source: src/Parser/cfa.y @ 5cb5f842

ADTaaron-thesisarm-ehast-experimentalcleanup-dtorsctordeferred_resndemanglerenumforall-pointer-decaygc_noraiijacob/cs343-translationjenkins-sandboxmemorynew-astnew-ast-unique-exprnew-envno_listpersistent-indexerpthread-emulationqualifiedEnumresolv-newstringwith_gc
Last change on this file since 5cb5f842 was 4d51835, checked in by Peter A. Buhr <pabuhr@…>, 9 years ago

parsing support for nested functions

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1//
2// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3//
4// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6//
7// cfa.y --
8//
9// Author           : Peter A. Buhr
10// Created On       : Sat Sep  1 20:22:55 2001
11// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12// Last Modified On : Wed May 27 09:20:53 2015
13// Update Count     : 1015
14//
15
16// This grammar is based on the ANSI99/11 C grammar, specifically parts of EXPRESSION and STATEMENTS, and on
17// the C grammar by James A. Roskind, specifically parts of DECLARATIONS and EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS.  While
18// parts have been copied, important changes have been made in all sections; these changes are sufficient to
19// constitute a new grammar.  In particular, this grammar attempts to be more syntactically precise, i.e., it
20// parses less incorrect language syntax that must be subsequently rejected by semantic checks.  Nevertheless,
21// there are still several semantic checks required and many are noted in the grammar. Finally, the grammar is
22// extended with GCC and CFA language extensions.
23
24// Acknowledgments to Richard Bilson, Glen Ditchfield, and Rodolfo Gabriel Esteves who all helped when I got
25// stuck with the grammar.
26
27// The root language for this grammar is ANSI99/11 C. All of ANSI99/11 is parsed, except for:
28//
29// 1. designation with '=' (use ':' instead)
30//
31// Most of the syntactic extensions from ANSI90 to ANSI11 C are marked with the comment "C99/C11". This
32// grammar also has two levels of extensions. The first extensions cover most of the GCC C extensions, except for:
33//
34// 1. nested functions
35// 2. generalized lvalues
36// 3. designation with and without '=' (use ':' instead)
37// 4. attributes not allowed in parenthesis of declarator
38//
39// All of the syntactic extensions for GCC C are marked with the comment "GCC". The second extensions are for
40// Cforall (CFA), which fixes several of C's outstanding problems and extends C with many modern language
41// concepts. All of the syntactic extensions for CFA C are marked with the comment "CFA". As noted above,
42// there is one unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators; this is
43// discussed in detail before the "designation" grammar rule.
44
45%{
46#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval)                                             // lexer loads this up each time
47#define YYDEBUG 1                                                                               // get the pretty debugging code to compile
48
49#undef __GNUC_MINOR__
50
51#include <cstdio>
52#include <stack>
53#include "TypedefTable.h"
54#include "lex.h"
55#include "ParseNode.h"
56#include "LinkageSpec.h"
57
58DeclarationNode *theTree = 0;                                                   // the resulting parse tree
59LinkageSpec::Type linkage = LinkageSpec::Cforall;
60std::stack< LinkageSpec::Type > linkageStack;
61TypedefTable typedefTable;
62%}
63
64//************************* TERMINAL TOKENS ********************************
65
66// keywords
67%token TYPEDEF
68%token AUTO EXTERN REGISTER STATIC
69%token INLINE                                                                                   // C99
70%token FORTRAN                                                                                  // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.9(1)
71%token CONST VOLATILE
72%token RESTRICT                                                                                 // C99
73%token FORALL LVALUE                                                                    // CFA
74%token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
75%token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY                                                   // C99
76%token TYPEOF LABEL                                                                             // GCC
77%token ENUM STRUCT UNION
78%token TYPE FTYPE DTYPE CONTEXT                                                 // CFA
79%token SIZEOF
80%token ATTRIBUTE EXTENSION                                                              // GCC
81%token IF ELSE SWITCH CASE DEFAULT DO WHILE FOR BREAK CONTINUE GOTO RETURN
82%token CHOOSE FALLTHRU TRY CATCH FINALLY THROW                  // CFA
83%token ASM                                                                                              // C99, extension ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section J.5.10(1)
84%token ALIGNAS ALIGNOF ATOMIC GENERIC NORETURN STATICASSERT THREADLOCAL // C11
85
86// names and constants: lexer differentiates between identifier and typedef names
87%token<tok> IDENTIFIER                  QUOTED_IDENTIFIER               TYPEDEFname                             TYPEGENname
88%token<tok> ATTR_IDENTIFIER             ATTR_TYPEDEFname                ATTR_TYPEGENname
89%token<tok> INTEGERconstant             FLOATINGconstant                CHARACTERconstant               STRINGliteral
90%token<tok> ZERO                                ONE                                             // CFA
91
92// multi-character operators
93%token ARROW                                                                                    // ->
94%token ICR DECR                                                                                 // ++   --
95%token LS RS                                                                                    // <<   >>
96%token LE GE EQ NE                                                                              // <=   >=      ==      !=
97%token ANDAND OROR                                                                              // &&   ||
98%token ELLIPSIS                                                                                 // ...
