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Last change on this file since 02e5ab6 was 02e5ab6, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 10 years ago
add preprocessor flag -DCFORALL=1, add syntax for constructor/destructor
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 102.4 KB

Line
1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Mon Sep 28 18:18:32 2015
13	// Update Count : 1402
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on the C
17	// grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While parts have been
18	// copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to constitute a new grammar.
19	// In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it parses less incorrect language syntax
20	// that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless, there are still several semantic checks
21	// required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
22
23	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got stuck with
24	// the grammar.
25
26	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
27	//
28	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
29	//
30	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This grammar also has
31	// two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
32	//
33	// 1. nested functions
34	// 2. generalized lvalues
35	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
36	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
37	//
38	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for Cforall
39	// (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language concepts. All of the
40	// syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above, there is one unreconcileable
41	// parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is discussed in detail before the "designation"
42	// grammar rule.
43
44	%{
45	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
46	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
47	extern char *yytext;
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "lex.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "TypeData.h"
57	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
58
59	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
60	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
61	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
62	TypedefTable typedefTable;
63	%}
64
65	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
66
67	// keywords
68	%token TYPEDEF
69	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
70	%token INLINE // C99
71	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
72	%token CONST VOLATILE
73	%token RESTRICT // C99
74	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
75	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
76	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
77	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
78	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
79	%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT // CFA
80	%token SIZEOF
81	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
82	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
83	%token CHOOSE DISABLE ENABLE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH CATCHRESUME FINALLY THROW THROWRESUME AT // CFA
84	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
85	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
86
87	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
88	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
89	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
90	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
91	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
92
93	// multi-character operators
94	%token ARROW // ->
95	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
96	%token LS RS // << >>
97	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
98	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
99	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
100
101	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
102	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
103	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
104	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
105
106	// Types declaration
107	%union
108	{
109	Token tok;
110	ParseNode *pn;
111	ExpressionNode *en;
112	DeclarationNode *decl;
113	DeclarationNode::Aggregate aggKey;
114	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
115	StatementNode *sn;
116	ConstantNode *constant;
117	LabelNode *label;
118	InitializerNode *in;
119	bool flag;
120	}
121
122	%type<tok> identifier no_01_identifier no_attr_identifier no_attr_identifier_01 zero_one
123	%type<tok> identifier_or_type_name no_attr_identifier_or_type_name no_01_identifier_or_type_name
124	%type<constant> string_literal_list
125
126	// expressions
127	%type<constant> constant
128	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
129	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
130	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
131	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
132	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
133	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
134	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
135	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
136	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
137	%type<en> subrange
138	%type<en> asm_operands_opt asm_operands_list asm_operand
139	%type<label> label_list
140	%type<constant> asm_clobbers_list_opt
141	%type<flag> asm_volatile_opt
142
143	// statements
144	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
145	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement ctor_dtor
146	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
147	%type<sn> statement statement_list
148	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
149	%type<sn> case_clause
150	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
151	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
152	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
153	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
154
155	// declarations
156	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
157	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
158	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
159
160	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
161	%type<decl> aggregate_name
162
163	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
164
165	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
166
167	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
168
169	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
170
171	%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
172
173	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
174	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
175
176	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
177
178	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
179	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
180
181	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
182
183	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
184	%type<en> field field_list
185
186	%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
187
188	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
189	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
190
191	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
192	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
193	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
194
195	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
196
197	%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
198	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
199
200	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
201	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
202
203	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
204
205	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
206
207	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
208	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
209
210	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
211	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
212
213	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_type
214
215	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
216
217	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
218
219	%type<tclass> type_class
220	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
221
222	%type<decl> typedef type_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
223	%type<decl> type_function type_parameter_array type_parameter_function type_parameter_ptr
224	%type<decl> type_parameter_redeclarator type_ptr type_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
225	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier typegen_name
226
227	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
228	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
229
230	%type<en> type_name_list
231
232	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
233
234	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
235	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
236
237	%type<decl> attribute_list_opt attribute_list attribute
238
239	// initializers
240	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
241
242	// designators
243	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
244
245
246	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
247	// is ambiguous:
248	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
249	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
250	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
251
252	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
253	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
254
255	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
256
257	%%
258	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
259
260	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal symbols
261	// "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a purely context-free
262	// grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic constructs. Hence, this
263	// grammar uses the ANSI style.
264	//
265	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance, those
266	// introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types. This latter
267	// type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
268	//
269	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context information, it
270	// accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that it has just read.
271	// Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of identifiers change.
272	//
273	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its class in a
274	// local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can be local to a
275	// particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing between type names that are
276	// local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of the declaration (i.e., names defined in
277	// "typedef" or "type" declarations).
278	//
279	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and closing of
280	// scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do not always occur
281	// within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly necessary from a semantic point
282	// of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing conflicts -- the parser may not have
283	// enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra
284	// rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around
285	// "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve conflicts of this sort.
286
287	push:
288	{
289	typedefTable.enterScope();
290	}
291	;
292
293	pop:
294	{
295	typedefTable.leaveScope();
296	}
297	;
298
299	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
300
301	constant:
302	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type "enumeration constant".
303	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Integer, $1 ); }
304	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Float, $1 ); }
305	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::Character, $1 ); }
306	;
307
308	identifier:
309	IDENTIFIER
310	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
311	\| zero_one // CFA
312	;
313
314	no_01_identifier:
315	IDENTIFIER
316	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
317	;
318
319	no_attr_identifier:
320	IDENTIFIER
321	;
322
323	no_attr_identifier_01:
324	IDENTIFIER
325	\| zero_one
326	;
327
328	zero_one: // CFA
329	ZERO
330	\| ONE
331	;
332
333	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
334	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode( ConstantNode::String, $1 ); }
335	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->appendstr( $2 ); }
336	;
337
338	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
339
340	primary_expression:
341	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
342	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
343	\| zero_one
344	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
345	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
346	{ $$ = $2; }
347	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
348	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode( $2 ); }
349	;
350
351	postfix_expression:
352	primary_expression
353	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
354	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error: subscripting a
355	// matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards compatible, there seems to be
356	// little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is
357	// equivalent to the old x[i,j].
