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parser.yy @ 1761046

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// parser.yy --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sun Nov 26 13:18:06 2023
13	// Update Count : 6398
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// This incompatibility is discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule. Most of the syntactic extensions
31	// from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11".
32
33	// This grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions. All of the
34	// syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall (CFA), which
35	// fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the syntactic
36	// extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA".
37
38	%{
39	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT( yylval ) // lexer loads this up each time
40	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
41	#define YYERROR_VERBOSE // more information in syntax errors
42
43	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
44
45	#include <cstdio>
46	#include <sstream>
47	#include <stack>
48	using namespace std;
49
50	#include "DeclarationNode.h" // for DeclarationNode, ...
51	#include "ExpressionNode.h" // for ExpressionNode, ...
52	#include "InitializerNode.h" // for InitializerNode, ...
53	#include "ParserTypes.h"
54	#include "StatementNode.h" // for build_...
55	#include "TypedefTable.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "Common/SemanticError.h" // error_str
58	#include "Common/utility.h" // for maybeMoveBuild, maybeBuild, CodeLo...
59
60	// lex uses __null in a boolean context, it's fine.
61	#ifdef __clang__
62	#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses-equality"
63	#endif
64
65	extern DeclarationNode * parseTree;
66	extern ast::Linkage::Spec linkage;
67	extern TypedefTable typedefTable;
68
69	stack<ast::Linkage::Spec> linkageStack;
70
71	bool appendStr( string & to, string & from ) {
72	// 1. Multiple strings are concatenated into a single string but not combined internally. The reason is that
73	// "\x12" "3" is treated as 2 characters versus 1 because "escape sequences are converted into single members of
74	// the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation" (C11, Section 6.4.5-8). It is
75	// easier to let the C compiler handle this case.
76	//
77	// 2. String encodings are transformed into canonical form (one encoding at start) so the encoding can be found
78	// without searching the string, e.g.: "abc" L"def" L"ghi" => L"abc" "def" "ghi". Multiple encodings must match,
79	// e.g., u"a" U"b" L"c" is disallowed.
80
81	if ( from[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
82	if ( to[0] != '"' ) { // encoding ?
83	if ( to[0] != from[0] \|\| to[1] != from[1] ) { // different encodings ?
84	yyerror( "non-matching string encodings for string-literal concatenation" );
85	return false; // parse error, must call YYERROR in action
86	} else if ( from[1] == '8' ) {
87	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
88	} // if
89	} else {
90	if ( from[1] == '8' ) { // move encoding to start
91	to = "u8" + to;
92	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
93	} else {
94	to = from[0] + to;
95	} // if
96	} // if
97	from.erase( 0, 1 ); // remove 2nd encoding
98	} // if
99	to += " " + from; // concatenated into single string
100	return true;
101	} // appendStr
102
103	DeclarationNode * distAttr( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * declList ) {
104	// distribute declaration_specifier across all declared variables, e.g., static, const, but not __attribute__.
105	assert( declList );
106	// printf( "distAttr1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout );
107	DeclarationNode * cl = (new DeclarationNode)->addType( typeSpec );
108	// printf( "distAttr2 cl %p\n", cl ); cl->type->print( std::cout );
109	// cl->type->aggregate.name = cl->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.name;
110
111	for ( DeclarationNode * cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( declList->get_next() ); cur != nullptr; cur = dynamic_cast<DeclarationNode >( cur->get_next() ) ) {
112	cl->cloneBaseType( cur );
113	} // for
114	declList->addType( cl );
115	// printf( "distAttr3 declList %p\n", declList ); declList->print( std::cout, 0 );
116	return declList;
117	} // distAttr
118
119	void distExt( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
120	// distribute EXTENSION across all declarations
121	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
122	iter->set_extension( true );
123	} // for
124	} // distExt
125
126	void distInl( DeclarationNode * declaration ) {
127	// distribute INLINE across all declarations
128	for ( DeclarationNode iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode )iter->get_next() ) {
129	iter->set_inLine( true );
130	} // for
131	} // distInl
132
133	void distQual( DeclarationNode * declaration, DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
134	// distribute qualifiers across all non-variable declarations in a distribution statemement
135	for ( DeclarationNode * iter = declaration; iter != nullptr; iter = (DeclarationNode *)iter->get_next() ) {
136	// SKULLDUGGERY: Distributions are parsed inside out, so qualifiers are added to declarations inside out. Since
137	// addQualifiers appends to the back of the list, the forall clauses are in the wrong order (right to left). To
138	// get the qualifiers in the correct order and still use addQualifiers (otherwise, 90% of addQualifiers has to
139	// be copied to add to front), the appropriate forall pointers are interchanged before calling addQualifiers.
140	DeclarationNode * clone = qualifiers->clone();
141	if ( qualifiers->type ) { // forall clause ? (handles SC)
142	if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // struct/union ?
143	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->aggregate.params );
144	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
145	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && iter->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.body ) { // struct/union ?
146	// Create temporary node to hold aggregate, call addQualifiers as above, then put nodes back together.
147	DeclarationNode newnode;
148	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
149	swap( clone->type->forall, newnode.type->aggregate.params );
150	newnode.addQualifiers( clone );
151	swap( newnode.type, iter->type->aggInst.aggregate );
152	} else if ( iter->type->kind == TypeData::Function ) { // routines ?
153	swap( clone->type->forall, iter->type->forall );
154	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
155	} // if
156	} else { // just SC qualifiers
157	iter->addQualifiers( clone );
158	} // if
159	} // for
160	delete qualifiers;
161	} // distQual
162
163	// There is an ambiguity for inline generic-routine return-types and generic routines.
164	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int i; } bar( T ) {}
165	// Does the forall bind to the struct or the routine, and how would it be possible to explicitly specify the binding.
166	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; } forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
167	// Currently, the forall is associated with the routine, and the generic type has to be separately defined:
168	// forall( otype T ) struct S { int T; };
169	// forall( otype W ) bar( W ) {}
170
171	void rebindForall( DeclarationNode * declSpec, DeclarationNode * funcDecl ) {
172	if ( declSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate ) { // ignore aggregate definition
173	funcDecl->type->forall = declSpec->type->aggregate.params; // move forall from aggregate to function type
174	declSpec->type->aggregate.params = nullptr;
175	} // if
176	} // rebindForall
177
178	string * build_postfix_name( string * name ) {
179	name = string("__postfix_func_") + name;
180	return name;
181	} // build_postfix_name
182
183	DeclarationNode * fieldDecl( DeclarationNode * typeSpec, DeclarationNode * fieldList ) {
184	if ( ! fieldList ) { // field declarator ?
185	if ( ! ( typeSpec->type && (typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate \|\| typeSpec->type->kind == TypeData::Enum) ) ) {
186	stringstream ss;
187	// printf( "fieldDecl1 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
188	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousDecl, ss.str().c_str() );
189	return nullptr;
190	} // if
191	// printf( "fieldDecl2 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->type->print( std::cout );
192	fieldList = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
193	} // if
194	// return distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
195
196	// printf( "fieldDecl3 typeSpec %p\n", typeSpec ); typeSpec->print( std::cout, 0 );
197	DeclarationNode * temp = distAttr( typeSpec, fieldList ); // mark all fields in list
198	// printf( "fieldDecl4 temp %p\n", temp ); temp->print( std::cout, 0 );
199	return temp;
200	} // fieldDecl
201
202	#define NEW_ZERO new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "0" ) ) )
203	#define NEW_ONE new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *new string( "1" ) ) )
204	#define UPDOWN( compop, left, right ) (compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? left : right)
205	#define MISSING_ANON_FIELD "syntax error, missing loop fields with an anonymous loop index is meaningless as loop index is unavailable in loop body."
206	#define MISSING_LOW "syntax error, missing low value for up-to range so index is uninitialized."
207	#define MISSING_HIGH "syntax error, missing high value for down-to range so index is uninitialized."
208
209	static ForCtrl * makeForCtrl(
210	const CodeLocation & location,
211	DeclarationNode * init,
212	enum OperKinds compop,
213	ExpressionNode * comp,
214	ExpressionNode * inc ) {
215	// Wrap both comp/inc if they are non-null.
216	if ( comp ) comp = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
217	compop,
218	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
219	comp ) );
220	if ( inc ) inc = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( location,
221	// choose += or -= for upto/downto
222	compop == OperKinds::LThan \|\| compop == OperKinds::LEThan ? OperKinds::PlusAssn : OperKinds::MinusAssn,
223	new ExpressionNode( build_varref( location, new string( *init->name ) ) ),
224	inc ) );
225	// The StatementNode call frees init->name, it must happen later.
226	return new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( init ), comp, inc );
227	}
228
229	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, DeclarationNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
230	if ( index->initializer ) {
231	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, direct initialization disallowed. Use instead: type var; initialization ~ comparison ~ increment." );
232	} // if
233	if ( index->next ) {
234	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, multiple loop indexes disallowed in for-loop declaration." );
235	} // if
236	DeclarationNode * initDecl = index->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) );
237	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
238	} // forCtrl
239
240	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, string * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
241	ast::ConstantExpr * constant = dynamic_cast<ast::ConstantExpr *>(type->expr.get());
242	if ( constant && (constant->rep == "0" \|\| constant->rep == "1") ) {
243	type = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CastExpr( location, maybeMoveBuild(type), new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicType::SignedInt ) ) );
244	} // if
245	DeclarationNode * initDecl = distAttr(
246	DeclarationNode::newTypeof( type, true ),
247	DeclarationNode::newName( index )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( start ) )
248	);
249	return makeForCtrl( location, initDecl, compop, comp, inc );
250	} // forCtrl
251
252	ForCtrl * forCtrl( const CodeLocation & location, ExpressionNode * type, ExpressionNode * index, ExpressionNode * start, enum OperKinds compop, ExpressionNode * comp, ExpressionNode * inc ) {
253	if ( auto identifier = dynamic_cast<ast::NameExpr *>(index->expr.get()) ) {
254	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
255	} else if ( auto commaExpr = dynamic_cast<ast::CommaExpr *>( index->expr.get() ) ) {
256	if ( auto identifier = commaExpr->arg1.as<ast::NameExpr>() ) {
257	return forCtrl( location, type, new string( identifier->name ), start, compop, comp, inc );
258	} else {
259	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
260	} // if
261	} else {
262	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, loop-index name missing. Expression disallowed." ); return nullptr;
263	} // if
264	} // forCtrl
265
266	static void IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( string & identifier1, string & identifier2, const char * kind ) {
267	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, adjacent identifiers \"%s\" and \"%s\" are not meaningful in an %s.\n"
268	"Possible cause is misspelled type name or missing generic parameter.",
269	identifier1.c_str(), identifier2.c_str(), kind );
270	} // IdentifierBeforeIdentifier
271
272	static void IdentifierBeforeType( string & identifier, const char * kind ) {
273	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, identifier \"%s\" cannot appear before a %s.\n"
274	"Possible cause is misspelled storage/CV qualifier, misspelled typename, or missing generic parameter.",
275	identifier.c_str(), kind );
276	} // IdentifierBeforeType
277
278	bool forall = false; // aggregate have one or more forall qualifiers ?