99
100%token MULTassign       DIVassign       MODassign                               // *=   /=      %=/
101%token PLUSassign       MINUSassign                                                     // +=   -=
102%token LSassign         RSassign                                                        // <<=  >>=
103%token ANDassign        ERassign        ORassign                                // &=   ^=      |=
104
105// Types declaration
106%union
107{
108        Token tok;
109        ParseNode *pn;
110        ExpressionNode *en;
111        DeclarationNode *decl;
112        DeclarationNode::TyCon aggKey;
113        DeclarationNode::TypeClass tclass;
114        StatementNode *sn;
115        ConstantNode *constant;
116        InitializerNode *in;
117}
118
119%type<tok> zero_one  identifier  no_attr_identifier  no_01_identifier
120%type<tok> identifier_or_typedef_name  no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name  no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name
121%type<constant> string_literal_list
122
123// expressions
124%type<constant> constant
125%type<en> tuple                                                 tuple_expression_list
126%type<en> unary_operator                                assignment_operator
127%type<en> primary_expression                    postfix_expression                      unary_expression
128%type<en> cast_expression                               multiplicative_expression       additive_expression                     shift_expression
129%type<en> relational_expression                 equality_expression                     AND_expression                          exclusive_OR_expression
130%type<en> inclusive_OR_expression               logical_AND_expression          logical_OR_expression           conditional_expression
131%type<en> constant_expression                   assignment_expression           assignment_expression_opt
132%type<en> comma_expression                              comma_expression_opt
133%type<en> argument_expression_list              argument_expression                     for_control_expression          assignment_opt
134%type<en> subrange
135
136// statements
137%type<sn> labeled_statement                             compound_statement                      expression_statement            selection_statement
138%type<sn> iteration_statement                   jump_statement                          exception_statement                     asm_statement
139%type<sn> fall_through_opt                              fall_through
140%type<sn> statement                                             statement_list
141%type<sn> block_item_list                               block_item
142%type<sn> case_clause
143%type<en> case_value                                    case_value_list
144%type<sn> case_label                                    case_label_list
145%type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt                switch_clause_list                      choose_clause_list_opt          choose_clause_list
146%type<pn> handler_list                                  handler_clause                          finally_clause
147
148// declarations
149%type<decl> abstract_array abstract_declarator abstract_function abstract_parameter_array
150%type<decl> abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_parameter_declarator abstract_parameter_function
151%type<decl> abstract_parameter_ptr abstract_ptr
152
153%type<aggKey> aggregate_key
154%type<decl>  aggregate_name
155
156%type<decl> array_dimension array_parameter_1st_dimension array_parameter_dimension multi_array_dimension
157
158%type<decl> assertion assertion_list_opt
159
160%type<en>   bit_subrange_size_opt bit_subrange_size
161
162%type<decl> basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name basic_type_specifier direct_type_name indirect_type_name
163
164%type<decl> context_declaration context_declaration_list context_declaring_list context_specifier
165
166%type<decl> declaration declaration_list declaration_list_opt declaration_qualifier_list
167%type<decl> declaration_specifier declarator declaring_list
168
169%type<decl> elaborated_type_name
170
171%type<decl> enumerator_list enum_name
172%type<en> enumerator_value_opt
173
174%type<decl> exception_declaration external_definition external_definition_list external_definition_list_opt
175
176%type<decl> field_declaration field_declaration_list field_declarator field_declaring_list
177%type<en> field field_list
178
179%type<decl> external_function_definition function_definition function_array function_declarator function_no_ptr function_ptr
180
181%type<decl> identifier_parameter_array identifier_parameter_declarator identifier_parameter_function
182%type<decl> identifier_parameter_ptr identifier_list
183
184%type<decl> new_abstract_array new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple new_abstract_declarator_tuple
185%type<decl> new_abstract_function new_abstract_parameter_declaration new_abstract_parameter_list
186%type<decl> new_abstract_ptr new_abstract_tuple
187
188%type<decl> new_array_parameter_1st_dimension
189
190%type<decl> new_context_declaring_list new_declaration new_field_declaring_list
191%type<decl> new_function_declaration new_function_return new_function_specifier
192
193%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_array new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
194%type<decl> new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple new_identifier_parameter_ptr
195
196%type<decl> new_parameter_declaration new_parameter_list new_parameter_type_list new_parameter_type_list_opt
197
198%type<decl> new_typedef_declaration new_variable_declaration new_variable_specifier
199
200%type<decl> old_declaration old_declaration_list old_declaration_list_opt old_function_array
201%type<decl> old_function_declarator old_function_no_ptr old_function_ptr
202
203%type<decl> parameter_declaration parameter_list parameter_type_list
204%type<decl> parameter_type_list_opt
205
206%type<decl> paren_identifier paren_typedef
207
208%type<decl> storage_class storage_class_name storage_class_list
209
210%type<decl> sue_declaration_specifier sue_type_specifier
211
212%type<tclass> type_class
213%type<decl> type_declarator type_declarator_name type_declaring_list
214
215%type<decl> typedef typedef_array typedef_declaration typedef_declaration_specifier typedef_expression
216%type<decl> typedef_function typedef_parameter_array typedef_parameter_function typedef_parameter_ptr
217%type<decl> typedef_parameter_redeclarator typedef_ptr typedef_redeclarator typedef_type_specifier
218%type<decl> typegen_declaration_specifier typegen_type_specifier
219
220%type<decl> type_name type_name_no_function
221%type<decl> type_parameter type_parameter_list
222
223%type<en> type_name_list
224
225%type<decl> type_qualifier type_qualifier_name type_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list_opt type_specifier
