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Last change on this file since 843054c2 was 843054c2, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 9 years ago
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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// cfa.y --
8	//
9	// Author : Peter A. Buhr
10	// Created On : Sat Sep 1 20:22:55 2001
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Sat May 16 11:55:39 2015
13	// Update Count : 975
14	//
15
16	// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on
17	// the C grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS. While
18	// parts have been copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to
19	// constitute a new grammar. In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it
20	// parses less incorrect language syntax that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks. Nevertheless,
21	// there are still several semantic checks required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is
22	// extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
23
24	// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got
25	// stuck with the grammar.
26
27	// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
28	//
29	// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
30	//
31	// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This
32	// grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
33	//
34	// 1. nested functions
35	// 2. generalized lvalues
36	// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
37	// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
38	//
39	// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for
40	// Cforall (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language
41	// concepts. All of the syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above,
42	// there is one unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is
43	// discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule.
44
45	%{
46	#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) // lexer loads this up each time
47	#define YYDEBUG 1 // get the pretty debugging code to compile
48
49	#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51	#include <cstdio>
52	#include <stack>
53	#include "TypedefTable.h"
54	#include "lex.h"
55	#include "ParseNode.h"
56	#include "LinkageSpec.h"
57
58	DeclarationNode *theTree = 0; // the resulting parse tree
59	LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
60	std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
61	TypedefTable typedefTable;
62	%}
63
64	//*********************** TERMINAL TOKENS ******************************
65
66	// keywords
67	%token TYPEDEF
68	%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
69	%token INLINE // C99
70	%token FORTRAN // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
71	%token CONST VOLATILE
72	%token RESTRICT // C99
73	%token FORALL LVALUE // CFA
74	%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
75	%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY // C99
76	%token TYPEOF LABEL // GCC
77	%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
78	%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT // CFA
79	%token SIZEOF
80	%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION // GCC
81	%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
82	%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH FINALLY THROW // CFA
83	%token ASM // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
84	%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
85
86	// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
87	%token<tok> IDENTIFIER QUOTED_IDENTIFIER TYPEDEFname TYPEGENname
88	%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER ATTR_TYPEDEFname ATTR_TYPEGENname
89	%token<tok> INTEGERconstant FLOATINGconstant CHARACTERconstant STRINGliteral
90	%token<tok> ZERO ONE // CFA
91
92	// multi-character operators
93	%token ARROW // ->
94	%token ICR DECR // ++ --
95	%token LS RS // << >>
96	%token LE GE EQ NE // <= >= == !=
97	%token ANDAND OROR // && \|\|
98	%token ELLIPSIS // ...
99
100	%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign // *= /= %=/
101	%token PLUSassign MINUSassign // += -=
102	%token LSassign RSassign // <<= >>=
103	%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign // &= ^= \|=
104
105	// Types declaration
106	%union
107	{
108	Token tok;
109	ParseNode *pn;
110	ExpressionNode *en;
111	DeclarationNode *decl;
112	DeclarationNode::TyCon aggKey;
113	DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
114	StatementNode *sn;
115	ConstantNode *constant;
116	InitializerNode *in;
117	}
118
119	%type<tok> zero_one identifier no_attr_identifier no_01_identifier
120	%type<tok> identifier_or_typedef_name no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name
121	%type<constant> string_literal_list
122
123	// expressions
124	%type<constant> constant
125	%type<en> tuple tuple_expression_list
126	%type<en> unary_operator assignment_operator
127	%type<en> primary_expression postfix_expression unary_expression
128	%type<en> cast_expression multiplicative_expression additive_expression shift_expression
129	%type<en> relational_expression equality_expression AND_expression exclusive_OR_expression
130	%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression logical_AND_expression logical_OR_expression conditional_expression
131	%type<en> constant_expression assignment_expression assignment_expression_opt
132	%type<en> comma_expression comma_expression_opt
133	%type<en> argument_expression_list argument_expression for_control_expression assignment_opt
134	%type<en> subrange
135
136	// statements
137	%type<sn> labeled_statement compound_statement expression_statement selection_statement
138	%type<sn> iteration_statement jump_statement exception_statement asm_statement
139	%type<sn> fall_through_opt fall_through
140	%type<sn> statement statement_list
141	%type<sn> block_item_list block_item
142	%type<sn> case_clause
143	%type<en> case_value case_value_list
144	%type<sn> case_label case_label_list
145	%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt switch_clause_list choose_clause_list_opt choose_clause_list
146	%type<pn> handler_list handler_clause finally_clause
147
148	// declarations
149	%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
150	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
151	%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
152
153	%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
154	%type<decl> aggregate_name
155
156	%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
157
158	%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
159
160	%type<en> bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
161
162	%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
163
164	%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
165
166	%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
167	%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
168
169	%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
170
171	%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
172	%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
173
174	%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
175
176	%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
177	%type<en> field field_list
178
179	%type<decl> function_array function_declarator function_definition function_no_ptr function_ptr
180
181	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
182	%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
183
184	%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
185	%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
186	%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
187
188	%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
189
190	%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
191	%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
192
193	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
194	%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
195
196	%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
197
198	%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
199
200	%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
201	%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
202
203	%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
204	%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
205
206	%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_typedef
207
208	%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
209
210	%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
211
212	%type<tclass> type_class
213	%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
214
215	%type<decl> typedef typedef_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
216	%type<decl> typedef_function typedef_parameter_array typedef_parameter_function typedef_parameter_ptr
217	%type<decl> typedef_parameter_redeclarator typedef_ptr typedef_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
218	%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier
219
220	%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
221	%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
222
223	%type<en> type_name_list
224
225	%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
226
227	%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
228	%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
229
230	// initializers
231	%type<in> initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
232
233	// designators
234	%type<en> designator designator_list designation
235
236
237	// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
238	// is ambiguous:
239	// .---------. matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
240	// if ( C ) S1 else S2
241	// `-----------------' matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
242
243	%nonassoc THEN // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
244	%nonassoc ELSE // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
245
246	%start translation_unit // parse-tree root
247
248	%%
249	//*********************** Namespace Management ******************************
250
251	// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal
252	// symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical. While it is possible to write a
253	// purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic
254	// constructs. Hence, this grammar uses the ANSI style.
255	//
256	// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance,
257	// those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types.
258	// This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
259	//
260	// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context
261	// information, it accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that
262	// it has just read. Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of
263	// identifiers change.
264	//
265	// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its
266	// class in a local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block. Since type names can
267	// be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope. This requires distinguishing
268	// between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of
269	// the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "type" declarations).
270	//
271	// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and
272	// closing of scopes. Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do
273	// not always occur within the same rule. These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly
274	// necessary from a semantic point of view. Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing
275	// conflicts -- the parser may not have enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new
276	// scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra rules is to open a new scope unconditionally. As the
277	// grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve
278	// conflicts of this sort.
279
280	push:
281	{
282	typedefTable.enterScope();
283	}
284	;
285
286	pop:
287	{
288	typedefTable.leaveScope();
289	}
290	;
291
292	//*********************** CONSTANTS ******************************
293
294	constant:
295	// ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type
296	// "enumeration constant".