279
280	// https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/manual/bison.html#Location-Type
281	#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Cur, Rhs, N) \
282	if ( N ) { \
283	(Cur).first_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_line; \
284	(Cur).first_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).first_column; \
285	(Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_line; \
286	(Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, N ).last_column; \
287	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 1 ).filename; \
288	} else { \
289	(Cur).first_line = (Cur).last_line = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_line; \
290	(Cur).first_column = (Cur).last_column = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).last_column; \
291	(Cur).filename = YYRHSLOC( Rhs, 0 ).filename; \
292	}
293	%}
294
295	%define parse.error verbose
296
297	// Types declaration for productions
298
299	%union {
300	Token tok;
301	ExpressionNode * expr;
302	DeclarationNode * decl;
303	ast::AggregateDecl::Aggregate aggKey;
304	ast::TypeDecl::Kind tclass;
305	StatementNode * stmt;
306	ClauseNode * clause;
307	ast::WaitForStmt * wfs;
308	ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode * wucn;
309	CondCtl * ifctl;
310	ForCtrl * forctl;
311	LabelNode * labels;
312	InitializerNode * init;
313	OperKinds oper;
314	std::string * str;
315	bool is_volatile;
316	EnumHiding enum_hiding;
317	ast::ExceptionKind except_kind;
318	ast::GenericExpr * genexpr;
319	}
320
321	// ********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
322
323	// keywords
324	%token TYPEDEF
325	%token EXTERN STATIC AUTO REGISTER
326	%token THREADLOCALGCC THREADLOCALC11 // GCC, C11
327	%token INLINE FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
328	%token NORETURN // C11
329	%token CONST VOLATILE
330	%token RESTRICT // C99
331	%token ATOMIC // C11
332	%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL VTABLE COERCE // CFA
333	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
334	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
335	%token INT128 UINT128 uuFLOAT80 uuFLOAT128 // GCC
336	%token uFLOAT16 uFLOAT32 uFLOAT32X uFLOAT64 uFLOAT64X uFLOAT128 // GCC
337	%token DECIMAL32 DECIMAL64 DECIMAL128 // GCC
338	%token ZERO_T ONE_T // CFA
339	%token SIZEOF TYPEOF VA_LIST VA_ARG AUTO_TYPE // GCC
340	%token OFFSETOF BASETYPEOF TYPEID // CFA
341	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
342	%token EXCEPTION // CFA
343	%token GENERATOR COROUTINE MONITOR THREAD // CFA
344	%token OTYPE FTYPE DTYPE TTYPE TRAIT // CFA
345	// %token RESUME // CFA
346	%token LABEL // GCC
347	%token SUSPEND // CFA
348	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
349	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
350	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU FALLTHROUGH WITH WHEN WAITFOR WAITUNTIL // CFA
351	%token CORUN COFOR
352	%token DISABLE ENABLE TRY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
353	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
354	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF GENERIC STATICASSERT // C11
355
356	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
357	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER TYPEDIMname TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
358	%token<tok> TIMEOUT WAND WOR CATCH RECOVER CATCHRESUME FIXUP FINALLY // CFA
359	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
360	%token<tok> DIRECTIVE
361	// Floating point constant is broken into three kinds of tokens because of the ambiguity with tuple indexing and
362	// overloading constants 0/1, e.g., x.1 is lexed as (x)(.1), where (.1) is a factional constant, but is semantically
363	// converted into the tuple index (.)(1). e.g., 3.x
364	%token<tok> FLOATING_DECIMALconstant FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant FLOATINGconstant
365
366	// multi-character operators
367	%token ARROW // ->
368	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
369	%token LS RS // << >>
370	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
371	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
372	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
373
374	%token EXPassign MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // \= *= /= %=
375	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
376	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
377	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
378
379	%token ErangeUpEq ErangeDown ErangeDownEq // ~= -~ -~=
380	%token ATassign // @=
381
382	%type<tok> identifier identifier_at identifier_or_type_name attr_name
383	%type<tok> quasi_keyword
384	%type<expr> string_literal
385	%type<str> string_literal_list
386
387	%type<enum_hiding> hide_opt visible_hide_opt
388
389	// expressions
390	%type<expr> constant
391	%type<expr> tuple tuple_expression_list
392	%type<oper> ptrref_operator unary_operator assignment_operator simple_assignment_operator compound_assignment_operator
393	%type<expr> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
394	%type<expr> cast_expression_list cast_expression exponential_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression
395	%type<expr> shift_expression relational_expression equality_expression
396	%type<expr> AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression inclusive_OR_expression
397	%type<expr> logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression
398	%type<expr> conditional_expression constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
399	%type<expr> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
400	%type<expr> argument_expression_list_opt argument_expression_list argument_expression default_initializer_opt
401	%type<ifctl> conditional_declaration
402	%type<forctl> for_control_expression for_control_expression_list
403	%type<oper> upupeq updown updowneq downupdowneq
404	%type<expr> subrange
405	%type<decl> asm_name_opt
406	%type<expr> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
407	%type<labels> label_list
408	%type<expr> asm_clobbers_list_opt
409	%type<is_volatile> asm_volatile_opt
410	%type<expr> handler_predicate_opt
411	%type<genexpr> generic_association generic_assoc_list
412
413	// statements
414	%type<stmt> statement labeled_statement compound_statement
415	%type<stmt> statement_decl statement_decl_list statement_list_nodecl
416	%type<stmt> selection_statement if_statement
417	%type<clause> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list
418	%type<expr> case_value
419	%type<clause> case_clause case_value_list case_label case_label_list
420	%type<stmt> iteration_statement jump_statement
421	%type<stmt> expression_statement asm_statement
422	%type<stmt> with_statement
423	%type<expr> with_clause_opt
424	%type<stmt> corun_statement cofor_statement
425	%type<stmt> exception_statement
426	%type<clause> handler_clause finally_clause
427	%type<except_kind> handler_key
428	%type<stmt> mutex_statement
429	%type<expr> when_clause when_clause_opt waitfor waituntil timeout
430	%type<stmt> waitfor_statement waituntil_statement
431	%type<wfs> wor_waitfor_clause
432	%type<wucn> waituntil_clause wand_waituntil_clause wor_waituntil_clause
433
434	// declarations
435	%type<decl> abstract_declarator abstract_ptr abstract_array abstract_function array_dimension multi_array_dimension
436	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declarator_opt abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_parameter_array abstract_parameter_function array_parameter_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension
437	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration
438
439	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key aggregate_data aggregate_control
440	%type<decl> aggregate_type aggregate_type_nobody
441
442	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list assertion_list_opt
443
444	%type<expr> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
445
446	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type indirect_type
447	%type<decl> vtable vtable_opt default_opt
448
449	%type<decl> trait_declaration trait_declaration_list trait_declaring_list trait_specifier
450
451	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
452	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declaration_specifier_nobody declarator declaring_list
453
454	%type<decl> elaborated_type elaborated_type_nobody
455
456	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_type enum_type_nobody
457	%type<init> enumerator_value_opt
458
459	%type<decl> external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
460
461	%type<decl> exception_declaration
462
463	%type<decl> field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration field_declaring_list_opt field_declarator field_abstract_list_opt field_abstract
464	%type<expr> field field_name_list field_name fraction_constants_opt
465
466	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
467
468	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_function
469	%type<decl> identifier_list
470
471	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_array cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
472	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_function cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration cfa_abstract_parameter_list
473	%type<decl> cfa_abstract_ptr cfa_abstract_tuple
474
475	%type<decl> cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension
476
477	%type<decl> cfa_trait_declaring_list cfa_declaration cfa_field_declaring_list cfa_field_abstract_list
478	%type<decl> cfa_function_declaration cfa_function_return cfa_function_specifier
479
480	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_array cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
481	%type<decl> cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
482
483	%type<decl> cfa_parameter_declaration cfa_parameter_list cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt
484
485	%type<decl> cfa_typedef_declaration cfa_variable_declaration cfa_variable_specifier
486
487	%type<decl> c_declaration static_assert
488	%type<decl> KR_function_declarator KR_function_no_ptr KR_function_ptr KR_function_array
489	%type<decl> KR_parameter_list KR_parameter_list_opt
490
491	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list_opt
492
493	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
494
495	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_list
496
497	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_declaration_specifier_nobody sue_type_specifier sue_type_specifier_nobody
498
499	%type<tclass> type_class new_type_class
500	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
501
502	%type<decl> type_declaration_specifier type_type_specifier type_name typegen_name
503	%type<decl> typedef_name typedef_declaration typedef_expression
504
505	%type<decl> variable_type_redeclarator variable_type_ptr variable_type_array variable_type_function
506	%type<decl> general_function_declarator function_type_redeclarator function_type_array function_type_no_ptr function_type_ptr
507
508	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_parameter_ptr type_parameter_array type_parameter_function
509
510	%type<decl> type type_no_function
511	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list type_initializer_opt
512
513	%type<expr> type_parameters_opt type_list array_type_list
514
515	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name forall type_qualifier_list_opt type_qualifier_list
516	%type<decl> type_specifier type_specifier_nobody
517
518	%type<decl> variable_declarator variable_ptr variable_array variable_function
519	%type<decl> variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_ptr variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_function
520
521	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute attribute_name_list attribute_name
522
523	// initializers
524	%type<init> initializer initializer_list_opt initializer_opt
525
526	// designators
527	%type<expr> designator designator_list designation
528
529
530	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
531	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (reduce)
532	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
533	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement . (shift) ELSE statement */
534	// Similar issues exit with the waitfor statement.
535
536	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence). THEN is left associative over WAND/WOR/TIMEOUT/ELSE, WAND/WOR
537	// is left associative over TIMEOUT/ELSE, and TIMEOUT is left associative over ELSE.
538	%precedence THEN // rule precedence for IF/WAITFOR statement
539	%precedence ANDAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
540	%precedence WAND // token precedence for start of WAND in WAITFOR statement
541	%precedence OROR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
542	%precedence WOR // token precedence for start of WOR in WAITFOR statement
543	%precedence TIMEOUT // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
544	%precedence CATCH // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
545	%precedence RECOVER // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
546	%precedence CATCHRESUME // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
547	%precedence FIXUP // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
548	%precedence FINALLY // token precedence for start of TIMEOUT in WAITFOR statement
549	%precedence ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF/WAITFOR statement
550
551
552	// Handle shift/reduce conflict for generic type by shifting the '(' token. For example, this string is ambiguous:
553	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; };
554	// .-----. matches pointer to function returning a generic (which is impossible without a type)
555	// Foo ( *fp )( int );
556	// `---' matches start of TYPEGENname '('
557	// must be:
558	// Foo( int ) ( *fp )( int );
559	// The same problem occurs here:
560	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( *fp )( int );
561	// must be:
562	// forall( otype T ) struct Foo { T v; } ( int ) ( *fp )( int );
563
564	// Order of these lines matters (low-to-high precedence).
565	%precedence TYPEGENname
566	%precedence '}'
567	%precedence '('
568
569	// %precedence RESUME
570	// %precedence '{'
571	// %precedence ')'
572
573	%locations // support location tracking for error messages
574
575	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
576
577	%%
578	// ********************** Namespace Management ******************************
579
580	// The C grammar is not context free because it relies on the distinct terminal symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname",
581	// which are lexically identical.
582	//
583	// typedef int foo; // identifier foo must now be scanned as TYPEDEFname
584	// foo f; // to allow it to appear in this context
585	//
586	// While it may be possible to write a purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship
587	// between syntactic and semantic constructs. Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the
588	// scope of a declaration (for instance, those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type
589	// generators" -- parameterized types. This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers, "TYPEGENname", which
590	// must be distinguished by the lexical scanner.
591	//
592	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information,
593	// there is a type table (typedefTable), which holds type names and identifiers that override type names, for each named
594	// scope. During parsing, semantic actions update the type table by adding new identifiers in the current scope. For
595	// each context that introduces a name scope, a new level is created in the type table and that level is popped on
596	// exiting the scope. Since type names can be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.
597	// This requires distinguishing between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that
598	// persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "otype" declarations).
599	//
600	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" denote the opening and closing of named scopes. Every push has a matching pop in
601	// the production rule. There are multiple lists of declarations, where each declaration is a named scope, so pop/push
602	// around the list separator.
603	//
604	// XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
605	// push pop push pop
606
607	push:
608	{ typedefTable.enterScope(); }
609	;
610
611	pop:
612	{ typedefTable.leaveScope(); }
613	;
614
615	// ********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
616
617	constant:
618	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
619	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
620	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
621	\| FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
622	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantFloat( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
623	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantChar( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
624	;
625
626	quasi_keyword: // CFA
627	TIMEOUT
628	\| WAND
629	\| WOR
630	\| CATCH
631	\| RECOVER
632	\| CATCHRESUME
633	\| FIXUP
634	\| FINALLY
635	;
636
637	identifier:
638	IDENTIFIER
639	\| quasi_keyword
640	;
641
642	identifier_at:
643	identifier
644	\| '@' // CFA
645	{ Token tok = { new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), yylval.tok.loc }; $$ = tok; }
646	;
647
648	string_literal:
649	string_literal_list { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantStr( yylloc, *$1 ) ); }
650	;
651
652	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
653	STRINGliteral { $$ = $1; } // conversion from tok to str
654	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
655	{
656	if ( ! appendStr( $1, $2 ) ) YYERROR; // append 2nd juxtaposed string to 1st
657	delete $2; // allocated by lexer
658	$$ = $1; // conversion from tok to str
659	}
660	;
661
662	// ********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
663
664	primary_expression:
665	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
666	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
667	\| quasi_keyword
668	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
669	\| TYPEDIMname // CFA, generic length argument
670	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( new TypeExpr( maybeMoveBuildType( DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ) ) ) ); }
671	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $1 ) ); }
672	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_dimensionref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
673	\| tuple
674	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
675	{ $$ = $2; }
676	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
677	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::StmtExpr( yylloc, dynamic_cast<ast::CompoundStmt *>( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) ); }
678	\| type_name '.' identifier // CFA, nested type
679	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_qualified_expr( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
680	\| type_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, nested type / tuple field selector
681	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualified name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
682	\| GENERIC '(' assignment_expression ',' generic_assoc_list ')' // C11
683	{
684	// add the missing control expression to the GenericExpr and return it
685	$5->control = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
686	$$ = new ExpressionNode( $5 );
687	}
688	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')'
689	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
690	// \| RESUME '(' comma_expression ')' compound_statement
691	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Resume expression is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
692	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER // invalid syntax rule
693	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, "expression" ); $$ = nullptr; }
694	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
695	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
696	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
697	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
698	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
699	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
700	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
701	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
702	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
703	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
704	;
705
706	generic_assoc_list: // C11
707	generic_association
708	\| generic_assoc_list ',' generic_association
709	{
710	// steal the association node from the singleton and delete the wrapper
711	assert( 1 == $3->associations.size() );
712	$1->associations.push_back( $3->associations.front() );
713	delete $3;
714	$$ = $1;
715	}
716	;
717
718	generic_association: // C11
719	type_no_function ':' assignment_expression
720	{
721	// create a GenericExpr wrapper with one association pair
722	$$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } );
723	}
724	\| DEFAULT ':' assignment_expression
725	{ $$ = new ast::GenericExpr( yylloc, nullptr, { { maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) } } ); }
726	;
727
728	postfix_expression:
729	primary_expression
730	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
731	// Historic, transitional: Disallow commas in subscripts.
732	// Switching to this behaviour may help check if a C compatibilty case uses comma-exprs in subscripts.
733	// Current: Commas in subscripts make tuples.
734	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 ) ) )) ) ); }
735	\| postfix_expression '[' assignment_expression ']'
736	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in this context because it results in a common user error: subscripting a
737	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
738	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
739	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
740	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
741	\| constant '[' assignment_expression ']' // 3[a], 'a'[a], 3.5[a]
742	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
743	\| string_literal '[' assignment_expression ']' // "abc"[3], 3["abc"]
744	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Index, $1, $3 ) ); }
745	\| postfix_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, constructor call
746	{
747	Token fn;
748	fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); // location undefined - use location of '{'?
