precedence RESUME
604	// %precedence '{'
605	// %precedence ')'
606
607	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
608
609	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
610
611	%%
612	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
613
614	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
615	// which are lexically identical.
616	//
617	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
618	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
619	//
620	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
621	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
622	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
623	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
624	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
625	//
626	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
627	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
628	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
629	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
630	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
631	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
632	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
633	//
634	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
635	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
636	// around the list separator.
637	//
638	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
639	// push pop push pop
640
641	push:
642	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
643	;
644
645	pop:
646	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
647	;
648
649	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
650
651	constant:
652	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
653	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
654	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
655	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
656	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
657	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
658	;
659
660	quasi_keyword: // CFA
661	TIMEOUT
662	\| WAND
663	\| WOR
664	\| CATCH
665	\| RECOVER
666	\| CATCHRESUME
667	\| FIXUP
668	\| FINALLY
669	;
670
671	identifier:
672	IDENTIFIER
673	\| quasi_keyword
674	;
675
676	identifier_at:
677	identifier
678	\| '@' // CFA
679	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
680	;
681
682	string_literal:
683	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
684	;
685
686	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
687	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
688	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
689	{
690	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
691	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
692	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
693	}
694	;
695
696	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
697
698	primary_expression:
699	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
700	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
701	\| quasi_keyword
702	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
703	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
704	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
705	\| tuple
706	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
707	{ $$ = $2; }
708	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
709	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
710	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
711	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ), build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
712	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
713	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
714	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
715	{
716	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
717	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
718	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
719	}
720	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
721	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
722	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
723	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
724	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
725	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
726	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
727	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
728	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
729	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
730	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
731	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
732	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
733	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
734	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
735	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
736	;
737
738	generic_assoc_list: // C11
739	generic_association
740	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
741	{
742	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
743	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
744	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
745	delete $3;
746	$$ = $1;
747	}
748	;
749
750	generic_association: // C11
751	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
752	{
753	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
754	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
755	}
756	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
757	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
758	;
759
760	postfix_expression:
761	primary_expression
762	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
763	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
764	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
765	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
766	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, $3->set_last( $5 ) ) ) ) ); }
767	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
768	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
769	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
770	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
771	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
772	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
773	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
775	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
776	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
777	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
778	{
779	Token fn;
780	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
781	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), $1->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
782	}
783	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
785	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
786	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
787	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg" ) ) ),
788	$3->set_last( (ExpressionNode *)($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) ) ) ); }
789	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
790	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
791	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
792	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
793	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
794	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
795
796	// SKULLDUGGERY: The typedef table used for parsing does not store fields in structures. To parse a qualified
797	// name, it is assumed all name-tokens after the first are identifiers, regardless of how the lexer identifies
798	// them. For example:
799	//
800	// struct S;
801	// forall(T) struct T;
802	// union U;
803	// enum E { S, T, E };
804	// struct Z { int S, T, Z, E, U; };
805	// void fred () {
806	// Z z;
807	// z.S; // lexer returns S is TYPEDEFname
808	// z.T; // lexer returns T is TYPEGENname
809	// z.Z; // lexer returns Z is TYPEDEFname
810	// z.U; // lexer returns U is TYPEDEFname
811	// z.E; // lexer returns E is TYPEDEFname
812	// }
813	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
814	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
815	\| postfix_expression '.' TYPEDEFname // CFA, SKULLDUGGERY
816	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
817	\| postfix_expression '.' TYPEGENname // CFA, SKULLDUGGERY
818	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
819
820	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
821	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
822	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
823	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
824	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
825	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
826	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
828	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
829	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
830	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
831	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
832	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
833	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
834	\| postfix_expression ICR
835	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
836	\| postfix_expression DECR
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
838	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
839	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
840	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
841	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
842	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
843	{
844	Token fn;
845	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
846	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), $2->set_last( $4 ) ) );
847	}
848	;
849
850	argument_expression_list_opt:
851	// empty
852	{ $$ = nullptr; }
853	\| argument_expression_list
854	;
855
856	argument_expression_list:
857	argument_expression
858	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
859	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
860	;
861
862	argument_expression:
863	'@' // CFA, default parameter
864	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
865	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
866	\| assignment_expression
867	;
868
869	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
870	field
871	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
872	;
873
874	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
875	field_name
876	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
877	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
878	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
879	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
880	\| field_name '.' field
881	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
882	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
883	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
884	\| field_name ARROW field
885	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
886	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
888	;
889
890	field_name:
891	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
892	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
893	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
894	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
895	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
896	{
897	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
898	}
899	;
900
901	fraction_constants_opt:
902	// empty
903	{ $$ = nullptr; }
904	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
905	{
906	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
907	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
908	}
909	;
910
911	unary_expression:
912	postfix_expression
913	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
914	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
915	\| constant
916	\| string_literal
917	{ $$ = $1; }
918	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
919	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
920	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
921	// { * X; } // dereference X
922	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
923	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
924	{
925	switch ( $1 ) {
926	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
927	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
928	break;
929	case OperKinds::PointTo:
930	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
931	break;
932	case OperKinds::And:
933	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
934	break;
935	default:
936	assert( false );
937	}
938	}
939	\| unary_operator cast_expression
940	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
941	\| ICR unary_expression
942	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
943	\| DECR unary_expression
944	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
945	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
946	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
947	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
948	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
949	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
950	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
951	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
952	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
953
954	// Cannot use rule "type", which includes cfa_abstract_function, for sizeof/alignof, because of S/R problems on
955	// look ahead, so the cfa_abstract_function is factored out.
