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Last change on this file since 2acf5fc was 2acf5fc, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 9 years ago

Merge branch 'master' of plg2:software/cfa/cfa-cc

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src/Parser/parser.cc
src/Parser/parser.yy

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File size: 103.8 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Aug 22 14:30:56 2016
13	// Update Count : 1944
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
34	// 2. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
35	//
36	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
37	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
38	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
39	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
40	// grammar rule.
41
42	%{
43	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
44	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
45
46	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
47
48	#include <cstdio>
49	#include <stack>
50	#include "lex.h"
51	#include "parser.h"
52	#include "ParseNode.h"
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "TypeData.h"
55	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
56
57	union DeclQualifiers {
58	unsigned int value; // assume 32-bits
59	struct {
60	bool Extern : 1;
61	bool Static : 1;
62	bool Auto : 1;
63	bool Register : 1;
64	bool Inline : 1;
65	bool Fortran : 1;
66	bool Noreturn : 1;
67	bool Threadlocal : 1;
68	bool Extension : 1;
69	bool Lvalue : 1;
70	bool Const : 1;
71	bool Volatile : 1;
72	bool Restrict : 1;
73	bool Atomic : 1;
74	} qual;
75	}; // DeclQualifiers
76	DeclQualifiers declQualifiers = { 0 };
77
78	union DeclType {
79	unsigned int value; // assume 32-bits
80	struct {
81	bool Char : 1;
82	bool Bool : 1;
83	bool Short : 1;
84	bool Int : 1;
85	bool Float : 1;
86	bool Double : 1;
87	bool Long : 1;
88	bool Signed : 1;
89	bool Unsigned : 1;
90	bool Void : 1;
91	bool Complex : 1;
92	bool Imaginary : 1;
93	bool Valist : 1;
94	} type;
95	}; // DeclType
96	DeclType declTypes = { 0 };
97
98	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
99	extern LinkageSpec::Spec linkage;
100	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
101
102	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Spec > linkageStack;
103
104	void appendStr( std::string to, std::string from ) {
105	// "abc" "def" "ghi" => "abcdefghi", remove new text from quotes and insert before last quote in old string.
106	to->insert( to->length() - 1, from->substr( 1, from->length() - 2 ) );
107	} // appendStr
108	%}
109
110	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
111
112	// keywords
113	%token TYPEDEF
114	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
115	%token INLINE // C99
116	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
117	%token CONST VOLATILE
118	%token RESTRICT // C99
119	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
120	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
121	%token VALIST // GCC
122	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
123	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
124	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
125	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TRAIT // CFA
126	%token SIZEOF OFFSETOF
127	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
128	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
129	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
130	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
131	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
132
133	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
134	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
135	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
136	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
137	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
138
139	// multi-character operators
140	%token ARROW // ->
141	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
142	%token LS RS // << >>
143	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
144	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
145	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
146
147	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
148	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
149	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
150	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
151
152	%token ATassign // @=
153
154	// Types declaration
155	%union
156	{
157	Token tok;
158	ParseNode *pn;
159	ExpressionNode *en;
160	DeclarationNode *decl;
161	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
162	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
163	StatementNode *sn;
164	ConstantExpr *constant;
165	ForCtl *fctl;
166	LabelNode *label;
167	InitializerNode *in;
168	OperKinds op;
169	std::string *str;
170	bool flag;
171	}
172
173	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier zero_one
174	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
175	%type<constant> string_literal
176	%type<str> string_literal_list
177
178	// expressions
179	%type<en> constant
180	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
181	%type<op> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator
182	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
183	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
184	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
185	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
186	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
187	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
188	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression assignment_opt
189	%type<fctl> for_control_expression
190	%type<en> subrange
191	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
192	%type<label> label_list
193	%type<en> asm_clobbers_list_opt
194	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
195
196	// statements
197	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
198	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
199	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
200	%type<sn> statement statement_list
201	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
202	%type<sn> case_clause
203	%type<en> case_value
204	%type<sn> case_value_list case_label case_label_list
205	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
206	%type<sn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
207
208	// declarations
209	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
210	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
211	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
212
213	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
214	%type<decl> aggregate_name
215
216	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
217
218	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
219
220	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
221
222	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
223
224	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
225
226	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
227	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
228
229	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
230
231	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
232	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
233
234	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
235
236	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
237	%type<en> field field_list
238
239	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
240
241	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
242	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
243
244	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
245	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
246	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
247
248	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
249
250	%type<decl> new_trait_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
251	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
252
253	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
254	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
255
256	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
257
258	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
259
260	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
261	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
262
263	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
264	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
265
266	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
267
268	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
269
270	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
271
272	%type<tclass> type_class
273	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
274
275	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
276	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
277	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr variable_type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
278	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
279
280	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
281	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
282
283	%type<en> type_name_list
284
285	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
286
287	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
288	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
289
290	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
291
292	// initializers
293	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
294
295	// designators
296	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
297
298
299	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
300	// is ambiguous:
301	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
302	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
303	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
304
305	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
306	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
307
308	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
309
310	%%
311	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
312
313	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
314	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
315	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
316	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
317	//
318	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
319	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
320	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
321	//
322	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
323	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
324	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
325	//
326	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
327	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
328	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
329	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
330	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
331	//
332	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
333	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
334	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
335	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
336	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
337	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
338	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
339
340	push:
341	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
342	;
343
344	pop:
345	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
346	;
347
348	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
349
350	constant:
351	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
352	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$1 ) ); }
353	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( *$1 ) ); }
354	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( *$1 ) ); }
355	;
356
357	identifier:
358	IDENTIFIER
359	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
360	\| zero_one // CFA
361	;
362
363	no_01_identifier:
364	IDENTIFIER
365	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
366	;
367
368	no_attr_identifier:
369	IDENTIFIER
370	\| zero_one // CFA
371	;
372
373	zero_one: // CFA
374	ZERO
375	\| ONE
376	;
377
378	string_literal:
379	string_literal_list { $$ = build_constantStr( *$1 ); }
380	;
381
382	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
383	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
384	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
385	{
386	appendStr( $1, $2 ); // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
387	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
388	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
389	}
390	;
391
392	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
393
394	primary_expression:
395	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
396	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
397	\| zero_one
398	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
399	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
400	{ $$ = $2; }
401	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
402	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_valexpr( $2 ) ); }
403	;
404
405	postfix_expression:
406	primary_expression
407	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
408	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
409	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
410	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
411	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
412	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Index, $1, $4 ) ); }
413	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
414	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( $1, $3 ) ); }
415	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
416	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
417	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
418	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
419	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
420	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
421	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $1, build_varref( $3 ) ) ); }
422	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
423	\| postfix_expression ICR
424	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
425	\| postfix_expression DECR
426	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
427	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
428	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
429	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' // CFA
430	{
431	Token fn;
432	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined
433	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) );
434	}
435	;
436
437	argument_expression_list:
438	argument_expression
439	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
440	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
441	;
442
443	argument_expression:
444	// empty
445	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
446	\| assignment_expression
447	;
448
449	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
450	field
451	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
452	;
453
454	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
455	no_attr_identifier
456	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
457	// ambiguity with .0 so space required after field-selection, e.g.