749	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::ConstructorExpr( yylloc, build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $1 )->set_last( $3 ) ) ) );
750	}
751	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
752	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, $1, $3 ) ); }
753	\| VA_ARG '(' primary_expression ',' declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator_opt ')'
754	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "va_arg is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
755	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, new string( "__builtin_va_arg") ) ),
756	(ExpressionNode )($3->set_last( (ExpressionNode )($6 ? $6->addType( $5 ) : $5) )) ) ); }
757	\| postfix_expression '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
758	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
759	\| constant '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
760	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
761	\| string_literal '`' identifier // CFA, postfix call
762	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, build_postfix_name( $3 ) ) ), $1 ) ); }
763	\| postfix_expression '.' identifier
764	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
765	\| postfix_expression '.' INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
766	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
767	\| postfix_expression FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant // CFA, tuple index
768	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 ) ) ); }
769	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
770	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
771	\| postfix_expression '.' aggregate_control
772	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $3, $1 ) ); }
773	\| postfix_expression ARROW identifier
774	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_varref( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
775	\| postfix_expression ARROW INTEGERconstant // CFA, tuple index
776	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$3 ) ) ); }
777	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' field_name_list ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
778	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
779	\| postfix_expression ICR
780	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::IncrPost, $1 ) ); }
781	\| postfix_expression DECR
782	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::DecrPost, $1 ) ); }
783	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // C99, compound-literal
784	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, new InitializerNode( $5, true ) ) ); }
785	\| '(' type_no_function ')' '@' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' // CFA, explicit C compound-literal
786	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_compoundLiteral( yylloc, $2, (new InitializerNode( $6, true ))->set_maybeConstructed( false ) ) ); }
787	\| '^' primary_expression '{' argument_expression_list_opt '}' // CFA, destructor call
788	{
789	Token fn;
790	fn.str = new string( "^?{}" ); // location undefined
791	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_func( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, fn ) ), (ExpressionNode *)( $2 )->set_last( $4 ) ) );
792	}
793	;
794
795	argument_expression_list_opt:
796	// empty
797	{ $$ = nullptr; }
798	\| argument_expression_list
799	;
800
801	argument_expression_list:
802	argument_expression
803	\| argument_expression_list_opt ',' argument_expression
804	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
805	;
806
807	argument_expression:
808	'@' // CFA, default parameter
809	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Default parameter for argument is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
810	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *new string( "2" ) ) ); }
811	\| assignment_expression
812	;
813
814	field_name_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
815	field
816	\| field_name_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
817	;
818
819	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
820	field_name
821	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant field
822	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
823	\| FLOATING_DECIMALconstant '[' field_name_list ']'
824	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_FLOATING_DECIMALconstant( yylloc, *$1 ) ), build_tuple( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
825	\| field_name '.' field
826	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
827	\| field_name '.' '[' field_name_list ']'
828	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
829	\| field_name ARROW field
830	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
831	\| field_name ARROW '[' field_name_list ']'
832	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_pfieldSel( yylloc, $1, build_tuple( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
833	;
834
835	field_name:
836	INTEGERconstant fraction_constants_opt
837	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_constantInteger( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
838	\| FLOATINGconstant fraction_constants_opt
839	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_field_name_FLOATINGconstant( yylloc, *$1 ), $2 ) ); }
840	\| identifier_at fraction_constants_opt // CFA, allow anonymous fields
841	{
842	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_field_name_fraction_constants( yylloc, build_varref( yylloc, $1 ), $2 ) );
843	}
844	;
845
846	fraction_constants_opt:
847	// empty
848	{ $$ = nullptr; }
849	\| fraction_constants_opt FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant
850	{
851	ast::Expr * constant = build_field_name_FLOATING_FRACTIONconstant( yylloc, *$2 );
852	$$ = $1 != nullptr ? new ExpressionNode( build_fieldSel( yylloc, $1, constant ) ) : new ExpressionNode( constant );
853	}
854	;
855
856	unary_expression:
857	postfix_expression
858	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc" still requires
859	// semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
860	\| constant
861	\| string_literal
862	{ $$ = $1; }
863	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
864	{ $$ = $2->set_extension( true ); }
865	// '*' ('&') is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
866	// { * X; } // dereference X
867	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
868	\| ptrref_operator cast_expression // CFA
869	{
870	switch ( $1 ) {
871	case OperKinds::AddressOf:
872	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) );
873	break;
874	case OperKinds::PointTo:
875	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) );
876	break;
877	case OperKinds::And:
878	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AddressExpr( new ast::AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ) );
879	break;
880	default:
881	assert( false );
882	}
883	}
884	\| unary_operator cast_expression
885	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, $1, $2 ) ); }
886	\| ICR unary_expression
887	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Incr, $2 ) ); }
888	\| DECR unary_expression
889	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_unary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Decr, $2 ) ); }
890	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
891	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
892	\| SIZEOF '(' type_no_function ')'
893	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::SizeofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
894	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
895	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $2 ) ) ); }
896	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
897	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AlignofExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
898	\| OFFSETOF '(' type_no_function ',' identifier ')'
899	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( yylloc, $3, build_varref( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
900	\| TYPEID '(' type_no_function ')'
901	{
902	SemanticError( yylloc, "typeid name is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
903	// $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_offsetOf( $3, build_varref( $5 ) ) );
904	}
905	;
906
907	ptrref_operator:
908	'*' { $$ = OperKinds::PointTo; }
909	\| '&' { $$ = OperKinds::AddressOf; }
910	// GCC, address of label must be handled by semantic check for ref,ref,label
911	\| ANDAND { $$ = OperKinds::And; }
912	;
913
914	unary_operator:
915	'+' { $$ = OperKinds::UnPlus; }
916	\| '-' { $$ = OperKinds::UnMinus; }
917	\| '!' { $$ = OperKinds::Neg; }
918	\| '~' { $$ = OperKinds::BitNeg; }
919	;
920
921	cast_expression:
922	unary_expression
923	\| '(' type_no_function ')' cast_expression
924	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
925	\| '(' aggregate_control '&' ')' cast_expression // CFA
926	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
927	\| '(' aggregate_control '*' ')' cast_expression // CFA
928	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_keyword_cast( yylloc, $2, $5 ) ); }
929	\| '(' VIRTUAL ')' cast_expression // CFA
930	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuildType( nullptr ) ) ); }
931	\| '(' VIRTUAL type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
932	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::VirtualCastExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ), maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ); }
933	\| '(' RETURN type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
934	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $3, $5, ast::CastExpr::Return ) ); }
935	\| '(' COERCE type_no_function ')' cast_expression // CFA
936	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Coerce cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
937	\| '(' qualifier_cast_list ')' cast_expression // CFA
938	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Qualifier cast is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
939	// \| '(' type_no_function ')' tuple
940	// { $$ = new ast::ExpressionNode( build_cast( yylloc, $2, $4 ) ); }
941	;
942
943	qualifier_cast_list:
944	cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
945	\| cast_modifier MUTEX
946	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier type_qualifier_name
947	\| qualifier_cast_list cast_modifier MUTEX
948	;
949
950	cast_modifier:
951	'-'
952	\| '+'
953	;
954
955	exponential_expression:
956	cast_expression
957	\| exponential_expression '\\' cast_expression
958	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Exp, $1, $3 ) ); }
959	;
960
961	multiplicative_expression:
962	exponential_expression
963	\| multiplicative_expression '*' exponential_expression
964	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mul, $1, $3 ) ); }
965	\| multiplicative_expression '/' exponential_expression
966	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Div, $1, $3 ) ); }
967	\| multiplicative_expression '%' exponential_expression
968	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Mod, $1, $3 ) ); }
969	;
970
971	additive_expression:
972	multiplicative_expression
973	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
974	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Plus, $1, $3 ) ); }
975	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
976	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Minus, $1, $3 ) ); }
977	;
978
979	shift_expression:
980	additive_expression
981	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
982	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
983	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
984	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::RShift, $1, $3 ) ); }
985	;
986
987	relational_expression:
988	shift_expression
989	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
990	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
991	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
992	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
993	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
994	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::LEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
995	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
996	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::GEThan, $1, $3 ) ); }
997	;
998
999	equality_expression:
1000	relational_expression
1001	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
1002	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Eq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1003	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
1004	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Neq, $1, $3 ) ); }
1005	;
1006
1007	AND_expression:
1008	equality_expression
1009	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
1010	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitAnd, $1, $3 ) ); }
1011	;
1012
1013	exclusive_OR_expression:
1014	AND_expression
1015	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
1016	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::Xor, $1, $3 ) ); }
1017	;
1018
1019	inclusive_OR_expression:
1020	exclusive_OR_expression
1021	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
1022	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, OperKinds::BitOr, $1, $3 ) ); }
1023	;
1024
1025	logical_AND_expression:
1026	inclusive_OR_expression
1027	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
1028	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::AndExpr ) ); }
1029	;
1030
1031	logical_OR_expression:
1032	logical_AND_expression
1033	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
1034	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_and_or( yylloc, $1, $3, ast::OrExpr ) ); }
1035	;
1036
1037	conditional_expression:
1038	logical_OR_expression
1039	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
1040	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, $3, $5 ) ); }
1041	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
1042	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_cond( yylloc, $1, nullptr, $4 ) ); }
1043	;
1044
1045	constant_expression:
1046	conditional_expression
1047	;
1048
1049	assignment_expression:
1050	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
1051	conditional_expression
1052	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
1053	{
1054	// if ( $2 == OperKinds::AtAssn ) {
1055	// SemanticError( yylloc, "C @= assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1056	// } else {
1057	$$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( yylloc, $2, $1, $3 ) );
1058	// } // if
1059	}
1060	\| unary_expression '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}'
1061	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer assignment is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1062	;
1063
1064	assignment_expression_opt:
1065	// empty
1066	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1067	\| assignment_expression
1068	;
1069
1070	assignment_operator:
1071	simple_assignment_operator
1072	\| compound_assignment_operator
1073	;
1074
1075	simple_assignment_operator:
1076	'=' { $$ = OperKinds::Assign; }
1077	\| ATassign { $$ = OperKinds::AtAssn; } // CFA
1078	;
1079
1080	compound_assignment_operator:
1081	EXPassign { $$ = OperKinds::ExpAssn; }
1082	\| MULTassign { $$ = OperKinds::MulAssn; }
1083	\| DIVassign { $$ = OperKinds::DivAssn; }
1084	\| MODassign { $$ = OperKinds::ModAssn; }
1085	\| PLUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::PlusAssn; }
1086	\| MINUSassign { $$ = OperKinds::MinusAssn; }
1087	\| LSassign { $$ = OperKinds::LSAssn; }
1088	\| RSassign { $$ = OperKinds::RSAssn; }
1089	\| ANDassign { $$ = OperKinds::AndAssn; }
1090	\| ERassign { $$ = OperKinds::ERAssn; }
1091	\| ORassign { $$ = OperKinds::OrAssn; }
1092	;
1093
1094	tuple: // CFA, tuple
1095	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
1096	// comma_expression in cfa_identifier_parameter_array and cfa_abstract_array
1097	// '[' ']'
1098	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple() ); }
1099	// \| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
1100	// { $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( $3 ) ); }
1101	'[' ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1102	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)(new ExpressionNode( nullptr ) )->set_last( $3 ) ) ); }
1103	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' tuple_expression_list ']'
1104	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_tuple( yylloc, (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $6 ) ) )); }
1105	;
1106
1107	tuple_expression_list:
1108	assignment_expression
1109	\| '@' // CFA
1110	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1111	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
1112	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1113	\| tuple_expression_list ',' '@'
1114	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Eliding tuple element with '@' is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1115	;
1116
1117	comma_expression:
1118	assignment_expression
1119	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
1120	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1121	;
1122
1123	comma_expression_opt:
1124	// empty
1125	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1126	\| comma_expression
1127	;
1128
1129	// ************************ STATEMENTS *****************************
1130
1131	statement:
1132	labeled_statement
1133	\| compound_statement
1134	\| expression_statement
1135	\| selection_statement
1136	\| iteration_statement
1137	\| jump_statement
1138	\| with_statement
1139	\| mutex_statement
1140	\| waitfor_statement
1141	\| waituntil_statement
1142	\| corun_statement
1143	\| cofor_statement
1144	\| exception_statement
1145	\| enable_disable_statement
1146	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "enable/disable statement is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1147	\| asm_statement
1148	\| DIRECTIVE
1149	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1150	;
1151
1152	labeled_statement:
1153	// labels cannot be identifiers 0 or 1
1154	identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt statement
1155	{ $$ = $4->add_label( yylloc, $1, $3 ); }
1156	\| identifier_or_type_name ':' attribute_list_opt error // invalid syntax rule
1157	{
1158	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntx error, label \"%s\" must be associated with a statement, "
1159	"where a declaration, case, or default is not a statement.\n"
1160	"Move the label or terminate with a semicolon.", $1.str->c_str() );
1161	$$ = nullptr;
1162	}
1163	;
1164
1165	compound_statement:
1166	'{' '}'
1167	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)0 ) ); }
1168	\| '{' push
1169	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels appear at start of block
1170	statement_decl_list // C99, intermix declarations and statements
1171	pop '}'
1172	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ); }
1173	;
1174
1175	statement_decl_list: // C99
1176	statement_decl
1177	\| statement_decl_list statement_decl
1178	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1179	;
1180
1181	statement_decl:
1182	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
1183	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1184	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
1185	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1186	\| function_definition
1187	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1188	\| EXTENSION function_definition // GCC
1189	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
1190	\| statement
1191	;
1192
1193	statement_list_nodecl:
1194	statement
1195	\| statement_list_nodecl statement
1196	{ assert( $1 ); $1->set_last( $2 ); $$ = $1; }
1197	\| statement_list_nodecl error // invalid syntax rule
1198	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations only allowed at the start of the switch body, i.e., after the '{'." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1199	;
1200
1201	expression_statement:
1202	comma_expression_opt ';'
1203	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_expr( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1204	;
1205
1206	selection_statement:
1207	// pop causes a S/R conflict without separating the IF statement into a non-terminal even after resolving
1208	// the inherent S/R conflict with THEN/ELSE.
1209	push if_statement pop
1210	{ $$ = $2; }
1211	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause
1212	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $5 ) ); }
1213	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1214	{
1215	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, true, $3, $8 ) );
1216	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include associated initialization, which is performed
1217	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause by hoisting the declarations into a compound
1218	// statement around the switch. Statements after the initial declaration list can never be executed, and
1219	// therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it. The change also applies to choose
1220	// statement.