956	\| SIZEOF '(' cfa_abstract_function ')'
957	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
958	\| ALIGNOF '(' cfa_abstract_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
959	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
960
961	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
962	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
963	\| TYPEID '(' type ')'
964	{
965	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
966	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
967	}
968	;
969
970	ptrref_operator:
971	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
972	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
973	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
974	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
975	;
976
977	unary_operator:
978	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
979	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
980	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
981	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
982	;
983
984	cast_expression:
985	unary_expression
986	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
987	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
988	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
989	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
990	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
991	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
992	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
993	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), nullptr ) ); }
994	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
995	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
996	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
997	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
998	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
999	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1000	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
1001	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1002	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
1003	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
1004	;
1005
1006	qualifier_cast_list:
1007	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
1008	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
1009	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
1010	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
1011	;
1012
1013	cast_modifier:
1014	'-'
1015	\| '+'
1016	;
1017
1018	exponential_expression:
1019	cast_expression
1020	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
1021	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
1022	;
1023
1024	multiplicative_expression:
1025	exponential_expression
1026	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
1027	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
1028	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
1029	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
1030	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
1031	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
1032	;
1033
1034	additive_expression:
1035	multiplicative_expression
1036	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
1037	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
1038	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
1039	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
1040	;
1041
1042	shift_expression:
1043	additive_expression
1044	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
1045	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
1046	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
1047	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
1048	;
1049
1050	relational_expression:
1051	shift_expression
1052	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
1053	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1054	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
1055	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1056	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
1057	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1058	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
1059	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
1060	;
1061
1062	equality_expression:
1063	relational_expression
1064	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1065	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1066	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1067	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1068	;
1069
1070	AND_expression:
1071	equality_expression
1072	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1073	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1074	;
1075
1076	exclusive_OR_expression:
1077	AND_expression
1078	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1079	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1080	;
1081
1082	inclusive_OR_expression:
1083	exclusive_OR_expression
1084	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1085	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1086	;
1087
1088	logical_AND_expression:
1089	inclusive_OR_expression
1090	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1091	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1092	;
1093
1094	logical_OR_expression:
1095	logical_AND_expression
1096	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1097	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1098	;
1099
1100	conditional_expression:
1101	logical_OR_expression
1102	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1103	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1104	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1105	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, nullptr, $4 ) ); }
1106	;
1107
1108	constant_expression:
1109	conditional_expression
1110	;
1111
1112	assignment_expression:
1113	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1114	conditional_expression
1115	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1116	{
1117	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1118	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1119	// } else {
1120	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1121	// } // if
1122	}
1123	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1124	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1125	;
1126
1127	assignment_expression_opt:
1128	// empty
1129	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1130	\| assignment_expression
1131	;
1132
1133	assignment_operator:
1134	simple_assignment_operator
1135	\| compound_assignment_operator
1136	;
1137
1138	simple_assignment_operator:
1139	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1140	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1141	;
1142
1143	compound_assignment_operator:
1144	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1145	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1146	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1147	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1148	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1149	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1150	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1151	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1152	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1153	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1154	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1155	;
1156
1157	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1158	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1159	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1160	// '[' ']'
1161	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1162	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1163	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1164	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1165	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (new ExpressionNode( nullptr ))->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1166	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1167	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, $3->set_last( $6 ) ) ); }
1168	;
1169
1170	tuple_expression_list:
1171	assignment_expression
1172	\| '@' // CFA
1173	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1174	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1175	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1176	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1177	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1178	;
1179
1180	comma_expression:
1181	assignment_expression
1182	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1183	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1184	;
1185
1186	comma_expression_opt:
1187	// empty
1188	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1189	\| comma_expression
1190	;
1191
1192	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1193
1194	statement:
1195	labeled_statement
1196	\| compound_statement
1197	\| expression_statement
1198	\| selection_statement
1199	\| iteration_statement
1200	\| jump_statement
1201	\| with_statement
1202	\| mutex_statement
1203	\| waitfor_statement
1204	\| waituntil_statement
1205	\| corun_statement
1206	\| cofor_statement
1207	\| exception_statement
1208	\| enable_disable_statement
1209	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1210	\| asm_statement
1211	\| DIRECTIVE
1212	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1213	;
1214
1215	labeled_statement:
1216	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1217	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1218	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1219	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1220	{
1221	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntx error, label \"%s\" must be associated with a statement, "
1222	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement.\n"
1223	"Move the label or terminate with a semicolon.", $1.str->c_str() );
1224	$$ = nullptr;
1225	}
1226	;
1227
1228	compound_statement:
1229	'{' '}'
1230	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1231	\| '{' push
1232	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1233	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1234	pop '}'
1235	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1236	;
1237
1238	statement_decl_list: // C99
1239	statement_decl
1240	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1241	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1242	;
1243
1244	statement_decl:
1245	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1246	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1247	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1248	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1249	\| function_definition
1250	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1251	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1252	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1253	\| statement
1254	;
1255
1256	statement_list_nodecl:
1257	statement
1258	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1259	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1260	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1261	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body,"
1262	" i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1263	;
1264
1265	expression_statement:
1266	comma_expression_opt ';'
1267	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1268	;
1269
1270	// "if", "switch", and "choose" require parenthesis around the conditional. See the following ambiguities without
1271	// parenthesis:
1272	//
1273	// if x + y + z; => if ( x ) + y + z or if ( x + y ) + z
1274	//
1275	// switch O { }
1276	//
1277	// O{} => object-constructor for conditional, switch body ???
1278	// O{} => O for conditional followed by switch body
1279	//
1280	// C++ has this problem, as it has the same constructor syntax.
1281	//
1282	// switch sizeof ( T ) { }
1283	//
1284	// sizeof ( T ) => sizeof of T for conditional followed by switch body
1285	// sizeof ( T ) => sizeof of compound literal (T){ }, closing parenthesis ???
1286	//
1287	// Note the two grammar rules for sizeof (alignof)
1288	//
1289	// \| SIZEOF unary_expression
1290	// \| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
1291	//
1292	// where the first DOES NOT require parenthesis! And C++ inherits this problem from C.
1293
1294	selection_statement:
1295	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1296	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1297	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1298	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1299	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1300	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1301	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1302	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1303	{
1304	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1305	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1306	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1307	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1308	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1309	// statement.
1310	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw ) ) ) : sw;
1311	}
1312	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1313	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1314	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1315	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1316	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1317	{
1318	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1319	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw ) ) ) : sw;
1320	}
1321	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1322	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1323	;
1324
1325	conditional_declaration:
1326	comma_expression
1327	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1328	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1329	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1330	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1331	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1332	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1333	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1334	;
1335
1336	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1337	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1338
1339	case_value: // CFA
1340	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1341	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1342	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1343	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1344	;
1345
1346	case_value_list: // CFA
1347	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1348	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1349	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1350	;
1351
1352	case_label: // CFA
1353	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1354	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1355	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1356	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1357	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1358	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1359	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1360	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1361	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1362	;
1363
1364	case_label_list: // CFA
1365	case_label
1366	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1367	;
1368
1369	case_clause: // CFA
1370	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1371	;
1372
1373	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1374	// empty
1375	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1376	\| switch_clause_list
1377	;
1378
1379	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1380	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1381	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1382	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1383	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1384	;
1385
1386	iteration_statement:
1387	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1388	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1389	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1390	{
1391	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1392	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1393	}
1394	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1395	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1396	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1397	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1398	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1399	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1400	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1401	{
1402	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1403	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1404	}
1405	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1406	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1407	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1408	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1409	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1410	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1411	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1412	{