458	// struct S { int 0, 1; } s; s. 0 = 0; s. 1 = 1;
459	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
460	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
461	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
462	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
463	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
464	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $3, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
465	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
466	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( $5, build_varref( $1 ) ) ); }
467	;
468
469	unary_expression:
470	postfix_expression
471	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
472	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
473	\| constant
474	{ $$ = $1; }
475	\| string_literal
476	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
477	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
478	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
479	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
480	// { * X; } // dereference X
481	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
482	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
483	{
484	switch ( $1 ) {
485	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
486	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_addressOf( $2 ) );
487	break;
488	case OperKinds::PointTo:
489	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) );
490	break;
491	default:
492	assert( false );
493	}
494	}
495	\| unary_operator cast_expression
496	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( $1, $2 ) ); }
497	\| ICR unary_expression
498	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
499	\| DECR unary_expression
500	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_ptr( OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
501	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
502	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
503	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
504	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_sizeOftype( $3 ) ); }
505	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
506	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOfexpr( $2 ) ); }
507	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
508	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_alignOftype( $3 ) ); }
509	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_name_no_function ',' no_attr_identifier ')'
510	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) ); }
511	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
512	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), nullptr ) ); }
513	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
514	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrexpr( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
515	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
516	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_attrtype( build_varref( $1 ), $3 ) ); }
517	// \| ANDAND IDENTIFIER // GCC, address of label
518	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new OperatorNode( OperKinds::LabelAddress ), new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2, true ) ); }
519	;
520
521	ptrref_operator:
522	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
523	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
524	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
525	// \| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
526	;
527
528	unary_operator:
529	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
530	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
531	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
532	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
533	;
534
535	cast_expression:
536	unary_expression
537	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
538	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
539	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
540	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( $2, $4 ) ); }
541	;
542
543	multiplicative_expression:
544	cast_expression
545	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
546	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
547	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
548	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
549	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
550	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
551	;
552
553	additive_expression:
554	multiplicative_expression
555	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
556	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
557	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
558	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
559	;
560
561	shift_expression:
562	additive_expression
563	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
564	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
565	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
566	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
567	;
568
569	relational_expression:
570	shift_expression
571	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
572	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
573	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
574	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
575	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
576	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
577	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
578	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
579	;
580
581	equality_expression:
582	relational_expression
583	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
584	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
585	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
586	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
587	;
588
589	AND_expression:
590	equality_expression
591	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
592	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
593	;
594
595	exclusive_OR_expression:
596	AND_expression
597	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
598	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
599	;
600
601	inclusive_OR_expression:
602	exclusive_OR_expression
603	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
604	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
605	;
606
607	logical_AND_expression:
608	inclusive_OR_expression
609	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
610	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, true ) ); }
611	;
612
613	logical_OR_expression:
614	logical_AND_expression
615	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
616	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( $1, $3, false ) ); }
617	;
618
619	conditional_expression:
620	logical_OR_expression
621	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
622	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
623	// FIX ME: this hack computes $1 twice
624	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
625	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $1, $4 ) ); }
626	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
627	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
628	;
629
630	constant_expression:
631	conditional_expression
632	;
633
634	assignment_expression:
635	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
636	conditional_expression
637	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
638	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
639	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
640	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( OperKinds::Assign, $1, $2 ) ); }
641	;
642
643	assignment_expression_opt:
644	// empty
645	{ $$ = nullptr; }
646	\| assignment_expression
647	;
648
649	assignment_operator:
650	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
651	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
652	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
653	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
654	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
655	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
656	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
657	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
658	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
659	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
660	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
661	;
662
663	tuple: // CFA, tuple
664	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
665	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
666	'[' ']'
667	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
668	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
669	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
670	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
671	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $4 ) ) ); }
672	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
673	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_last( $5 ) ) ); }
674	;
675
676	tuple_expression_list:
677	assignment_expression_opt
678	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
679	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
680	;
681
682	comma_expression:
683	assignment_expression
684	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
685	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_comma( $1, $3 ) ); }
686	;
687
688	comma_expression_opt:
689	// empty
690	{ $$ = 0; }
691	\| comma_expression
692	;
693
694	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
695
696	statement:
697	labeled_statement
698	\| compound_statement
699	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
700	\| selection_statement
701	\| iteration_statement
702	\| jump_statement
703	\| exception_statement
704	\| asm_statement
705	\| '^' postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';' // CFA
706	{
707	Token fn;
708	fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
709	$$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( new ExpressionNode( build_func( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) );
710	}
711	;
712
713	labeled_statement:
714	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
715	IDENTIFIER ':' attribute_list_opt statement
716	{
717	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
718	}
719	;
720
721	compound_statement:
722	'{' '}'
723	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
724	\| '{'
725	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
726	// requires its own scope
727	push push
728	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
729	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
730	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( $5 ) ); }
731	;
732
733	block_item_list: // C99
734	block_item
735	\| block_item_list push block_item
736	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
737	;
738
739	block_item:
740	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
741	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
742	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
743	{ // mark all fields in list
744	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
745	iter->set_extension( true );
746	$$ = new StatementNode( $2 );
747	}
748	\| function_definition
749	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
750	\| statement pop
751	;
752
753	statement_list:
754	statement
755	\| statement_list statement
756	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
757	;
758
759	expression_statement:
760	comma_expression_opt ';'
761	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( $1 ) ); }
762	;
763
764	selection_statement:
765	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
766	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
767	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, nullptr ) ); }
768	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
769	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( $3, $5, $7 ) ); }
770	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
771	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
772	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
773	{
774	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
775	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
776	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
777	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
778	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
779	// statement.