226
227%type<decl> variable_abstract_array variable_abstract_declarator variable_abstract_function
228%type<decl> variable_abstract_ptr variable_array variable_declarator variable_function variable_ptr
229
230// initializers
231%type<in>  initializer initializer_list initializer_opt
232
233// designators
234%type<en>  designator designator_list designation
235
236
237// Handle single shift/reduce conflict for dangling else by shifting the ELSE token. For example, this string
238// is ambiguous:
239// .---------.                          matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
240// if ( C ) S1 else S2
241// `-----------------'          matches IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement */
242
243%nonassoc THEN  // rule precedence for IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement
244%nonassoc ELSE  // token precedence for start of else clause in IF statement
245
246%start translation_unit                                                                 // parse-tree root
247
248%%
249//************************* Namespace Management ********************************
250
251// The grammar in the ANSI C standard is not strictly context-free, since it relies upon the distinct terminal
252// symbols "identifier" and "TYPEDEFname" that are lexically identical.  While it is possible to write a
253// purely context-free grammar, such a grammar would obscure the relationship between syntactic and semantic
254// constructs.  Hence, this grammar uses the ANSI style.
255//
256// Cforall compounds this problem by introducing type names local to the scope of a declaration (for instance,
257// those introduced through "forall" qualifiers), and by introducing "type generators" -- parametrized types.
258// This latter type name creates a third class of identifiers that must be distinguished by the scanner.
259//
260// Since the scanner cannot distinguish among the different classes of identifiers without some context
261// information, it accesses a data structure (the TypedefTable) to allow classification of an identifier that
262// it has just read.  Semantic actions during the parser update this data structure when the class of
263// identifiers change.
264//
265// Because the Cforall language is block-scoped, there is the possibility that an identifier can change its
266// class in a local scope; it must revert to its original class at the end of the block.  Since type names can
267// be local to a particular declaration, each declaration is itself a scope.  This requires distinguishing
268// between type names that are local to the current declaration scope and those that persist past the end of
269// the declaration (i.e., names defined in "typedef" or "type" declarations).
270//
271// The non-terminals "push" and "pop" derive the empty string; their only use is to denote the opening and
272// closing of scopes.  Every push must have a matching pop, although it is regrettable the matching pairs do
273// not always occur within the same rule.  These non-terminals may appear in more contexts than strictly
274// necessary from a semantic point of view.  Unfortunately, these extra rules are necessary to prevent parsing
275// conflicts -- the parser may not have enough context and look-ahead information to decide whether a new
276// scope is necessary, so the effect of these extra rules is to open a new scope unconditionally.  As the
277// grammar evolves, it may be neccesary to add or move around "push" and "pop" nonterminals to resolve
278// conflicts of this sort.
279
280push:
281                {
282                        typedefTable.enterScope();
283                }
284        ;
285
286pop:
287                {
288                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
289                }
290        ;
291
292//************************* CONSTANTS ********************************
293
294constant:
295                // ENUMERATIONconstant is not included here; it is treated as a variable with type
296                // "enumeration constant".
297        INTEGERconstant                                                         { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Integer, $1); }
298        | FLOATINGconstant                                                      { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Float, $1); }
299        | CHARACTERconstant                                                     { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::Character, $1); }
300        ;
301
302identifier:
303        IDENTIFIER
304        | ATTR_IDENTIFIER                                                                       // CFA
305        | zero_one                                                                                      // CFA
306        ;
307
308no_01_identifier:
309        IDENTIFIER
310        | ATTR_IDENTIFIER                                                                       // CFA
311        ;
312
313no_attr_identifier:
314        IDENTIFIER
315        ;
316
317zero_one:                                                                                               // CFA
318        ZERO
319        | ONE
320        ;
321
322string_literal_list:                                                                    // juxtaposed strings are concatenated
323        STRINGliteral                                                           { $$ = new ConstantNode(ConstantNode::String, $1); }
324        | string_literal_list STRINGliteral                     { $$ = $1->append( $2 ); }
325        ;
326
327//************************* EXPRESSIONS ********************************
328
329primary_expression:
330        IDENTIFIER                                                                                      // typedef name cannot be used as a variable name
331                { $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
332        | zero_one
333                { $$ = new VarRefNode($1); }
334        | constant
335                { $$ = $1; }
336        | string_literal_list
337                { $$ = $1; }
338        | '(' comma_expression ')'
339                { $$ = $2; }
340        | '(' compound_statement ')'                                            // GCC, lambda expression
341                { $$ = new ValofExprNode($2); }
342        ;
343
344postfix_expression:
345        primary_expression
346        | postfix_expression '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
347                // CFA, comma_expression disallowed in the context because it results in a commom user error:
348                // subscripting a matrix with x[i,j] instead of x[i][j]. While this change is not backwards
349                // compatible, there seems to be little advantage to this feature and many disadvantages. It is
350                // possible to write x[(i,j)] in CFA, which is equivalent to the old x[i,j].