1413	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1414	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1415	}
1416	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1417	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1418	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1419	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1420	;
1421
1422	for_control_expression_list:
1423	for_control_expression
1424	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1425	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1426	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1427	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1428	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1429	{
1430	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1431	if ( $1->condition ) {
1432	if ( $3->condition ) {
1433	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1434	} // if
1435	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1436	if ( $1->change ) {
1437	if ( $3->change ) {
1438	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1439	} // if
1440	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1441	$$ = $1;
1442	}
1443	;
1444
1445	for_control_expression:
1446	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1447	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1448	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1449	{
1450	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1451	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1452	}
1453	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1454	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1455
1456	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1457	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1458	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1459	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1460
1461	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1462	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1463	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1464	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1465
1466	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1467	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1468	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1469	{
1470	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1471	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1472	}
1473	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1474	{
1475	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1476	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1477	}
1478	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1479	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1480	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1481	{
1482	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1483	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1484	}
1485	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1486	{
1487	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1488	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1489	}
1490	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1491	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1492	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1493	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1494	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1495	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1496	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1497	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1498	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1499	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1500
1501	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1502	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1503	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1504	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1505
1506	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1507	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1508	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1509	{
1510	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1511	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1512	}
1513	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1514	{
1515	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1516	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1517	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1518	}
1519	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1520	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1521
1522	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1523	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1524	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1525	{
1526	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1527	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1528	}
1529	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1530	{
1531	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1532	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1533	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1534	}
1535	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1536	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1537	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1538	{
1539	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1540	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1541	}
1542	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1543	{
1544	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1545	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1546	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1547	}
1548	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1549	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1550
1551	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1552	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1553	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1554	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1555
1556	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1557	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1558	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1559	{
1560	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1561	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1562	}
1563	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1564	{
1565	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1566	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1567	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1568	}
1569
1570	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1571	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1572	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1573	{
1574	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1575	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1576	}
1577	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1578	{
1579	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1580	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1581	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1582	}
1583	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1584	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1585	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1586	{
1587	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1588	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1589	}
1590	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1591	{
1592	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1593	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1594	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1595	}
1596	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1597	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1598
1599	\| comma_expression ';' enum_key // CFA, enum type
1600	{
1601	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1602	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1603	}
1604	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq enum_key // CFA, enum type, reverse direction
1605	{
1606	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) {
1607	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr;
1608	}
1609	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1610	}
1611	;
1612
1613	enum_key:
1614	TYPEDEFname
1615	\| ENUM TYPEDEFname
1616	;
1617
1618	downupdowneq:
1619	ErangeDown
1620	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1621	\| ErangeUpEq
1622	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1623	\| ErangeDownEq
1624	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1625	;
1626
1627	updown:
1628	'~'
1629	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1630	\| ErangeDown
1631	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1632	;
1633
1634	updowneq:
1635	updown
1636	\| ErangeUpEq
1637	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1638	\| ErangeDownEq
1639	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1640	;
1641
1642	jump_statement:
1643	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1644	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1645	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1646	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1647	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1648	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1649	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1650	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1651	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1652	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1653	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1654	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1655	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1656	\| CONTINUE ';'
1657	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1658	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1659	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1660	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1661	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1662	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1663	\| BREAK ';'
1664	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1665	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1666	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1667	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1668	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1669	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1670	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1671	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1672	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1673	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1674	\| SUSPEND ';'
1675	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1676	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1677	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1678	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1679	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1680	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1681	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1682	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1683	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1684	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1685	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1686	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1687	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1688	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1689	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1690	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1691	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1692	;
1693
1694	fall_through_name: // CFA
1695	FALLTHRU
1696	\| FALLTHROUGH
1697	;
1698
1699	with_statement:
1700	WITH '(' type_list ')' statement // support scoped enumeration
1701	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1702	;
1703
1704	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1705	mutex_statement:
1706	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1707	{
1708	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1709	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1710	}
1711	;
1712
1713	when_clause:
1714	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1715	;
1716
1717	when_clause_opt:
1718	// empty
1719	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1720	\| when_clause
1721	;
1722
1723	cast_expression_list:
1724	cast_expression
1725	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1726	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1727	;
1728
1729	timeout:
1730	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1731	;
1732
1733	wor:
1734	OROR
1735	\| WOR
1736
1737	waitfor:
1738	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1739	{ $$ = $3; }
1740	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1741	{ $$ = $3->set_last( $5 ); }
1742	;
1743
1744	wor_waitfor_clause:
1745	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1746	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1747	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1748	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1749	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1750	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1751	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1752	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1753	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1754	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1755	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1756	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1757	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1758	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1759	;
1760
1761	waitfor_statement:
1762	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1763	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1764	;
1765
1766	wand:
1767	ANDAND
1768	\| WAND
1769	;
1770
1771	waituntil:
1772	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1773	{ $$ = $3; }
1774	;
1775
1776	waituntil_clause:
1777	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1778	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1779	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1780	{ $$ = $2; }
1781	;
1782
1783	wand_waituntil_clause:
1784	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1785	{ $$ = $1; }
1786	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1787	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1788	;
1789
1790	wor_waituntil_clause:
1791	wand_waituntil_clause
1792	{ $$ = $1; }
1793	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1794	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1795	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1796	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1797	;
1798
1799	waituntil_statement:
1800	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1801	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1802	;
1803
1804	corun_statement:
1805	CORUN statement
1806	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_corun( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1807	;
1808
1809	cofor_statement:
1810	COFOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement
1811	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_cofor( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1812	;
1813
1814	exception_statement:
1815	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1816	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1817	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1818	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1819	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1820	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1821	;
1822
1823	handler_clause:
1824	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1825	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1826	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1827	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1828	;
1829
1830	handler_predicate_opt:
1831	// empty
1832	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1833	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1834	;
1835
1836	handler_key:
1837	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1838	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1839	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1840	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1841	;
1842
1843	finally_clause:
1844	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1845	;
1846
1847	exception_declaration:
1848	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1849	type_specifier_nobody
1850	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1851	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1852	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1853	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1854	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1855	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1856	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1857	;
1858
1859	enable_disable_statement:
1860	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1861	;
1862
1863	enable_disable_key:
1864	ENABLE
1865	\| DISABLE
1866	;
1867
1868	asm_statement:
1869	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1870	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1871	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1872	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1873	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1874	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1875	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1876	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1877	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1878	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1879	;
1880
1881	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1882	// empty
1883	{ $$ = false; }
1884	\| VOLATILE
1885	{ $$ = true; }
1886	;
1887
1888	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1889	// empty
1890	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1891	\| asm_operands_list
1892	;
1893
1894	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1895	asm_operand
1896	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1897	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1898	;
1899
1900	asm_operand: // GCC
1901	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1902	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1903	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1904	{
1905	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1906	delete $2.str;
1907	}
1908	;
1909
1910	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1911	// empty
1912	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1913	\| string_literal
1914	{ $$ = $1; }
1915	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1916	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
1917	;
1918
1919	label_list:
1920	identifier
1921	{
1922	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1923	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1924	}
1925	\| label_list ',' identifier
1926	{
1927	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1928	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1929	}
1930	;
1931
1932	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1933
1934	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1935	// empty
1936	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1937	\| declaration_list
1938	;
1939
1940	declaration_list:
1941	declaration
1942	\| declaration_list declaration
1943	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1944	;
1945
1946	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1947	// empty
1948	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1949	\| KR_parameter_list
1950	;
1951
1952	KR_parameter_list:
1953	c_declaration ';'
1954	{ $$ = $1; }
1955	\| KR_parameter_list c_declaration ';'
1956	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1957	;
1958
1959	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1960	// empty
1961	\| local_label_declaration_list
1962	;
1963
1964	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1965	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1966	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1967	;
1968
1969	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1970	identifier_or_type_name
1971	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1972	;
1973
1974	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1975	c_declaration ';'
1976	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1977	\| static_assert // C11
1978	;
1979
1980	static_assert:
1981	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1982	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
1983	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1984	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1985
1986	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1987	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1988	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1989	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1990	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1991	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1992	//
1993	// CFA C
1994	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1995	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1996
1997	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1998	cfa_variable_declaration
1999	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
2000	\| cfa_function_declaration
2001	\| type_declaring_list
2002	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2003	\| trait_specifier
2004	;
2005
2006	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
2007	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
2008	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
2009	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
2010	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
2011	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
2012	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2013	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
2014	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2015	;
2016
2017	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
2018	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2019	// storage-class
2020	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2021	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
2022	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2023	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
2024	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
2025	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
2026	;
2027
2028	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
2029	cfa_function_specifier
2030	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2031	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2032	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2033	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2034	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
2035	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2036	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
2037	{
2038	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
2039	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
2040	ret->type = maybeCopy( $1->type->base );
2041	$$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
2042	}
2043	;
2044
2045	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
2046	'[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2047	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2048	\| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2049	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2050	// \| '[' ']' TYPEGENname '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2051	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $6, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $9 ); }
2052
2053	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
2054	//
2055	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
2056	// '[' ']' type_specifier
2057	//
2058	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
2059	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
2060	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2061	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2062	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
2063	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
2064	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
2065	;
2066
2067	cfa_function_return: // CFA
2068	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
2069	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2070	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2071	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
2072	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->set_last( $5 ) ); }
2073	;
2074
2075	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
2076	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
2077	{
2078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
2079	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2080	}
2081	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2082	{
2083	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2084	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2085	}
2086	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ',' identifier
2087	{
2088	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2089	$$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $3 ) );
2090	}
2091	;
2092
2093	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2094	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2095
2096	typedef_declaration:
2097	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2098	{
2099	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2100	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2101	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2102	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2103	}
2104	\| typedef_declaration ',' declarator
2105	{
2106	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2107	$$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneBaseType( $3 )->addTypedef() );
2108	}
2109	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2110	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2111	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2112	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2113	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2114	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2115	;
2116
2117	typedef_expression:
2118	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2119	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2120	{
2121	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2122	}
2123	\| typedef_expression ',' identifier '=' assignment_expression
2124	{
2125	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2126	}
2127	;
2128
2129	c_declaration:
2130	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2131	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2132	\| typedef_declaration
2133	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2134	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2135	{
2136	assert( $1->type );
2137	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2138	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2139	}
2140	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2141	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2142	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2143	}
2144	}
2145	;
2146
2147	declaring_list:
2148	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2149	// storage-class
2150	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2151	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2152	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2153	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2154
2155	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2156	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2157	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2158	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2159
2160	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2161	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2162	;
2163
2164	general_function_declarator:
2165	function_type_redeclarator
2166	\| function_declarator
2167	;
2168
2169	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2170	basic_declaration_specifier
2171	\| type_declaration_specifier
2172	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2173	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2174	{
2175	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of \"%s\" declaration.",
2176	ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ) );
2177	$$ = nullptr;
2178	}
2179	;
2180
2181	invalid_types:
2182	aggregate_key
2183	\| basic_type_name
2184	\| indirect_type
2185	;
2186
2187	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2188	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2189	//
2190	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2191	//
2192	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2193	basic_declaration_specifier
2194	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2195	\| type_declaration_specifier
2196	;
2197
2198	type_specifier: // type specifier
2199	basic_type_specifier
2200	\| sue_type_specifier
2201	\| type_type_specifier
2202	;
2203
2204	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2205	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2206	//
2207	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2208	//
2209	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2210	basic_type_specifier
2211	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2212	\| type_type_specifier
2213	;
2214
2215	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2216	// empty
2217	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2218	\| type_qualifier_list
2219	;
2220
2221	type_qualifier_list:
2222	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2223	//
2224	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2225	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2226	// appeared only once.
2227	type_qualifier
2228	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2229	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2230	;
2231
2232	type_qualifier:
2233	type_qualifier_name
2234	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2235	\| attribute // trick handles most attribute locations
2236	;
2237
2238	type_qualifier_name:
2239	CONST
2240	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Const ); }
2241	\| RESTRICT
2242	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Restrict ); }
2243	\| VOLATILE
2244	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Volatile ); }
2245	\| ATOMIC
2246	{ $$ = build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Atomic ); }
2247
2248	// forall is a CV qualifier because it can appear in places where SC qualifiers are disallowed.
2249	//
2250	// void foo( forall( T ) T (*)( T ) ); // forward declaration
2251	// void bar( static int ); // static disallowed (gcc/CFA)
2252	\| forall
2253	{ $$ = build_forall( $1 ); }
2254	;
2255
2256	forall:
2257	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2258	{ $$ = $3; }
2259	;
2260
2261	declaration_qualifier_list:
2262	storage_class_list
2263	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2264	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2265	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2266	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2267	;
2268
2269	storage_class_list:
2270	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2271	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2272	//
2273	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2274	// specifiers in a declaration.
2275	storage_class
2276	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2277	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2278	;
2279
2280	storage_class:
2281	EXTERN
2282	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Extern ); }
2283	\| STATIC
2284	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Static ); }
2285	\| AUTO
2286	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Auto ); }
2287	\| REGISTER
2288	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Register ); }
2289	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2290	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalGcc ); }
2291	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2292	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalC11 ); }
2293	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2294	\| INLINE // C99
2295	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Inline ); }
2296	\| FORTRAN // C99
2297	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Fortran ); }
2298	\| NORETURN // C11
2299	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Noreturn ); }
2300	;
2301
2302	basic_type_name:
2303	basic_type_name_type
2304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2305	;
2306
2307	// Just an intermediate value for conversion.
2308	basic_type_name_type:
2309	VOID
2310	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Void ); }
2311	\| BOOL // C99
2312	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Bool ); }
2313	\| CHAR
2314	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Char ); }
2315	\| INT
2316	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Int ); }
2317	\| INT128
2318	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Int128 ); }
2319	\| UINT128
2320	{ $$ = addType( build_basic_type( TypeData::Int128 ), build_signedness( TypeData::Unsigned ) ); }
2321	\| FLOAT
2322	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Float ); }
2323	\| DOUBLE
2324	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::Double ); }
2325	\| uuFLOAT80
2326	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uuFloat80 ); }
2327	\| uuFLOAT128
2328	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uuFloat128 ); }
2329	\| uFLOAT16
2330	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat16 ); }
2331	\| uFLOAT32
2332	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat32 ); }
2333	\| uFLOAT32X
2334	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat32x ); }
2335	\| uFLOAT64
2336	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat64 ); }
2337	\| uFLOAT64X
2338	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat64x ); }
2339	\| uFLOAT128
2340	{ $$ = build_basic_type( TypeData::uFloat128 ); }
2341	\| DECIMAL32
2342	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2343	\| DECIMAL64