780	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
781	}
782	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
783	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $5 ) ); }
784	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
785	{
786	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( $3, $8 ) );
787	$$ = $7 != 0 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
788	}
789	;
790
791	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
792	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
793
794	case_value: // CFA
795	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
796	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
797	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
798	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
799	;
800
801	case_value_list: // CFA
802	case_value { $$ = new StatementNode( build_case( $1 ) ); }
803	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
804	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_case( $3 ) ) ) ); }
805	;
806
807	case_label: // CFA
808	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
809	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( build_default() ); }
810	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
811	;
812
813	case_label_list: // CFA
814	case_label
815	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 )); }
816	;
817
818	case_clause: // CFA
819	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
820	;
821
822	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
823	// empty
824	{ $$ = 0; }
825	\| switch_clause_list
826	;
827
828	switch_clause_list: // CFA
829	case_label_list statement_list
830	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $2 ) ) ); }
831	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
832	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( $3 ) ) ) ) ); }
833	;
834
835	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
836	// empty
837	{ $$ = 0; }
838	\| choose_clause_list
839	;
840
841	choose_clause_list: // CFA
842	case_label_list fall_through
843	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
844	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
845	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode *)$2->set_last( $3 ) ) ) ); }
846	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
847	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
848	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
849	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( (StatementNode )$3->set_last( $4 ) ) ) ) ) ); }
850	;
851
852	fall_through_opt: // CFA
853	// empty
854	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); } // insert implicit break
855	\| fall_through
856	;
857
858	fall_through: // CFA
859	FALLTHRU
860	{ $$ = 0; }
861	\| FALLTHRU ';'
862	{ $$ = 0; }
863	;
864
865	iteration_statement:
866	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
867	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $3, $5 ) ); }
868	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
869	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( $5, $2 ) ); }
870	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
871	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( $4, $6 ) ); }
872	;
873
874	for_control_expression:
875	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
876	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $4, $6 ); }
877	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
878	{ $$ = new ForCtl( $1, $2, $4 ); }
879	;
880
881	jump_statement:
882	GOTO IDENTIFIER ';'
883	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
884	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
885	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
886	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
887	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
888	\| CONTINUE ';'
889	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
890	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
891	\| CONTINUE IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
892	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
893	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
894	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
895	\| BREAK ';'
896	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
897	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
898	\| BREAK IDENTIFIER ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
899	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
900	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
901	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( $2, BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
902	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
903	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( $2 ) ); }
904	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
905	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
906	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
907	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
908	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
909	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( $2 ) ); }
910	;
911
912	exception_statement:
913	TRY compound_statement handler_list
914	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, 0 ) ); }
915	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
916	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, 0, $3 ) ); }
917	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
918	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
919	;
920
921	handler_list:
922	handler_clause
923	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
924	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
925	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
926	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
927	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
928	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
929	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $5, true ) ); }
930	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
931	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( 0, $6, true ) ) ); }
932	;
933
934	handler_clause:
935	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
936	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
937	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
938	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
939	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
940	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $5, $8 ) ); }
941	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
942	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $6, $9 ) ) ); }
943	;
944
945	finally_clause:
946	FINALLY compound_statement
947	{
948	$$ = new StatementNode( build_finally( $2 ) );
949	}
950	;
951
952	exception_declaration:
953	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
954	//
955	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
956	//
957	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
958	type_specifier
959	\| type_specifier declarator
960	{
961	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
962	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
963	}
964	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
965	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
966	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
967	{
968	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
969	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
970	}
971	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
972	;
973
974	asm_statement:
975	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
976	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, 0 ) ); }
977	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
978	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
979	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
980	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
981	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
982	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
983	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
984	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asmstmt( $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
985	;
986
987	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
988	// empty
989	{ $$ = false; }
990	\| VOLATILE
991	{ $$ = true; }
992	;
993
994	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
995	// empty
996	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
997	\| asm_operands_list
998	;
999
1000	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1001	asm_operand
1002	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1003	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( $3 ); }
1004	;
1005
1006	asm_operand: // GCC
1007	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1008	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( 0, $1, $3 ) ); }
1009	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1010	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_asmexpr( $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1011	;
1012
1013	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1014	// empty
1015	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
1016	\| string_literal
1017	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1 ); }
1018	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1019	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( $3 ) ); }
1020	;
1021
1022	label_list:
1023	no_attr_identifier
1024	{
1025	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.push_back( *$1 );
1026	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1027	}
1028	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1029	{
1030	$$ = $1; $1->labels.push_back( *$3 );
1031	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1032	}
1033	;
1034
1035	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1036
1037	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1038	pop
1039	{ $$ = 0; }
1040	\| declaration_list
1041	;
1042
1043	declaration_list:
1044	declaration
1045	\| declaration_list push declaration
1046	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1047	;
1048
1049	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1050	pop
1051	{ $$ = 0; }
1052	\| old_declaration_list
1053	;
1054
1055	old_declaration_list:
1056	old_declaration
1057	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
1058	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1059	;
1060
1061	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1062	// empty