297	INTEGERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Integer, $1); }
298	\| FLOATINGconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Float, $1); }
299	\| CHARACTERconstant { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Character, $1); }
300	;
301
302	identifier:
303	IDENTIFIER
304	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
305	\| zero_one // CFA
306	;
307
308	no_01_identifier:
309	IDENTIFIER
310	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER // CFA
311	;
312
313	no_attr_identifier:
314	IDENTIFIER
315	;
316
317	zero_one: // CFA
318	ZERO
319	\| ONE
320	;
321
322	string_literal_list: // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
323	STRINGliteral { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::String, $1); }
324	\| string_literal_list STRINGliteral { $$ = $1->append( $2 ); }
325	;
326
327	//*********************** EXPRESSIONS ******************************
328
329	primary_expression:
330	IDENTIFIER // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
331	{ $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
332	\| zero_one
333	{ $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
334	\| constant
335	{ $$ = $1; }
336	\| string_literal_list
337	{ $$ = $1; }
338	\| '(' comma_expression ')'
339	{ $$ = $2; }
340	\| '(' compound_statement ')' // GCC, lambda expression
341	{ $$ = new ValofExprNode($2); }
342	;
343
344	postfix_expression:
345	primary_expression
346	\| postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
347	// CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error:
348	// subscripting a matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards
349	// compatible, there seems to be little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It
350	// is possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is equivalent to the old x[i,j].
351	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Index), $1, $4); }
352	\| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
353	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $3); }
354	\| postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
355	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
356	\| postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
357	\| postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
358	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
359	\| postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
360	\| postfix_expression ICR
361	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::IncrPost), $1); }
362	\| postfix_expression DECR
363	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DecrPost), $1); }
364	// GCC has priority: cast_expression
365	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
366	{ $$ = 0; }
367	;
368
369	argument_expression_list:
370	argument_expression
371	\| argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
372	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
373	;
374
375	argument_expression:
376	// empty
377	{ $$ = 0; } // use default argument
378	\| assignment_expression
379	\| no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
380	{ $$ = $3->set_asArgName($1); }
381	// Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name is allowed in this context. However,
382	// there is insufficient look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a
383	// tuple, so the tuple form must be used with an appropriate semantic check.
384	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
385	{ $$ = $7->set_asArgName($3); }
386	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
387	{ $$ = $9->set_asArgName(new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
388	;
389
390	field_list: // CFA, tuple field selector
391	field
392	\| field_list ',' field { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
393	;
394
395	field: // CFA, tuple field selector
396	no_attr_identifier
397	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
398	\| no_attr_identifier '.' field
399	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
400	\| no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
401	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
402	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW field
403	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
404	\| no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
405	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
406	;
407
408	unary_expression:
409	postfix_expression
410	\| ICR unary_expression
411	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Incr), $2); }
412	\| DECR unary_expression
413	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Decr), $2); }
414	\| EXTENSION cast_expression // GCC
415	{ $$ = $2; }
416	\| unary_operator cast_expression
417	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $2); }
418	\| '!' cast_expression
419	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neg), $2); }
420	\| '*' cast_expression // CFA
421	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PointTo), $2); }
422	// '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
423	// { * X; } // dereference X
424	// { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
425	// '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
426	\| SIZEOF unary_expression
427	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), $2); }
428	\| SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
429	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
430	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER
431	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1)); }
432	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
433	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
434	\| ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
435	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), $3); }
436	\| ALIGNOF unary_expression // GCC, variable alignment
437	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), $2); }
438	\| ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')' // GCC, type alignment
439	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
440	\| ANDAND no_attr_identifier // GCC, address of label
441	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LabelAddress), new VarRefNode($2, true)); }
442	;
443
444	unary_operator:
445	'&' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AddressOf); }
446	\| '+' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnPlus); }
447	\| '-' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnMinus); }
448	\| '~' { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitNeg); }
449	;
450
451	cast_expression:
452	unary_expression
453	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
454	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
455	\| '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
456	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
457	;
458
459	multiplicative_expression:
460	cast_expression
461	\| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
462	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mul),$1,$3); }
463	\| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
464	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Div),$1,$3); }
465	\| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
466	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mod),$1,$3); }
467	;
468
469	additive_expression:
470	multiplicative_expression
471	\| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
472	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Plus),$1,$3); }
473	\| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
474	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Minus),$1,$3); }
475	;
476
477	shift_expression:
478	additive_expression
479	\| shift_expression LS additive_expression
480	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LShift),$1,$3); }
481	\| shift_expression RS additive_expression
482	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RShift),$1,$3); }
483	;
484
485	relational_expression:
486	shift_expression
487	\| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
488	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LThan),$1,$3); }
489	\| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
490	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GThan),$1,$3); }
491	\| relational_expression LE shift_expression
492	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LEThan),$1,$3); }
493	\| relational_expression GE shift_expression
494	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GEThan),$1,$3); }
495	;
496
497	equality_expression:
498	relational_expression
499	\| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
500	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Eq), $1, $3); }
501	\| equality_expression NE relational_expression
502	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neq), $1, $3); }
503	;
504
505	AND_expression:
506	equality_expression
507	\| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
508	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitAnd), $1, $3); }
509	;
510
511	exclusive_OR_expression:
512	AND_expression
513	\| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
514	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Xor), $1, $3); }
515	;
516
517	inclusive_OR_expression:
518	exclusive_OR_expression
519	\| inclusive_OR_expression '\|' exclusive_OR_expression
520	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitOr), $1, $3); }
521	;
522
523	logical_AND_expression:
524	inclusive_OR_expression
525	\| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
526	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::And), $1, $3); }
527	;
528
529	logical_OR_expression:
530	logical_AND_expression
531	\| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
532	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Or), $1, $3); }
533	;
534
535	conditional_expression:
536	logical_OR_expression
537	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
538	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode )mkList(($1,$3,$5))); }
539	\| logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
540	{ $$=new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::NCond),$1,$4); }
541	\| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
542	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode )mkList(( $1, $3, $5 ))); }
543	;
544
545	constant_expression:
546	conditional_expression
547	;
548
549	assignment_expression:
550	// CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations
551	// for tuples
552	conditional_expression
553	\| unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
554	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Assign), $1, $3); }
555	\| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
556	{ $$ =new CompositeExprNode($2, $1, $3); }
557	\| tuple assignment_opt // CFA, tuple expression
558	{ $$ = ($2 == 0) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
559	;
560
561	assignment_expression_opt:
562	// empty
563	{ $$ = new NullExprNode; }
564	\| assignment_expression
565	;
566
567	tuple: // CFA, tuple
568	// CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a
569	// shift/reduce conflict with comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and
570	// new_abstract_array
571	'[' push pop ']'
572	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
573	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
574	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
575	\| '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
576	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
577	\| '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
578	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
579	;
580
581	tuple_expression_list:
582	assignment_expression_opt
583	\| tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
584	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
585	;
586
587	assignment_operator:
588	MULTassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MulAssn); }
589	\| DIVassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DivAssn); }
590	\| MODassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ModAssn); }
591	\| PLUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PlusAssn); }
592	\| MINUSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MinusAssn); }
593	\| LSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LSAssn); }
594	\| RSassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RSAssn); }
595	\| ANDassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AndAssn); }
596	\| ERassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ERAssn); }
597	\| ORassign { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::OrAssn); }
598	;
599
600	comma_expression:
601	assignment_expression
602	\| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list($3); }
603	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Comma),$1,$3); }
604	;
605
606	comma_expression_opt:
607	// empty
608	{ $$ = 0; }
609	\| comma_expression
610	;
611
612	//************************* STATEMENTS *****************************
613
614	statement:
615	labeled_statement
616	\| compound_statement
617	\| expression_statement { $$ = $1; }
618	\| selection_statement
619	\| iteration_statement
620	\| jump_statement
621	\| exception_statement
622	\| asm_statement
623	;
624
625	labeled_statement:
626	no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
627	{ $$ = $4->add_label($1);}
628	;
629
630	compound_statement:
631	'{' '}'
632	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
633	\| '{'
634	// Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within
635	// the block also requires its own scope
636	push push
637	label_declaration_opt // GCC, local labels
638	block_item_list pop '}' // C99, intermix declarations and statements
639	{ $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
640	;
641
642	block_item_list: // C99
643	block_item
644	\| block_item_list push block_item
645	{ if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($3); $$ = $1; } }
646	;
647
648	block_item:
649	declaration // CFA, new & old style declarations
650	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
651	\| EXTENSION declaration // GCC
652	{ $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
653	\| statement pop
654	;
655
656	statement_list:
657	statement
658	\| statement_list statement
659	{ if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($2); $$ = $1; } }
660	;
661
662	expression_statement:
663	comma_expression_opt ';'
664	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0); }
665	;
666
667	selection_statement:
668	IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement %prec THEN
669	// explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
670	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, $5); }
671	\| IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
672	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode )mkList(($5, *$7)) ); }
673	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
674	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5); }
675	\| SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
676	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8); /* xxx */ }
677	// The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization,
678	// which is performed before the transfer to the appropriate case clause. Statements after
679	// the initial declaration list can never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the
680	// grammar even though C allows it.