2344	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2345	\| DECIMAL128
2346	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2347	\| COMPLEX // C99
2348	{ $$ = build_complex_type( TypeData::Complex ); }
2349	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2350	{ $$ = build_complex_type( TypeData::Imaginary ); }
2351	\| SIGNED
2352	{ $$ = build_signedness( TypeData::Signed ); }
2353	\| UNSIGNED
2354	{ $$ = build_signedness( TypeData::Unsigned ); }
2355	\| SHORT
2356	{ $$ = build_length( TypeData::Short ); }
2357	\| LONG
2358	{ $$ = build_length( TypeData::Long ); }
2359	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2360	{ $$ = build_builtin_type( TypeData::Valist ); }
2361	\| AUTO_TYPE
2362	{ $$ = build_builtin_type( TypeData::AutoType ); }
2363	\| vtable
2364	;
2365
2366	vtable_opt:
2367	// empty
2368	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2369	\| vtable
2370	;
2371
2372	vtable:
2373	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2374	{ $$ = build_vtable_type( $3 ); }
2375	;
2376
2377	default_opt:
2378	// empty
2379	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2380	\| DEFAULT
2381	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2382	;
2383
2384	basic_declaration_specifier:
2385	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2386	basic_type_specifier
2387	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2388	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2389	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2390	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2391	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2392	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2393	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2394	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2395	;
2396
2397	basic_type_specifier:
2398	direct_type
2399	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2400	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2401	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2402	;
2403
2404	direct_type:
2405	basic_type_name
2406	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2407	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2408	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2409	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2410	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2411	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2412	;
2413
2414	indirect_type:
2415	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2416	{ $$ = $3; }
2417	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2418	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2419	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2421	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2423	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_builtin_type( TypeData::Zero ) ); }
2425	\| ONE_T // CFA
2426	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_builtin_type( TypeData::One ) ); }
2427	;
2428
2429	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2430	sue_type_specifier
2431	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2432	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2433	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2434	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2435	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2436	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2437	;
2438
2439	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2440	elaborated_type
2441	\| type_qualifier_list
2442	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2443	elaborated_type
2444	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2445	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2446	{
2447	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2448	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2449	}
2450	;
2451
2452	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2453	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2454	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2455	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2456	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2457	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2458	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2459	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2460	;
2461
2462	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2463	elaborated_type_nobody
2464	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2465	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2466	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2467	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2468	;
2469
2470	type_declaration_specifier:
2471	type_type_specifier
2472	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2473	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2474	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2475	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2476	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2477	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2478	;
2479
2480	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2481	type_name
2482	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $1 ); }
2483	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2484	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2485	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2486	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2487	;
2488
2489	type_name:
2490	TYPEDEFname
2491	{ $$ = build_typedef( $1 ); }
2492	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2493	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( build_global_scope(), build_typedef( $2 ) ); }
2494	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2495	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( $1, build_typedef( $3 ) ); }
2496	\| typegen_name
2497	\| '.' typegen_name
2498	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( build_global_scope(), $2 ); }
2499	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2500	{ $$ = build_qualified_type( $1, $3 ); }
2501	;
2502
2503	typegen_name: // CFA
2504	TYPEGENname
2505	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, nullptr ); }
2506	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2507	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, nullptr ); }
2508	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2509	{ $$ = build_type_gen( $1, $3 ); }
2510	;
2511
2512	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2513	aggregate_type
2514	\| enum_type
2515	;
2516
2517	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2518	aggregate_type_nobody
2519	\| enum_type_nobody
2520	;
2521
2522	// ************************ AGGREGATE *****************************
2523
2524	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2525	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2526	{ forall = false; } // reset
2527	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2528	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2529	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2530	{
2531	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2532	forall = false; // reset
2533	}
2534	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2535	{
2536	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2537	}
2538	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2539	{
2540	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2541	forall = false; // reset
2542	}
2543	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2544	{
2545	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_typedef( $3 ) );
2546	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2547	}
2548	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2549	{
2550	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2551	forall = false; // reset
2552	}
2553	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2554	{
2555	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_gen( $3, nullptr ) );
2556	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2557	}
2558	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2559	;
2560
2561	type_parameters_opt:
2562	// empty
2563	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2564	\| '(' type_list ')'
2565	{ $$ = $2; }
2566	;
2567
2568	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2569	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2570	{
2571	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2572	forall = false; // reset
2573	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2574	}
2575	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2576	{
2577	forall = false; // reset
2578	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2579	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2580	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2581	if ( $3->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2582	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( $3 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2583	} else {
2584	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->symbolic.name, $3->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2585	$3->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2586	$3->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2587	delete $3;
2588	}
2589	}
2590	;
2591
2592	aggregate_key:
2593	aggregate_data
2594	\| aggregate_control
2595	;
2596
2597	aggregate_data:
2598	STRUCT vtable_opt
2599	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2600	\| UNION
2601	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2602	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2603	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2604	;
2605
2606	aggregate_control: // CFA
2607	MONITOR
2608	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2609	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2610	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2611	\| GENERATOR
2612	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2613	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2614	{
2615	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2616	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2617	}
2618	\| COROUTINE
2619	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2620	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2621	{
2622	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2623	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2624	}
2625	\| THREAD
2626	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2627	\| MUTEX THREAD
2628	{
2629	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2630	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2631	}
2632	;
2633
2634	field_declaration_list_opt:
2635	// empty
2636	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2637	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2638	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->set_last( $2 ) : $2; }
2639	;
2640
2641	field_declaration:
2642	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2643	{
2644	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2645	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2646	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2647	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2648	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2649	// } // for
2650	}
2651	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2652	{
2653	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." );
2654	$$ = nullptr;
2655	}
2656	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2657	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2658	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2659	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2660	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2661	{
2662	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2663	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2664	} // if
2665	$3->inLine = true;
2666	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2667	distInl( $3 );
2668	}
2669	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2670	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2671	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2672	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2673	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2674	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2675	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2676	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2677	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2678	\| static_assert // C11
2679	;
2680
2681	field_declaring_list_opt:
2682	// empty
2683	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2684	\| field_declaring_list
2685	;
2686
2687	field_declaring_list:
2688	field_declarator
2689	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2690	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2691	;
2692
2693	field_declarator:
2694	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2695	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2696	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2697	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2698	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2699	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2700	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2701	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2702	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2703	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2704	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2705	;
2706
2707	field_abstract_list_opt:
2708	// empty
2709	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2710	\| field_abstract
2711	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2712	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2713	;
2714
2715	field_abstract:
2716	// no bit fields
2717	variable_abstract_declarator
2718	;
2719
2720	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2721	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2722	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2723	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2724	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2725	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2726	;
2727
2728	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2729	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2730	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2731	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2732	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2733	;
2734
2735	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2736	// empty
2737	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2738	\| bit_subrange_size
2739	;
2740
2741	bit_subrange_size:
2742	':' assignment_expression
2743	{ $$ = $2; }
2744	;
2745
2746	// ************************ ENUMERATION *****************************
2747
2748	enum_type:
2749	// anonymous, no type name
2750	ENUM attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2751	{
2752	if ( $3 == EnumHiding::Hide ) {
2753	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr;
2754	} // if
2755	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $5, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2756	}
2757	\| ENUM enumerator_type attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2758	{
2759	if ( $2 && ($2->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
2760	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2761	}
2762	if ( $4 == EnumHiding::Hide ) {
2763	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding ('!') the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr;
2764	} // if
2765	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true, $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 );
2766	}
2767
2768	// named type
2769	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2770	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2771	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2772	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2773	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2774	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2775	\| ENUM enumerator_type attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2776	{
2777	if ( $2 && ($2->storageClasses.any() \|\| $2->type->qualifiers.val != 0) ) {
2778	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2779	}
2780	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$4, "enum_type 2" );
2781	}
2782	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2783	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $4, $9, true, true, $2, $7 )->addQualifiers( $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2784	\| ENUM enumerator_type attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2785	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $4->name, $8, true, true, $2, $6 )->addQualifiers( $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
2786
2787	// forward declaration
2788	\| enum_type_nobody
2789	;
2790
2791	enumerator_type:
2792	'(' ')' // pure enumeration
2793	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2794	\| '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' // typed enumeration
2795	{ $$ = $2; }
2796	;
2797
2798	hide_opt:
2799	// empty
2800	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2801	\| '!'