1063	\| local_label_declaration_list
1064	;
1065
1066	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1067	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1068	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1069	;
1070
1071	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1072	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1073	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1074	;
1075
1076	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1077	new_declaration
1078	\| old_declaration
1079	;
1080
1081	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1082	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1083	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1084	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1085	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1086	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1087	//
1088	// CFA C
1089	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1090	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1091
1092	new_declaration: // CFA
1093	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1094	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1095	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1096	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1097	\| trait_specifier pop ';'
1098	;
1099
1100	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1101	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1102	{
1103	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1104	$$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 );
1105	}
1106	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1107	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1108	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1109	{
1110	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1111	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 );;
1112	}
1113	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1114	{
1115	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1116	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) );
1117	}
1118	;
1119
1120	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1121	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1122	// storage-class
1123	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1124	{
1125	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1126	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1127	}
1128	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1129	{
1130	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1131	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1132	}
1133	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1134	{
1135	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1136	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1137	}
1138	;
1139
1140	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1141	new_function_specifier
1142	{
1143	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1144	$$ = $1;
1145	}
1146	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1147	{
1148	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1149	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1150	}
1151	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1152	{
1153	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1154	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1155	}
1156	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1157	{
1158	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1159	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1160	}
1161	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1162	{
1163	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1164	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1165	}
1166	;
1167
1168	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1169	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1170	{
1171	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1172	}
1173	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1174	// {
1175	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1176	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1177	// }
1178	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1179	// {
1180	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1181	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1182	// }
1183	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1184	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1185	//
1186	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1187	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1188	//
1189	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1190	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1191	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1192	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1193	{
1194	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1195	}
1196	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1197	{
1198	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1199	}
1200	;
1201
1202	new_function_return: // CFA
1203	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1204	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1205	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1206	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1207	// ']'.
1208	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1209	;
1210
1211	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1212	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1213	{
1214	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1215	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1216	}
1217	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1218	{
1219	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1220	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1221	}
1222	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1223	{
1224	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1225	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1226	}
1227	;
1228
1229	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1230	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1231
1232	typedef_declaration:
1233	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1234	{
1235	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1236	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1237	}
1238	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1239	{
1240	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1241	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1242	}
1243	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1244	{
1245	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1246	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1247	}
1248	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1249	{
1250	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1251	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1252	}
1253	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1254	{
1255	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1256	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1257	}
1258	;
1259
1260	typedef_expression:
1261	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1262	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1263	{
1264	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1265	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1266	}
1267	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1268	{
1269	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1270	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1271	}
1272	;
1273
1274	old_declaration:
1275	declaring_list pop ';'
1276	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1277	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1278	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1279	;
1280
1281	declaring_list:
1282	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1283	// storage-class
1284	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1285	{
1286	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1287	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1288	}
1289	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1290	{
1291	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1292	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1293	}
1294	;
1295
1296	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1297	basic_declaration_specifier
1298	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1299	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1300	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1301	;
1302
1303	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1304	basic_type_specifier
1305	\| sue_type_specifier
1306	\| typedef_type_specifier
1307	\| typegen_type_specifier
1308	;
1309
1310	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1311	// empty
1312	{ $$ = 0; }
1313	\| type_qualifier_list
1314	;
1315
1316	type_qualifier_list:
1317	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1318	//
1319	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1320	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1321	// appeared only once.
1322	type_qualifier
1323	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1324	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1325	;
1326
1327	type_qualifier:
1328	type_qualifier_name
1329	\| attribute
1330	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1331	;
1332
1333	type_qualifier_name:
1334	CONST
1335	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1336	\| RESTRICT
1337	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1338	\| VOLATILE
1339	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1340	\| LVALUE // CFA
1341	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1342	\| ATOMIC
1343	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1344	\| FORALL '('
1345	{
1346	typedefTable.enterScope();
1347	}
1348	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1349	{
1350	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1351	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1352	}
1353	;
1354
1355	declaration_qualifier_list:
1356	storage_class_list
1357	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1358	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1359	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1361	;
1362
1363	storage_class_list:
1364	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1365	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1366	//
1367	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1368	// specifiers in a declaration.