681	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause // CFA
682	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5); }
683	\| CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
684	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8); }
685	;
686
687	// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a
688	// case clause allows a list of values and subranges.
689
690	case_value: // CFA
691	constant_expression { $$ = $1; }
692	\| constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression // GCC, subrange
693	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range),$1,$3); }
694	\| subrange // CFA, subrange
695	;
696
697	case_value_list: // CFA
698	case_value
699	\| case_value_list ',' case_value
700	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents($1))->set_link($3) ); }
701	;
702
703	case_label: // CFA
704	CASE case_value_list ':' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Case, $2, 0); }
705	\| DEFAULT ':' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Default); }
706	// A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
707	;
708
709	case_label_list: // CFA
710	case_label
711	\| case_label_list case_label { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2)); }
712	;
713
714	case_clause: // CFA
715	case_label_list statement { $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
716	;
717
718	switch_clause_list_opt: // CFA
719	// empty
720	{ $$ = 0; }
721	\| switch_clause_list
722	;
723
724	switch_clause_list: // CFA
725	case_label_list statement_list
726	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
727	\| switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
728	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
729	;
730
731	choose_clause_list_opt: // CFA
732	// empty
733	{ $$ = 0; }
734	\| choose_clause_list
735	;
736
737	choose_clause_list: // CFA
738	case_label_list fall_through
739	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
740	\| case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
741	{ $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($2,*$3))); }
742	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
743	{ $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
744	\| choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
745	{ $$ = (StatementNode )($1->set_link($2->append_last_case((StatementNode )mkList(($3,$4))))); }
746	;
747
748	fall_through_opt: // CFA
749	// empty
750	{ $$ = 0; }
751	\| fall_through
752	;
753
754	fall_through: // CFA
755	FALLTHRU { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
756	\| FALLTHRU ';' { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
757	;
758
759	iteration_statement:
760	WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
761	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::While, $3, $5); }
762	\| DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
763	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Do, $5, $2); }
764	\| FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
765	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::For, $4, $6); }
766	;
767
768	for_control_expression:
769	comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
770	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $4, $6); }
771	\| declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
772	// Like C++, the loop index can be declared local to the loop.
773	{ $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $2, $4); }
774	;
775
776	jump_statement:
777	GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
778	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $2); }
779	\| GOTO '*' comma_expression ';' // GCC, computed goto
780	// The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto
781	// i+3; => goto (i+3); whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
782	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $3); }
783	\| CONTINUE ';'
784	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an
785	// iteration statement.
786	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, 0, 0); }
787	\| CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level continue
788	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an
789	// iteration statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an
790	// iteration statement.
791	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, $2); }
792	\| BREAK ';'
793	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an
794	// iteration statement.
795	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, 0, 0); }
796	\| BREAK no_attr_identifier ';' // CFA, multi-level exit
797	// A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an
798	// iteration statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an
799	// iteration statement.
800	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
801	\| RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
802	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Return, $2, 0); }
803	\| THROW assignment_expression ';'
804	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0); }
805	\| THROW ';'
806	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, 0, 0); }
807	;
808
809	exception_statement:
810	TRY compound_statement handler_list
811	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3)))); }
812	\| TRY compound_statement finally_clause
813	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3)))); }
814	\| TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
815	{
816	$3->set_link($4);
817	$$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode )(mkList(($2,*$3))));
818	}
819	;
820
821	handler_list:
822	// There must be at least one catch clause
823	handler_clause
824	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for
825	// its try block.
826	\| CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
827	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
828	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
829	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
830	;
831
832	handler_clause:
833	CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
834	{ $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt($5, $8); }
835	\| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
836	{ $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt($6, $9) ); }
837	;
838
839	finally_clause:
840	FINALLY compound_statement
841	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2);
842	std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
843	}
844	;
845
846	exception_declaration:
847	// A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
848	//
849	// catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
850	//
851	// This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
852	type_specifier
853	\| type_specifier declarator
854	{
855	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
856	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
857	}
858	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
859	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
860	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier // CFA
861	{
862	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
863	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
864	}
865	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
866	;
867
868	asm_statement:
869	ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ')' ';'
870	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
871	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
872	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
873	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
874	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
875	\| ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':'
876	asm_clobbers_list ')' ';'
877	{ $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
878	;
879
880	asm_operands_opt: // GCC
881	// empty
882	\| asm_operands_list
883	;
884
885	asm_operands_list: // GCC
886	asm_operand
887	\| asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
888	;
889
890	asm_operand: // GCC
891	STRINGliteral '(' constant_expression ')' {}
892	;
893
894	asm_clobbers_list: // GCC
895	STRINGliteral {}
896	\| asm_clobbers_list ',' STRINGliteral
897	;
898
899	//***************************** DECLARATIONS *******************************
900
901	declaration_list_opt: // used at beginning of switch statement
902	pop
903	{ $$ = 0; }
904	\| declaration_list
905	;
906
907	declaration_list:
908	declaration
909	\| declaration_list push declaration
910	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
911	;
912
913	old_declaration_list_opt: // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
914	pop
915	{ $$ = 0; }
916	\| old_declaration_list
917	;
918
919	old_declaration_list:
920	old_declaration
921	\| old_declaration_list push old_declaration
922	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
923	;
924
925	label_declaration_opt: // GCC, local label
926	// empty
927	\| label_declaration_list
928	;
929
930	label_declaration_list: // GCC, local label
931	LABEL label_list ';'
932	\| label_declaration_list LABEL label_list ';'
933	;
934
935	label_list: // GCC, local label
936	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
937	\| label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
938	;
939
940	declaration: // CFA, new & old style declarations
941	new_declaration
942	\| old_declaration
943	;
944
945	// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and
946	// function declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places
947	// declaration modifiers to the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of
948	// the base type. CFA declaration modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type
949	// specification is distributed across all variables in the declaration list (as in Pascal). ANSI C and the
950	// new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program block, but cannot be mixed within a specific
951	// declaration.