2802	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2803	;
2804
2805	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2806	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2807	{
2808	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2809	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2810	}
2811	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2812	{
2813	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2814	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2815	}
2816	;
2817
2818	enumerator_list:
2819	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2820	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2821	\| INLINE type_name
2822	{
2823	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( $2->symbolic.name );
2824	$2->symbolic.name = nullptr;
2825	delete $2;
2826	}
2827	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2828	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2829	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2830	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2831	;
2832
2833	visible_hide_opt:
2834	hide_opt
2835	\| '^'
2836	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2837	;
2838
2839	enumerator_value_opt:
2840	// empty
2841	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2842	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2843	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2844	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2845	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2846	;
2847
2848	// ************************ FUNCTION PARAMETERS *****************************
2849
2850	parameter_list_ellipsis_opt:
2851	// empty
2852	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2853	\| ELLIPSIS
2854	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2855	\| parameter_list
2856	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2857	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2858	;
2859
2860	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2861	parameter_declaration
2862	\| abstract_parameter_declaration
2863	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2864	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2865	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2866	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2867	;
2868
2869	cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2870	// empty
2871	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_basic_type( TypeData::Void ) ); }
2872	\| ELLIPSIS
2873	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2874	\| cfa_parameter_list
2875	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2876	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2877	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2878	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2879	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2880	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2881	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2882	;
2883
2884	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2885	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2886	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2887	cfa_parameter_declaration
2888	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2889	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2890	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2891	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2892	\| cfa_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_parameter_declaration
2893	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 )->set_last( $5 ); }
2894	;
2895
2896	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2897	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2898	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list ',' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2899	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2900	;
2901
2902	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2903	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2904
2905	parameter_declaration:
2906	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2907	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2908	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2909	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2910	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2911	;
2912
2913	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2914	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2915	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2916	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2917	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2918	;
2919
2920	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2921	parameter_declaration
2922	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2923	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2924	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2925	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2926	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2927	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2928	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2929	\| cfa_function_specifier // int f( "int fp()" );
2930	;
2931
2932	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2933	abstract_parameter_declaration
2934	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2935	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2936	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2937	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2938	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2939	\| cfa_abstract_function // int f( "int ()" );
2940	;
2941
2942	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2943	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2944	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2945
2946	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2947	identifier
2948	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2949	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2950	{ $$ = $1->set_last( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2951	;
2952
2953	identifier_or_type_name:
2954	identifier
2955	\| TYPEDEFname
2956	\| TYPEGENname
2957	;
2958
2959	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2960	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2961	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2962	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2963	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2964	;
2965
2966	type: // typeof, assertion
2967	type_no_function
2968	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2969	;
2970
2971	initializer_opt:
2972	// empty
2973	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2974	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2975	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2976	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2977	;
2978
2979	initializer:
2980	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2981	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2982	;
2983
2984	initializer_list_opt:
2985	// empty
2986	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2987	\| initializer
2988	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2989	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
2990	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ); }
2991	;
2992
2993	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2994	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2995	//
2996	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2997	//
2998	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2999	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
3000	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
3001	// shift/reduce conflicts
3002
3003	designation:
3004	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
3005	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
3006	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
3007	;
3008
3009	designator_list: // C99
3010	designator
3011	\| designator_list designator
3012	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
3013	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
3014	;
3015
3016	designator:
3017	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
3018	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
3019	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
3020	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
3021	{ $$ = $3; }
3022	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
3023	{ $$ = $3; }
3024	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
3025	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
3026	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
3027	{ $$ = $4; }
3028	;
3029
3030	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
3031	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
3032	//
3033	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
3034	//
3035	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
3036	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
3037	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
3038	//
3039	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
3040	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
3041	//
3042	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
3043	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
3044	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
3045	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
3046	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
3047
3048	type_parameter_list: // CFA
3049	type_parameter
3050	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
3051	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3052	;
3053
3054	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
3055	// empty
3056	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3057	\| '=' type
3058	{ $$ = $2; }
3059	;
3060
3061	type_parameter: // CFA
3062	type_class identifier_or_type_name
3063	{
3064	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
3065	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
3066	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
3067	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
3068	}
3069	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3070	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3071	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
3072	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
3073	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3074	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
3075	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
3076	{
3077	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
3078	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
3079	}
3080	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
3081	\| assertion_list
3082	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
3083	\| ENUM '(' identifier_or_type_name ')' identifier_or_type_name new_type_class type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
3084	{
3085	typedefTable.addToScope( *$3, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 4" );
3086	typedefTable.addToScope( *$5, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 5" );
3087	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $6, $5 )->addTypeInitializer( $7 )->addAssertions( $8 );
3088	}
3089	;
3090
3091	new_type_class: // CFA
3092	// empty
3093	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3094	\| '&'
3095	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3096	\| '*'
3097	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // Dtype + sized
3098	// \| '(' '*' ')' // Gregor made me do it
3099	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3100	\| ELLIPSIS
3101	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3102	;
3103
3104	type_class: // CFA
3105	OTYPE
3106	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3107	\| DTYPE
3108	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3109	\| FTYPE
3110	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3111	\| TTYPE
3112	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3113	;
3114
3115	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3116	// empty
3117	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3118	\| assertion_list
3119	;
3120
3121	assertion_list: // CFA
3122	assertion
3123	\| assertion_list assertion
3124	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
3125	;
3126
3127	assertion: // CFA
3128	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3129	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3130	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3131	{ $$ = $4; }
3132	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3133	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3134	;
3135
3136	type_list: // CFA
3137	type
3138	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3139	\| assignment_expression
3140	\| type_list ',' type
3141	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3142	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3143	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3 ); }
3144	;
3145
3146	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3147	OTYPE type_declarator
3148	{ $$ = $2; }
3149	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3150	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3151	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3152	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3153	;
3154
3155	type_declarator: // CFA
3156	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3157	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3158	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3159	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3160	;
3161
3162	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3163	identifier_or_type_name
3164	{
3165	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3166	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3167	}
3168	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3169	{
3170	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3171	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3172	}
3173	;
3174
3175	trait_specifier: // CFA
3176	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3177	{
3178	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3179	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3180	}
3181	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3182	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3183	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3184	{
3185	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3186	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3187	}
3188	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3189	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3190	;
3191
3192	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3193	trait_declaration
3194	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3195	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $4 ); }
3196	;
3197
3198	trait_declaration: // CFA
3199	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3200	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3201	;
3202
3203	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3204	cfa_variable_specifier
3205	\| cfa_function_specifier
3206	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3207	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3208	;
3209
3210	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3211	type_specifier declarator
3212	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3213	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3214	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3215	;
3216
3217	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3218
3219	translation_unit:
3220	// empty, input file
3221	\| external_definition_list
3222	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->set_last( $1 ) : $1; }
3223	;
3224
3225	external_definition_list:
3226	push external_definition pop
3227	{ $$ = $2; }
3228	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3229	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->set_last( $3 ) : $3; }
3230	;
3231
3232	external_definition_list_opt:
3233	// empty
3234	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3235	\| external_definition_list
3236	;
3237
3238	up:
3239	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3240	;
3241
3242	down:
3243	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3244	;
3245
3246	external_definition:
3247	DIRECTIVE
3248	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3249	\| declaration
3250	{
3251	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3252	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3253	// disallowed at the moment.