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Index ), $1, $4 ); }
359	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
360	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $3 ); }
361	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
362	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
363	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
364	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
365	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), $1, new VarRefNode( $3 )); }
366	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
367	\| postfix_expression ICR
368	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::IncrPost ), $1 ); }
369	\| postfix_expression DECR
370	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DecrPost ), $1 ); }
371	// GCC has priority: cast_expression
372	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
373	{ $$ = 0; }
374	;
375
376	argument_expression_list:
377	argument_expression
378	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
379	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
380	;
381
382	argument_expression:
383	// empty
384	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
385	\| assignment_expression
386	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
387	{ $$ = $3->set_argName( $1 ); }
388	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_type_name is allowed in this context. However, there is insufficient
389	// look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the tuple form must be used
390	// with an appropriate semantic check.
391	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
392	{ $$ = $7->set_argName( $3 ); }
393	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
394	{ $$ = $9->set_argName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
395	;
396
397	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
398	field
399	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
400	;
401
402	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
403	no_attr_identifier
404	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
405	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
406	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
407	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
408	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::FieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
409	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
410	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
411	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
412	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PFieldSel ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5 ); }
413	;
414
415	unary_expression:
416	postfix_expression
417	// first location where constant/string can have operator applied: sizeof 3/sizeof "abc"
418	// still requires semantics checks, e.g., ++3, 3--, *3, &&3
419	\| constant
420	{ $$ = $1; }
421	\| string_literal_list
422	{ $$ = $1; }
423	\| ICR unary_expression
424	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Incr ), $2 ); }
425	\| DECR unary_expression
426	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Decr ), $2 ); }
427	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
428	{ $$ = $2; }
429	\| unary_operator cast_expression
430	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
431	\| '!' cast_expression
432	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neg ), $2 ); }
433	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
434	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PointTo ), $2 ); }
435	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
436	// { * X; } // dereference X
437	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
438	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
439	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
440	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), $2 ); }
441	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
442	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::SizeOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
443	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
444	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 )); }
445	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
446	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), new TypeValueNode( $3 )); }
447	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
448	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Attr ), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3 ); }
449	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
450	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), $2 ); }
451	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
452	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AlignOf ), new TypeValueNode( $3 ) ); }
453	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
454	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LabelAddress ), new VarRefNode( $2, true ) ); }
455	;
456
457	unary_operator:
458	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ); }
459	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnPlus ); }
460	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::UnMinus ); }
461	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitNeg ); }
462	;
463
464	cast_expression:
465	unary_expression
466	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
467	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
468	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
469	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cast ), new TypeValueNode( $2 ), $4 ); }
470	;
471
472	multiplicative_expression:
473	cast_expression
474	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
475	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mul ), $1, $3 ); }
476	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
477	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Div ), $1, $3 ); }
478	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
479	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Mod ), $1, $3 ); }
480	;
481
482	additive_expression:
483	multiplicative_expression
484	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
485	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Plus ), $1, $3 ); }
486	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
487	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Minus ), $1, $3 ); }
488	;
489
490	shift_expression:
491	additive_expression
492	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
493	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LShift ), $1, $3 ); }
494	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
495	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RShift ), $1, $3 ); }
496	;
497
498	relational_expression:
499	shift_expression
500	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
501	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LThan ), $1, $3 ); }
502	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
503	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GThan ), $1, $3 ); }
504	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
505	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
506	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
507	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::GEThan ), $1, $3 ); }
508	;
509
510	equality_expression:
511	relational_expression
512	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
513	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Eq ), $1, $3 ); }
514	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
515	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Neq ), $1, $3 ); }
516	;
517
518	AND_expression:
519	equality_expression
520	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
521	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitAnd ), $1, $3 ); }
522	;
523
524	exclusive_OR_expression:
525	AND_expression
526	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
527	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Xor ), $1, $3 ); }
528	;
529
530	inclusive_OR_expression:
531	exclusive_OR_expression
532	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
533	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::BitOr ), $1, $3 ); }
534	;
535
536	logical_AND_expression:
537	inclusive_OR_expression
538	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
539	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::And ), $1, $3 ); }
540	;
541
542	logical_OR_expression:
543	logical_AND_expression
544	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
545	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Or ), $1, $3 ); }
546	;
547
548	conditional_expression:
549	logical_OR_expression
550	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
551	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
552	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
553	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::NCond ), $1, $4 ); }
554	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
555	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Cond ), (ExpressionNode )mkList( ($1, $3, $5 ) ) ); }
556	;
557
558	constant_expression:
559	conditional_expression
560	;
561
562	assignment_expression:
563	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
564	conditional_expression
565	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
566	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $3 ); }
567	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
568	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode( $2, $1, $3 ); }
569	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
570	{ $$ = ( $2 == 0 ) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
571	;
572
573	assignment_expression_opt:
574	// empty
575	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
576	\| assignment_expression
577	;
578
579	tuple: // CFA, tuple
580	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce conflict with
581	// comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
582	'[' ']'
583	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
584	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
585	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
586	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
587	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
588	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
589	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
590	;
591
592	tuple_expression_list:
593	assignment_expression_opt
594	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
595	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
596	;
597
598	assignment_operator:
599	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MulAssn ); }
600	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::DivAssn ); }
601	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ModAssn ); }
602	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::PlusAssn ); }
603	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::MinusAssn ); }
604	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::LSAssn ); }
605	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::RSAssn ); }
606	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AndAssn ); }
607	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::ERAssn ); }
608	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::OrAssn ); }
609	;
610
611	comma_expression:
612	assignment_expression
613	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list( $3 ); }
614	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Comma ), $1, $3 ); }
615	;
616
617	comma_expression_opt:
618	// empty
619	{ $$ = 0; }
620	\| comma_expression
621	;
622
623	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
624
625	statement:
626	labeled_statement
627	\| compound_statement
628	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
629	\| selection_statement
630	\| iteration_statement
631	\| jump_statement
632	\| exception_statement
633	\| asm_statement
634	\| ctor_dtor
635	;
636
637	labeled_statement:
638	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
639	{
640	$$ = $4->add_label( $1 );
641	}
642	;
643
644	compound_statement:
645	'{' '}'
646	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
647	\| '{'
648	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the block also
649	// requires its own scope
650	push push
651	local_label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
652	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
653	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
654	;
655
656	block_item_list: // C99
657	block_item
658	\| block_item_list push block_item
659	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $3 ); $$ = $1; } }
660	;
661
662	block_item:
663	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
664	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
665	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
666	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
667	\| function_definition
668	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
669	\| statement pop
670	;
671
672	statement_list:
673	statement
674	\| statement_list statement
675	{ if ( $1 != 0 ) { $1->set_link( $2 ); $$ = $1; } }
676	;
677
678	expression_statement:
679	comma_expression_opt ';'
680	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0 ); }
681	;
682
683	selection_statement:
684	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
685	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
686	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, $5 ); }
687	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
688	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7 )) ); }
689	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
690	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5 ); }
691	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
692	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8 ); /* xxx */ }
693	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is performed
694	// before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after the initial declaration list can
695	// never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C allows it.