952	//
953	// CFA C
954	// [10] int x; int x[10]; // array of 10 integers
955	// [10] * char y; char *y[10]; // array of 10 pointers to char
956
957	new_declaration: // CFA
958	new_variable_declaration pop ';'
959	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
960	\| new_function_declaration pop ';'
961	\| type_declaring_list pop ';'
962	\| context_specifier pop ';'
963	;
964
965	new_variable_declaration: // CFA
966	new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
967	{
968	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
969	$$ = $1;
970	}
971	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
972	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is
973	// necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
974	{
975	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
976	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
977	}
978	\| new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name initializer_opt
979	{
980	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
981	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
982	}
983	;
984
985	new_variable_specifier: // CFA
986	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit
987	// or explicit static storage-class
988	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
989	{
990	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
991	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
992	}
993	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
994	{
995	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
996	$$ = $1->addName( $2 );
997	}
998	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
999	{
1000	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
1001	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1002	}
1003	;
1004
1005	new_function_declaration: // CFA
1006	new_function_specifier
1007	{
1008	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1009	$$ = $1;
1010	}
1011	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1012	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is
1013	// necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in this context.
1014	{
1015	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1016	$$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1017	}
1018	\| new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1019	{
1020	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1021	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1022	}
1023	;
1024
1025	new_function_specifier: // CFA
1026	'[' push pop ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1027	{
1028	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1029	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1030	}
1031	\| '[' push pop ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1032	{
1033	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1034	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1035	}
1036	// identifier_or_typedef_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1037	//
1038	// '[' ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1039	// '[' ']' type_specifier
1040	//
1041	// type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g. typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore
1042	// this must be flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce
1043	// identifier_or_typedef_name.
1044	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1045	// To obtain LR(1), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see
1046	// new_abstract_declarator).
1047	{
1048	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1049	}
1050	\| new_function_return identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1051	{
1052	$$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1053	}
1054	;
1055
1056	new_function_return: // CFA
1057	'[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1058	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1059	\| '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1060	// To obtain LR(1), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to
1061	// lookahead to the ']'.
1062	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1063	;
1064
1065	new_typedef_declaration: // CFA
1066	TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1067	{
1068	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1069	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1070	}
1071	\| TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1072	{
1073	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1074	$$ = $2->addTypedef();
1075	}
1076	\| new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1077	{
1078	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD);
1079	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1080	}
1081	;
1082
1083	// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is
1084	// factored out as a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and
1085	// initialization.
1086
1087	typedef_declaration:
1088	TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1089	{
1090	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1091	$$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1092	}
1093	\| typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1094	{
1095	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1096	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1097	}
1098	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1099	{
1100	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1101	$$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1102	}
1103	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1104	{
1105	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1106	$$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1107	}
1108	\| type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1109	{
1110	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1111	$$ = $4->addQualifiers($1)->addTypedef()->addType($1);
1112	}
1113	;
1114
1115	typedef_expression: // GCC, naming expression type
1116	TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1117	{
1118	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD);
1119	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1120	}
1121	\| typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1122	{
1123	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($5), TypedefTable::TD);
1124	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1125	}
1126	;
1127
1128	old_declaration:
1129	declaring_list pop ';'
1130	\| typedef_declaration pop ';'
1131	\| typedef_expression pop ';' // GCC, naming expression type
1132	\| sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1133	;
1134
1135	declaring_list:
1136	// A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit
1137	// or explicit static storage-class
1138	declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1139	{
1140	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1141	$$ = ($2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer($4);
1142	}
1143	\| declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1144	{
1145	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1146	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer($6) ) );
1147	}
1148	;
1149
1150	declaration_specifier: // type specifier + storage class
1151	basic_declaration_specifier
1152	\| sue_declaration_specifier
1153	\| typedef_declaration_specifier
1154	\| typegen_declaration_specifier
1155	;
1156
1157	type_specifier: // declaration specifier - storage class
1158	basic_type_specifier
1159	\| sue_type_specifier
1160	\| typedef_type_specifier
1161	\| typegen_type_specifier
1162	;
1163
1164	type_qualifier_list_opt: // GCC, used in asm_statement
1165	// empty
1166	{ $$ = 0; }
1167	\| type_qualifier_list
1168	;
1169
1170	type_qualifier_list:
1171	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of
1172	// declaration.
1173	//
1174	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the
1175	// same specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is
1176	// the same as if it appeared only once.
1177	type_qualifier
1178	\| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1179	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1180	;
1181
1182	type_qualifier:
1183	type_qualifier_name
1184	\| attribute
1185	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1186	;
1187
1188	type_qualifier_name:
1189	CONST
1190	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1191	\| RESTRICT
1192	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1193	\| VOLATILE
1194	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1195	\| LVALUE // CFA
1196	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1197	\| ATOMIC
1198	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1199	\| FORALL '('
1200	{
1201	typedefTable.enterScope();
1202	}
1203	type_parameter_list ')' // CFA
1204	{
1205	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1206	$$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1207	}
1208	;
1209
1210	declaration_qualifier_list:
1211	storage_class_list
1212	\| type_qualifier_list storage_class_list // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1213	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1214	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1215	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1216	;
1217
1218	storage_class_list:
1219	// A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of
1220	// declaration and that only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear
1221	// with the others.
1222	//
1223	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in
1224	// the declaration specifiers in a declaration.
1225	storage_class
1226	\| storage_class_list storage_class
1227	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1228	;
1229
1230	storage_class:
1231	storage_class_name
1232	;
1233
1234	storage_class_name:
1235	EXTERN
1236	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1237	\| STATIC
1238	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1239	\| AUTO
1240	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1241	\| REGISTER
1242	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1243	\| INLINE // C99
1244	// INLINE is essentially a storage class specifier for functions, and hence, belongs here.