351                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Index), $1, $4); }
352        | postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
353                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $3); }
354        | postfix_expression '.' no_attr_identifier
355                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
356        | postfix_expression '.' '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
357        | postfix_expression ARROW no_attr_identifier
358                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), $1, new VarRefNode($3)); }
359        | postfix_expression ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']' // CFA, tuple field selector
360        | postfix_expression ICR
361                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::IncrPost), $1); }
362        | postfix_expression DECR
363                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DecrPost), $1); }
364                // GCC has priority: cast_expression
365        | '(' type_name_no_function ')' '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}' // C99
366                { $$ = 0; }
367        ;
368
369argument_expression_list:
370        argument_expression
371        | argument_expression_list ',' argument_expression
372                { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
373        ;
374
375argument_expression:
376        // empty
377                { $$ = 0; }                                                                             // use default argument
378        | assignment_expression
379        | no_attr_identifier ':' assignment_expression
380                { $$ = $3->set_asArgName($1); }
381                // Only a list of no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name is allowed in this context. However, there is
382                // insufficient look ahead to distinguish between this list of parameter names and a tuple, so the
383                // tuple form must be used with an appropriate semantic check.
384        | '[' push assignment_expression pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
385                { $$ = $7->set_asArgName($3); }
386        | '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']' ':' assignment_expression
387                { $$ = $9->set_asArgName( new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 )))); }
388        ;
389
390field_list:                                                                                             // CFA, tuple field selector
391        field
392        | field_list ',' field                                          { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
393        ;
394
395field:                                                                                                  // CFA, tuple field selector
396        no_attr_identifier
397                { $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
398        | no_attr_identifier '.' field
399                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
400        | no_attr_identifier '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'
401                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::FieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
402        | no_attr_identifier ARROW field
403                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $3); }
404        | no_attr_identifier ARROW '[' push field_list pop ']'
405                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PFieldSel), new VarRefNode( $1 ), $5); }
406        ;
407
408unary_expression:
409        postfix_expression
410        | ICR unary_expression
411                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Incr), $2); }
412        | DECR unary_expression
413                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Decr), $2); }
414        | EXTENSION cast_expression                                                     // GCC
415                { $$ = $2; }
416        | unary_operator cast_expression
417                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode($1, $2); }
418        | '!' cast_expression
419                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neg), $2); }
420        | '*' cast_expression                                                           // CFA
421                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PointTo), $2); }
422                // '*' is is separated from unary_operator because of shift/reduce conflict in:
423                //              { * X; } // dereference X
424                //              { * int X; } // CFA declaration of pointer to int
425                // '&' must be moved here if C++ reference variables are supported.
426        | SIZEOF unary_expression
427                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), $2); }
428        | SIZEOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'
429                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::SizeOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
430        | ATTR_IDENTIFIER
431                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1)); }
432        | ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' type_name ')'
433                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
434        | ATTR_IDENTIFIER '(' argument_expression ')'
435                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Attr), new VarRefNode($1), $3); }
436        | ALIGNOF unary_expression                                                      // GCC, variable alignment
437                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), $2); }
438        | ALIGNOF '(' type_name_no_function ')'                         // GCC, type alignment
439                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AlignOf), new TypeValueNode($3)); }
440        | ANDAND no_attr_identifier                                                     // GCC, address of label
441                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LabelAddress), new VarRefNode($2, true)); }
442        ;
443
444unary_operator:
445        '&'                                                                                     { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AddressOf); }
446        | '+'                                                                           { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnPlus); }
447        | '-'                                                                           { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::UnMinus); }
448        | '~'                                                                           { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitNeg); }
449        ;
450
451cast_expression:
452        unary_expression
453        | '(' type_name_no_function ')' cast_expression
454                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
455        | '(' type_name_no_function ')' tuple
456                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cast), new TypeValueNode($2), $4); }
457        ;
458
459multiplicative_expression:
460        cast_expression
461        | multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
462                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mul),$1,$3); }
463        | multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
464                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Div),$1,$3); }
465        | multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
466                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Mod),$1,$3); }
467        ;
468
469additive_expression:
470        multiplicative_expression
471        | additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
472                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Plus),$1,$3); }
473        | additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
474                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Minus),$1,$3); }
475        ;
476
477shift_expression:
478        additive_expression
479        | shift_expression LS additive_expression
480                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LShift),$1,$3); }
481        | shift_expression RS additive_expression
482                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RShift),$1,$3); }
483        ;
484
485relational_expression:
486        shift_expression
487        | relational_expression '<' shift_expression
488                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LThan),$1,$3); }
489        | relational_expression '>' shift_expression
490                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GThan),$1,$3); }
491        | relational_expression LE shift_expression
492                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LEThan),$1,$3); }
493        | relational_expression GE shift_expression
494                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::GEThan),$1,$3); }
495        ;
496
497equality_expression:
498        relational_expression
499        | equality_expression EQ relational_expression
500                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Eq), $1, $3); }
501        | equality_expression NE relational_expression
502                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Neq), $1, $3); }
503        ;
504
505AND_expression:
506        equality_expression
507        | AND_expression '&' equality_expression