696	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
697	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5 ); }
698	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
699	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8 ); }
700	;
701
702	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a case
703	// clause allows a list of values and subranges.
704
705	case_value: // CFA
706	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
707	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
708	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
709	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
710	;
711
712	case_value_list: // CFA
713	case_value
714	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
715	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents( $1 ))->set_link( $3 ) ); }
716	;
717
718	case_label: // CFA
719	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Case, $2, 0 ); }
720	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Default ); }
721	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
722	;
723
724	case_label_list: // CFA
725	case_label
726	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
727	;
728
729	case_clause: // CFA
730	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
731	;
732
733	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
734	// empty
735	{ $$ = 0; }
736	\| switch_clause_list
737	;
738
739	switch_clause_list: // CFA
740	case_label_list statement_list
741	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
742	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
743	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
744	;
745
746	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
747	// empty
748	{ $$ = 0; }
749	\| choose_clause_list
750	;
751
752	choose_clause_list: // CFA
753	case_label_list fall_through
754	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case( $2 ); }
755	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
756	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3 ))); }
757	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
758	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case( $3 ))); }
759	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
760	{ $$ = (StatementNode )( $1->set_link( $2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4 ))))); }
761	;
762
763	fall_through_opt: // CFA
764	// empty
765	{ $$ = 0; }
766	\| fall_through
767	;
768
769	fall_through: // CFA
770	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
771	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Fallthru ); }
772	;
773
774	iteration_statement:
775	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
776	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::While, $3, $5 ); }
777	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
778	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Do, $5, $2 ); }
779	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
780	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::For, $4, $6 ); }
781	;
782
783	for_control_expression:
784	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
785	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $4, $6 ); }
786	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
787	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode( $1, $2, $4 ); }
788	;
789
790	jump_statement:
791	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
792	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $2 ); }
793	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
794	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto i+3; => goto (i+3 );
795	// whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
796	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Goto, $3 ); }
797	\| CONTINUE ';'
798	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
799	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue ); }
800	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
801	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
802	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
803	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Continue, $2 ); }
804	\| BREAK ';'
805	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement.
806	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break ); }
807	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
808	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration statement, and
809	// the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
810	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
811	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
812	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Return, $2, 0 ); }
813	\| THROW assignment_expression_opt ';'
814	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
815	// \| THROW ';'
816	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
817	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt ';'
818	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
819	\| THROWRESUME assignment_expression_opt AT assignment_expression ';'
820	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0 ); }
821	// \| THROWRESUME ';'
822	// { $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Throw ); }
823	;
824
825	exception_statement:
826	TRY compound_statement handler_list
827	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
828	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
829	{ $$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 )))); }
830	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
831	{
832	$3->set_link( $4 );
833	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3 ))));
834	}
835	;
836
837	handler_list:
838	// There must be at least one catch clause
839	handler_clause
840	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6 ) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try block.
841	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
842	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
843	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
844	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
845	\| CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
846	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
847	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
848	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
849	;
850
851	handler_clause:
852	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
853	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
854	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
855	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
856	\| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
857	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $5, $8 ); }
858	\| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
859	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( $6, $9 ) ); }
860	;
861
862	finally_clause:
863	FINALLY compound_statement
864	{
865	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2 );
866	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
867	}
868	;
869
870	exception_declaration:
871	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
872	//
873	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
874	//
875	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
876	type_specifier
877	\| type_specifier declarator
878	{
879	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
880	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
881	}
882	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
883	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
884	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
885	{
886	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
887	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
888	}
889	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
890	;
891
892	asm_statement:
893	ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ')' ';'
894	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, 0 ); }
895	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
896	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6 ); }
897	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
898	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8 ); }
899	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt '(' string_literal_list ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ')' ';'
900	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $4, $6, $8, $10 ); }
901	\| ASM asm_volatile_opt GOTO '(' string_literal_list ':' ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list_opt ':' label_list ')' ';'
902	{ $$ = new AsmStmtNode( StatementNode::Asm, $2, $5, 0, $8, $10, $12 ); }
903	;
904
905	asm_volatile_opt: // GCC
906	// empty
907	{ $$ = false; }
908	\| VOLATILE
909	{ $$ = true; }
910	;
911
912	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
913	// empty
914	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
915	\| asm_operands_list
916	;
917
918	asm_operands_list: // GCC
919	asm_operand
920	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
921	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
922	;
923
924	asm_operand: // GCC
925	string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
926	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( 0, $1, $3 ); }
927	\| '[' constant_expression ']' string_literal_list '(' constant_expression ')'
928	{ $$ = new AsmExprNode( $2, $4, $6 ); }
929	;
930
931	asm_clobbers_list_opt: // GCC
932	// empty
933	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
934	\| string_literal_list
935	{ $$ = $1; }
936	\| asm_clobbers_list_opt ',' string_literal_list
937	{ $$ = (ConstantNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
938	;
939
940	label_list:
941	no_attr_identifier
942	{ $$ = new LabelNode(); $$->append_label( $1 ); }
943	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier
944	{ $$ = $1; $1->append_label( $3 ); }
945	;
946
947	ctor_dtor: // CFA, constructor/destructor
948	no_attr_identifier_01 '{' argument_expression_list '}' ';'
949	{
950	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "?{}" ); fn.loc = $1.loc;
951	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
952	(ExpressionNode *)((new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ), new VarRefNode( $1 ) ))->set_link( $3 )) ), 0 );
953	}
954	\| '^' no_attr_identifier_01 '{' '}' ';'
955	{
956	Token fn; fn.str = new std::string( "^?{}" ); fn.loc = $2.loc;
957	$$ = new StatementNode( StatementNode::Exp, new CompositeExprNode( new VarRefNode( fn ),
958	new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::AddressOf ), new VarRefNode( $2 ) ) ), 0 );
959	}
960	;
961
962	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
963
964	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
965	pop
966	{ $$ = 0; }
967	\| declaration_list
968	;
969
970	declaration_list:
971	declaration
972	\| declaration_list push declaration
973	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
974	;
975
976	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
977	pop
978	{ $$ = 0; }
979	\| old_declaration_list
980	;
981
982	old_declaration_list:
983	old_declaration
984	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
985	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
986	;
987
988	local_label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
989	// empty
990	\| local_label_declaration_list
991	;
992
993	local_label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
994	LABEL local_label_list ';'
995	\| local_label_declaration_list LABEL local_label_list ';'
996	;
997
998	local_label_list: // GCC, local label
999	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1000	\| local_label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name {}
1001	;
1002
1003	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
1004	new_declaration
1005	\| old_declaration
1006	;
1007
1008	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and function
1009	// declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places declaration modifiers to
1010	// the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of the base type. CFA declaration
1011	// modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type specification is distributed across all variables in
1012	// the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program
1013	// block, but cannot be mixed within a specific declaration.