1369	storage_class
1370	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1371	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1372	;
1373
1374	storage_class:
1375	EXTERN
1376	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1377	\| STATIC
1378	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1379	\| AUTO
1380	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1381	\| REGISTER
1382	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1383	\| INLINE // C99
1384	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1385	\| FORTRAN // C99
1386	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1387	\| NORETURN // C11
1388	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1389	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1390	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1391	;
1392
1393	basic_type_name:
1394	CHAR
1395	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1396	\| DOUBLE
1397	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1398	\| FLOAT
1399	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1400	\| INT
1401	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1402	\| LONG
1403	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1404	\| SHORT
1405	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1406	\| SIGNED
1407	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1408	\| UNSIGNED
1409	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1410	\| VOID
1411	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1412	\| BOOL // C99
1413	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1414	\| COMPLEX // C99
1415	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1416	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1417	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1418	\| VALIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
1419	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
1420	;
1421
1422	basic_declaration_specifier:
1423	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1424	basic_type_specifier
1425	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1426	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1427	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1428	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1429	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1430	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1431	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1432	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1433	;
1434
1435	basic_type_specifier:
1436	direct_type_name
1437	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1438	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1439	;
1440
1441	direct_type_name:
1442	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1443	basic_type_name
1444	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1445	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1446	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1448	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1449	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1450	;
1451
1452	indirect_type_name:
1453	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1454	{ $$ = $3; }
1455	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1457	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1459	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1460	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1461	;
1462
1463	sue_declaration_specifier:
1464	sue_type_specifier
1465	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1466	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1467	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1468	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1469	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1470	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1471	;
1472
1473	sue_type_specifier:
1474	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1475	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1476	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1477	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1478	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1479	;
1480
1481	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1482	typedef_type_specifier
1483	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1484	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1485	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1486	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1487	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1488	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1489	;
1490
1491	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1492	TYPEDEFname
1493	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1494	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1496	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1497	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1498	;
1499
1500	elaborated_type_name:
1501	aggregate_name
1502	\| enum_name
1503	;
1504
1505	aggregate_name:
1506	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1507	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3, true ); }
1508	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1509	{
1510	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1511	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, false );
1512	}
1513	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1514	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1515	'{' field_declaration_list '}'
1516	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $5, true ); }
1517	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1518	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6, false ); }
1519	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1520	{ $$ = $2; }
1521	;
1522
1523	aggregate_key:
1524	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1525	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1526	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1527	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1528	;
1529
1530	field_declaration_list:
1531	// empty
1532	{ $$ = 0; }
1533	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1534	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1535	;
1536
1537	field_declaration:
1538	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1539	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1540	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
1541	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1542	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1543	{ // mark all fields in list
1544	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
1545	iter->set_extension( true );
1546	$$ = $2;
1547	}
1548	;
1549
1550	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1551	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1552	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1553	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1554	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1555	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1556	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1557	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1558	;
1559
1560	field_declaring_list:
1561	type_specifier field_declarator
1562	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1563	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1564	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1565	;
1566
1567	field_declarator:
1568	// empty
1569	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1570	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1571	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1572	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1573	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1574	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1575	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1576	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1577	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1578	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1579	;
1580
1581	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1582	// empty
1583	{ $$ = 0; }
1584	\| bit_subrange_size
1585	{ $$ = $1; }
1586	;
1587
1588	bit_subrange_size:
1589	':' constant_expression
1590	{ $$ = $2; }
1591	;
1592
1593	enum_key:
1594	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1595	;
1596
1597	enum_name:
1598	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1599	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1600	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1601	{
1602	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 );
1603	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 );
1604	}
1605	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1606	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$2 ); }
1607	'{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1608	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $5 ); }
1609	;
1610
1611	enumerator_list:
1612	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1613	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1614	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1615	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1616	;
1617
1618	enumerator_value_opt:
1619	// empty
1620	{ $$ = 0; }
1621	\| '=' constant_expression
1622	{ $$ = $2; }
1623	;
1624
1625	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1626
1627	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1628	// empty
1629	{ $$ = 0; }
1630	\| new_parameter_type_list
1631	;
1632
1633	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1634	new_abstract_parameter_list
1635	\| new_parameter_list
1636	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1637	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1638	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1639	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1640	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1641	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1642	;
1643
1644	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1645	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1646	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1647	new_parameter_declaration
1648	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1649	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1650	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1651	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1652	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1653	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1654	;
1655
1656	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1657	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1658	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1659	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1660	;
1661
1662	parameter_type_list_opt:
1663	// empty
1664	{ $$ = 0; }
1665	\| parameter_type_list
1666	;
1667
1668	parameter_type_list:
1669	parameter_list
1670	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1671	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1672	;
1673
1674	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1675	abstract_parameter_declaration
1676	\| parameter_declaration
1677	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1678	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1679	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1680	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1681	;
1682
1683	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1684	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1685
1686	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1687	parameter_declaration
1688	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1689	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1690	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1691	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1692	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1693	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1694	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1695	\| new_function_specifier
1696	;
1697
1698	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1699	abstract_parameter_declaration
1700	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1701	\| new_abstract_tuple
1702	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1703	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1704	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1705	\| new_abstract_function
1706	;
1707
1708	parameter_declaration:
1709	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1710	{
1711	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1712	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1713	}
1714	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1715	{
1716	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1717	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1718	}
1719	;
1720
1721	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1722	declaration_specifier
1723	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1724	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1725	;