1221	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1222	}
1223	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule error
1224	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "synatx error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1225	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
1226	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $5 ) ); }
1227	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt pop '}' // CFA
1228	{
1229	StatementNode *sw = new StatementNode( build_switch( yylloc, false, $3, $8 ) );
1230	$$ = $7 ? new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, (StatementNode *)((new StatementNode( $7 ))->set_last( sw )) ) ) : sw;
1231	}
1232	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' error '}' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1233	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, declarations can only appear before the list of case clauses." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1234	;
1235
1236	if_statement:
1237	IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1238	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
1239	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), nullptr ) ); }
1240	\| IF '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement
1241	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_if( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $7 ) ) ); }
1242	;
1243
1244	conditional_declaration:
1245	comma_expression
1246	{ $$ = new CondCtl( nullptr, $1 ); }
1247	\| c_declaration // no semi-colon
1248	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1249	\| cfa_declaration // no semi-colon
1250	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, nullptr ); }
1251	\| declaration comma_expression // semi-colon separated
1252	{ $$ = new CondCtl( $1, $2 ); }
1253	;
1254
1255	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
1256	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
1257
1258	case_value: // CFA
1259	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
1260	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
1261	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1262	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
1263	;
1264
1265	case_value_list: // CFA
1266	case_value { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1267	// convert case list, e.g., "case 1, 3, 5:" into "case 1: case 3: case 5"
1268	\| case_value_list ',' case_value { $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_case( yylloc, $3 ) ) ); }
1269	;
1270
1271	case_label: // CFA
1272	CASE error // invalid syntax rule
1273	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, case list missing after case." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1274	\| CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = $2; }
1275	\| CASE case_value_list error // invalid syntax rule
1276	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after case list." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1277	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_default( yylloc ) ); }
1278	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
1279	\| DEFAULT error // invalid syntax rule
1280	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, colon missing after default." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1281	;
1282
1283	case_label_list: // CFA
1284	case_label
1285	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = $1->set_last( $2 ); }
1286	;
1287
1288	case_clause: // CFA
1289	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1290	;
1291
1292	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
1293	// empty
1294	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1295	\| switch_clause_list
1296	;
1297
1298	switch_clause_list: // CFA
1299	case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1300	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1301	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list_nodecl
1302	{ $$ = $1->set_last( $2->append_last_case( new StatementNode( build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ) ) ); }
1303	;
1304
1305	iteration_statement:
1306	WHILE '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => while ( 1 )
1307	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1308	\| WHILE '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1309	{
1310	$$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, new CondCtl( nullptr, NEW_ONE ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1311	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1312	}
1313	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement %prec THEN
1314	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1315	\| WHILE '(' conditional_declaration ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1316	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_while( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1317	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ';' // CFA => do while( 1 )
1318	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1319	\| DO statement WHILE '(' ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1320	{
1321	$$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, NEW_ONE, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) );
1322	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1323	}
1324	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
1325	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ) ) ); }
1326	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ELSE statement // CFA
1327	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_do_while( yylloc, $5, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $2 ), $8 ) ); }
1328	\| FOR '(' ')' statement %prec THEN // CFA => for ( ;; )
1329	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) ); }
1330	\| FOR '(' ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1331	{
1332	$$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, new ForCtrl( nullptr, nullptr, nullptr ), maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $4 ) ) );
1333	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::SuperfluousElse );
1334	}
1335	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement %prec THEN
1336	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1337	\| FOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement ELSE statement // CFA
1338	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_for( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ), $7 ) ); }
1339	;
1340
1341	for_control_expression_list:
1342	for_control_expression
1343	\| for_control_expression_list ':' for_control_expression
1344	// ForCtrl + ForCtrl:
1345	// init + init => multiple declaration statements that are hoisted
1346	// condition + condition => (expression) && (expression)
1347	// change + change => (expression), (expression)
1348	{
1349	$1->init->set_last( $3->init );
1350	if ( $1->condition ) {
1351	if ( $3->condition ) {
1352	$1->condition->expr.reset( new ast::LogicalExpr( yylloc, $1->condition->expr.release(), $3->condition->expr.release(), ast::AndExpr ) );
1353	} // if
1354	} else $1->condition = $3->condition;
1355	if ( $1->change ) {
1356	if ( $3->change ) {
1357	$1->change->expr.reset( new ast::CommaExpr( yylloc, $1->change->expr.release(), $3->change->expr.release() ) );
1358	} // if
1359	} else $1->change = $3->change;
1360	$$ = $1;
1361	}
1362	;
1363
1364	for_control_expression:
1365	';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1366	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $2, $4 ); }
1367	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
1368	{
1369	StatementNode * init = $1 ? new StatementNode( new ast::ExprStmt( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ) ) ) : nullptr;
1370	$$ = new ForCtrl( init, $3, $5 );
1371	}
1372	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99, declaration has ';'
1373	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( new StatementNode( $1 ), $2, $4 ); }
1374
1375	\| '@' ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1376	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, nullptr ); }
1377	\| '@' ';' comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA, empty loop-index
1378	{ $$ = new ForCtrl( nullptr, $3, $5 ); }
1379
1380	\| comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1381	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $1->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1382	\| downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1383	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $2, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $1, NEW_ZERO, $2->clone() ), $1, UPDOWN( $1, $2->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1384
1385	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1386	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1387	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1388	{
1389	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1390	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1391	}
1392	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1393	{
1394	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1395	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1396	}
1397	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1398	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), UPDOWN( $2, $1->clone(), $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), $1->clone() ), $5 ); }
1399	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1400	{
1401	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1402	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ), $3->clone(), $2, nullptr, $5 );
1403	}
1404	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA, anonymous loop-index
1405	{
1406	if ( $2 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $2 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1407	else { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1408	}
1409	\| comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1410	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1411	\| '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1412	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1413	\| '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1414	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1415	\| comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1416	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1417	\| '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1418	{ SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_ANON_FIELD ); $$ = nullptr; }
1419
1420	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression // CFA
1421	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $3->clone(), NEW_ONE ); }
1422	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1423	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $4, $1, UPDOWN( $3, NEW_ZERO, $4->clone() ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1424
1425	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1426	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1427	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1428	{
1429	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1430	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1431	}
1432	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1433	{
1434	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1435	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1436	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1437	}
1438	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1439	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1440
1441	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1442	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), $7 ); }
1443	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1444	{
1445	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1446	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1447	}
1448	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1449	{
1450	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1451	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1452	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, $7 );
1453	}
1454	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1455	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, UPDOWN( $4, $3->clone(), $5 ), $4, UPDOWN( $4, $5->clone(), $3->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1456	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1457	{
1458	if ( $4 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1459	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $5, $1, $5->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1460	}
1461	\| comma_expression ';' comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1462	{
1463	if ( $4 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $4 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1464	else if ( $4 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1465	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $3, $1, $3->clone(), $4, nullptr, nullptr );
1466	}
1467	\| comma_expression ';' '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1468	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1469
1470	\| declaration comma_expression // CFA
1471	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, NEW_ZERO, OperKinds::LThan, $2, NEW_ONE ); }
1472	\| declaration downupdowneq comma_expression // CFA
1473	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $2, NEW_ZERO, $3 ), $2, UPDOWN( $2, $3->clone(), NEW_ZERO ), NEW_ONE ); }
1474
1475	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1476	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2->clone(), $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), NEW_ONE ); }
1477	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression // CFA
1478	{
1479	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1480	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1481	}
1482	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' // CFA
1483	{
1484	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1485	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1486	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, NEW_ONE );
1487	}
1488
1489	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1490	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), $6 ); }
1491	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' comma_expression // CFA
1492	{
1493	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1494	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1495	}
1496	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' comma_expression // CFA
1497	{
1498	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1499	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1500	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, $6 );
1501	}
1502	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1503	{ $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, UPDOWN( $3, $2, $4 ), $3, UPDOWN( $3, $4->clone(), $2->clone() ), nullptr ); }
1504	\| declaration '@' updowneq comma_expression '~' '@' // CFA
1505	{
1506	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_LOW ); $$ = nullptr; }
1507	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $4, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1508	}
1509	\| declaration comma_expression updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA
1510	{
1511	if ( $3 == OperKinds::GThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, MISSING_HIGH ); $$ = nullptr; }
1512	else if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, equality with missing high value is meaningless. Use \"~\"." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1513	else $$ = forCtrl( yylloc, $1, $2, $3, nullptr, nullptr );
1514	}
1515	\| declaration '@' updowneq '@' '~' '@' // CFA, invalid syntax rule
1516	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, missing low/high value for up/down-to range so index is uninitialized." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1517
1518	\| comma_expression ';' TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1519	{
1520	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1521	//$$ = forCtrl( new ExpressionNode( build_varref( $3 ) ), $1, nullptr, OperKinds::Range, nullptr, nullptr );
1522	}
1523	\| comma_expression ';' downupdowneq TYPEDEFname // CFA, array type
1524	{
1525	if ( $3 == OperKinds::LEThan \|\| $3 == OperKinds::GEThan ) {
1526	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, all enumeration ranges are equal (all values). Remove \"=~\"." ); $$ = nullptr;
1527	}
1528	SemanticError( yylloc, "Type iterator is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
1529	}
1530	;
1531
1532	downupdowneq:
1533	ErangeDown
1534	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1535	\| ErangeUpEq
1536	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1537	\| ErangeDownEq
1538	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1539	;
1540
1541	updown:
1542	'~'
1543	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
1544	\| ErangeDown
1545	{ $$ = OperKinds::GThan; }
1546	;
1547
1548	updowneq:
1549	updown
1550	\| ErangeUpEq
1551	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
1552	\| ErangeDownEq
1553	{ $$ = OperKinds::GEThan; }
1554	;
1555
1556	jump_statement:
1557	GOTO identifier_or_type_name ';'
1558	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Goto ) ); }
1559	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
1560	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3);
1561	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
1562	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_computedgoto( $3 ) ); }
1563	// A semantic check is required to ensure fallthru appears only in the body of a choose statement.
1564	\| fall_through_name ';' // CFA
1565	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1566	\| fall_through_name identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA
1567	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::FallThrough ) ); }
1568	\| fall_through_name DEFAULT ';' // CFA
1569	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::FallThroughDefault ) ); }
1570	\| CONTINUE ';'
1571	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1572	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1573	\| CONTINUE identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
1574	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1575	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1576	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Continue ) ); }
1577	\| BREAK ';'
1578	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
1579	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1580	\| BREAK identifier_or_type_name ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
1581	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
1582	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
1583	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_branch( yylloc, $2, ast::BranchStmt::Break ) ); }
1584	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
1585	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_return( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1586	\| RETURN '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' ';'
1587	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Initializer return is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1588	\| SUSPEND ';'
1589	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1590	\| SUSPEND compound_statement
1591	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $2, ast::SuspendStmt::None ) ); }
1592	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE ';'
1593	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1594	\| SUSPEND COROUTINE compound_statement
1595	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Coroutine ) ); }
1596	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR ';'
1597	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, nullptr, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1598	\| SUSPEND GENERATOR compound_statement
1599	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_suspend( yylloc, $3, ast::SuspendStmt::Generator ) ); }
1600	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles rethrow
1601	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_throw( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1602	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';' // handles reresume
1603	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1604	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';' // handles reresume
1605	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_resume_at( $2, $4 ) ); }
1606	;
1607
1608	fall_through_name: // CFA
1609	FALLTHRU
1610	\| FALLTHROUGH
1611	;
1612
1613	with_statement:
1614	WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' statement
1615	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_with( yylloc, $3, $5 ) ); }
1616	;
1617
1618	// If MUTEX becomes a general qualifier, there are shift/reduce conflicts, so possibly change syntax to "with mutex".
1619	mutex_statement:
1620	MUTEX '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')' statement
1621	{
1622	if ( ! $3 ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, mutex argument list cannot be empty." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1623	$$ = new StatementNode( build_mutex( yylloc, $3, $5 ) );
1624	}
1625	;
1626
1627	when_clause:
1628	WHEN '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1629	;
1630
1631	when_clause_opt:
1632	// empty
1633	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1634	\| when_clause
1635	;
1636
1637	cast_expression_list:
1638	cast_expression
1639	\| cast_expression_list ',' cast_expression
1640	// { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1641	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "List of mutex member is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1642	;
1643
1644	timeout:
1645	TIMEOUT '(' comma_expression ')' { $$ = $3; }
1646	;
1647
1648	wor:
1649	OROR
1650	\| WOR
1651
1652	waitfor:
1653	WAITFOR '(' cast_expression ')'
1654	{ $$ = $3; }
1655	\| WAITFOR '(' cast_expression_list ':' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
1656	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($3->set_last( $5 )); }
1657	;
1658
1659	wor_waitfor_clause:
1660	when_clause_opt waitfor statement %prec THEN
1661	// Called first: create header for WaitForStmt.
1662	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, new ast::WaitForStmt( yylloc ), $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1663	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt waitfor statement
1664	{ $$ = build_waitfor( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1665	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1666	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, $1, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1667	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement %prec THEN
1668	{ $$ = build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ); }
1669	// "else" must be conditional after timeout or timeout is never triggered (i.e., it is meaningless)
1670	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor ELSE statement // invalid syntax rule
1671	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, else clause must be conditional after timeout or timeout never triggered." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1672	\| wor_waitfor_clause wor when_clause_opt timeout statement wor when_clause ELSE statement
1673	{ $$ = build_waitfor_else( yylloc, build_waitfor_timeout( yylloc, $1, $3, $4, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ), $7, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $9 ) ); }
1674	;
1675
1676	waitfor_statement:
1677	wor_waitfor_clause %prec THEN
1678	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
1679	;
1680
1681	wand:
1682	ANDAND
1683	\| WAND
1684	;
1685
1686	waituntil:
1687	WAITUNTIL '(' comma_expression ')'
1688	{ $$ = $3; }
1689	;
1690
1691	waituntil_clause:
1692	when_clause_opt waituntil statement
1693	{ $$ = build_waituntil_clause( yylloc, $1, $2, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $3 ) ); }
1694	\| '(' wor_waituntil_clause ')'
1695	{ $$ = $2; }
1696	;
1697
1698	wand_waituntil_clause:
1699	waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1700	{ $$ = $1; }
1701	\| waituntil_clause wand wand_waituntil_clause
1702	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::AND, $1, $3 ); }
1703	;
1704
1705	wor_waituntil_clause:
1706	wand_waituntil_clause
1707	{ $$ = $1; }
1708	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor wand_waituntil_clause
1709	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::OR, $1, $3 ); }
1710	\| wor_waituntil_clause wor when_clause_opt ELSE statement
1711	{ $$ = new ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode( ast::WaitUntilStmt::ClauseNode::Op::LEFT_OR, $1, build_waituntil_else( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1712	;
1713
1714	waituntil_statement:
1715	wor_waituntil_clause %prec THEN
1716	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_waituntil_stmt( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
1717	;
1718
1719	corun_statement:
1720	CORUN statement
1721	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_corun( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1722	;
1723
1724	cofor_statement:
1725	COFOR '(' for_control_expression_list ')' statement
1726	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_cofor( yylloc, $3, maybe_build_compound( yylloc, $5 ) ) ); }
1727	;
1728
1729	exception_statement:
1730	TRY compound_statement handler_clause %prec THEN
1731	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, nullptr ) ); }
1732	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
1733	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, nullptr, $3 ) ); }
1734	\| TRY compound_statement handler_clause finally_clause
1735	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_try( yylloc, $2, $3, $4 ) ); }
1736	;
1737
1738	handler_clause:
1739	handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1740	{ $$ = new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $1, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1741	\| handler_clause handler_key '(' push exception_declaration pop handler_predicate_opt ')' compound_statement
1742	{ $$ = $1->set_last( new ClauseNode( build_catch( yylloc, $2, $5, $7, $9 ) ) ); }
1743	;
1744
1745	handler_predicate_opt:
1746	// empty
1747	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1748	\| ';' conditional_expression { $$ = $2; }
1749	;
1750
1751	handler_key:
1752	CATCH { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1753	\| RECOVER { $$ = ast::Terminate; }
1754	\| CATCHRESUME { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1755	\| FIXUP { $$ = ast::Resume; }
1756	;
1757
1758	finally_clause:
1759	FINALLY compound_statement { $$ = new ClauseNode( build_finally( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
1760	;
1761
1762	exception_declaration:
1763	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
1764	type_specifier_nobody
1765	\| type_specifier_nobody declarator
1766	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1767	\| type_specifier_nobody variable_abstract_declarator
1768	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1769	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier // CFA
1770	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1771	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1772	;
1773
1774	enable_disable_statement:
1775	enable_disable_key identifier_list compound_statement
1776	;
1777
1778	enable_disable_key:
1779	ENABLE
1780	\| DISABLE
1781	;
1782
1783	asm_statement:
1784	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ')' ';'
1785	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, nullptr ) ); }
1786	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
1787	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6 ) ); }
1788	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
1789	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8 ) ); }
1790	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
1791	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ) ); }
1792	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
1793	{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, $2, $5, nullptr, $8, $10, $12 ) ); }
1794	;
1795
1796	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
1797	// empty
1798	{ $$ = false; }
1799	\| VOLATILE
1800	{ $$ = true; }
1801	;
1802
1803	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
1804	// empty
1805	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1806	\| asm_operands_list
1807	;
1808
1809	asm_operands_list: // GCC
1810	asm_operand
1811	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
1812	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $3 )); }
1813	;
1814
1815	asm_operand: // GCC
1816	string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1817	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, "", maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
1818	\| '[' IDENTIFIER ']' string_literal '(' constant_expression ')'
1819	{
1820	$$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::AsmExpr( yylloc, *$2.str, maybeMoveBuild( $4 ), maybeMoveBuild( $6 ) ) );
1821	delete $2.str;
1822	}
1823	;
1824
1825	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
1826	// empty
1827	{ $$ = nullptr; } // use default argument
1828	\| string_literal
1829	{ $$ = $1; }
1830	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal
1831	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
1832	;
1833
1834	label_list:
1835	identifier
1836	{
1837	$$ = new LabelNode(); $$->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$1 );
1838	delete $1; // allocated by lexer
1839	}
1840	\| label_list ',' identifier
1841	{
1842	$$ = $1; $1->labels.emplace_back( yylloc, *$3 );
1843	delete $3; // allocated by lexer
1844	}
1845	;
1846
1847	// **************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
1848
1849	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
1850	// empty
1851	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1852	\| declaration_list
1853	;
1854
1855	declaration_list:
1856	declaration
1857	\| declaration_list declaration
1858	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1859	;
1860
1861	KR_parameter_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
1862	// empty
1863	{ $$ = nullptr; }
1864	\| KR_parameter_list
1865	;
1866
1867	KR_parameter_list:
1868	c_declaration ';'
1869	{ $$ = $1; }
1870	\| KR_parameter_list c_declaration ';'
1871	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1872	;
1873
1874	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
1875	// empty
1876	\| local_label_declaration_list
1877	;
1878
1879	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
1880	LABEL local_label_list ';'
1881	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
1882	;
1883
1884	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
1885	identifier_or_type_name
1886	\| local_label_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
1887	;
1888
1889	declaration: // old & new style declarations
1890	c_declaration ';'
1891	{
1892	// printf( "C_DECLARATION1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->name ? $$->name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
1893	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
1894	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
1895	// } // for
1896	}
1897	\| cfa_declaration ';' // CFA
1898	\| static_assert // C11
1899	;
1900
1901	static_assert:
1902	STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ',' string_literal ')' ';' // C11
1903	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ); }
1904	\| STATICASSERT '(' constant_expression ')' ';' // CFA
1905	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStaticAssert( $3, build_constantStr( yylloc, *new string( "\"\"" ) ) ); }
1906
1907	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1908	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1909	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1910	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1911	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1912	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1913	//
1914	// CFA C
1915	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1916	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1917
1918	cfa_declaration: // CFA
1919	cfa_variable_declaration
1920	\| cfa_typedef_declaration
1921	\| cfa_function_declaration
1922	\| type_declaring_list
1923	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "otype declaration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
1924	\| trait_specifier
1925	;
1926
1927	cfa_variable_declaration: // CFA
1928	cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1929	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ); }
1930	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1931	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1932	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1933	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
1934	\| cfa_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1935	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
1936	;
1937
1938	cfa_variable_specifier: // CFA
1939	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1940	// storage-class
1941	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1942	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1943	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1944	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 )->addAsmName( $3 ); }
1945	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1946	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 )->addAsmName( $4 ); }
1947	;
1948
1949	cfa_function_declaration: // CFA
1950	cfa_function_specifier
1951	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1952	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1953	\| declaration_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1954	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1955	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list cfa_function_specifier
1956	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1957	\| cfa_function_declaration ',' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1958	{
1959	// Append the return type at the start (left-hand-side) to each identifier in the list.