1014	//
1015	// CFA C
1016	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
1017	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
1018
1019	new_declaration: // CFA
1020	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
1021	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
1022	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
1023	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
1024	\| context_specifier pop ';'
1025	;
1026
1027	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
1028	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1029	{
1030	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1031	$$ = $1;
1032	}
1033	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
1034	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude
1035	// them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
1036	{
1037	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1038	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1039	}
1040	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name initializer_opt
1041	{
1042	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1043	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1044	}
1045	;
1046
1047	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
1048	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1049	// storage-class
1050	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1051	{
1052	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1053	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1054	}
1055	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1056	{
1057	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
1058	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
1059	}
1060	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name asm_name_opt
1061	{
1062	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1063	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1064	}
1065	;
1066
1067	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1068	new_function_specifier
1069	{
1070	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1071	$$ = $1;
1072	}
1073	\| type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1074	{
1075	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1076	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1077	}
1078	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1079	{
1080	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1081	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1082	}
1083	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1084	{
1085	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1086	$$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1087	}
1088	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1089	{
1090	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1091	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1092	}
1093	;
1094
1095	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1096	'[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // S/R conflict
1097	{
1098	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $3, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0, true );
1099	}
1100	// '[' ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1101	// {
1102	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1103	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1104	// }
1105	// \| '[' ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1106	// {
1107	// typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$5 );
1108	// $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1109	// }
1110	// \| '[' ']' typegen_name
1111	// identifier_or_type_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1112	//
1113	// '[' ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1114	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1115	//
1116	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g., typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this must be
1117	// flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce identifier_or_type_name.
1118	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1119	// To obtain LR(1 ), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see new_abstract_declarator).
1120	{
1121	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1122	}
1123	\| new_function_return identifier_or_type_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1124	{
1125	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1126	}
1127	;
1128
1129	new_function_return: // CFA
1130	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1131	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1132	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1133	// To obtain LR(1 ), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to lookahead to the
1134	// ']'.
1135	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1136	;
1137
1138	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1139	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1140	{
1141	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1142	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1143	}
1144	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1145	{
1146	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1147	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1148	}
1149	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1150	{
1151	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1152	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1153	}
1154	;
1155
1156	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is factored out as
1157	// a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and initialization.
1158
1159	typedef_declaration:
1160	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1161	{
1162	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1163	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1164	}
1165	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1166	{
1167	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1168	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1169	}
1170	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1171	{
1172	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1173	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1174	}
1175	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1176	{
1177	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1178	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1179	}
1180	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1181	{
1182	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD );
1183	$$ = $4->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef()->addType( $1 );
1184	}
1185	;
1186
1187	typedef_expression:
1188	// GCC, naming expression type: typedef name = exp; gives a name to the type of an expression
1189	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1190	{
1191	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD );
1192	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1193	}
1194	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1195	{
1196	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD );
1197	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1198	}
1199	;
1200
1201	old_declaration:
1202	declaring_list pop ';'
1203	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1204	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1205	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1206	;
1207
1208	declaring_list:
1209	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or explicit static
1210	// storage-class
1211	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1212	{
1213	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1214	$$ = ( $2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer( $4 );
1215	}
1216	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1217	{
1218	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1219	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer( $6 ) ) );
1220	}
1221	;
1222
1223	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1224	basic_declaration_specifier
1225	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1226	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1227	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1228	;
1229
1230	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1231	basic_type_specifier
1232	\| sue_type_specifier
1233	\| typedef_type_specifier
1234	\| typegen_type_specifier
1235	;
1236
1237	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1238	// empty
1239	{ $$ = 0; }
1240	\| type_qualifier_list
1241	;
1242
1243	type_qualifier_list:
1244	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of declaration.
1245	//
1246	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4 ) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1247	// specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as if it
1248	// appeared only once.
1249	type_qualifier
1250	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1251	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1252	;
1253
1254	type_qualifier:
1255	type_qualifier_name
1256	\| attribute
1257	//{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1258	;
1259
1260	type_qualifier_name:
1261	CONST
1262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1263	\| RESTRICT
1264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1265	\| VOLATILE
1266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1267	\| LVALUE // CFA
1268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1269	\| ATOMIC
1270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1271	\| FORALL '('
1272	{
1273	typedefTable.enterScope();
1274	}
1275	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1276	{
1277	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1278	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1279	}
1280	;
1281
1282	declaration_qualifier_list:
1283	storage_class_list
1284	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2 )
1285	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1286	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1287	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1288	;
1289
1290	storage_class_list:
1291	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration and that
1292	// only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1293	//
1294	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration
1295	// specifiers in a declaration.