1726
1727	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1728	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1729	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1730
1731	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1732	no_attr_identifier
1733	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1734	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1735	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1736	;
1737
1738	identifier_or_type_name:
1739	identifier
1740	\| TYPEDEFname
1741	\| TYPEGENname
1742	;
1743
1744	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1745	no_01_identifier
1746	\| TYPEDEFname
1747	\| TYPEGENname
1748	;
1749
1750	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1751	no_attr_identifier
1752	\| TYPEDEFname
1753	\| TYPEGENname
1754	;
1755
1756	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1757	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1758	\| type_specifier
1759	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1760	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1761	;
1762
1763	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1764	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1765	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1766	\| type_specifier
1767	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1768	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1769	;
1770
1771	initializer_opt:
1772	// empty
1773	{ $$ = 0; }
1774	\| '=' initializer
1775	{ $$ = $2; }
1776	\| ATassign initializer
1777	{ $$ = $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
1778	;
1779
1780	initializer:
1781	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1782	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1783	;
1784
1785	initializer_list:
1786	// empty
1787	{ $$ = 0; }
1788	\| initializer
1789	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1790	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1791	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1792	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1793	;
1794
1795	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1796	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1797	//
1798	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1799	//
1800	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1801	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1802	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1803	// shift/reduce conflicts
1804
1805	designation:
1806	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1807	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1808	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
1809	;
1810
1811	designator_list: // C99
1812	designator
1813	\| designator_list designator
1814	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $2 ) ); }
1815	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
1816	;
1817
1818	designator:
1819	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1820	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $2 ) ); }
1821	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1822	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1823	{ $$ = $3; }
1824	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1825	{ $$ = $3; }
1826	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1827	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $3, $5 ) ); }
1828	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1829	{ $$ = $4; }
1830	;
1831
1832	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1833	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1834	//
1835	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1836	//
1837	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1838	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1839	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1840	//
1841	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1842	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1843	//
1844	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1845	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1846	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1847	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1848	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1849
1850	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1851	typegen_type_specifier
1852	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1853	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1854	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1855	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1856	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1857	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1858	;
1859
1860	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1861	typegen_name
1862	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1863	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1864	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1865	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1866	;
1867
1868	typegen_name: // CFA
1869	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1870	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1871	;
1872
1873	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1874	type_parameter assignment_opt
1875	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1876	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1877	;
1878
1879	type_parameter: // CFA
1880	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1881	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1882	assertion_list_opt
1883	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1884	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1885	;
1886
1887	type_class: // CFA
1888	OTYPE
1889	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1890	\| DTYPE
1891	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1892	\| FTYPE
1893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1894	;
1895
1896	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1897	// empty
1898	{ $$ = 0; }
1899	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1900	{ $$ = $1 != 0 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
1901	;
1902
1903	assertion: // CFA
1904	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1905	{
1906	typedefTable.openTrait( *$2 );
1907	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 );
1908	}
1909	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}'
1910	{ $$ = $4; }
1911	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1912	{ $$ = 0; }
1913	;
1914
1915	type_name_list: // CFA
1916	type_name
1917	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $1 ) ); }
1918	\| assignment_expression
1919	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1920	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( build_typevalue( $3 ) ) ) ); }
1921	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1922	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
1923	;
1924
1925	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1926	OTYPE type_declarator
1927	{ $$ = $2; }
1928	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
1929	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1930	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1931	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1932	;
1933
1934	type_declarator: // CFA
1935	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1936	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1937	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1938	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1939	;
1940
1941	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1942	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1943	{
1944	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1945	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1946	}
1947	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1948	{
1949	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1950	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1951	}
1952	;
1953
1954	trait_specifier: // CFA
1955	TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1956	{
1957	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1958	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, 0 );
1959	}
1960	\| TRAIT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1961	{
1962	typedefTable.enterTrait( *$2 );
1963	typedefTable.enterScope();
1964	}
1965	trait_declaration_list '}'
1966	{
1967	typedefTable.leaveTrait();
1968	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1969	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $5, $10 );
1970	}
1971	;
1972
1973	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
1974	trait_declaration
1975	\| trait_declaration_list push trait_declaration
1976	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1977	;
1978
1979	trait_declaration: // CFA
1980	new_trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1981	\| trait_declaring_list pop ';'
1982	;
1983
1984	new_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
1985	new_variable_specifier
1986	{
1987	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1988	$$ = $1;
1989	}
1990	\| new_function_specifier
1991	{
1992	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1993	$$ = $1;
1994	}
1995	\| new_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1996	{
1997	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1998	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1999	}
2000	;
2001
2002	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
2003	type_specifier declarator
2004	{
2005	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2006	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
2007	}
2008	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
2009	{
2010	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
2011	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
2012	}
2013	;
2014
2015	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
2016
2017	translation_unit:
2018	// empty
2019	{} // empty input file
2020	\| external_definition_list
2021	{ parseTree = parseTree != nullptr ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
2022	;
2023
2024	external_definition_list:
2025	external_definition
2026	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
2027	{ $$ = $1 != nullptr ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
2028	;
2029
2030	external_definition_list_opt:
2031	// empty
2032	{ $$ = 0; }
2033	\| external_definition_list
2034	;
2035
2036	external_definition:
2037	declaration
2038	\| external_function_definition
2039	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
2040	{}
2041	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
2042	{
2043	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
2044	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
2045	}
2046	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
2047	{
2048	linkage = linkageStack.top();
2049	linkageStack.pop();
2050	$$ = $5;
2051	}
2052	\| EXTENSION external_definition
2053	{ // mark all fields in list
2054	for ( DeclarationNode iter = $2; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() )
2055	iter->set_extension( true );
2056	$$ = $2;
2057	}
2058	;
2059
2060	external_function_definition:
2061	function_definition
2062	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
2063	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
2064	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
2065	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
2066	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
2067	\| function_declarator compound_statement
2068	{
2069	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2070	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2071	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2072	}
2073	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2074	{
2075	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2076	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2077	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
2078	}
2079	;
2080
2081	function_definition:
2082	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
2083	{
2084	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2085	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2086	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2087	}
2088	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2089	{
2090	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2091	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2092	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2093	}
2094	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2095	{
2096	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2097	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2098	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2099	}
2100	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2101	{
2102	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2103	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2104	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2105	}
2106	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2107	{