508                { $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitAnd), $1, $3); }
509        ;
510
511exclusive_OR_expression:
512        AND_expression
513        | exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
514                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Xor), $1, $3); }
515        ;
516
517inclusive_OR_expression:
518        exclusive_OR_expression
519        | inclusive_OR_expression '|' exclusive_OR_expression
520                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::BitOr), $1, $3); }
521        ;
522
523logical_AND_expression:
524        inclusive_OR_expression
525        | logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
526                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::And), $1, $3); }
527        ;
528
529logical_OR_expression:
530        logical_AND_expression
531        | logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
532                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Or), $1, $3); }
533        ;
534
535conditional_expression:
536        logical_OR_expression
537        | logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' conditional_expression
538                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode *)mkList((*$1,*$3,*$5))); }
539        | logical_OR_expression '?' /* empty */ ':' conditional_expression // GCC, omitted first operand
540                { $$=new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::NCond),$1,$4); }
541        | logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':' tuple // CFA, tuple expression
542                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Cond), (ExpressionNode *)mkList(( *$1, *$3, *$5 ))); }
543        ;
544
545constant_expression:
546        conditional_expression
547        ;
548
549assignment_expression:
550                // CFA, assignment is separated from assignment_operator to ensure no assignment operations for tuples
551        conditional_expression
552        | unary_expression '=' assignment_expression
553                { $$ =new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Assign), $1, $3); }
554        | unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
555                { $$ =new CompositeExprNode($2, $1, $3); }
556        | tuple assignment_opt                                                          // CFA, tuple expression
557                { $$ = ($2 == 0) ? $1 : new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::Assign ), $1, $2 ); }
558        ;
559
560assignment_expression_opt:
561        // empty
562                { $$ = new NullExprNode; }
563        | assignment_expression
564        ;
565
566tuple:                                                                                                  // CFA, tuple
567                // CFA, one assignment_expression is factored out of comma_expression to eliminate a shift/reduce
568                // conflict with comma_expression in new_identifier_parameter_array and new_abstract_array
569        '[' push pop ']'
570                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ) ); }
571        | '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
572                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), $3 ); }
573        | '[' push ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
574                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(new NullExprNode)->set_link( $4 ) ); }
575        | '[' push assignment_expression ',' tuple_expression_list pop ']'
576                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode( new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)$3->set_link( flattenCommas( $5 ) ) ); }
577        ;
578
579tuple_expression_list:
580        assignment_expression_opt
581        | tuple_expression_list ',' assignment_expression_opt
582                { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->set_link( $3 ); }
583        ;
584
585assignment_operator:
586        MULTassign                                                                      { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MulAssn); }
587        | DIVassign                                                                     { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::DivAssn); }
588        | MODassign                                                                     { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ModAssn); }
589        | PLUSassign                                                            { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::PlusAssn); }
590        | MINUSassign                                                           { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::MinusAssn); }
591        | LSassign                                                                      { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::LSAssn); }
592        | RSassign                                                                      { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::RSAssn); }
593        | ANDassign                                                                     { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::AndAssn); }
594        | ERassign                                                                      { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::ERAssn); }
595        | ORassign                                                                      { $$ = new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::OrAssn); }
596        ;
597
598comma_expression:
599        assignment_expression
600        | comma_expression ',' assignment_expression    // { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)$1->add_to_list($3); }
601                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Comma),$1,$3); }
602        ;
603
604comma_expression_opt:
605        // empty
606                { $$ = 0; }
607        | comma_expression
608        ;
609
610//*************************** STATEMENTS *******************************
611
612statement:
613        labeled_statement
614        | compound_statement
615        | expression_statement                                          { $$ = $1; }
616        | selection_statement
617        | iteration_statement
618        | jump_statement
619        | exception_statement
620        | asm_statement
621        ;
622
623labeled_statement:
624        no_attr_identifier ':' attribute_list_opt statement
625                { $$ = $4->add_label($1);}
626        ;
627
628compound_statement:
629        '{' '}'
630                { $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( (StatementNode *)0 ); }
631        | '{'
632                // Two scopes are necessary because the block itself has a scope, but every declaration within the
633                // block also requires its own scope
634          push push
635          label_declaration_opt                                                         // GCC, local labels
636          block_item_list pop '}'                                                       // C99, intermix declarations and statements
637                { $$ = new CompoundStmtNode( $5 ); }
638        ;
639
640block_item_list:                                                                                // C99
641        block_item
642        | block_item_list push block_item
643                { if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($3); $$ = $1; } }
644        ;
645
646block_item:
647        declaration                                                                                     // CFA, new & old style declarations
648                { $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
649        | EXTENSION declaration                                                         // GCC
650                { $$ = new StatementNode( $2 ); }
651        | function_definition
652                { $$ = new StatementNode( $1 ); }
653        | statement pop
654        ;
655
656statement_list:
657        statement
658        | statement_list statement
659                { if ($1 != 0) { $1->set_link($2); $$ = $1; } }
660        ;
661
662expression_statement:
663        comma_expression_opt ';'
664                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Exp, $1, 0); }
665        ;
666
667selection_statement:
668        IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement                           %prec THEN
669                // explicitly deal with the shift/reduce conflict on if/else
670                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, $5); }
671        | IF '(' comma_expression ')' statement ELSE statement
672                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::If, $3, (StatementNode *)mkList((*$5, *$7)) ); }
673        | SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause           // CFA
674                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $5); }
675        | SWITCH '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt switch_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
676                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Switch, $3, $8); /* xxx */ }
677                // The semantics of the declaration list is changed to include any associated initialization, which is
678                // performed *before* the transfer to the appropriate case clause.  Statements after the initial
679                // declaration list can never be executed, and therefore, are removed from the grammar even though C
680                // allows it.