1245	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1246	\| FORTRAN // C99
1247	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1248	;
1249
1250	basic_type_name:
1251	CHAR
1252	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1253	\| DOUBLE
1254	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1255	\| FLOAT
1256	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1257	\| INT
1258	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1259	\| LONG
1260	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1261	\| SHORT
1262	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1263	\| SIGNED
1264	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1265	\| UNSIGNED
1266	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1267	\| VOID
1268	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1269	\| BOOL // C99
1270	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1271	\| COMPLEX // C99
1272	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1273	\| IMAGINARY // C99
1274	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1275	;
1276
1277	basic_declaration_specifier:
1278	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1279	basic_type_specifier
1280	\| declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1281	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1282	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1283	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1284	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1285	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1286	\| basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1287	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1288	;
1289
1290	basic_type_specifier:
1291	direct_type_name
1292	\| type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1293	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1294	;
1295
1296	direct_type_name:
1297	// A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1298	basic_type_name
1299	\| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1300	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1301	\| direct_type_name type_qualifier
1302	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1303	\| direct_type_name basic_type_name
1304	{ $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1305	;
1306
1307	indirect_type_name:
1308	TYPEOF '(' type_name ')' // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1309	{ $$ = $3; }
1310	\| TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')' // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1311	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1312	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1313	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1314	\| ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')' // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1315	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1316	;
1317
1318	sue_declaration_specifier:
1319	sue_type_specifier
1320	\| declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1321	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1322	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1323	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1324	\| sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1325	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1326	;
1327
1328	sue_type_specifier:
1329	elaborated_type_name // struct, union, enum
1330	\| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1331	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1332	\| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1333	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1334	;
1335
1336	typedef_declaration_specifier:
1337	typedef_type_specifier
1338	\| declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1339	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1340	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1341	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1342	\| typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1343	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1344	;
1345
1346	typedef_type_specifier: // typedef types
1347	TYPEDEFname
1348	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1349	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1350	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1351	\| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1352	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1353	;
1354
1355	elaborated_type_name:
1356	aggregate_name
1357	\| enum_name
1358	;
1359
1360	aggregate_name:
1361	aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1362	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1363	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1364	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, 0 ); }
1365	\| aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1366	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, $4 ); }
1367	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1368	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, 0, $8 ); }
1369	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1370	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, 0 ); }
1371	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1372	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, $9 ); }
1373	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1374	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, $8, $11 ); }
1375	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_name_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1376	// push and pop are only to prevent S/R conflicts
1377	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, 0, $4, 0 ); }
1378	\| aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1379	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $10, $4, $8, $12 ); }
1380	;
1381
1382	aggregate_key:
1383	STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1384	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1385	\| UNION attribute_list_opt
1386	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1387	;
1388
1389	field_declaration_list:
1390	field_declaration
1391	{ $$ = $1; }
1392	\| field_declaration_list field_declaration
1393	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1394	;
1395
1396	field_declaration:
1397	new_field_declaring_list ';' // CFA, new style field declaration
1398	\| EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1399	{ $$ = $2; }
1400	\| field_declaring_list ';'
1401	\| EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';' // GCC
1402	{ $$ = $2; }
1403	;
1404
1405	new_field_declaring_list: // CFA, new style field declaration
1406	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA, no field name
1407	\| new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1408	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1409	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1410	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1411	\| new_field_declaring_list ',' // CFA, no field name
1412	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1413	;
1414
1415	field_declaring_list:
1416	type_specifier field_declarator
1417	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1418	\| field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1419	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1420	;
1421
1422	field_declarator:
1423	// empty
1424	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1425	\| bit_subrange_size // no field name
1426	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1427	\| variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1428	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1429	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1430	\| typedef_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1431	// A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1432	{ $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1433	\| variable_abstract_declarator // CFA, no field name
1434	;
1435
1436	bit_subrange_size_opt:
1437	// empty
1438	{ $$ = 0; }
1439	\| bit_subrange_size
1440	{ $$ = $1; }
1441	;
1442
1443	bit_subrange_size:
1444	':' constant_expression
1445	{ $$ = $2; }
1446	;
1447
1448	enum_key:
1449	ENUM attribute_list_opt
1450	;
1451
1452	enum_name:
1453	enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1454	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1455	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1456	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1457	\| enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1458	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1459	;
1460
1461	enumerator_list:
1462	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1463	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1464	\| enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1465	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1466	;
1467
1468	enumerator_value_opt:
1469	// empty
1470	{ $$ = 0; }
1471	\| '=' constant_expression
1472	{ $$ = $2; }
1473	;
1474
1475	// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1476
1477	new_parameter_type_list_opt: // CFA
1478	// empty
1479	{ $$ = 0; }
1480	\| new_parameter_type_list
1481	;
1482
1483	new_parameter_type_list: // CFA, abstract + real
1484	new_abstract_parameter_list
1485	\| new_parameter_list
1486	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1487	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1488	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1489	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1490	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1491	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1492	;
1493
1494	new_parameter_list: // CFA
1495	// To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last
1496	// new_abstract_parameter_list is factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules
1497	// to get lookahead to the ']'.
1498	new_parameter_declaration
1499	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1500	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1501	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1502	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1503	\| new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1504	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1505	;
1506
1507	new_abstract_parameter_list: // CFA, new & old style abstract
1508	new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1509	\| new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1510	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1511	;
1512
1513	parameter_type_list_opt:
1514	// empty
1515	{ $$ = 0; }
1516	\| parameter_type_list
1517	;
1518
1519	parameter_type_list:
1520	parameter_list
1521	\| parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1522	{ $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1523	;
1524
1525	parameter_list: // abstract + real
1526	abstract_parameter_declaration
1527	\| parameter_declaration
1528	\| parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1529	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1530	\| parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1531	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1532	;
1533
1534	// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different
1535	// semantics for typedef name by using typedef_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and
1536	// function prototypes.
1537
1538	new_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1539	parameter_declaration
1540	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1541	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1542	\| new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1543	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1544	{ $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1545	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1546	{ $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1547	\| new_function_specifier
1548	;
1549
1550	new_abstract_parameter_declaration: // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1551	abstract_parameter_declaration
1552	\| new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1553	\| new_abstract_tuple
1554	// To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1555	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1556	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1557	\| new_abstract_function
1558	;
1559
1560	parameter_declaration:
1561	declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1562	{
1563	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1564	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1565	}
1566	\| declaration_specifier typedef_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1567	{
1568	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1569	$$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1570	}
1571	;
1572
1573	abstract_parameter_declaration:
1574	declaration_specifier
1575	\| declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1576	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1577	;
1578
1579	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1580	// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is
1581	// based only on identifiers. The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1582
1583	identifier_list: // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1584	no_attr_identifier
1585	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1586	\| identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1587	{ $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1588	;
1589
1590	identifier_or_typedef_name:
1591	identifier
1592	\| TYPEDEFname
1593	\| TYPEGENname
1594	;
1595
1596	no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1597	no_01_identifier
1598	\| TYPEDEFname
1599	\| TYPEGENname
1600	;
1601
1602	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1603	no_attr_identifier
1604	\| TYPEDEFname
1605	\| TYPEGENname
1606	;
1607
1608	type_name_no_function: // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1609	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1610	\| type_specifier
1611	\| type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1612	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1613	;
1614
1615	type_name: // typeof, assertion
1616	new_abstract_declarator_tuple // CFA
1617	\| new_abstract_function // CFA
1618	\| type_specifier
1619	\| type_specifier abstract_declarator
1620	{ $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1621	;
1622
1623	initializer_opt:
1624	// empty
1625	{ $$ = 0; }
1626	\| '=' initializer { $$ = $2; }
1627	;
1628
1629	initializer:
1630	assignment_expression { $$ = new InitializerNode($1); }
1631	\| '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' { $$ = new InitializerNode($2, true); }
1632	;
1633
1634	initializer_list:
1635	initializer
1636	\| designation initializer { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1637	\| initializer_list ',' initializer { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link($3) ); }
1638	\| initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1639	{ $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators($3) ) ); }
1640	;
1641
1642	// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is
1643	// use of '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1644	//
1645	// int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1646	//
1647	// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment. To disambiguate this
1648	// case, CFA changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC
1649	// does uses ":" for field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be
1650	// supported either due to shift/reduce conflicts
1651
1652	designation:
1653	designator_list ':' // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1654	\| no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name ':' // GCC, field name
1655	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1656	;
1657
1658	designator_list: // C99
1659	designator
1660	\| designator_list designator { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link( $2 )); }
1661	;
1662
1663	designator:
1664	'.' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // C99, field name
1665	{ $$ = new VarRefNode( $2 ); }
1666	\| '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' // C99, single array element
1667	// assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts
1668	// with tuple.