2108	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2109	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2110	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2111	}
2112
2113	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2114	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2115	{
2116	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2117	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2118	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2119	}
2120	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2121	{
2122	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2123	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2124	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2125	}
2126
2127	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2128	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2129	{
2130	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2131	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2132	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2133	}
2134	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2135	{
2136	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2137	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2138	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2139	}
2140	;
2141
2142	declarator:
2143	variable_declarator
2144	\| variable_type_redeclarator
2145	\| function_declarator
2146	;
2147
2148	subrange:
2149	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2150	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_range( $1, $3 ) ); }
2151	;
2152
2153	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2154	// empty
2155	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2156	{ delete $3; }
2157	;
2158
2159	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2160	// empty
2161	{ $$ = 0; }
2162	\| attribute_list
2163	;
2164
2165	attribute_list: // GCC
2166	attribute
2167	\| attribute_list attribute
2168	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2169	;
2170
2171	attribute: // GCC
2172	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2173	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2174	{ $$ = 0; }
2175	;
2176
2177	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2178	attrib
2179	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2180	;
2181
2182	attrib: // GCC
2183	// empty
2184	\| any_word
2185	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2186	{ delete $3; }
2187	;
2188
2189	any_word: // GCC
2190	identifier_or_type_name { delete $1; }
2191	\| storage_class { delete $1; }
2192	\| basic_type_name { delete $1; }
2193	\| type_qualifier { delete $1; }
2194	;
2195
2196	// ============================================================================
2197	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2198	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2199	// in:
2200	//
2201	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2202	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2203	//
2204	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2205	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2206	// ============================================================================
2207
2208	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2209	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2210	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2211	//
2212	// valid declaration invalid definition
2213	// ----------------- ------------------
2214	// int f; int f {}
2215	// int f; int f {}
2216	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2217	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2218	//
2219	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2220	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2221	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2222
2223	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2224	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2225
2226	variable_declarator:
2227	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2228	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2229	\| variable_ptr
2230	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2231	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2232	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2233	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2234	;
2235
2236	paren_identifier:
2237	identifier
2238	{
2239	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2240	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2241	}
2242	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2243	{ $$ = $2; }
2244	;
2245
2246	variable_ptr:
2247	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
2248	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2249	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2250	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2251	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2252	{ $$ = $2; }
2253	;
2254
2255	variable_array:
2256	paren_identifier array_dimension
2257	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2258	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2259	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2260	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2261	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2262	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2263	{ $$ = $2; }
2264	;
2265
2266	variable_function:
2267	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2268	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2269	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2270	{ $$ = $2; }
2271	;
2272
2273	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
2274	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
2275	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2276
2277	function_declarator:
2278	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2279	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2280	\| function_ptr
2281	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2282	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2283	;
2284
2285	function_no_ptr:
2286	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2287	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2288	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2289	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2290	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2291	{ $$ = $2; }
2292	;
2293
2294	function_ptr:
2295	ptrref_operator function_declarator
2296	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2297	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2298	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2299	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2300	{ $$ = $2; }
2301	;
2302
2303	function_array:
2304	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2305	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2306	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2307	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2308	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2309	{ $$ = $2; }
2310	;
2311
2312	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2313	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2314	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2315
2316	old_function_declarator:
2317	old_function_no_ptr
2318	\| old_function_ptr
2319	\| old_function_array
2320	;
2321
2322	old_function_no_ptr:
2323	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2324	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2325	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2326	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2327	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2328	{ $$ = $2; }
2329	;
2330
2331	old_function_ptr:
2332	ptrref_operator old_function_declarator
2333	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2334	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2335	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2336	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2337	{ $$ = $2; }
2338	;
2339
2340	old_function_array:
2341	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2342	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2343	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2344	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2345	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2346	{ $$ = $2; }
2347	;
2348
2349	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2350	//
2351	// typedef int foo;
2352	// {
2353	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2354	// }
2355	//
2356	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2357	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2358
2359	variable_type_redeclarator:
2360	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2361	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2362	\| type_ptr
2363	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2364	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2365	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2366	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2367	;
2368
2369	paren_type:
2370	typedef
2371	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2372	{ $$ = $2; }
2373	;
2374
2375	type_ptr:
2376	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
2377	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2378	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
2379	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2380	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2381	{ $$ = $2; }
2382	;
2383
2384	type_array:
2385	paren_type array_dimension
2386	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2387	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2388	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2389	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2390	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2391	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2392	{ $$ = $2; }
2393	;
2394
2395	type_function:
2396	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2397	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2398	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2399	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2400	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2401	{ $$ = $2; }
2402	;
2403
2404	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2405	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2406	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2407	// arrays and functions.
2408
2409	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2410	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2411	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2412	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2413	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2414	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2415	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2416	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2417	;
2418
2419	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2420	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
2421	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2422	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2423	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2424	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2425	{ $$ = $2; }
2426	;
2427
2428	identifier_parameter_array:
2429	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2430	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2431	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2432	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2433	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2434	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2435	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2436	{ $$ = $2; }
2437	;
2438
2439	identifier_parameter_function:
2440	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2441	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2442	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2443	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2444	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2445	{ $$ = $2; }
2446	;
2447
2448	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2449	// e.g.:
2450	//
2451	// typedef int foo;
2452	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2453	//
2454	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2455	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2456	//
2457	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2458	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2459	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2460	//
2461	// For example:
2462	//
2463	// typedef float T;
2464	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2465	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2466	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2467	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2468	//
2469	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2470	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2471	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2472	// functions.