1960	DeclarationNode * ret = new DeclarationNode;
1961	ret->type = maybeCopy( $1->type->base );
1962	$$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, ret, $6, nullptr ) );
1963	}
1964	;
1965
1966	cfa_function_specifier: // CFA
1967	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1968	// {
1969	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, nullptr, true );
1970	// }
1971	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1972	// {
1973	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1974	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1975	// }
1976	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
1977	// {
1978	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1979	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, nullptr, true );
1980	// }
1981	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1982	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1983	//
1984	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
1985	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1986	//
1987	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1988	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1989	cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1990	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
1991	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1992	\| cfa_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')' attribute_list_opt
1993	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, nullptr )->addQualifiers( $8 ); }
1994	;
1995
1996	cfa_function_return: // CFA
1997	'[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ']'
1998	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1999	\| '[' push cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2000	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the ']'.
2001	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
2002	;
2003
2004	cfa_typedef_declaration: // CFA
2005	TYPEDEF cfa_variable_specifier
2006	{
2007	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 1" );
2008	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2009	}
2010	\| TYPEDEF cfa_function_specifier
2011	{
2012	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2->name, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 2" );
2013	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
2014	}
2015	\| cfa_typedef_declaration pop ',' push identifier
2016	{
2017	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TYPEDEFname, "cfa_typedef_declaration 3" );
2018	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
2019	}
2020	;
2021
2022	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
2023	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
2024
2025	typedef_declaration:
2026	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
2027	{
2028	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 1" );
2029	if ( $2->type->forall \|\| ($2->type->kind == TypeData::Aggregate && $2->type->aggregate.params) ) {
2030	SemanticError( yylloc, "forall qualifier in typedef is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
2031	} else $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef(); // watchout frees $2 and $3
2032	}
2033	\| typedef_declaration ',' declarator
2034	{
2035	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$3->name, TYPEDEFname, "typedef_declaration 2" );
2036	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $3 )->addTypedef() );
2037	}
2038	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2039	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2040	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
2041	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2042	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
2043	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Type qualifiers/specifiers before TYPEDEF is deprecated, move after TYPEDEF." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2044	;
2045
2046	typedef_expression:
2047	// deprecated GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
2048	TYPEDEF identifier '=' assignment_expression
2049	{
2050	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2051	}
2052	\| typedef_expression ',' identifier '=' assignment_expression
2053	{
2054	SemanticError( yylloc, "TYPEDEF expression is deprecated, use typeof(...) instead." ); $$ = nullptr;
2055	}
2056	;
2057
2058	c_declaration:
2059	declaration_specifier declaring_list
2060	{ $$ = distAttr( $1, $2 ); }
2061	\| typedef_declaration
2062	\| typedef_expression // deprecated GCC, naming expression type
2063	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2064	{
2065	assert( $1->type );
2066	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) { // CV qualifiers ?
2067	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless type qualifier(s) in empty declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2068	}
2069	// enums are never empty declarations because there must have at least one enumeration.
2070	if ( $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst && $1->storageClasses.any() ) { // storage class ?
2071	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, useless storage qualifier(s) in empty aggregate declaration." ); $$ = nullptr;
2072	}
2073	}
2074	;
2075
2076	declaring_list:
2077	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
2078	// storage-class
2079	variable_declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2080	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2081	\| variable_type_redeclarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2082	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( $3 ); }
2083
2084	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt
2085	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( nullptr ); }
2086	\| general_function_declarator asm_name_opt '=' VOID
2087	{ $$ = $1->addAsmName( $2 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( true ) ); }
2088
2089	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
2090	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 )->addAsmName( $5 )->addInitializer( $6 ) ); }
2091	;
2092
2093	general_function_declarator:
2094	function_type_redeclarator
2095	\| function_declarator
2096	;
2097
2098	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
2099	basic_declaration_specifier
2100	\| type_declaration_specifier
2101	\| sue_declaration_specifier
2102	\| sue_declaration_specifier invalid_types // invalid syntax rule
2103	{
2104	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of \"%s\" declaration.",
2105	$1->type->enumeration.name ? "enum" : ast::AggregateDecl::aggrString( $1->type->aggregate.kind ) );
2106	$$ = nullptr;
2107	}
2108	;
2109
2110	invalid_types:
2111	aggregate_key
2112	\| basic_type_name
2113	\| indirect_type
2114	;
2115
2116	declaration_specifier_nobody: // type specifier + storage class - {...}
2117	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2118	//
2119	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2120	//
2121	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2122	basic_declaration_specifier
2123	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody
2124	\| type_declaration_specifier
2125	;
2126
2127	type_specifier: // type specifier
2128	basic_type_specifier
2129	\| sue_type_specifier
2130	\| type_type_specifier
2131	;
2132
2133	type_specifier_nobody: // type specifier - {...}
2134	// Preclude SUE declarations in restricted scopes:
2135	//
2136	// int f( struct S { int i; } s1, Struct S s2 ) { struct S s3; ... }
2137	//
2138	// because it is impossible to call f due to name equivalence.
2139	basic_type_specifier
2140	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody
2141	\| type_type_specifier
2142	;
2143
2144	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
2145	// empty
2146	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2147	\| type_qualifier_list
2148	;
2149
2150	type_qualifier_list:
2151	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
2152	//
2153	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
2154	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
2155	// appeared only once.
2156	type_qualifier
2157	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
2158	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2159	;
2160
2161	type_qualifier:
2162	type_qualifier_name
2163	\| attribute // trick handles most attribute locations
2164	;
2165
2166	type_qualifier_name:
2167	CONST
2168	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Const ); }
2169	\| RESTRICT
2170	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Restrict ); }
2171	\| VOLATILE
2172	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Volatile ); }
2173	\| ATOMIC
2174	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Atomic ); }
2175	\| forall
2176	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $1 ); }
2177	;
2178
2179	forall:
2180	FORALL '(' type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
2181	{ $$ = $3; }
2182	;
2183
2184	declaration_qualifier_list:
2185	storage_class_list
2186	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
2187	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2188	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
2189	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2190	;
2191
2192	storage_class_list:
2193	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
2194	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
2195	//
2196	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
2197	// specifiers in a declaration.
2198	storage_class
2199	\| storage_class_list storage_class
2200	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2201	;
2202
2203	storage_class:
2204	EXTERN
2205	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Extern ); }
2206	\| STATIC
2207	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Static ); }
2208	\| AUTO
2209	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Auto ); }
2210	\| REGISTER
2211	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::Register ); }
2212	\| THREADLOCALGCC // GCC
2213	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalGcc ); }
2214	\| THREADLOCALC11 // C11
2215	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( ast::Storage::ThreadLocalC11 ); }
2216	// Put function specifiers here to simplify parsing rules, but separate them semantically.
2217	\| INLINE // C99
2218	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Inline ); }
2219	\| FORTRAN // C99
2220	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Fortran ); }
2221	\| NORETURN // C11
2222	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFuncSpecifier( ast::Function::Noreturn ); }
2223	;
2224
2225	basic_type_name:
2226	VOID
2227	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2228	\| BOOL // C99
2229	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
2230	\| CHAR
2231	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
2232	\| INT
2233	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
2234	\| INT128
2235	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 ); }
2236	\| UINT128
2237	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int128 )->addType( DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ) ); }
2238	\| FLOAT
2239	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
2240	\| DOUBLE
2241	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
2242	\| uuFLOAT80
2243	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat80 ); }
2244	\| uuFLOAT128
2245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uuFloat128 ); }
2246	\| uFLOAT16
2247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat16 ); }
2248	\| uFLOAT32
2249	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32 ); }
2250	\| uFLOAT32X
2251	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat32x ); }
2252	\| uFLOAT64
2253	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64 ); }
2254	\| uFLOAT64X
2255	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat64x ); }
2256	\| uFLOAT128
2257	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::uFloat128 ); }
2258	\| DECIMAL32
2259	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal32 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2260	\| DECIMAL64
2261	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal64 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2262	\| DECIMAL128
2263	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "_Decimal128 is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2264	\| COMPLEX // C99
2265	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
2266	\| IMAGINARY // C99
2267	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newComplexType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
2268	\| SIGNED
2269	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
2270	\| UNSIGNED
2271	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newSignedNess( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
2272	\| SHORT
2273	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
2274	\| LONG
2275	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newLength( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
2276	\| VA_LIST // GCC, __builtin_va_list
2277	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Valist ); }
2278	\| AUTO_TYPE
2279	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::AutoType ); }
2280	\| vtable
2281	;
2282
2283	vtable_opt:
2284	// empty
2285	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2286	\| vtable
2287	;
2288
2289	vtable:
2290	VTABLE '(' type_name ')' default_opt
2291	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVtableType( $3 ); }
2292	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2293	;
2294
2295	default_opt:
2296	// empty
2297	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2298	\| DEFAULT
2299	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "vtable default is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2300	;
2301
2302	basic_declaration_specifier:
2303	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
2304	basic_type_specifier
2305	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
2306	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2307	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2308	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2309	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2310	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2311	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
2312	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
2313	;
2314
2315	basic_type_specifier:
2316	direct_type
2317	// Cannot have type modifiers, e.g., short, long, etc.