681        | CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' case_clause           // CFA
682                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $5); }
683        | CHOOSE '(' comma_expression ')' '{' push declaration_list_opt choose_clause_list_opt '}' // CFA
684                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Choose, $3, $8); }
685        ;
686
687// CASE and DEFAULT clauses are only allowed in the SWITCH statement, precluding Duff's device. In addition, a
688// case clause allows a list of values and subranges.
689
690case_value:                                                                                             // CFA
691        constant_expression                                                     { $$ = $1; }
692        | constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression      // GCC, subrange
693                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range),$1,$3); }
694        | subrange                                                                                      // CFA, subrange
695        ;
696
697case_value_list:                                                                                // CFA
698        case_value
699        | case_value_list ',' case_value
700                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode( OperatorNode::TupleC ), (ExpressionNode *)(tupleContents($1))->set_link($3) ); }
701        ;
702
703case_label:                                                                                             // CFA
704        CASE case_value_list ':'                                        { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Case, $2, 0); }
705        | DEFAULT ':'                                                           { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Default); }
706                // A semantic check is required to ensure only one default clause per switch/choose statement.
707        ;
708
709case_label_list:                                                                                // CFA
710        case_label
711        | case_label_list case_label                            { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2)); }
712        ;
713
714case_clause:                                                                                    // CFA
715        case_label_list statement                                       { $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
716        ;
717
718switch_clause_list_opt:                                                                 // CFA
719        // empty
720                { $$ = 0; }
721        | switch_clause_list
722        ;
723
724switch_clause_list:                                                                             // CFA
725        case_label_list statement_list
726                { $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
727        | switch_clause_list case_label_list statement_list
728                { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
729        ;
730
731choose_clause_list_opt:                                                                 // CFA
732        // empty
733                { $$ = 0; }
734        | choose_clause_list
735        ;
736
737choose_clause_list:                                                                             // CFA
738        case_label_list fall_through
739                { $$ = $1->append_last_case($2); }
740        | case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
741                { $$ = $1->append_last_case((StatementNode *)mkList((*$2,*$3))); }
742        | choose_clause_list case_label_list fall_through
743                { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case($3))); }
744        | choose_clause_list case_label_list statement_list fall_through_opt
745                { $$ = (StatementNode *)($1->set_link($2->append_last_case((StatementNode *)mkList((*$3,*$4))))); }
746        ;
747
748fall_through_opt:                                                                               // CFA
749        // empty
750                { $$ = 0; }
751        | fall_through
752        ;
753
754fall_through:                                                                                   // CFA
755        FALLTHRU                                                                        { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
756        | FALLTHRU ';'                                                          { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Fallthru, 0, 0); }
757        ;
758
759iteration_statement:
760        WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' statement
761                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::While, $3, $5); }
762        | DO statement WHILE '(' comma_expression ')' ';'
763                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Do, $5, $2); }
764        | FOR '(' push for_control_expression ')' statement
765                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::For, $4, $6); }
766        ;
767
768for_control_expression:
769        comma_expression_opt pop ';' comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt
770                { $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $4, $6); }
771        | declaration comma_expression_opt ';' comma_expression_opt // C99
772                // Like C++, the loop index can be declared local to the loop.
773                { $$ = new ForCtlExprNode($1, $2, $4); }
774        ;
775
776jump_statement:
777        GOTO no_attr_identifier ';'
778                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $2); }
779        | GOTO '*' comma_expression ';'                                         // GCC, computed goto
780                // The syntax for the GCC computed goto violates normal expression precedence, e.g., goto *i+3; =>
781                // goto *(i+3); whereas normal operator precedence yields goto (*i)+3;
782                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Goto, $3); }
783        | CONTINUE ';'
784                // A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
785                // statement.