3254	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static &&
3255	$1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3256	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) {
3257	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3258	}
3259	}
3260	}
3261	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3262	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3263	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3264	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3265	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3266	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3267	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3268	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3269	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3270	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3271	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3272	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3273	\| external_function_definition
3274	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3275	{
3276	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3277	$$ = $2;
3278	}
3279	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3280	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3281	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3282	{
3283	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3284	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3285	}
3286	up external_definition down
3287	{
3288	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3289	linkageStack.pop();
3290	$$ = $5;
3291	}
3292	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3293	{
3294	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3295	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3296	}
3297	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3298	{
3299	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3300	linkageStack.pop();
3301	$$ = $6;
3302	}
3303	// global distribution
3304	\| type_qualifier_list
3305	{
3306	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3307	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3308	}
3309	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3310	}
3311	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3312	{
3313	distQual( $5, $1 );
3314	forall = false;
3315	$$ = $5;
3316	}
3317	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3318	{
3319	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3320	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3321	}
3322	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3323	}
3324	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3325	{
3326	distQual( $5, $1 );
3327	forall = false;
3328	$$ = $5;
3329	}
3330	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3331	{
3332	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3333	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3334	}
3335	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3336	}
3337	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3338	{
3339	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3340	forall = false;
3341	$$ = $6;
3342	}
3343	;
3344
3345	external_function_definition:
3346	function_definition
3347	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3348	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3349	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3350	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3351	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3352	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3353	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3354	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3355	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3356	;
3357
3358	with_clause_opt:
3359	// empty
3360	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3361	\| WITH '(' type_list ')' attribute_list_opt // support scoped enumeration
3362	{
3363	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3364	if ( $5 ) {
3365	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3366	$$ = nullptr;
3367	} // if
3368	}
3369	;
3370
3371	function_definition:
3372	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3373	{
3374	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3375	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3376	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3377	$$ = $1;
3378	}
3379	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3380	{
3381	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3382	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3383	}
3384	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3385	{
3386	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3387	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3388	}
3389	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3390	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3391	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3392	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3393	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3394	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3395	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3396	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3397	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3398
3399	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3400	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3401	{
3402	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3403	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3404	}
3405	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3406	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3407	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3408	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3409	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3410	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3411	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3412	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3413	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3414	;
3415
3416	declarator:
3417	variable_declarator
3418	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3419	\| function_declarator
3420	\| function_type_redeclarator
3421	;
3422
3423	subrange:
3424	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3425	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3426	;
3427
3428	// ************************** ASM ***************************
3429
3430	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3431	// empty
3432	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3433	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3434	{
3435	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3436	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3437	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3438	}
3439	;
3440
3441	// ************************** ATTRIBUTE ***************************
3442
3443	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3444	// empty
3445	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3446	\| attribute_list
3447	;
3448
3449	attribute_list: // GCC
3450	attribute
3451	\| attribute_list attribute
3452	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3453	;
3454
3455	attribute: // GCC
3456	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3457	{ $$ = $4; }
3458	\| ATTRIBUTE '(' attribute_name_list ')' // CFA
3459	{ $$ = $3; }
3460	\| ATTR '(' attribute_name_list ')' // CFA
3461	{ $$ = $3; }
3462	;
3463
3464	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3465	attribute_name
3466	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3467	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3468	;
3469
3470	attribute_name: // GCC
3471	// empty
3472	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3473	\| attr_name
3474	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3475	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3476	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3477	;
3478
3479	attr_name: // GCC
3480	IDENTIFIER
3481	\| quasi_keyword
3482	\| TYPEDEFname
3483	\| TYPEGENname
3484	\| FALLTHROUGH
3485	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3486	\| CONST
3487	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3488	;
3489
3490	// ============================================================================
3491	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3492	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3493	// in:
3494	//
3495	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3496	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3497	//
3498	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3499	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3500	// ============================================================================
3501
3502	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3503	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3504	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3505	//
3506	// valid declaration invalid definition
3507	// ----------------- ------------------
3508	// int f; int f {}
3509	// int f; int f {}
3510	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3511	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3512	//
3513	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3514	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3515	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3516
3517	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3518	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3519
3520	paren_identifier:
3521	identifier_at
3522	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3523	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3524	{ $$ = $2; }
3525	;
3526
3527	variable_declarator:
3528	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3529	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3530	\| variable_ptr
3531	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3532	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3533	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3534	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3535	;
3536
3537	variable_ptr:
3538	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3539	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3540	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3541	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3542	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3543	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3544	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3545	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3546	;
3547
3548	variable_array:
3549	paren_identifier array_dimension
3550	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3551	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3552	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3553	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3554	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3555	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3556	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3557	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3558	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3559	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3560	{ $$ = $2; }
3561	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3562	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3563	;
3564
3565	variable_function:
3566	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3567	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3568	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3569	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3570	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3571	{ $$ = $2; }
3572	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3573	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3574	;
3575
3576	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3577	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3578	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3579
3580	function_declarator:
3581	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3582	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3583	\| function_ptr
3584	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3585	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3586	;
3587
3588	function_no_ptr:
3589	paren_identifier '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3590	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3591	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3592	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3593	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3594	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3595	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3596	{ $$ = $2; }
3597	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3598	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3599	;
3600
3601	function_ptr:
3602	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3603	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3604	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3605	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3606	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3607	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3608	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3609	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3610	;
3611
3612	function_array:
3613	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3614	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3615	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3616	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3617	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3618	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3619	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3620	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3621	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3622	{ $$ = $2; }
3623	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3624	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3625	;
3626
3627	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3628	//
3629	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3630	//
3631	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3632	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3633
3634	KR_function_declarator:
3635	KR_function_no_ptr
3636	\| KR_function_ptr
3637	\| KR_function_array
3638	;
3639
3640	KR_function_no_ptr:
3641	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3642	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3643	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3644	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3645	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3646	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3647	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3648	{ $$ = $2; }
3649	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3650	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3651	;
3652
3653	KR_function_ptr:
3654	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3655	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3656	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3657	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3658	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3659	{ $$ = $2; }
3660	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3661	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3662	;
3663
3664	KR_function_array:
3665	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3666	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3667	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3668	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3669	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3670	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3671	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3672	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3673	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3674	{ $$ = $2; }
3675	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3676	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3677	;
3678
3679	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3680	//
3681	// typedef int foo;
3682	// {
3683	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3684	// }
3685
3686	paren_type:
3687	typedef_name
3688	{
3689	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3690	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3691	}
3692	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3693	{ $$ = $2; }
3694	;
3695
3696	variable_type_redeclarator:
3697	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3698	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3699	\| variable_type_ptr
3700	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3701	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3702	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3703	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3704	;
3705
3706	variable_type_ptr:
3707	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3708	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3709	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3710	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3711	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3712	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3713	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3714	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3715	;
3716
3717	variable_type_array:
3718	paren_type array_dimension
3719	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3720	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3721	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3722	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3723	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3724	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3725	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3726	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3727	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3728	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3729	{ $$ = $2; }
3730	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3731	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3732	;
3733
3734	variable_type_function:
3735	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3736	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3737	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3738	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3739	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3740	{ $$ = $2; }
3741	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3742	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3743	;
3744
3745	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3746	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3747	// arrays and functions.