1669	{ $$ = $3; }
1670	\| '[' push subrange pop ']' // CFA, multiple array elements
1671	{ $$ = $3; }
1672	\| '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1673	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $3, $5); }
1674	\| '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
1675	{ $$ = $4; }
1676	;
1677
1678	// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type
1679	// parameters, rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1680	//
1681	// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1682	//
1683	// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used
1684	// for object and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with
1685	// initializers provide definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide
1686	// opaque types.
1687	//
1688	// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at
1689	// the call site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1690	//
1691	// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1692	// types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble
1693	// subclass hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types. Assertions declare
1694	// that a type or types provide the operations declared by a specification. Assertions are normally used
1695	// to declare requirements on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1696
1697	typegen_declaration_specifier: // CFA
1698	typegen_type_specifier
1699	\| declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1700	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1701	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1702	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1703	\| typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1704	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1705	;
1706
1707	typegen_type_specifier: // CFA
1708	TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1709	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1710	\| type_qualifier_list TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1711	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $2, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1712	\| typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1713	{ $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1714	;
1715
1716	type_parameter_list: // CFA
1717	type_parameter assignment_opt
1718	\| type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1719	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1720	;
1721
1722	type_parameter: // CFA
1723	type_class no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1724	{ typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD); }
1725	assertion_list_opt
1726	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1727	\| type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1728	;
1729
1730	type_class: // CFA
1731	TYPE
1732	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1733	\| DTYPE
1734	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1735	\| FTYPE
1736	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1737	;
1738
1739	assertion_list_opt: // CFA
1740	// empty
1741	{ $$ = 0; }
1742	\| assertion_list_opt assertion
1743	{ $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1744	;
1745
1746	assertion: // CFA
1747	'\|' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1748	{
1749	typedefTable.openContext( *($2) );
1750	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1751	}
1752	\| '\|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1753	{ $$ = $4; }
1754	\| '\|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1755	{ $$ = 0; }
1756	;
1757
1758	type_name_list: // CFA
1759	type_name
1760	{ $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1761	\| assignment_expression
1762	\| type_name_list ',' type_name
1763	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link(new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1764	\| type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1765	{ $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
1766	;
1767
1768	type_declaring_list: // CFA
1769	TYPE type_declarator
1770	{ $$ = $2; }
1771	\| storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1772	{ $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1773	\| type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1774	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1775	;
1776
1777	type_declarator: // CFA
1778	type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1779	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1780	\| type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1781	{ $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1782	;
1783
1784	type_declarator_name: // CFA
1785	no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1786	{
1787	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TD);
1788	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1789	}
1790	\| no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1791	{
1792	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TG);
1793	$$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1794	}
1795	;
1796
1797	context_specifier: // CFA
1798	CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1799	{
1800	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1801	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1802	}
1803	\| CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1804	{
1805	typedefTable.enterContext( *($2) );
1806	typedefTable.enterScope();
1807	}
1808	context_declaration_list '}'
1809	{
1810	typedefTable.leaveContext();
1811	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1812	$$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1813	}
1814	;
1815
1816	context_declaration_list: // CFA
1817	context_declaration
1818	\| context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1819	{ $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1820	;
1821
1822	context_declaration: // CFA
1823	new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1824	\| context_declaring_list pop ';'
1825	;
1826
1827	new_context_declaring_list: // CFA
1828	new_variable_specifier
1829	{
1830	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1831	$$ = $1;
1832	}
1833	\| new_function_specifier
1834	{
1835	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1836	$$ = $1;
1837	}
1838	\| new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1839	{
1840	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *($5), TypedefTable::ID );
1841	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1842	}
1843	;
1844
1845	context_declaring_list: // CFA
1846	type_specifier declarator
1847	{
1848	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1849	$$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1850	}
1851	\| context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1852	{
1853	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1854	$$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1855	}
1856	;
1857
1858	//*************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS ***************************
1859
1860	translation_unit:
1861	// empty
1862	{} // empty input file
1863	\| external_definition_list
1864	{
1865	if ( theTree ) {
1866	theTree->appendList( $1 );
1867	} else {
1868	theTree = $1;
1869	}
1870	}
1871	;
1872
1873	external_definition_list:
1874	external_definition
1875	\| external_definition_list push external_definition
1876	{ $$ = ($1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1877	;
1878
1879	external_definition_list_opt:
1880	// empty
1881	{ $$ = 0; }
1882	\| external_definition_list
1883	;
1884
1885	external_definition:
1886	declaration
1887	\| function_definition
1888	\| asm_statement // GCC, global assembler statement
1889	{}
1890	\| EXTERN STRINGliteral
1891	{
1892	linkageStack.push( linkage );
1893	linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1894	}
1895	'{' external_definition_list_opt '}' // C++-style linkage specifier
1896	{
1897	linkage = linkageStack.top();
1898	linkageStack.pop();
1899	$$ = $5;
1900	}
1901	\| EXTENSION external_definition
1902	{ $$ = $2; }
1903	;
1904
1905	function_definition:
1906	new_function_specifier compound_statement // CFA
1907	{
1908	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1909	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1910	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1911	}
1912	\| declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier compound_statement // CFA
1913	// declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is
1914	// necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in this context.
1915	{
1916	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1917	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1918	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1919	}
1920
1921	\| declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
1922	{
1923	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1924	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1925	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
1926	}
1927
1928	// These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a
1929	// significant amount of code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type.
1930	// Parsing is possible because function_definition does not appear in the context of an
1931	// expression (nested functions would preclude this concession). A function prototype
1932	// declaration must still have a type_specifier. OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1933	\| function_declarator compound_statement
1934	{
1935	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1936	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1937	$$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1938	}
1939	\| type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1940	{
1941	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1942	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1943	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1944	}
1945	\| declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1946	{
1947	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1948	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1949	$$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1950	}
1951	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1952	{
1953	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1954	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1955	$$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1956	}
1957
1958	// Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1959	\| declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1960	{
1961	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1962	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1963	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
1964	}
1965	\| old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1966	{
1967	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1968	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1969	$$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1970	}
1971	\| type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1972	{
1973	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1974	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1975	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1976	}
1977
1978	// Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1979	\| declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1980	{
1981	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1982	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1983	$$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1984	}
1985	\| declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1986	{
1987	typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1988	typedefTable.leaveScope();
1989	$$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1990	}
1991	;
1992
1993	declarator:
1994	variable_declarator
1995	\| function_declarator
1996	\| typedef_redeclarator
1997	;
1998
1999	subrange:
2000	constant_expression '~' constant_expression // CFA, integer subrange
2001	{ $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $1, $3); }
2002	;
2003
2004	asm_name_opt: // GCC
2005	// empty
2006	\| ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2007	;
2008
2009	attribute_list_opt: // GCC
2010	// empty
2011	\| attribute_list
2012	;
2013
2014	attribute_list: // GCC
2015	attribute
2016	\| attribute_list attribute
2017	;
2018
2019	attribute: // GCC
2020	ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2021	;
2022
2023	attribute_parameter_list: // GCC
2024	attrib
2025	\| attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2026	;
2027
2028	attrib: // GCC
2029	// empty
2030	\| any_word
2031	\| any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2032	;
2033
2034	any_word: // GCC
2035	identifier_or_typedef_name {}
2036	\| storage_class_name {}
2037	\| basic_type_name {}
2038	\| type_qualifier {}
2039	;
2040
2041	// ============================================================================
2042	// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are
2043	// necessary because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage
2044	// in an expression, as in:
2045	//
2046	// int (*f())[10] { ... };
2047	// ... (*f())[3] += 1; // definition mimics usage
2048	//
2049	// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some
2050	// or all of the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a
2051	// particular context.