1296	storage_class
1297	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1298	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1299	;
1300
1301	storage_class:
1302	storage_class_name
1303	;
1304
1305	storage_class_name:
1306	EXTERN
1307	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1308	\| STATIC
1309	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1310	\| AUTO
1311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1312	\| REGISTER
1313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1314	\| INLINE // C99
1315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1316	\| FORTRAN // C99
1317	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1318	\| NORETURN // C11
1319	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Noreturn ); }
1320	\| THREADLOCAL // C11
1321	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Threadlocal ); }
1322	;
1323
1324	basic_type_name:
1325	CHAR
1326	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1327	\| DOUBLE
1328	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1329	\| FLOAT
1330	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1331	\| INT
1332	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1333	\| LONG
1334	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1335	\| SHORT
1336	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1337	\| SIGNED
1338	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1339	\| UNSIGNED
1340	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1341	\| VOID
1342	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1343	\| BOOL // C99
1344	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1345	\| COMPLEX // C99
1346	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1347	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1348	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1349	;
1350
1351	basic_declaration_specifier:
1352	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1353	basic_type_specifier
1354	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1355	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1356	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1357	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1358	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1359	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1360	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1361	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1362	;
1363
1364	basic_type_specifier:
1365	direct_type_name
1366	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1367	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1368	;
1369
1370	direct_type_name:
1371	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1372	basic_type_name
1373	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1374	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1375	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1376	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1377	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1378	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1379	;
1380
1381	indirect_type_name:
1382	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1383	{ $$ = $3; }
1384	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1385	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1386	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1387	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1388	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1389	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1390	;
1391
1392	sue_declaration_specifier:
1393	sue_type_specifier
1394	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1395	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1396	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1397	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1398	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1399	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1400	;
1401
1402	sue_type_specifier:
1403	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1404	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1405	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1406	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1407	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1408	;
1409
1410	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1411	typedef_type_specifier
1412	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1413	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1414	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1415	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1416	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1417	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1418	;
1419
1420	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1421	TYPEDEFname
1422	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1423	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1425	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1426	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1427	;
1428
1429	elaborated_type_name:
1430	aggregate_name
1431	\| enum_name
1432	;
1433
1434	aggregate_name:
1435	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1437	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0 ); }
1439	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1440	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, $4 ); }
1441	\| aggregate_key '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1442	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $3, $6 ); }
1443	\| aggregate_key typegen_name // CFA, S/R conflict
1444	{ $$ = $2; }
1445	;
1446
1447	aggregate_key:
1448	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1449	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1450	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1451	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1452	;
1453
1454	field_declaration_list:
1455	field_declaration
1456	{ $$ = $1; }
1457	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1458	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1459	;
1460
1461	field_declaration:
1462	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1463	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1464	{ $$ = $2; }
1465	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1466	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1467	{ $$ = $2; }
1468	;
1469
1470	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1471	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1472	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1473	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1474	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1475	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1476	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1477	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1478	;
1479
1480	field_declaring_list:
1481	type_specifier field_declarator
1482	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1483	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1484	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1485	;
1486
1487	field_declarator:
1488	// empty
1489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1490	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1491	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1492	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1493	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1494	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1495	\| type_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1496	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1497	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1498	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1499	;
1500
1501	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1502	// empty
1503	{ $$ = 0; }
1504	\| bit_subrange_size
1505	{ $$ = $1; }
1506	;
1507
1508	bit_subrange_size:
1509	':' constant_expression
1510	{ $$ = $2; }
1511	;
1512
1513	enum_key:
1514	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1515	;
1516
1517	enum_name:
1518	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1519	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1520	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1521	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1522	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1523	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1524	;
1525
1526	enumerator_list:
1527	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1528	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1529	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name enumerator_value_opt
1530	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1531	;
1532
1533	enumerator_value_opt:
1534	// empty
1535	{ $$ = 0; }
1536	\| '=' constant_expression
1537	{ $$ = $2; }
1538	;
1539
1540	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1541
1542	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1543	// empty
1544	{ $$ = 0; }
1545	\| new_parameter_type_list
1546	;
1547
1548	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1549	new_abstract_parameter_list
1550	\| new_parameter_list
1551	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1552	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1553	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1554	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1555	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1556	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1557	;
1558
1559	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1560	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last new_abstract_parameter_list is
1561	// factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get lookahead to the ']'.
1562	new_parameter_declaration
1563	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1564	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1565	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1566	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1567	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1568	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1569	;
1570
1571	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1572	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1573	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1574	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1575	;
1576
1577	parameter_type_list_opt:
1578	// empty
1579	{ $$ = 0; }
1580	\| parameter_type_list
1581	;
1582
1583	parameter_type_list:
1584	parameter_list
1585	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1586	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1587	;
1588
1589	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1590	abstract_parameter_declaration
1591	\| parameter_declaration
1592	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1593	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1594	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1595	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1596	;
1597
1598	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different semantics
1599	// for typedef name by using type_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and function prototypes.
1600
1601	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1602	parameter_declaration
1603	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1604	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1605	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1606	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1607	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1608	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name assignment_opt
1609	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1610	\| new_function_specifier
1611	;
1612
1613	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1614	abstract_parameter_declaration
1615	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1616	\| new_abstract_tuple
1617	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1618	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1619	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1620	\| new_abstract_function
1621	;
1622
1623	parameter_declaration:
1624	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1625	{
1626	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1627	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1628	}
1629	\| declaration_specifier type_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1630	{
1631	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1632	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode( $3 ) );
1633	}
1634	;
1635
1636	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1637	declaration_specifier
1638	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1639	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1640	;
1641
1642	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1643	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is based only on
1644	// identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1645
1646	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1647	no_attr_identifier
1648	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1649	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1650	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1651	;
1652
1653	identifier_or_type_name:
1654	identifier
1655	\| TYPEDEFname
1656	\| TYPEGENname
1657	;
1658
1659	no_01_identifier_or_type_name:
1660	no_01_identifier
1661	\| TYPEDEFname
1662	\| TYPEGENname
1663	;
1664
1665	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name:
1666	no_attr_identifier
1667	\| TYPEDEFname
1668	\| TYPEGENname
1669	;
1670
1671	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1672	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1673	\| type_specifier
1674	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1675	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1676	;
1677
1678	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1679	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1680	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1681	\| type_specifier
1682	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1683	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1684	;
1685
1686	initializer_opt:
1687	// empty
1688	{ $$ = 0; }
1689	\| '=' initializer
1690	{ $$ = $2; }
1691	;
1692
1693	initializer:
1694	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode( $1 ); }
1695	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode( $2, true ); }
1696	;
1697
1698	initializer_list:
1699	initializer
1700	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1701	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 ) ); }
1702	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1703	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators( $3 ) ) ); }
1704	;
1705
1706	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is use of
1707	// '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1708	//
1709	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1710	//
1711	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this case, CFA
1712	// changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC does uses ":" for
1713	// field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be supported either due to
1714	// shift/reduce conflicts
1715
1716	designation:
1717	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1718	\| no_attr_identifier_or_type_name ':' // GCC, field name
1719	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1720	;
1721
1722	designator_list: // C99
1723	designator
1724	\| designator_list designator
1725	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $2 )); }
1726	//\| designator_list designator { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( $1, $2 ); }
1727	;
1728
1729	designator:
1730	// lexer ambiguity: designator ".0" is floating-point constant or designator for name 0
1731	// only ".0" and ".1" allowed => semantic check
1732	FLOATINGconstant
1733	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $1 ) ); }
1734	\| '.' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name // C99, field name
1735	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new VarRefNode( $2 ) ); }
1736	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1737	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with tuple.