2318	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type type_qualifier_list_opt
2319	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2320	;
2321
2322	direct_type:
2323	basic_type_name
2324	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
2325	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2326	\| direct_type type_qualifier
2327	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2328	\| direct_type basic_type_name
2329	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
2330	;
2331
2332	indirect_type:
2333	TYPEOF '(' type ')' // GCC: typeof( x ) y;
2334	{ $$ = $3; }
2335	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof( a+b ) y;
2336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
2337	\| BASETYPEOF '(' type ')' // CFA: basetypeof( x ) y;
2338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ), true ); }
2339	\| BASETYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: basetypeof( a+b ) y;
2340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3, true ); }
2341	\| ZERO_T // CFA
2342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::Zero ); }
2343	\| ONE_T // CFA
2344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBuiltinType( DeclarationNode::One ); }
2345	;
2346
2347	sue_declaration_specifier: // struct, union, enum + storage class + type specifier
2348	sue_type_specifier
2349	{
2350	// printf( "sue_declaration_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2351	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2352	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2353	// } // for
2354	}
2355	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
2356	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2357	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2358	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2359	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2360	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2361	;
2362
2363	sue_type_specifier: // struct, union, enum + type specifier
2364	elaborated_type
2365	{
2366	// printf( "sue_type_specifier %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2367	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2368	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2369	// } // for
2370	}
2371	\| type_qualifier_list
2372	{ if ( $1->type != nullptr && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; } // remember generic type
2373	elaborated_type
2374	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2375	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
2376	{
2377	if ( $2->type != nullptr && $2->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
2378	$$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 );
2379	}
2380	;
2381
2382	sue_declaration_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + storage class + type specifier
2383	sue_type_specifier_nobody
2384	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier_nobody
2385	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2386	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2387	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2388	\| sue_declaration_specifier_nobody storage_class type_qualifier_list
2389	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2390	;
2391
2392	sue_type_specifier_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...} + type specifier
2393	elaborated_type_nobody
2394	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_nobody
2395	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2396	\| sue_type_specifier_nobody type_qualifier
2397	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2398	;
2399
2400	type_declaration_specifier:
2401	type_type_specifier
2402	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_type_specifier
2403	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2404	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
2405	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2406	\| type_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
2407	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
2408	;
2409
2410	type_type_specifier: // typedef types
2411	type_name
2412	\| type_qualifier_list type_name
2413	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2414	\| type_type_specifier type_qualifier
2415	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2416	;
2417
2418	type_name:
2419	TYPEDEFname
2420	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
2421	\| '.' TYPEDEFname
2422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 ) ); }
2423	\| type_name '.' TYPEDEFname
2424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 ) ); }
2425	\| typegen_name
2426	\| '.' typegen_name
2427	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( DeclarationNode::newFromGlobalScope(), $2 ); }
2428	\| type_name '.' typegen_name
2429	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifiedType( $1, $3 ); }
2430	;
2431
2432	typegen_name: // CFA
2433	TYPEGENname
2434	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2435	\| TYPEGENname '(' ')'
2436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, nullptr ); }
2437	\| TYPEGENname '(' type_list ')'
2438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
2439	;
2440
2441	elaborated_type: // struct, union, enum
2442	aggregate_type
2443	{
2444	// printf( "elaborated_type %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2445	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2446	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2447	// } // for
2448	}
2449	\| enum_type
2450	;
2451
2452	elaborated_type_nobody: // struct, union, enum - {...}
2453	aggregate_type_nobody
2454	\| enum_type_nobody
2455	;
2456
2457	aggregate_type: // struct, union
2458	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt
2459	{ forall = false; } // reset
2460	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2461	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, nullptr, $7, $5, true )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2462	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2463	{
2464	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 1" );
2465	forall = false; // reset
2466	}
2467	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2468	{
2469	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2470	}
2471	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEDEFname // unqualified type name
2472	{
2473	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 2" );
2474	forall = false; // reset
2475	}
2476	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2477	{
2478	DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $3 );
2479	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2480	}
2481	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt TYPEGENname // unqualified type name
2482	{
2483	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type: 3" );
2484	forall = false; // reset
2485	}
2486	'{' field_declaration_list_opt '}' type_parameters_opt
2487	{
2488	DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $3, nullptr );
2489	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, $8, $6, true )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2490	}
2491	\| aggregate_type_nobody
2492	;
2493
2494	type_parameters_opt:
2495	// empty
2496	{ $$ = nullptr; } %prec '}'
2497	\| '(' type_list ')'
2498	{ $$ = $2; }
2499	;
2500
2501	aggregate_type_nobody: // struct, union - {...}
2502	aggregate_key attribute_list_opt identifier
2503	{
2504	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, forall \|\| typedefTable.getEnclForall() ? TYPEGENname : TYPEDEFname, "aggregate_type_nobody" );
2505	forall = false; // reset
2506	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3, nullptr, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2507	}
2508	\| aggregate_key attribute_list_opt type_name
2509	{
2510	forall = false; // reset
2511	// Create new generic declaration with same name as previous forward declaration, where the IDENTIFIER is
2512	// switched to a TYPEGENname. Link any generic arguments from typegen_name to new generic declaration and
2513	// delete newFromTypeGen.
2514	if ( $3->type->kind == TypeData::SymbolicInst && ! $3->type->symbolic.isTypedef ) {
2515	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 );
2516	} else {
2517	$$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $3->type->symbolic.name, $3->type->symbolic.actuals, nullptr, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2518	$3->type->symbolic.name = nullptr; // copied to $$
2519	$3->type->symbolic.actuals = nullptr;
2520	delete $3;
2521	}
2522	}
2523	;
2524
2525	aggregate_key:
2526	aggregate_data
2527	\| aggregate_control
2528	;
2529
2530	aggregate_data:
2531	STRUCT vtable_opt
2532	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Struct; }
2533	\| UNION
2534	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Union; }
2535	\| EXCEPTION // CFA
2536	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Exception; }
2537	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "exception aggregate is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate; }
2538	;
2539
2540	aggregate_control: // CFA
2541	MONITOR
2542	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2543	\| MUTEX STRUCT
2544	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Monitor; }
2545	\| GENERATOR
2546	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Generator; }
2547	\| MUTEX GENERATOR
2548	{
2549	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor generator is currently unimplemented." );
2550	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2551	}
2552	\| COROUTINE
2553	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Coroutine; }
2554	\| MUTEX COROUTINE
2555	{
2556	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor coroutine is currently unimplemented." );
2557	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2558	}
2559	\| THREAD
2560	{ $$ = ast::AggregateDecl::Thread; }
2561	\| MUTEX THREAD
2562	{
2563	SemanticError( yylloc, "monitor thread is currently unimplemented." );
2564	$$ = ast::AggregateDecl::NoAggregate;
2565	}
2566	;
2567
2568	field_declaration_list_opt:
2569	// empty
2570	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2571	\| field_declaration_list_opt field_declaration
2572	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $2 ) : $2; }
2573	;
2574
2575	field_declaration:
2576	type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';'
2577	{
2578	// printf( "type_specifier1 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2579	$$ = fieldDecl( $1, $2 );
2580	// printf( "type_specifier2 %p %s\n", $$, $$->type->aggregate.name ? $$->type->aggregate.name->c_str() : "(nil)" );
2581	// for ( Attribute * attr: reverseIterate( $$->attributes ) ) {
2582	// printf( "\tattr %s\n", attr->name.c_str() );
2583	// } // for
2584	}
2585	\| type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2586	{
2587	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, expecting ';' at end of previous declaration." );
2588	$$ = nullptr;
2589	}
2590	\| EXTENSION type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // GCC
2591	{ $$ = fieldDecl( $2, $3 ); distExt( $$ ); }
2592	\| STATIC type_specifier field_declaring_list_opt ';' // CFA
2593	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "STATIC aggregate field qualifier currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2594	\| INLINE type_specifier field_abstract_list_opt ';' // CFA
2595	{
2596	if ( ! $3 ) { // field declarator ?
2597	$3 = DeclarationNode::newName( nullptr );
2598	} // if
2599	$3->inLine = true;
2600	$$ = distAttr( $2, $3 ); // mark all fields in list
2601	distInl( $3 );
2602	}
2603	\| INLINE aggregate_control ';' // CFA
2604	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "INLINE aggregate control currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2605	\| typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2606	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2607	\| EXTENSION cfa_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
2608	{ distExt( $2 ); $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2609	\| INLINE cfa_field_abstract_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
2610	{ $$ = $2; } // mark all fields in list
2611	\| cfa_typedef_declaration ';' // CFA
2612	\| static_assert // C11
2613	;
2614
2615	field_declaring_list_opt:
2616	// empty
2617	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2618	\| field_declarator
2619	\| field_declaring_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
2620	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2621	;
2622
2623	field_declarator:
2624	bit_subrange_size // C special case, no field name
2625	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
2626	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2627	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2628	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2629	\| variable_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2630	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2631	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2632	\| function_type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
2633	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on integral types.
2634	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
2635	;
2636
2637	field_abstract_list_opt:
2638	// empty
2639	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2640	\| field_abstract
2641	\| field_abstract_list_opt ',' attribute_list_opt field_abstract
2642	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4->addQualifiers( $3 ) ); }
2643	;
2644
2645	field_abstract:
2646	// no bit fields
2647	variable_abstract_declarator
2648	;
2649
2650	cfa_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2651	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2652	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2653	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2654	\| cfa_field_declaring_list ',' identifier_or_type_name
2655	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
2656	;
2657
2658	cfa_field_abstract_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
2659	// bit-fields are handled by C declarations
2660	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
2661	\| cfa_field_abstract_list ','
2662	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
2663	;
2664
2665	bit_subrange_size_opt:
2666	// empty
2667	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2668	\| bit_subrange_size
2669	;
2670
2671	bit_subrange_size:
2672	':' assignment_expression
2673	{ $$ = $2; }
2674	;
2675
2676	enum_type:
2677	ENUM attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2678	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $4, true, false )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2679	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2680	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2681	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2682	{ typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type 1" ); }
2683	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, $7, true, false, nullptr, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2685	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt typedef_name hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->name, $6, true, false, nullptr, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2687	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2688	{
2689	if ( $3->storageClasses.val != 0 \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
2690	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2691	}
2692	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $7, true, true, $3 )->addQualifiers( $5 );
2693	}
2694	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // unqualified type name
2695	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2696	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2697	{
2698	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( nullptr, $6, true, true )->addQualifiers( $4 );
2699	}
2700	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt '!' '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}' // invalid syntax rule
2701	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, hiding '!' the enumerator names of an anonymous enumeration means the names are inaccessible." ); $$ = nullptr; }
2702	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt
2703	{
2704	if ( $3 && ($3->storageClasses.any() \|\| $3->type->qualifiers.val != 0 )) {
2705	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, storage-class and CV qualifiers are not meaningful for enumeration constants, which are const." );
2706	}
2707	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$6, "enum_type 2" );
2708	}
2709	hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2710	{
2711	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6, $11, true, true, $3, $9 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2712	}
2713	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt identifier attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2714	{
2715	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2716	}
2717	\| ENUM '(' cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2718	{
2719	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $6->name, $10, true, true, $3, $8 )->addQualifiers( $5 )->addQualifiers( $7 );
2720	}
2721	\| ENUM '(' ')' attribute_list_opt typedef_name attribute_list_opt hide_opt '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
2722	{
2723	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $5->name, $9, true, true, nullptr, $7 )->addQualifiers( $4 )->addQualifiers( $6 );
2724	}
2725	\| enum_type_nobody
2726	;
2727
2728	hide_opt:
2729	// empty
2730	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2731	\| '!'
2732	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Hide; }
2733	;
2734
2735	enum_type_nobody: // enum - {...}
2736	ENUM attribute_list_opt identifier
2737	{
2738	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3, "enum_type_nobody 1" );
2739	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2740	}
2741	\| ENUM attribute_list_opt type_name
2742	{
2743	typedefTable.makeTypedef( *$3->type->symbolic.name, "enum_type_nobody 2" );
2744	$$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $3->type->symbolic.name, nullptr, false, false )->addQualifiers( $2 );
2745	}
2746	;
2747
2748	enumerator_list:
2749	visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2750	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $2, $3 ); }
2751	\| INLINE type_name
2752	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumInLine( *$2->type->symbolic.name ); }
2753	\| enumerator_list ',' visible_hide_opt identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
2754	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( $4, $5 ) ); }
2755	\| enumerator_list ',' INLINE type_name enumerator_value_opt
2756	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumValueGeneric( new string("inline"), nullptr ) ); }
2757	;
2758
2759	visible_hide_opt:
2760	hide_opt
2761	\| '^'
2762	{ $$ = EnumHiding::Visible; }
2763	;
2764
2765	enumerator_value_opt:
2766	// empty
2767	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2768	\| '=' constant_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2 ); }
2769	\| '=' '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $3, true ); }
2770	// \| simple_assignment_operator initializer
2771	// { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2772	;
2773
2774	cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt: // CFA, abstract + real
2775	// empty
2776	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
2777	\| ELLIPSIS
2778	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2779	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2780	\| cfa_parameter_list
2781	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list
2782	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2783	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2784	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2785	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
2786	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2787	;
2788
2789	cfa_parameter_list: // CFA
2790	// To obtain LR(1) between cfa_parameter_list and cfa_abstract_tuple, the last cfa_abstract_parameter_list is
2791	// factored out from cfa_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
2792	cfa_parameter_declaration
2793	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2794	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2795	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2796	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2797	\| cfa_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_parameter_declaration
2798	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
2799	;
2800
2801	cfa_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
2802	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2803	\| cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration
2804	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
2805	;
2806
2807	parameter_type_list_opt:
2808	// empty
2809	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2810	\| ELLIPSIS
2811	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2812	\| parameter_list
2813	\| parameter_list ',' ELLIPSIS
2814	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
2815	;
2816
2817	parameter_list: // abstract + real
2818	abstract_parameter_declaration
2819	\| parameter_declaration
2820	\| parameter_list ',' abstract_parameter_declaration
2821	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2822	\| parameter_list ',' parameter_declaration
2823	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2824	;
2825
2826	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
2827	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
2828
2829	cfa_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2830	parameter_declaration
2831	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2832	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2833	\| cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2834	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2835	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
2836	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name default_initializer_opt
2837	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2838	\| cfa_function_specifier
2839	;
2840
2841	cfa_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
2842	abstract_parameter_declaration
2843	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2844	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
2845	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see cfa_abstract_declarator).