786                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, 0, 0); }
787        | CONTINUE no_attr_identifier ';'                                       // CFA, multi-level continue
788                // A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
789                // statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
790                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Continue, $2); }
791        | BREAK ';'
792                // A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
793                // statement.
794                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, 0, 0); }
795        | BREAK no_attr_identifier ';'                                          // CFA, multi-level exit
796                // A semantic check is required to ensure this statement appears only in the body of an iteration
797                // statement, and the target of the transfer appears only at the start of an iteration statement.
798                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Break, $2 ); }
799        | RETURN comma_expression_opt ';'
800                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Return, $2, 0); }
801        | THROW assignment_expression ';'
802                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, $2, 0); }
803        | THROW ';'
804                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Throw, 0, 0); }
805        ;
806
807exception_statement:
808        TRY compound_statement handler_list
809                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode *)(mkList((*$2,*$3)))); }
810        | TRY compound_statement finally_clause
811                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode *)(mkList((*$2,*$3)))); }
812        | TRY compound_statement handler_list finally_clause
813                {
814                        $3->set_link($4);
815                        $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Try, 0,(StatementNode *)(mkList((*$2,*$3))));
816                }
817        ;
818
819handler_list:
820                // There must be at least one catch clause
821        handler_clause
822                // ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 15.3(6) If present, a "..." handler shall be the last handler for its try
823                // block.
824        | CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
825                { $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $5, true ); }
826        | handler_clause CATCH '(' ELLIPSIS ')' compound_statement
827                { $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt( 0, $6, true ) ); }
828        ;
829
830handler_clause:
831        CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
832                { $$ = StatementNode::newCatchStmt($5, $8); }
833        | handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
834                { $$ = $1->set_link( StatementNode::newCatchStmt($6, $9) ); }
835        ;
836
837finally_clause:
838        FINALLY compound_statement
839                {
840                        $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Finally, 0, $2);
841                        std::cout << "Just created a finally node" << std::endl;
842                }
843        ;
844
845exception_declaration:
846                // A semantic check is required to ensure type_specifier does not create a new type, e.g.:
847                //
848                //              catch ( struct { int i; } x ) ...
849                //
850                // This new type cannot catch any thrown type because of name equivalence among types.
851        type_specifier
852        | type_specifier declarator
853                {
854                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
855                        $$ = $2->addType( $1 );
856                }
857        | type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
858                { $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
859        | new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier      // CFA
860                {
861                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
862                        $$ = $1->addName( $2 );
863                }
864        | new_abstract_declarator_tuple                                         // CFA
865        ;
866
867asm_statement:
868        ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ')' ';'
869                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
870        | ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';' // remaining GCC
871                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
872        | ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ')' ';'
873                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
874        | ASM type_qualifier_list_opt '(' constant_expression ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_operands_opt ':' asm_clobbers_list ')' ';'
875                { $$ = new StatementNode(StatementNode::Asm, 0, 0); }
876        ;
877
878asm_operands_opt:                                                                               // GCC
879        // empty
880        | asm_operands_list
881        ;
882
883asm_operands_list:                                                                              // GCC
884        asm_operand
885        | asm_operands_list ',' asm_operand
886        ;
887
888asm_operand:                                                                                    // GCC
889        STRINGliteral '(' constant_expression ')'               {}
890        ;
891
892asm_clobbers_list:                                                                              // GCC
893        STRINGliteral                                                           {}
894        | asm_clobbers_list ',' STRINGliteral
895        ;
896
897//******************************* DECLARATIONS *********************************
898
899declaration_list_opt:                                                                   // used at beginning of switch statement
900        pop
901                { $$ = 0; }
902        | declaration_list
903        ;
904
905declaration_list:
906        declaration
907        | declaration_list push declaration
908                { $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
909        ;
910
911old_declaration_list_opt:                                                               // used to declare parameter types in K&R style functions
912        pop
913                { $$ = 0; }
914        | old_declaration_list
915        ;
916
917old_declaration_list:
918        old_declaration
919        | old_declaration_list push old_declaration
920                { $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
921        ;
922
923label_declaration_opt:                                                                  // GCC, local label
924        // empty
925        | label_declaration_list
926        ;
927
928label_declaration_list:                                                                 // GCC, local label
929        LABEL label_list ';'
930        | label_declaration_list LABEL label_list ';'
931        ;
932
933label_list:                                                                                             // GCC, local label
934        no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name                      {}
935        | label_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name {}
936        ;
937
938declaration:                                                                                    // CFA, new & old style declarations
939        new_declaration
940        | old_declaration
941        ;
942
943// C declaration syntax is notoriously confusing and error prone. Cforall provides its own type, variable and
944// function declarations. CFA declarations use the same declaration tokens as in C; however, CFA places
945// declaration modifiers to the left of the base type, while C declarations place modifiers to the right of
946// the base type. CFA declaration modifiers are interpreted from left to right and the entire type
947// specification is distributed across all variables in the declaration list (as in Pascal).  ANSI C and the
948// new CFA declarations may appear together in the same program block, but cannot be mixed within a specific
949// declaration.