1738	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1739	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1740	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $3, true ); }
1741	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1742	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $3, $5 ), true ); }
1743	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1744	{ $$ = new DesignatorNode( $4 ); }
1745	;
1746
1747	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type parameters,
1748	// rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1749	//
1750	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1751	//
1752	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used for object
1753	// and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with initializers provide
1754	// definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide opaque types.
1755	//
1756	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at the call
1757	// site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1758	//
1759	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1760	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble subclass
1761	// hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare that a type or
1762	// types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used to declare requirements
1763	// on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1764
1765	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1766	typegen_type_specifier
1767	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1768	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1769	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1770	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1771	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1772	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1773	;
1774
1775	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1776	typegen_name
1777	\| type_qualifier_list typegen_name
1778	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1779	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1780	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1781	;
1782
1783	typegen_name: // CFA
1784	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1785	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1786	;
1787
1788	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1789	type_parameter assignment_opt
1790	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1791	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1792	;
1793
1794	type_parameter: // CFA
1795	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1796	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::TD ); }
1797	assertion_list_opt
1798	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1799	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1800	;
1801
1802	type_class: // CFA
1803	TYPE
1804	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1805	\| DTYPE
1806	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1807	\| FTYPE
1808	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1809	;
1810
1811	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1812	// empty
1813	{ $$ = 0; }
1814	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1815	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1816	;
1817
1818	assertion: // CFA
1819	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1820	{
1821	typedefTable.openContext( *$2 );
1822	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1823	}
1824	\| '\|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1825	{ $$ = $4; }
1826	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1827	{ $$ = 0; }
1828	;
1829
1830	type_name_list: // CFA
1831	type_name
1832	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1833	\| assignment_expression
1834	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1835	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1836	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1837	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)( $1->set_link( $3 )); }
1838	;
1839
1840	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1841	TYPE type_declarator
1842	{ $$ = $2; }
1843	\| storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1844	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1845	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1846	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1847	;
1848
1849	type_declarator: // CFA
1850	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1851	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1852	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1853	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1854	;
1855
1856	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1857	no_attr_identifier_or_type_name
1858	{
1859	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TD );
1860	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1861	}
1862	\| no_01_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1863	{
1864	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$1, TypedefTable::TG );
1865	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1866	}
1867	;
1868
1869	context_specifier: // CFA
1870	CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1871	{
1872	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1873	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1874	}
1875	\| CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_type_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1876	{
1877	typedefTable.enterContext( *$2 );
1878	typedefTable.enterScope();
1879	}
1880	context_declaration_list '}'
1881	{
1882	typedefTable.leaveContext();
1883	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$2, TypedefTable::ID );
1884	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1885	}
1886	;
1887
1888	context_declaration_list: // CFA
1889	context_declaration
1890	\| context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1891	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1892	;
1893
1894	context_declaration: // CFA
1895	new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1896	\| context_declaring_list pop ';'
1897	;
1898
1899	new_context_declaring_list: // CFA
1900	new_variable_specifier
1901	{
1902	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1903	$$ = $1;
1904	}
1905	\| new_function_specifier
1906	{
1907	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1908	$$ = $1;
1909	}
1910	\| new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_type_name
1911	{
1912	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1913	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1914	}
1915	;
1916
1917	context_declaring_list: // CFA
1918	type_specifier declarator
1919	{
1920	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1921	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1922	}
1923	\| context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1924	{
1925	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1926	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1927	}
1928	;
1929
1930	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1931
1932	translation_unit:
1933	// empty
1934	{} // empty input file
1935	\| external_definition_list
1936	{
1937	if ( theTree ) {
1938	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1939	} else {
1940	theTree = $1;
1941	}
1942	}
1943	;
1944
1945	external_definition_list:
1946	external_definition
1947	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1948	{ $$ = ( $1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1949	;
1950
1951	external_definition_list_opt:
1952	// empty
1953	{ $$ = 0; }
1954	\| external_definition_list
1955	;
1956
1957	external_definition:
1958	declaration
1959	\| external_function_definition
1960	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1961	{}
1962	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1963	{
1964	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1965	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1966	}
1967	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1968	{
1969	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1970	linkageStack.pop();
1971	$$ = $5;
1972	}
1973	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1974	{ $$ = $2; }
1975	;
1976
1977	external_function_definition:
1978	function_definition
1979	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant amount of
1980	// code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type. Parsing is possible because
1981	// function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would preclude this
1982	// concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1983	\| function_declarator compound_statement
1984	{
1985	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1986	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1987	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1988	}
1989	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1990	{
1991	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1992	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1993	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1994	}
1995	;
1996
1997	function_definition:
1998	new_function_declaration compound_statement // CFA
1999	{
2000	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2001	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2002	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
2003	}
2004	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
2005	{
2006	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2007	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2008	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
2009	}
2010	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2011	{
2012	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2013	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2014	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2015	}
2016	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2017	{
2018	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2019	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2020	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2021	}
2022	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
2023	{
2024	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2025	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2026	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2027	}
2028
2029	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2030	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2031	{
2032	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2033	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2034	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
2035	}
2036	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2037	{
2038	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2039	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2040	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2041	}
2042
2043	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
2044	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2045	{
2046	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2047	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2048	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2049	}
2050	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
2051	{
2052	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
2053	typedefTable.leaveScope();
2054	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
2055	}
2056	;
2057
2058	declarator:
2059	variable_declarator
2060	\| function_declarator
2061	\| type_redeclarator
2062	;
2063
2064	subrange:
2065	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2066	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Range ), $1, $3 ); }
2067	;
2068
2069	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2070	// empty
2071	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2072	;
2073
2074	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2075	// empty
2076	{ $$ = 0; }
2077	\| attribute_list
2078	;
2079
2080	attribute_list: // GCC
2081	attribute
2082	\| attribute_list attribute
2083	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2084	;
2085
2086	attribute: // GCC
2087	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2088	// { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
2089	{ $$ = 0; }
2090	;
2091
2092	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2093	attrib
2094	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2095	;
2096
2097	attrib: // GCC
2098	// empty
2099	\| any_word
2100	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2101	;
2102
2103	any_word: // GCC
2104	identifier_or_type_name {}
2105	\| storage_class_name {}
2106	\| basic_type_name {}
2107	\| type_qualifier {}
2108	;
2109
2110	// ============================================================================
2111	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are necessary
2112	// because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage in an expression, as
2113	// in:
2114	//
2115	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2116	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2117	//
2118	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some or all of
2119	// the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a particular context.