2846	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
2847	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2848	\| cfa_abstract_function
2849	;
2850
2851	parameter_declaration:
2852	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
2853	declaration_specifier_nobody identifier_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2854	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2855	\| declaration_specifier_nobody type_parameter_redeclarator default_initializer_opt
2856	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2857	;
2858
2859	abstract_parameter_declaration:
2860	declaration_specifier_nobody default_initializer_opt
2861	{ $$ = $1->addInitializer( $2 ? new InitializerNode( $2 ) : nullptr ); }
2862	\| declaration_specifier_nobody abstract_parameter_declarator default_initializer_opt
2863	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( $3 ? new InitializerNode( $3 ) : nullptr ); }
2864	;
2865
2866	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
2867	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
2868	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
2869
2870	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
2871	identifier
2872	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
2873	\| identifier_list ',' identifier
2874	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
2875	;
2876
2877	identifier_or_type_name:
2878	identifier
2879	\| TYPEDEFname
2880	\| TYPEGENname
2881	;
2882
2883	type_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
2884	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
2885	\| type_specifier // cannot be type_specifier_nobody, e.g., (struct S {}){} is a thing
2886	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
2887	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
2888	;
2889
2890	type: // typeof, assertion
2891	type_no_function
2892	\| cfa_abstract_function // CFA
2893	;
2894
2895	initializer_opt:
2896	// empty
2897	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2898	\| simple_assignment_operator initializer { $$ = $1 == OperKinds::Assign ? $2 : $2->set_maybeConstructed( false ); }
2899	\| '=' VOID { $$ = new InitializerNode( true ); }
2900	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2901	;
2902
2903	initializer:
2904	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
2905	\| '{' initializer_list_opt comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
2906	;
2907
2908	initializer_list_opt:
2909	// empty
2910	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2911	\| initializer
2912	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
2913	\| initializer_list_opt ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 ) ); }
2914	\| initializer_list_opt ',' designation initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)($1->set_last( $4->set_designators( $3 ) )); }
2915	;
2916
2917	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
2918	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
2919	//
2920	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
2921	//
2922	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
2923	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
2924	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
2925	// shift/reduce conflicts
2926
2927	designation:
2928	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
2929	\| identifier_at ':' // GCC, field name
2930	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $1 ) ); }
2931	;
2932
2933	designator_list: // C99
2934	designator
2935	\| designator_list designator
2936	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( $2 )); }
2937	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new ExpressionNode( $1, $2 ); }
2938	;
2939
2940	designator:
2941	'.' identifier_at // C99, field name
2942	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_varref( yylloc, $2 ) ); }
2943	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
2944	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
2945	{ $$ = $3; }
2946	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
2947	{ $$ = $3; }
2948	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
2949	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $3 ), maybeMoveBuild( $5 ) ) ); }
2950	\| '.' '[' push field_name_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
2951	{ $$ = $4; }
2952	;
2953
2954	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
2955	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
2956	//
2957	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
2958	//
2959	// Type declarations: "otype" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
2960	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
2961	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
2962	//
2963	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
2964	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
2965	//
2966	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
2967	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
2968	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
2969	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
2970	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
2971
2972	type_parameter_list: // CFA
2973	type_parameter
2974	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter
2975	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
2976	;
2977
2978	type_initializer_opt: // CFA
2979	// empty
2980	{ $$ = nullptr; }
2981	\| '=' type
2982	{ $$ = $2; }
2983	;
2984
2985	type_parameter: // CFA
2986	type_class identifier_or_type_name
2987	{
2988	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 1" );
2989	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Otype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "otype keyword is deprecated, use T " ); }
2990	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Dtype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "dtype keyword is deprecated, use T &" ); }
2991	if ( $1 == ast::TypeDecl::Ttype ) { SemanticError( yylloc, "ttype keyword is deprecated, use T ..." ); }
2992	}
2993	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2994	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2995	\| identifier_or_type_name new_type_class
2996	{ typedefTable.addToScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_parameter 2" ); }
2997	type_initializer_opt assertion_list_opt
2998	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $2, $1 )->addTypeInitializer( $4 )->addAssertions( $5 ); }
2999	\| '[' identifier_or_type_name ']'
3000	{
3001	typedefTable.addToScope( *$2, TYPEDIMname, "type_parameter 3" );
3002	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dimension, $2 );
3003	}
3004	// \| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
3005	\| assertion_list
3006	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( ast::TypeDecl::Dtype, new string( DeclarationNode::anonymous.newName() ) )->addAssertions( $1 ); }
3007	;
3008
3009	new_type_class: // CFA
3010	// empty
3011	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3012	\| '&'
3013	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3014	\| '*'
3015	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::DStype; } // dtype + sized
3016	// \| '(' '*' ')'
3017	// { $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3018	\| ELLIPSIS
3019	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3020	;
3021
3022	type_class: // CFA
3023	OTYPE
3024	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Otype; }
3025	\| DTYPE
3026	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Dtype; }
3027	\| FTYPE
3028	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ftype; }
3029	\| TTYPE
3030	{ $$ = ast::TypeDecl::Ttype; }
3031	;
3032
3033	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
3034	// empty
3035	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3036	\| assertion_list
3037	;
3038
3039	assertion_list: // CFA
3040	assertion
3041	\| assertion_list assertion
3042	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
3043	;
3044
3045	assertion: // CFA
3046	'\|' identifier_or_type_name '(' type_list ')'
3047	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTraitUse( $2, $4 ); }
3048	\| '\|' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3049	{ $$ = $4; }
3050	// \| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' '(' type_list ')'
3051	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "Generic data-type assertion is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3052	;
3053
3054	type_list: // CFA
3055	type
3056	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3057	\| assignment_expression
3058	\| type_list ',' type
3059	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3060	\| type_list ',' assignment_expression
3061	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_last( $3 )); }
3062	;
3063
3064	type_declaring_list: // CFA
3065	OTYPE type_declarator
3066	{ $$ = $2; }
3067	\| storage_class_list OTYPE type_declarator
3068	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3069	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
3070	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copySpecifiers( $1 ) ); }
3071	;
3072
3073	type_declarator: // CFA
3074	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
3075	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
3076	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type
3077	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
3078	;
3079
3080	type_declarator_name: // CFA
3081	identifier_or_type_name
3082	{
3083	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEDEFname, "type_declarator_name 1" );
3084	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, nullptr );
3085	}
3086	\| identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')'
3087	{
3088	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TYPEGENname, "type_declarator_name 2" );
3089	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $3 );
3090	}
3091	;
3092
3093	trait_specifier: // CFA
3094	TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' '}'
3095	{
3096	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3097	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, nullptr );
3098	}
3099	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' '}' // alternate
3100	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, nullptr ); }
3101	\| TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '(' type_parameter_list ')' '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}'
3102	{
3103	SemanticWarning( yylloc, Warning::DeprecTraitSyntax );
3104	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $2, $4, $8 );
3105	}
3106	\| forall TRAIT identifier_or_type_name '{' push trait_declaration_list pop '}' // alternate
3107	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTrait( $3, $1, $6 ); }
3108	;
3109
3110	trait_declaration_list: // CFA
3111	trait_declaration
3112	\| trait_declaration_list pop push trait_declaration
3113	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $4 ); }
3114	;
3115
3116	trait_declaration: // CFA
3117	cfa_trait_declaring_list ';'
3118	\| trait_declaring_list ';'
3119	;
3120
3121	cfa_trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3122	cfa_variable_specifier
3123	\| cfa_function_specifier
3124	\| cfa_trait_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
3125	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) ); }
3126	;
3127
3128	trait_declaring_list: // CFA
3129	type_specifier declarator
3130	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
3131	\| trait_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
3132	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) ); }
3133	;
3134
3135	// ************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
3136
3137	translation_unit:
3138	// empty, input file
3139	\| external_definition_list
3140	{ parseTree = parseTree ? parseTree->appendList( $1 ) : $1; }
3141	;
3142
3143	external_definition_list:
3144	push external_definition pop
3145	{ $$ = $2; }
3146	\| external_definition_list push external_definition pop
3147	{ $$ = $1 ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
3148	;
3149
3150	external_definition_list_opt:
3151	// empty
3152	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3153	\| external_definition_list
3154	;
3155
3156	up:
3157	{ typedefTable.up( forall ); forall = false; }
3158	;
3159
3160	down:
3161	{ typedefTable.down(); }
3162	;
3163
3164	external_definition:
3165	DIRECTIVE
3166	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newDirectiveStmt( new StatementNode( build_directive( yylloc, $1 ) ) ); }
3167	\| declaration
3168	{
3169	// Variable declarations of anonymous types requires creating a unique type-name across multiple translation
3170	// unit, which is a dubious task, especially because C uses name rather than structural typing; hence it is
3171	// disallowed at the moment.
3172	if ( $1->linkage == ast::Linkage::Cforall && ! $1->storageClasses.is_static && $1->type && $1->type->kind == TypeData::AggregateInst ) {
3173	if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->kind == TypeData::Enum && $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->enumeration.anon ) {
3174	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous enumeration is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3175	} else if ( $1->type->aggInst.aggregate->aggregate.anon ) { // handles struct or union
3176	SemanticError( yylloc, "extern anonymous struct/union is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr;
3177	}
3178	}
3179	}
3180	\| IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER
3181	{ IdentifierBeforeIdentifier( $1.str, $2.str, " declaration" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3182	\| IDENTIFIER type_qualifier // invalid syntax rule
3183	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type qualifier" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3184	\| IDENTIFIER storage_class // invalid syntax rule
3185	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "storage class" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3186	\| IDENTIFIER basic_type_name // invalid syntax rule
3187	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3188	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname // invalid syntax rule
3189	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3190	\| IDENTIFIER TYPEGENname // invalid syntax rule
3191	{ IdentifierBeforeType( *$1.str, "type" ); $$ = nullptr; }
3192	\| external_function_definition
3193	\| EXTENSION external_definition // GCC, multiple __extension__ allowed, meaning unknown
3194	{
3195	distExt( $2 ); // mark all fields in list
3196	$$ = $2;
3197	}
3198	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' ';' // GCC, global assembler statement
3199	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAsmStmt( new StatementNode( build_asm( yylloc, false, $3, nullptr ) ) ); }
3200	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
3201	{
3202	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3203	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3204	}
3205	up external_definition down
3206	{
3207	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3208	linkageStack.pop();
3209	$$ = $5;
3210	}
3211	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral // C++-style linkage specifier
3212	{
3213	linkageStack.push( linkage ); // handle nested extern "C"/"Cforall"
3214	linkage = ast::Linkage::update( yylloc, linkage, $2 );
3215	}
3216	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}'
3217	{
3218	linkage = linkageStack.top();
3219	linkageStack.pop();
3220	$$ = $6;
3221	}
3222	// global distribution
3223	\| type_qualifier_list
3224	{
3225	if ( $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3226	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3227	}
3228	if ( $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3229	}
3230	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3231	{
3232	distQual( $5, $1 );
3233	forall = false;
3234	$$ = $5;
3235	}
3236	\| declaration_qualifier_list
3237	{
3238	if ( $1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any() ) {
3239	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3240	}
3241	if ( $1->type && $1->type->forall ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3242	}
3243	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3244	{
3245	distQual( $5, $1 );
3246	forall = false;
3247	$$ = $5;
3248	}
3249	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list
3250	{
3251	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->qualifiers.any()) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->qualifiers.any()) ) {
3252	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, CV qualifiers cannot be distributed; only storage-class and forall qualifiers." );
3253	}
3254	if ( ($1->type && $1->type->forall) \|\| ($2->type && $2->type->forall) ) forall = true; // remember generic type
3255	}
3256	'{' up external_definition_list_opt down '}' // CFA, namespace
3257	{
3258	distQual( $6, $1->addQualifiers( $2 ) );
3259	forall = false;
3260	$$ = $6;
3261	}
3262	;
3263
3264	external_function_definition:
3265	function_definition
3266	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
3267	// legacy code with global functions missing the type-specifier for the return type, and assuming "int".
3268	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested
3269	// functions preclude this concession, i.e., all nested function must have a return type). A function prototype
3270	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3271	\| function_declarator compound_statement
3272	{ $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 ); }
3273	\| KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt compound_statement
3274	{ $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $2 )->addFunctionBody( $3 ); }
3275	;
3276
3277	with_clause_opt:
3278	// empty
3279	{ $$ = nullptr; forall = false; }
3280	\| WITH '(' tuple_expression_list ')' attribute_list_opt
3281	{
3282	$$ = $3; forall = false;
3283	if ( $5 ) {
3284	SemanticError( yylloc, "syntax error, attributes cannot be associated with function body. Move attribute(s) before \"with\" clause." );
3285	$$ = nullptr;
3286	} // if
3287	}
3288	;
3289
3290	function_definition:
3291	cfa_function_declaration with_clause_opt compound_statement // CFA
3292	{
3293	// Add the function body to the last identifier in the function definition list, i.e., foo3:
3294	// [const double] foo1(), foo2( int ), foo3( double ) { return 3.0; }
3295	$1->get_last()->addFunctionBody( $3, $2 );
3296	$$ = $1;
3297	}
3298	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3299	{
3300	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3301	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3302	}
3303	\| declaration_specifier function_type_redeclarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3304	{
3305	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3306	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addType( $1 );
3307	}
3308	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3309	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3310	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3311	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3312	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3313	{ $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $4, $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3314	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3315	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator with_clause_opt compound_statement
3316	{ $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3317
3318	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
3319	\| declaration_specifier KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3320	{
3321	rebindForall( $1, $2 );
3322	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addType( $1 );
3323	}
3324	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3325	\| type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3326	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3327	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3328	\| declaration_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3329	{ $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $5, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3330	// handles default int return type, OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
3331	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator KR_parameter_list_opt with_clause_opt compound_statement
3332	{ $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $6, $5 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3333	;
3334
3335	declarator:
3336	variable_declarator
3337	\| variable_type_redeclarator
3338	\| function_declarator
3339	\| function_type_redeclarator
3340	;
3341
3342	subrange:
3343	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
3344	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::RangeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuild( $1 ), maybeMoveBuild( $3 ) ) ); }
3345	;
3346
3347	asm_name_opt: // GCC
3348	// empty
3349	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3350	\| ASM '(' string_literal ')' attribute_list_opt
3351	{
3352	DeclarationNode * name = new DeclarationNode();
3353	name->asmName = maybeMoveBuild( $3 );
3354	$$ = name->addQualifiers( $5 );
3355	}
3356	;
3357
3358	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
3359	// empty
3360	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3361	\| attribute_list
3362	;
3363
3364	attribute_list: // GCC
3365	attribute
3366	\| attribute_list attribute
3367	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3368	;
3369
3370	attribute: // GCC
3371	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_name_list ')' ')'
3372	{ $$ = $4; }
3373	;
3374
3375	attribute_name_list: // GCC
3376	attribute_name
3377	\| attribute_name_list ',' attribute_name
3378	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
3379	;
3380
3381	attribute_name: // GCC
3382	// empty
3383	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3384	\| attr_name
3385	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1 ); }
3386	\| attr_name '(' argument_expression_list_opt ')'
3387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttribute( $1, $3 ); }
3388	;
3389
3390	attr_name: // GCC
3391	IDENTIFIER
3392	\| quasi_keyword
3393	\| TYPEDEFname
3394	\| TYPEGENname
3395	\| FALLTHROUGH
3396	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "fallthrough" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3397	\| CONST
3398	{ $$ = Token{ new string( "__const__" ), { nullptr, -1 } }; }
3399	;
3400
3401	// ============================================================================
3402	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
3403	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
3404	// in:
3405	//
3406	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
3407	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
3408	//
3409	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
3410	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
3411	// ============================================================================
3412
3413	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3414	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
3415	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
3416	//
3417	// valid declaration invalid definition
3418	// ----------------- ------------------
3419	// int f; int f {}
3420	// int f; int f {}
3421	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
3422	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
3423	//
3424	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
3425	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
3426	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3427
3428	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
3429	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
3430
3431	paren_identifier:
3432	identifier_at
3433	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3434	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
3435	{ $$ = $2; }
3436	;
3437
3438	variable_declarator:
3439	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3440	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3441	\| variable_ptr
3442	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
3443	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3444	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
3445	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3446	;
3447
3448	variable_ptr:
3449	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
3450	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3451	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
3452	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3453	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3454	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3455	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3456	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3457	;
3458
3459	variable_array:
3460	paren_identifier array_dimension
3461	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3462	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3463	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3464	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
3465	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3466	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3467	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3468	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3469	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3470	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3471	{ $$ = $2; }
3472	\| '(' attribute_list variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3473	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3474	;
3475
3476	variable_function:
3477	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3478	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3479	\| '(' attribute_list variable_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3480	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3481	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3482	{ $$ = $2; }
3483	\| '(' attribute_list variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3484	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3485	;
3486
3487	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. For non-nested functions, there is
3488	// no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name, i.e., the typedef and function name cannot exist
3489	// is the same scope. The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3490
3491	function_declarator:
3492	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3493	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3494	\| function_ptr
3495	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
3496	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3497	;
3498
3499	function_no_ptr:
3500	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3501	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3502	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3503	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3504	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3505	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3506	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3507	{ $$ = $2; }
3508	\| '(' attribute_list function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3509	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3510	;
3511
3512	function_ptr:
3513	ptrref_operator function_declarator
3514	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3515	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
3516	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3517	\| '(' function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3518	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3519	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3520	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3521	;
3522
3523	function_array:
3524	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3525	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3526	\| '(' attribute_list function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3527	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3528	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3529	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3530	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3531	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3532	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3533	{ $$ = $2; }
3534	\| '(' attribute_list function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3535	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3536	;
3537
3538	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4)
3539	//
3540	// f( a, b, c ) int a, *b, c[]; {}
3541	//
3542	// that is not redefining a typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes
3543	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3544
3545	KR_function_declarator:
3546	KR_function_no_ptr
3547	\| KR_function_ptr
3548	\| KR_function_array
3549	;
3550
3551	KR_function_no_ptr:
3552	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
3553	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
3554	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3555	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3556	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3557	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3558	\| '(' KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3559	{ $$ = $2; }
3560	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3561	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3562	;
3563
3564	KR_function_ptr:
3565	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
3566	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3567	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
3568	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3569	\| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
3570	{ $$ = $2; }
3571	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')'
3572	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3573	;
3574
3575	KR_function_array:
3576	'(' KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3577	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3578	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
3579	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3580	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3581	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3582	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3583	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3584	\| '(' KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3585	{ $$ = $2; }
3586	\| '(' attribute_list KR_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3587	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3588	;
3589
3590	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable that redefines a type name, e.g.:
3591	//
3592	// typedef int foo;
3593	// {
3594	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
3595	// }
3596
3597	paren_type:
3598	typedef_name
3599	{
3600	// hide type name in enclosing scope by variable name
3601	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1->name, IDENTIFIER, "paren_type" );
3602	}
3603	\| '(' paren_type ')'
3604	{ $$ = $2; }
3605	;
3606
3607	variable_type_redeclarator:
3608	paren_type attribute_list_opt
3609	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3610	\| variable_type_ptr
3611	\| variable_type_array attribute_list_opt
3612	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3613	\| variable_type_function attribute_list_opt
3614	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3615	;
3616
3617	variable_type_ptr:
3618	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
3619	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3620	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
3621	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3622	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3623	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3624	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3625	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3626	;
3627
3628	variable_type_array:
3629	paren_type array_dimension
3630	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3631	\| '(' variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3632	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3633	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3634	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3635	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3636	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3637	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3638	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3639	\| '(' variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3640	{ $$ = $2; }
3641	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3642	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3643	;
3644
3645	variable_type_function:
3646	'(' variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3647	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3648	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3649	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3650	\| '(' variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3651	{ $$ = $2; }
3652	\| '(' attribute_list variable_type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3653	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3654	;
3655
3656	// This pattern parses a declaration for a function prototype that redefines a type name. It precludes declaring an
3657	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
3658	// arrays and functions.