3748
3749	function_type_redeclarator:
3750	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3751	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3752	\| function_type_ptr
3753	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3754	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3755	;
3756
3757	function_type_no_ptr:
3758	paren_type '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3759	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3760	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3761	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3762	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
3763	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3764	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3765	{ $$ = $2; }
3766	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3767	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3768	;
3769
3770	function_type_ptr:
3771	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3772	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3773	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3774	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3775	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3776	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3777	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3778	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3779	;
3780
3781	function_type_array:
3782	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3783	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3784	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3785	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3786	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3787	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3788	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3789	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3790	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3791	{ $$ = $2; }
3792	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3793	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3794	;
3795
3796	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3797	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3798	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3799	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3800
3801	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3802	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3803	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3804	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3805	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
3806	OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3807	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3808	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3809	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3810	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3811	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3812	;
3813
3814	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3815	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3816	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3817	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3818	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3819	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3820	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3821	;
3822
3823	identifier_parameter_array:
3824	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3825	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3826	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3827	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3828	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3829	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3830	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3831	{ $$ = $2; }
3832	;
3833
3834	identifier_parameter_function:
3835	paren_identifier '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3836	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3837	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3838	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3839	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3840	{ $$ = $2; }
3841	;
3842
3843	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3844	// e.g.:
3845	//
3846	// typedef int foo;
3847	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3848	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3849	//
3850	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3851
3852	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3853	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3854	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3855	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3856	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
3857	OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3858	\| type_parameter_ptr
3859	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3860	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3861	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3862	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3863	;
3864
3865	typedef_name:
3866	TYPEDEFname
3867	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3868	\| TYPEGENname
3869	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3870	;
3871
3872	type_parameter_ptr:
3873	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3874	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3875	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3876	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3877	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3878	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3879	;
3880
3881	type_parameter_array:
3882	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3883	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3884	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3885	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3886	;
3887
3888	type_parameter_function:
3889	typedef_name '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3890	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3891	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3892	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3893	;
3894
3895	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3896	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3897	//
3898	// sizeof( int );
3899	// sizeof( int * );
3900	// sizeof( int [10] );
3901	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3902	// sizeof( int () );
3903	//
3904	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3905	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3906
3907	abstract_declarator:
3908	abstract_ptr
3909	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3910	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3911	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3912	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3913	;
3914
3915	abstract_ptr:
3916	ptrref_operator
3917	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3918	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3919	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3920	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3921	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3922	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3923	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3924	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3925	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3926	;
3927
3928	abstract_array:
3929	array_dimension
3930	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3931	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3932	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3933	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3934	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3935	{ $$ = $2; }
3936	;
3937
3938	abstract_function:
3939	'(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3940	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3941	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3942	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3943	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3944	{ $$ = $2; }
3945	;
3946
3947	array_dimension:
3948	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3949	'[' ']'
3950	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3951	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3952	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3953	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3954	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3955	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3956	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3957
3958	// If needed, the following parses and does not use comma_expression, so the array structure can be built.
3959	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' push array_dimension_list pop ']' // CFA
3960
3961	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3962	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3963	\| multi_array_dimension
3964	;
3965
3966	// array_dimension_list:
3967	// assignment_expression
3968	// \| array_dimension_list ',' assignment_expression
3969	// ;
3970
3971	array_type_list:
3972	basic_type_name
3973	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3974	\| type_name
3975	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3976	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3977	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3978	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3979	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3980	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) ); }
3981	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3982	;
3983
3984	upupeq:
3985	'~'
3986	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3987	\| ErangeUpEq
3988	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3989	;
3990
3991	multi_array_dimension:
3992	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3994	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3995	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3996	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3997	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3998	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3999	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
4000	;
4001
4002	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4003	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4004	//
4005	// int f( int ); // not handled here
4006	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4007	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4008	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4009	//
4010	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
4011	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
4012	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
4013	//
4014	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
4015	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
4016	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
4017	//
4018	// For example:
4019	//
4020	// typedef float T;
4021	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
4022	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
4023	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
4024	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
4025	//
4026	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
4027	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
4028	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
4029	// functions.
4030
4031	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
4032	// empty
4033	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4034	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
4035	;
4036
4037	abstract_parameter_declarator:
4038	abstract_parameter_ptr
4039	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
4040	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newFromTypeData( build_type_qualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ) ),
4041	OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
4042	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
4043	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4044	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
4045	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4046	;
4047
4048	abstract_parameter_ptr:
4049	ptrref_operator
4050	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4051	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4052	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4053	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
4054	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4055	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
4056	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4057	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4058	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4059	;
4060
4061	abstract_parameter_array:
4062	array_parameter_dimension
4063	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
4064	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4065	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4066	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4067	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4068	{ $$ = $2; }
4069	;
4070
4071	abstract_parameter_function:
4072	'(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4073	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
4074	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4075	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4076	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4077	{ $$ = $2; }
4078	;
4079
4080	array_parameter_dimension:
4081	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
4082	array_parameter_1st_dimension
4083	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
4084	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
4085	\| multi_array_dimension
4086	;
4087
4088	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
4089	//
4090	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
4091	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
4092
4093	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4094	'[' ']'
4095	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
4096	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
4097	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4098	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4099	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
4100	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
4101	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
4102	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4103	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4104	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
4105	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
4106	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
4107	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
4108	;
4109
4110	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
4111	//
4112	// struct S {
4113	// int;
4114	// int *;
4115	// int [10];
4116	// int (*)();
4117	// };
4118
4119	variable_abstract_declarator:
4120	variable_abstract_ptr
4121	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4122	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4123	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4124	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4125	;
4126
4127	variable_abstract_ptr:
4128	ptrref_operator
4129	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4130	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4131	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4132	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4133	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4134	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4135	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4136	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4137	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4138	;
4139
4140	variable_abstract_array:
4141	array_dimension
4142	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4143	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4144	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4145	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4146	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4147	{ $$ = $2; }
4148	;
4149
4150	variable_abstract_function:
4151	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4152	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4153	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4154	{ $$ = $2; }
4155	;
4156
4157	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4158	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4159
4160	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4161	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4162	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4163	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4164	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4165	;
4166
4167	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4168	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4169	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4170	;
4171
4172	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4173	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4174	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4175	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4176	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4177	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4178	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4179	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4180	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4181	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4182	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4183	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4184	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4185	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4186	;
4187
4188	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4189	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4190	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4191	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4192	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4193	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4194	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4195	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4196	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4197	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4198	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4199	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4200	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4201
4202	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4203	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4204	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4205	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4206	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4207	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4208	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4209	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4210	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4211	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4212	;
4213
4214	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4215	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4216	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4217	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4218	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4219	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4220	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4221	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4222	// appear in this context.
4223	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4224	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4225	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4226	;
4227
4228	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4229	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4230	//
4231	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4232	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4233	//
4234	// These rules need LR(3):
4235	//
4236	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4237	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
4238	//
4239	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4240	//
4241	// [int, int] t;
4242	// [int, int] f( int );
4243	//
4244	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4245	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4246	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4247	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4248
4249	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4250	cfa_abstract_tuple
4251	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4252	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4253	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4254	;
4255
4256	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4257	cfa_abstract_ptr
4258	\| cfa_abstract_array
4259	;
4260
4261	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4262	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4263	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4264	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4265	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4266	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4267	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4268	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4269	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4270	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4271	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4272	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4273	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4274	;
4275
4276	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4277	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4278	// empty (void) function return type.
4279	'[' ']' type_specifier
4280	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4281	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4282	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4283	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4284	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4285	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4286	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4287	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4288	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4289	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4290	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4291	;
4292
4293	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4294	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4295	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4296	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4297	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4298	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4299	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4300	;
4301
4302	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4303	'[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt ')'
4304	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4305	\| cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
4306	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4307	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_list_ellipsis_opt pop ')'
4308	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4309	;
4310
4311	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4312	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4313	//
4314	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4315	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4316	//
4317	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4318	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4319	//
4320	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4321	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4322
4323	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4324
4325	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4326	// empty
4327	\| ','
4328	;
4329
4330	default_initializer_opt:
4331	// empty
4332	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4333	\| '=' assignment_expression
4334	{ $$ = $2; }
4335	;
4336
4337	%%
4338
4339	// ----end of grammar----
4340
4341	// Local Variables: //
4342	// mode: c++ //
4343	// tab-width: 4 //
4344	// compile-command: "bison -Wcounterexamples parser.yy" //
4345	// End: //

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