2120	// ============================================================================
2121
2122	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2123	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of declarators
2124	// to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2125	//
2126	// valid declaration invalid definition
2127	// ----------------- ------------------
2128	// int f; int f {}
2129	// int f; int f {}
2130	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2131	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2132	//
2133	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function declarators, hence
2134	// variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2135	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2136
2137	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern precludes
2138	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2139
2140	variable_declarator:
2141	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2142	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2143	\| variable_ptr
2144	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2145	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2146	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2147	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2148	;
2149
2150	paren_identifier:
2151	identifier
2152	{
2153	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2154	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2155	}
2156	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2157	{ $$ = $2; }
2158	;
2159
2160	variable_ptr:
2161	'*' variable_declarator
2162	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2163	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2164	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2165	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2166	{ $$ = $2; }
2167	;
2168
2169	variable_array:
2170	paren_identifier array_dimension
2171	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2172	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2173	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2174	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2175	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2176	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2177	{ $$ = $2; }
2178	;
2179
2180	variable_function:
2181	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2182	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2183	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2184	{ $$ = $2; }
2185	;
2186
2187	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot be nested,
2188	// there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested functions requires
2189	// further separation of variable and function declarators in type_redeclarator. The pattern precludes returning
2190	// arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2191
2192	function_declarator:
2193	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2194	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2195	\| function_ptr
2196	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2197	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2198	;
2199
2200	function_no_ptr:
2201	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2202	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2203	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2204	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2205	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2206	{ $$ = $2; }
2207	;
2208
2209	function_ptr:
2210	'*' function_declarator
2211	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2212	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2213	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2214	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2215	{ $$ = $2; }
2216	;
2217
2218	function_array:
2219	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2220	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2221	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2222	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2223	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2224	{ $$ = $2; }
2225	;
2226
2227	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a typedef name
2228	// (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus
2229	// pointers to arrays and functions.
2230
2231	old_function_declarator:
2232	old_function_no_ptr
2233	\| old_function_ptr
2234	\| old_function_array
2235	;
2236
2237	old_function_no_ptr:
2238	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2239	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2240	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2241	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2242	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2243	{ $$ = $2; }
2244	;
2245
2246	old_function_ptr:
2247	'*' old_function_declarator
2248	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2249	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2250	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2251	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2252	{ $$ = $2; }
2253	;
2254
2255	old_function_array:
2256	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2257	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2258	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2259	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2260	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2261	{ $$ = $2; }
2262	;
2263
2264	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a type name, e.g.:
2265	//
2266	// typedef int foo;
2267	// {
2268	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2269	// }
2270	//
2271	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2272	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2273
2274	type_redeclarator:
2275	paren_type attribute_list_opt
2276	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2277	\| type_ptr
2278	\| type_array attribute_list_opt
2279	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2280	\| type_function attribute_list_opt
2281	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2282	;
2283
2284	paren_type:
2285	typedef
2286	\| '(' paren_type ')'
2287	{ $$ = $2; }
2288	;
2289
2290	type_ptr:
2291	'*' type_redeclarator
2292	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2293	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_redeclarator
2294	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2295	\| '(' type_ptr ')'
2296	{ $$ = $2; }
2297	;
2298
2299	type_array:
2300	paren_type array_dimension
2301	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2302	\| '(' type_ptr ')' array_dimension
2303	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2304	\| '(' type_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2305	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2306	\| '(' type_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2307	{ $$ = $2; }
2308	;
2309
2310	type_function:
2311	paren_type '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2312	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2313	\| '(' type_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2314	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2315	\| '(' type_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2316	{ $$ = $2; }
2317	;
2318
2319	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a typedef
2320	// name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern precludes declaring an
2321	// array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to
2322	// arrays and functions.
2323
2324	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2325	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2326	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2327	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2328	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2329	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2330	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2331	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2332	;
2333
2334	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2335	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2336	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2337	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2338	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2339	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2340	{ $$ = $2; }
2341	;
2342
2343	identifier_parameter_array:
2344	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2345	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2346	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2347	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2348	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2349	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2350	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2351	{ $$ = $2; }
2352	;
2353
2354	identifier_parameter_function:
2355	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2356	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2357	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2358	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2359	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2360	{ $$ = $2; }
2361	;
2362
2363	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a typedef name,
2364	// e.g.:
2365	//
2366	// typedef int foo;
2367	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2368	//
2369	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern handles the
2370	// special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2371	//
2372	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2373	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2374	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2375	//
2376	// which precludes the following cases:
2377	//
2378	// typedef float T;
2379	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2380	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2381	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2382	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2383	//
2384	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type list, and
2385	// not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes declaring an array of
2386	// functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and
2387	// functions.