2052	// ============================================================================
2053
2054	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2055	// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of
2056	// declarators to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2057	//
2058	// valid declaration invalid definition
2059	// ----------------- ------------------
2060	// int f; int f {}
2061	// int f; int f {}
2062	// int f[10]; int f[10] {}
2063	// int (f)(int); int (f)(int) {}
2064	//
2065	// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function
2066	// declarators, hence variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2067	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2068
2069	// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern
2070	// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2071
2072	variable_declarator:
2073	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2074	\| variable_ptr
2075	\| variable_array attribute_list_opt
2076	\| variable_function attribute_list_opt
2077	;
2078
2079	paren_identifier:
2080	identifier
2081	{
2082	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2083	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2084	}
2085	\| '(' paren_identifier ')' // redundant parenthesis
2086	{ $$ = $2; }
2087	;
2088
2089	variable_ptr:
2090	'*' variable_declarator
2091	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2092	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2093	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2094	\| '(' variable_ptr ')'
2095	{ $$ = $2; }
2096	;
2097
2098	variable_array:
2099	paren_identifier array_dimension
2100	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2101	\| '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2102	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2103	\| '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2104	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2105	\| '(' variable_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2106	{ $$ = $2; }
2107	;
2108
2109	variable_function:
2110	'(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2111	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2112	\| '(' variable_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2113	{ $$ = $2; }
2114	;
2115
2116	// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot
2117	// be nested, there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested
2118	// functions requires further separation of variable and function declarators in typedef_redeclarator. The
2119	// pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2120
2121	function_declarator:
2122	function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2123	\| function_ptr
2124	\| function_array attribute_list_opt
2125	;
2126
2127	function_no_ptr:
2128	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2129	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2130	\| '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2131	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2132	\| '(' function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2133	{ $$ = $2; }
2134	;
2135
2136	function_ptr:
2137	'*' function_declarator
2138	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2139	\| '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2140	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2141	\| '(' function_ptr ')'
2142	{ $$ = $2; }
2143	;
2144
2145	function_array:
2146	'(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2147	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2148	\| '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2149	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2150	\| '(' function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2151	{ $$ = $2; }
2152	;
2153
2154	// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a
2155	// typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and
2156	// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2157
2158	old_function_declarator:
2159	old_function_no_ptr
2160	\| old_function_ptr
2161	\| old_function_array
2162	;
2163
2164	old_function_no_ptr:
2165	paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')' // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2166	{ $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2167	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2168	{ $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2169	\| '(' old_function_no_ptr ')' // redundant parenthesis
2170	{ $$ = $2; }
2171	;
2172
2173	old_function_ptr:
2174	'*' old_function_declarator
2175	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2176	\| '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2177	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2178	\| '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2179	{ $$ = $2; }
2180	;
2181
2182	old_function_array:
2183	'(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2184	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2185	\| '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2186	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2187	\| '(' old_function_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2188	{ $$ = $2; }
2189	;
2190
2191	// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a typedef name, e.g.:
2192	//
2193	// typedef int foo;
2194	// {
2195	// int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2196	// }
2197	//
2198	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2199	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2200
2201	typedef_redeclarator:
2202	paren_typedef attribute_list_opt
2203	\| typedef_ptr
2204	\| typedef_array attribute_list_opt
2205	\| typedef_function attribute_list_opt
2206	;
2207
2208	paren_typedef:
2209	TYPEDEFname
2210	{
2211	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2212	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2213	}
2214	\| '(' paren_typedef ')'
2215	{ $$ = $2; }
2216	;
2217
2218	typedef_ptr:
2219	'*' typedef_redeclarator
2220	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2221	\| '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_redeclarator
2222	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2223	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')'
2224	{ $$ = $2; }
2225	;
2226
2227	typedef_array:
2228	paren_typedef array_dimension
2229	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2230	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')' array_dimension
2231	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2232	\| '(' typedef_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2233	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2234	\| '(' typedef_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2235	{ $$ = $2; }
2236	;
2237
2238	typedef_function:
2239	paren_typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2240	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2241	\| '(' typedef_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2242	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2243	\| '(' typedef_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2244	{ $$ = $2; }
2245	;
2246
2247	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a
2248	// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. The pattern
2249	// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2250	// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2251
2252	identifier_parameter_declarator:
2253	paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2254	\| identifier_parameter_ptr
2255	\| identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2256	\| identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2257	;
2258
2259	identifier_parameter_ptr:
2260	'*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2261	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2262	\| '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2263	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2264	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2265	{ $$ = $2; }
2266	;
2267
2268	identifier_parameter_array:
2269	paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2270	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2271	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2272	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2273	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2274	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2275	\| '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2276	{ $$ = $2; }
2277	;
2278
2279	identifier_parameter_function:
2280	paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2281	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2282	\| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2283	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2284	\| '(' identifier_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2285	{ $$ = $2; }
2286	;
2287
2288	// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a
2289	// typedef name, e.g.:
2290	//
2291	// typedef int foo;
2292	// int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2293	//
2294	// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list. In addition, the pattern
2295	// handles the special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2296	//
2297	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2298	// parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2299	// not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2300	//
2301	// which precludes the following cases:
2302	//
2303	// typedef float T;
2304	// int f( int ( T [5] ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2305	// int g( int ( T ( int ) ) ); // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2306	// int f( int f1( T a[5] ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2307	// int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) ); // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2308	//
2309	// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type
2310	// list, and not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes
2311	// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and
2312	// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2313
2314	typedef_parameter_redeclarator:
2315	typedef attribute_list_opt
2316	\| typedef_parameter_ptr
2317	\| typedef_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2318	\| typedef_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2319	;
2320
2321	typedef:
2322	TYPEDEFname
2323	{
2324	typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2325	$$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2326	}
2327	;
2328
2329	typedef_parameter_ptr:
2330	'*' typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2331	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2332	\| '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2333	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2334	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')'
2335	{ $$ = $2; }
2336	;
2337
2338	typedef_parameter_array:
2339	typedef array_parameter_dimension
2340	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2341	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2342	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2343	;
2344
2345	typedef_parameter_function:
2346	typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2347	{ $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2348	\| '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2349	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2350	;
2351
2352	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2353	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2354	//
2355	// sizeof( int );
2356	// sizeof( int [10] );
2357	//
2358	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2359	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2360
2361	abstract_declarator:
2362	abstract_ptr
2363	\| abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2364	\| abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2365	;
2366
2367	abstract_ptr:
2368	'*'
2369	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2370	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2371	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2372	\| '*' abstract_declarator
2373	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2374	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2375	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2376	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2377	{ $$ = $2; }
2378	;
2379
2380	abstract_array:
2381	array_dimension
2382	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2383	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2384	\| '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2385	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2386	\| '(' abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2387	{ $$ = $2; }
2388	;
2389
2390	abstract_function:
2391	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2392	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2393	\| '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2394	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2395	\| '(' abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2396	{ $$ = $2; }
2397	;
2398
2399	array_dimension:
2400	// Only the first dimension can be empty.