3659
3660	function_type_redeclarator:
3661	function_type_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
3662	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3663	\| function_type_ptr
3664	\| function_type_array attribute_list_opt
3665	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3666	;
3667
3668	function_type_no_ptr:
3669	paren_type '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3670	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3671	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3672	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3673	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')'
3674	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addParamList( $6 ); }
3675	\| '(' function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3676	{ $$ = $2; }
3677	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
3678	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3679	;
3680
3681	function_type_ptr:
3682	ptrref_operator function_type_redeclarator
3683	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3684	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_type_redeclarator
3685	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3686	\| '(' function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3687	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3688	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3689	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $5 ); }
3690	;
3691
3692	function_type_array:
3693	'(' function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3694	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3695	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_ptr ')' array_dimension
3696	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3697	\| '(' function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3698	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3699	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3700	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addArray( $5 ); }
3701	\| '(' function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3702	{ $$ = $2; }
3703	\| '(' attribute_list function_type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3704	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3705	;
3706
3707	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable of a function prototype or actual that is not redefining a
3708	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes
3709	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus
3710	// pointers to arrays and functions.
3711
3712	identifier_parameter_declarator:
3713	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3714	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3715	\| '&' MUTEX paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
3716	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3717	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
3718	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3719	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3720	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3721	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3722	;
3723
3724	identifier_parameter_ptr:
3725	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
3726	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3727	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
3728	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3729	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3730	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3731	;
3732
3733	identifier_parameter_array:
3734	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
3735	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3736	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
3737	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3738	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3739	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3740	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3741	{ $$ = $2; }
3742	;
3743
3744	identifier_parameter_function:
3745	paren_identifier '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3746	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3747	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3748	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3749	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3750	{ $$ = $2; }
3751	;
3752
3753	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
3754	// e.g.:
3755	//
3756	// typedef int foo;
3757	// forall( otype T ) struct foo;
3758	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
3759	//
3760	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
3761
3762	type_parameter_redeclarator:
3763	typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3764	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3765	\| '&' MUTEX typedef_name attribute_list_opt
3766	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf ) )->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3767	\| type_parameter_ptr
3768	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3769	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3770	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3771	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3772	;
3773
3774	typedef_name:
3775	TYPEDEFname
3776	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3777	\| TYPEGENname
3778	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
3779	;
3780
3781	type_parameter_ptr:
3782	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
3783	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3784	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
3785	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3786	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3787	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3788	;
3789
3790	type_parameter_array:
3791	typedef_name array_parameter_dimension
3792	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3793	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3794	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3795	;
3796
3797	type_parameter_function:
3798	typedef_name '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3799	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $3 ); }
3800	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3801	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3802	;
3803
3804	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
3805	// which the type applies, e.g.:
3806	//
3807	// sizeof( int );
3808	// sizeof( int * );
3809	// sizeof( int [10] );
3810	// sizeof( int (*)() );
3811	// sizeof( int () );
3812	//
3813	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3814	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
3815
3816	abstract_declarator:
3817	abstract_ptr
3818	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
3819	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3820	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
3821	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3822	;
3823
3824	abstract_ptr:
3825	ptrref_operator
3826	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3827	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3828	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3829	\| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
3830	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3831	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
3832	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3833	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
3834	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3835	;
3836
3837	abstract_array:
3838	array_dimension
3839	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
3840	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3841	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3842	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3843	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3844	{ $$ = $2; }
3845	;
3846
3847	abstract_function:
3848	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3849	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3850	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3851	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3852	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3853	{ $$ = $2; }
3854	;
3855
3856	array_dimension:
3857	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
3858	'[' ']'
3859	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3860	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
3861	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
3862	// Cannot use constant_expression because of tuples => semantic check
3863	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ',' comma_expression ']' // CFA
3864	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false )->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $6, nullptr, false ) ); }
3865	// { SemanticError( yylloc, "New array dimension is currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
3866	\| '[' push array_type_list pop ']' // CFA
3867	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3868	\| multi_array_dimension
3869	;
3870
3871	array_type_list:
3872	basic_type_name
3873	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3874	\| type_name
3875	{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $1 ) ) ); }
3876	\| assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3877	\| array_type_list ',' basic_type_name
3878	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3879	\| array_type_list ',' type_name
3880	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_last( new ExpressionNode( new ast::TypeExpr( yylloc, maybeMoveBuildType( $3 ) ) ) )); }
3881	\| array_type_list ',' assignment_expression upupeq assignment_expression
3882	;
3883
3884	upupeq:
3885	'~'
3886	{ $$ = OperKinds::LThan; }
3887	\| ErangeUpEq
3888	{ $$ = OperKinds::LEThan; }
3889	;
3890
3891	multi_array_dimension:
3892	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3893	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, nullptr, false ); }
3894	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3895	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
3896	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
3897	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, nullptr, false ) ); }
3898	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
3899	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
3900	;
3901
3902	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
3903	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
3904	//
3905	// int f( int ); // not handled here
3906	// int f( int * ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3907	// int f( int (*)() ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3908	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
3909	//
3910	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
3911	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions. In addition, the pattern handles the
3912	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
3913	//
3914	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
3915	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
3916	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
3917	//
3918	// For example:
3919	//
3920	// typedef float T;
3921	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3922	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
3923	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3924	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
3925	//
3926	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
3927	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
3928	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
3929	// functions.
3930
3931	abstract_parameter_declarator_opt:
3932	// empty
3933	{ $$ = nullptr; }
3934	\| abstract_parameter_declarator
3935	;
3936
3937	abstract_parameter_declarator:
3938	abstract_parameter_ptr
3939	\| '&' MUTEX attribute_list_opt
3940	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( ast::CV::Mutex ), OperKinds::AddressOf )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
3941	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
3942	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3943	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
3944	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
3945	;
3946
3947	abstract_parameter_ptr:
3948	ptrref_operator
3949	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
3950	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
3951	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
3952	\| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
3953	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
3954	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
3955	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
3956	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
3957	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
3958	;
3959
3960	abstract_parameter_array:
3961	array_parameter_dimension
3962	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
3963	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3964	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
3965	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
3966	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
3967	{ $$ = $2; }
3968	;
3969
3970	abstract_parameter_function:
3971	'(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3972	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, nullptr, $2, nullptr ); }
3973	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
3974	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
3975	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
3976	{ $$ = $2; }
3977	;
3978
3979	array_parameter_dimension:
3980	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
3981	array_parameter_1st_dimension
3982	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
3983	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
3984	\| multi_array_dimension
3985	;
3986
3987	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
3988	//
3989	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
3990	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
3991
3992	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
3993	'[' ']'
3994	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ); }
3995	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
3996	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
3997	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
3998	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
3999	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, $3, false ); }
4000	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
4001	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4002	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4003	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
4004	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
4005	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
4006	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
4007	;
4008
4009	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, but does not allow "int ()" for a function pointer.
4010	//
4011	// struct S {
4012	// int;
4013	// int *;
4014	// int [10];
4015	// int (*)();
4016	// };
4017
4018	variable_abstract_declarator:
4019	variable_abstract_ptr
4020	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
4021	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4022	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
4023	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
4024	;
4025
4026	variable_abstract_ptr:
4027	ptrref_operator
4028	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
4029	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
4030	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
4031	\| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
4032	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4033	\| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
4034	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
4035	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt // redundant parenthesis
4036	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
4037	;
4038
4039	variable_abstract_array:
4040	array_dimension
4041	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
4042	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4043	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
4044	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
4045	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
4046	{ $$ = $2; }
4047	;
4048
4049	variable_abstract_function:
4050	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' parameter_type_list_opt ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
4051	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $5 ); }
4052	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
4053	{ $$ = $2; }
4054	;
4055
4056	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
4057	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
4058
4059	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4060	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
4061	\| cfa_abstract_tuple
4062	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4063	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4064	;
4065
4066	cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4067	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4068	\| cfa_identifier_parameter_array
4069	;
4070
4071	cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
4072	// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
4073	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4074	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4075	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
4076	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4077	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4078	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4079	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4080	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4081	\| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4082	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4083	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
4084	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4085	;
4086
4087	cfa_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
4088	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
4089	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
4090	'[' ']' type_specifier_nobody
4091	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4092	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4093	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4094	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4095	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4096	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4097	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4098	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier_nobody
4099	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4100
4101	\| '[' ']' cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4102	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4103	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4104	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4105	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4106	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4107	\| cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4108	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4109	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_identifier_parameter_ptr
4110	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4111	;
4112
4113	cfa_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
4114	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
4115	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
4116	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4117	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
4118	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4119	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
4120	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
4121	// appear in this context.
4122	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
4123	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
4124	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
4125	;
4126
4127	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
4128	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
4129	//
4130	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
4131	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
4132	//
4133	// These rules need LR(3):
4134	//
4135	// cfa_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
4136	// '[' cfa_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4137	//
4138	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
4139	//
4140	// [int, int] t;
4141	// [int, int] f( int );
4142	//
4143	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
4144	// cfa_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
4145	// lookahead. To accomplish this, cfa_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
4146	// duplicated when appearing with cfa_function_specifier.
4147
4148	cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
4149	cfa_abstract_tuple
4150	\| type_qualifier_list cfa_abstract_tuple
4151	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
4152	\| cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
4153	;
4154
4155	cfa_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
4156	cfa_abstract_ptr
4157	\| cfa_abstract_array
4158	;
4159
4160	cfa_abstract_ptr: // CFA
4161	ptrref_operator type_specifier
4162	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4163	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
4164	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4165	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4166	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4167	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
4168	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4169	\| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4170	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
4171	\| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
4172	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
4173	;
4174
4175	cfa_abstract_array: // CFA
4176	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
4177	// empty (void) function return type.
4178	'[' ']' type_specifier
4179	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4180	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4181	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4182	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
4183	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4184	\| '[' ']' cfa_abstract_ptr
4185	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4186	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4187	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( nullptr, nullptr, false ) ); }
4188	\| multi_array_dimension cfa_abstract_ptr
4189	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
4190	;
4191
4192	cfa_abstract_tuple: // CFA
4193	'[' push cfa_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
4194	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
4195	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS pop ']'
4196	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4197	\| '[' push type_specifier_nobody ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']'
4198	{ SemanticError( yylloc, "Tuple array currently unimplemented." ); $$ = nullptr; }
4199	;
4200
4201	cfa_abstract_function: // CFA
4202	// '[' ']' '(' cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt ')'
4203	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, DeclarationNode::newTuple( nullptr ), $4, nullptr ); }
4204	cfa_abstract_tuple '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4205	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4206	\| cfa_function_return '(' push cfa_parameter_ellipsis_list_opt pop ')'
4207	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( nullptr, $1, $4, nullptr ); }
4208	;
4209
4210	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
4211	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
4212	//
4213	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
4214	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
4215	//
4216	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
4217	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
4218	//
4219	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
4220	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
4221
4222	// ********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
4223
4224	comma_opt: // redundant comma
4225	// empty
4226	\| ','
4227	;
4228
4229	default_initializer_opt:
4230	// empty
4231	{ $$ = nullptr; }
4232	\| '=' assignment_expression
4233	{ $$ = $2; }
4234	;
4235
4236	%%
4237
4238	// ----end of grammar----
4239
4240	// Local Variables: //
4241	// mode: c++ //
4242	// tab-width: 4 //
4243	// compile-command: "make install" //
4244	// End: //

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