2473
2474	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2475	typedef attribute_list_opt
2476	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2477	\| type_parameter_ptr
2478	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2479	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2480	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2481	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2482	;
2483
2484	typedef:
2485	TYPEDEFname
2486	{
2487	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2488	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2489	}
2490	\| TYPEGENname
2491	{
2492	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2493	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2494	}
2495	;
2496
2497	type_parameter_ptr:
2498	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
2499	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2500	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2501	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2502	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2503	{ $$ = $2; }
2504	;
2505
2506	type_parameter_array:
2507	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2508	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2509	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2510	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2511	;
2512
2513	type_parameter_function:
2514	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2515	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2516	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2517	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2518	;
2519
2520	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2521	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2522	//
2523	// sizeof( int );
2524	// sizeof( int [10] );
2525	//
2526	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2527	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2528
2529	abstract_declarator:
2530	abstract_ptr
2531	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2532	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2533	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2534	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2535	;
2536
2537	abstract_ptr:
2538	ptrref_operator
2539	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2540	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2541	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2542	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
2543	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2544	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2545	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2546	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2547	{ $$ = $2; }
2548	;
2549
2550	abstract_array:
2551	array_dimension
2552	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2553	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2554	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2555	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2556	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2557	{ $$ = $2; }
2558	;
2559
2560	abstract_function:
2561	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2562	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2563	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2564	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2565	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2566	{ $$ = $2; }
2567	;
2568
2569	array_dimension:
2570	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2571	'[' ']'
2572	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2573	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2574	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2575	\| multi_array_dimension
2576	;
2577
2578	multi_array_dimension:
2579	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2580	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2581	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2582	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2583	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2584	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2585	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2586	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2587	;
2588
2589	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2590	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2591	//
2592	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2593	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2594	//
2595	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2596	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2597
2598	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2599	abstract_parameter_ptr
2600	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2601	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2602	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2603	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2604	;
2605
2606	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2607	ptrref_operator
2608	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2609	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2610	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2611	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
2612	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2613	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2614	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2615	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2616	{ $$ = $2; }
2617	;
2618
2619	abstract_parameter_array:
2620	array_parameter_dimension
2621	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2622	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2623	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2624	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2625	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2626	{ $$ = $2; }
2627	;
2628
2629	abstract_parameter_function:
2630	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2631	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2632	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2633	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2634	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2635	{ $$ = $2; }
2636	;
2637
2638	array_parameter_dimension:
2639	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2640	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2641	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2642	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2643	\| multi_array_dimension
2644	;
2645
2646	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2647	//
2648	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2649	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2650
2651	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2652	'[' ']'
2653	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2654	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2655	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2656	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2657	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2658	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2659	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2660	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2661	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2662	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2663	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2664	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2665	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2666	;
2667
2668	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2669	// e.g.:
2670	//
2671	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2672	//
2673	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2674	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2675
2676	variable_abstract_declarator:
2677	variable_abstract_ptr
2678	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2679	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2680	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2681	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2682	;
2683
2684	variable_abstract_ptr:
2685	ptrref_operator
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2687	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
2688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2689	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
2690	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2691	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2692	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2693	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2694	{ $$ = $2; }
2695	;
2696
2697	variable_abstract_array:
2698	array_dimension
2699	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2700	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2701	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2702	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2703	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2704	{ $$ = $2; }
2705	;
2706
2707	variable_abstract_function:
2708	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2709	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2710	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2711	{ $$ = $2; }
2712	;
2713
2714	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2715	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2716
2717	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2718	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2719	\| new_abstract_tuple
2720	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2721	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2722	;
2723
2724	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2725	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2726	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2727	;
2728
2729	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2730	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2731	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2732	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2733	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2734	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2735	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2736	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2737	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2738	\| ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2739	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2740	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2741	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2742	;
2743
2744	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2745	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2746	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2747	'[' ']' type_specifier
2748	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2749	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2750	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2751	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2752	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2753	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2754	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2755	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2756	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2757	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2758	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2759	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2760	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2761	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2762	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2763	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2764	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2765	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2766	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2767	;
2768
2769	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2770	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2771	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2772	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2773	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2774	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2775	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2776	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2777	// appear in this context.
2778	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2779	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2780	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2781	;
2782
2783	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2784	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2785	//
2786	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2787	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2788	//
2789	// These rules need LR(3):
2790	//
2791	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2792	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2793	//
2794	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2795	//
2796	// [int, int] t;
2797	// [int, int] f( int );
2798	//
2799	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2800	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2801	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2802	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2803
2804	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2805	new_abstract_tuple
2806	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2807	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2808	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2809	;
2810
2811	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2812	new_abstract_ptr
2813	\| new_abstract_array
2814	;
2815
2816	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2817	ptrref_operator type_specifier
2818	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2819	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
2820	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2821	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2822	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2823	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_function
2824	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2825	\| ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2826	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2827	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2828	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2829	;
2830
2831	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2832	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2833	// empty (void) function return type.
2834	'[' ']' type_specifier
2835	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2836	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2837	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2838	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2839	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2840	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2841	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2842	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2843	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2844	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2845	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2846	;
2847
2848	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2849	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2850	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2851	;
2852
2853	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2854	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2855	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2856	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2857	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2858	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2859	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2860	;
2861
2862	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2863	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2864	//
2865	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2866	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2867	//
2868	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2869	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2870	//
2871	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2872	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2873
2874	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2875
2876	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2877	// empty
2878	\| ','
2879	;
2880
2881	assignment_opt:
2882	// empty
2883	{ $$ = 0; }
2884	\| '=' assignment_expression
2885	{ $$ = $2; }
2886	;
2887
2888	%%
2889	// ----end of grammar----
2890
2891	extern char *yytext;
2892
2893	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2894	std::cout << "Error ";
2895	if ( yyfilename ) {
2896	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2897	} // if
2898	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2899	}
2900
2901	// Local Variables: //
2902	// mode: c++ //
2903	// tab-width: 4 //
2904	// compile-command: "make install" //
2905	// End: //

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