2401	'[' push pop ']'
2402	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2403	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension
2404	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $5 ); }
2405	\| multi_array_dimension
2406	;
2407
2408	multi_array_dimension:
2409	'[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2410	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2411	\| '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2412	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2413	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2414	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2415	\| multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']' // C99
2416	{ $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2417	;
2418
2419	// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2420	// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2421	//
2422	// int f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2423	// int f( int (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2424	//
2425	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2426	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2427
2428	abstract_parameter_declarator:
2429	abstract_parameter_ptr
2430	\| abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2431	\| abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2432	;
2433
2434	abstract_parameter_ptr:
2435	'*'
2436	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2437	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2438	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2439	\| '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2440	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2441	\| '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2442	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2443	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2444	{ $$ = $2; }
2445	;
2446
2447	abstract_parameter_array:
2448	array_parameter_dimension
2449	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2450	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2451	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2452	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2453	\| '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2454	{ $$ = $2; }
2455	;
2456
2457	abstract_parameter_function:
2458	'(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2459	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2460	\| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2461	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2462	\| '(' abstract_parameter_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2463	{ $$ = $2; }
2464	;
2465
2466	array_parameter_dimension:
2467	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2468	array_parameter_1st_dimension
2469	\| array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2470	{ $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2471	\| multi_array_dimension
2472	;
2473
2474	// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2475	//
2476	// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall
2477	// appear only in a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the
2478	// outermost array type derivation."
2479
2480	array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2481	'[' push pop ']'
2482	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2483	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2484	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2485	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2486	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2487	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2488	// multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2489	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2490	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2491	\| '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2492	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2493	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2494	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2495	;
2496
2497	// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type
2498	// applies, e.g.:
2499	//
2500	// sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2501	//
2502	// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2503	// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2504
2505	variable_abstract_declarator:
2506	variable_abstract_ptr
2507	\| variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2508	\| variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2509	;
2510
2511	variable_abstract_ptr:
2512	'*'
2513	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2514	\| '*' type_qualifier_list
2515	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2516	\| '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2517	{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2518	\| '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2519	{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2520	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2521	{ $$ = $2; }
2522	;
2523
2524	variable_abstract_array:
2525	array_dimension
2526	\| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2527	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2528	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2529	{ $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2530	\| '(' variable_abstract_array ')' // redundant parenthesis
2531	{ $$ = $2; }
2532	;
2533
2534	variable_abstract_function:
2535	'(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2536	{ $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2537	\| '(' variable_abstract_function ')' // redundant parenthesis
2538	{ $$ = $2; }
2539	;
2540
2541	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either
2542	// an identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2543
2544	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2545	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2546	\| new_abstract_tuple
2547	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2548	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2549	;
2550
2551	new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2552	new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2553	\| new_identifier_parameter_array
2554	;
2555
2556	new_identifier_parameter_ptr: // CFA
2557	'*' type_specifier
2558	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2559	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2560	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2561	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2562	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2563	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2564	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2565	\| '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2566	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2567	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2568	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2569	;
2570
2571	new_identifier_parameter_array: // CFA
2572	// Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored
2573	// out due to shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2574	'[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2575	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2576	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2577	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2578	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2579	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2580	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2581	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2582	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2583	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2584	\| '[' push pop ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2585	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2586	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2587	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2588	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2589	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2590	\| new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2591	{ $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2592	\| multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2593	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2594	;
2595
2596	new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2597	'[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']' // remaining C99
2598	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2599	\| '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2600	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2601	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2602	// declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2603	// assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a
2604	// type_qualifier cannot appear in this context.
2605	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2606	\| '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2607	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2608	;
2609
2610	// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is
2611	// no identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2612	//
2613	// [int] f( int ); // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2614	// [int] f( [int] (int) ); // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2615	//
2616	// These rules need LR(3):
2617	//
2618	// new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name
2619	// '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2620	//
2621	// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2622	//
2623	// [int, int] t;
2624	// [int, int] f( int );
2625	//
2626	// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_typedef_name to know when to reduce
2627	// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the
2628	// necessary lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and
2629	// tuple declarations are duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2630
2631	new_abstract_declarator_tuple: // CFA
2632	new_abstract_tuple
2633	\| type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2634	{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2635	\| new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2636	;
2637
2638	new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple: // CFA
2639	new_abstract_ptr
2640	\| new_abstract_array
2641	;
2642
2643	new_abstract_ptr: // CFA
2644	'*' type_specifier
2645	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2646	\| type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2647	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2648	\| '*' new_abstract_function
2649	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2650	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2651	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2652	\| '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2653	{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2654	\| type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2655	{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2656	;
2657
2658	new_abstract_array: // CFA
2659	// Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to
2660	// shift/reduce conflict with empty (void) function return type.
2661	'[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2662	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2663	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2664	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2665	\| multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2666	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2667	\| '[' push pop ']' new_abstract_ptr
2668	{ $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2669	\| '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2670	{ $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2671	\| multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2672	{ $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2673	;
2674
2675	new_abstract_tuple: // CFA
2676	'[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2677	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2678	;
2679
2680	new_abstract_function: // CFA
2681	'[' push pop ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2682	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0 ); }
2683	\| new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2684	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2685	\| new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2686	{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2687	;
2688
2689	// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration
2690	// specifiers in each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and
2691	// type name."
2692	//
2693	// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the
2694	// beginning of the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2695	//
2696	// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2697	// prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2698	//
2699	// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter
2700	// identifier and declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an
2701	// obsolescent feature.
2702
2703	//*********************** MISCELLANEOUS ******************************
2704
2705	comma_opt: // redundant comma
2706	// empty
2707	\| ','
2708	;
2709
2710	assignment_opt:
2711	// empty
2712	{ $$ = 0; }
2713	\| '=' assignment_expression
2714	{ $$ = $2; }
2715	;
2716
2717	%%
2718	// ----end of grammar----
2719
2720	void yyerror( char *string ) {
2721	using std::cout;
2722	using std::endl;
2723	cout << "Error ";
2724	if ( yyfilename ) {
2725	cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2726	}
2727	cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << *(yylval.tok.str) << "\"" << endl;
2728	}
2729
2730	// Local Variables: //
2731	// fill-column: 110 //
2732	// tab-width: 4 //
2733	// mode: c++ //
2734	// compile-command: "make install" //
2735	// End: //

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