2388
2389	type_parameter_redeclarator:
2390	typedef attribute_list_opt
2391	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2392	\| type_parameter_ptr
2393	\| type_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2394	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2395	\| type_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2396	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2397	;
2398
2399	typedef:
2400	TYPEDEFname
2401	{
2402	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2403	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2404	}
2405	\| TYPEGENname
2406	{
2407	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$1 );
2408	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2409	}
2410	;
2411
2412	type_parameter_ptr:
2413	'*' type_parameter_redeclarator
2414	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2415	\| '*' type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
2416	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2417	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')'
2418	{ $$ = $2; }
2419	;
2420
2421	type_parameter_array:
2422	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2423	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2424	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2425	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2426	;
2427
2428	type_parameter_function:
2429	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2430	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2431	\| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2432	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2433	;
2434
2435	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no identifier to
2436	// which the type applies, e.g.:
2437	//
2438	// sizeof( int );
2439	// sizeof( int [10] );
2440	//
2441	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2442	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2443
2444	abstract_declarator:
2445	abstract_ptr
2446	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2447	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2448	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2449	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2450	;
2451
2452	abstract_ptr:
2453	'*'
2454	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2455	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2457	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2458	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2459	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2460	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2461	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2462	{ $$ = $2; }
2463	;
2464
2465	abstract_array:
2466	array_dimension
2467	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2468	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2469	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2470	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2471	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2472	{ $$ = $2; }
2473	;
2474
2475	abstract_function:
2476	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2477	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2478	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2479	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2480	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2481	{ $$ = $2; }
2482	;
2483
2484	array_dimension:
2485	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2486	'[' ']'
2487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2488	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension
2489	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $3 ); }
2490	\| multi_array_dimension
2491	;
2492
2493	multi_array_dimension:
2494	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2495	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2496	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2497	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2498	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2499	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2500	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2501	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2502	;
2503
2504	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2505	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2506	//
2507	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2508	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2509	//
2510	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2511	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2512
2513	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2514	abstract_parameter_ptr
2515	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2516	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2517	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2518	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2519	;
2520
2521	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2522	'*'
2523	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2524	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2525	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2526	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2527	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2528	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2529	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2530	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2531	{ $$ = $2; }
2532	;
2533
2534	abstract_parameter_array:
2535	array_parameter_dimension
2536	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2537	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2538	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2539	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2540	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2541	{ $$ = $2; }
2542	;
2543
2544	abstract_parameter_function:
2545	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2546	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2547	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2548	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2549	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2550	{ $$ = $2; }
2551	;
2552
2553	array_parameter_dimension:
2554	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2555	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2556	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2557	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2558	\| multi_array_dimension
2559	;
2560
2561	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2562	//
2563	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in
2564	// a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost array type derivation."
2565
2566	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2567	'[' ']'
2568	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2569	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2570	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2571	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2572	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2573	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2574	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2575	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2576	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2577	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2578	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2579	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2580	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2581	;
2582
2583	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type applies,
2584	// e.g.:
2585	//
2586	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2587	//
2588	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2589	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2590
2591	variable_abstract_declarator:
2592	variable_abstract_ptr
2593	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2594	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2595	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2596	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
2597	;
2598
2599	variable_abstract_ptr:
2600	'*'
2601	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2602	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2603	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2604	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2605	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2606	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2607	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2608	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2609	{ $$ = $2; }
2610	;
2611
2612	variable_abstract_array:
2613	array_dimension
2614	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2615	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2616	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2617	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2618	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2619	{ $$ = $2; }
2620	;
2621
2622	variable_abstract_function:
2623	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2624	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2625	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2626	{ $$ = $2; }
2627	;
2628
2629	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either an
2630	// identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2631
2632	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2633	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2634	\| new_abstract_tuple
2635	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2636	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2637	;
2638
2639	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2640	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2641	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2642	;
2643
2644	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2645	'*' type_specifier
2646	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2647	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2648	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2649	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2650	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2651	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2652	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2653	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2654	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2655	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2656	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2657	;
2658
2659	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2660	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2661	// shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2662	'[' ']' type_specifier
2663	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2664	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2665	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2666	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2667	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2668	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2669	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2670	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2671	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2672	\| '[' ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2673	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2674	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2675	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2676	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2677	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2678	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2679	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2680	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2681	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2682	;
2683
2684	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2685	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2687	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2688	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2689	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2690	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2691	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2692	// appear in this context.
2693	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2694	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2695	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2696	;
2697
2698	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2699	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2700	//
2701	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2702	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2703	//
2704	// These rules need LR(3):
2705	//
2706	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_type_name
2707	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_type_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2708	//
2709	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2710	//
2711	// [int, int] t;
2712	// [int, int] f( int );
2713	//
2714	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_type_name to know when to reduce
2715	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the necessary
2716	// lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and tuple declarations are
2717	// duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2718
2719	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2720	new_abstract_tuple
2721	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2722	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2723	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2724	;
2725
2726	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2727	new_abstract_ptr
2728	\| new_abstract_array
2729	;
2730
2731	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2732	'*' type_specifier
2733	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2734	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2735	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2736	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2737	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2738	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2739	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2740	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2741	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2742	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2743	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2744	;
2745
2746	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2747	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce conflict with
2748	// empty (void) function return type.
2749	'[' ']' type_specifier
2750	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2751	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2752	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2753	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2754	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2755	\| '[' ']' new_abstract_ptr
2756	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2757	\| '[' ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2758	{ $$ = $4->addNewArray( $3 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2759	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2760	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2761	;
2762
2763	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2764	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2765	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2766	;
2767
2768	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2769	'[' ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2770	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $4, 0 ); }
2771	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2772	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2773	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2774	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2775	;
2776
2777	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in
2778	// each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and type name."
2779	//
2780	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of
2781	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2782	//
2783	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2784	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2785	//
2786	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and
2787	// declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
2788
2789	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2790
2791	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2792	// empty
2793	\| ','
2794	;
2795
2796	assignment_opt:
2797	// empty
2798	{ $$ = 0; }
2799	\| '=' assignment_expression
2800	{ $$ = $2; }
2801	;
2802
2803	%%
2804	// ----end of grammar----
2805
2806	void yyerror( const char * ) {
2807	std::cout << "Error ";
2808	if ( yyfilename ) {
2809	std::cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2810	} // if
2811	std::cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << (yytext[0] == '\0' ? "EOF" : yytext) << "\"" << std::endl;
2812	}
2813
2814	// Local Variables: //
2815	// mode: c++ //
2816	// tab-width: 4 //
2817	// compile-command: "make install" //
2818	// End: //

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