950//
951//                      CFA                                     C
952//              [10] int x;                     int x[10];              // array of 10 integers
953//              [10] * char y;          char *y[10];    // array of 10 pointers to char
954
955new_declaration:                                                                                // CFA
956        new_variable_declaration pop ';'
957        | new_typedef_declaration pop ';'
958        | new_function_declaration pop ';'
959        | type_declaring_list pop ';'
960        | context_specifier pop ';'
961        ;
962
963new_variable_declaration:                                                               // CFA
964        new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
965                {
966                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
967                        $$ = $1;
968                }
969        | declaration_qualifier_list new_variable_specifier initializer_opt
970                // declaration_qualifier_list also includes type_qualifier_list, so a semantic check is necessary to
971                // preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot appear in that context.
972                {
973                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
974                        $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
975                }
976        | new_variable_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name initializer_opt
977                {
978                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
979                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
980                }
981        ;
982
983new_variable_specifier:                                                                 // CFA
984                // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or
985                // explicit static storage-class
986        new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
987                {
988                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
989                        $$ = $1->addName( $2 );
990                }
991        | new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
992                {
993                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$2 );
994                        $$ = $1->addName( $2 );
995                }
996        | type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name asm_name_opt
997                {
998                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *$3 );
999                        $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addName( $3 );
1000                }
1001        ;
1002
1003new_function_declaration:                                                               // CFA
1004        new_function_specifier
1005                {
1006                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1007                        $$ = $1;
1008                }
1009        | type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1010                {
1011                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1012                        $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1013                }
1014        | declaration_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1015                {
1016                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1017                        $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 );
1018                }
1019        | declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list new_function_specifier
1020                {
1021                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1022                        $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $2 );
1023                }
1024        | new_function_declaration pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1025                {
1026                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::ID );
1027                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1028                }
1029        ;
1030
1031new_function_specifier:                                                                 // CFA
1032        '[' push pop ']' identifier '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1033                {
1034                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1035                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1036                }
1037        | '[' push pop ']' TYPEDEFname '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1038                {
1039                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($5) );
1040                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $5, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $8, 0, true );
1041                }
1042                // identifier_or_typedef_name must be broken apart because of the sequence:
1043                //
1044                //   '[' ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
1045                //   '[' ']' type_specifier
1046                //
1047                // type_specifier can resolve to just TYPEDEFname (e.g. typedef int T; int f( T );). Therefore this
1048                // must be flattened to allow lookahead to the '(' without having to reduce
1049                // identifier_or_typedef_name.
1050        | new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1051                // To obtain LR(1), this rule must be factored out from function return type (see
1052                //   new_abstract_declarator).
1053                {
1054                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1055                }
1056        | new_function_return identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
1057                {
1058                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( $2, $1, $5, 0, true );
1059                }
1060        ;
1061
1062new_function_return:                                                                    // CFA
1063        '[' push new_parameter_list pop ']'
1064                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
1065        | '[' push new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
1066                // To obtain LR(1), the last new_abstract_parameter_list is added into this flattened rule to
1067                // lookahead to the ']'.
1068                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3->appendList( $7 ) ); }
1069        ;
1070
1071new_typedef_declaration:                                                                // CFA
1072        TYPEDEF new_variable_specifier
1073                {
1074                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1075                        $$ = $2->addTypedef();
1076                }
1077        | TYPEDEF new_function_specifier
1078                {
1079                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1080                        $$ = $2->addTypedef();
1081                }
1082        | new_typedef_declaration pop ',' push no_attr_identifier
1083                {
1084                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( *$5, TypedefTable::TD);
1085                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1086                }
1087        ;
1088
1089// Traditionally typedef is part of storage-class specifier for syntactic convenience only. Here, it is
1090// factored out as a separate form of declaration, which syntactically precludes storage-class specifiers and
1091// initialization.
1092
1093typedef_declaration:
1094        TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator
1095                {
1096                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1097                        $$ = $3->addType( $2 )->addTypedef();
1098                }
1099        | typedef_declaration pop ',' push declarator
1100                {
1101                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1102                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 )->addTypedef() );
1103                }
1104        | type_qualifier_list TYPEDEF type_specifier declarator // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1105                {
1106                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1107                        $$ = $4->addType( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 )->addTypedef();
1108                }
1109        | type_specifier TYPEDEF declarator
1110                {
1111                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1112                        $$ = $3->addType( $1 )->addTypedef();
1113                }
1114        | type_specifier TYPEDEF type_qualifier_list declarator
1115                {
1116                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::TD);
1117                        $$ = $4->addQualifiers($1)->addTypedef()->addType($1);
1118                }
1119        ;
1120
1121typedef_expression:                                                                             // GCC, naming expression type
1122        TYPEDEF no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1123                {
1124                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD);
1125                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1126                }
1127        | typedef_expression pop ',' push no_attr_identifier '=' assignment_expression
1128                {
1129                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($5), TypedefTable::TD);
1130                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); // XXX
1131                }
1132        ;
1133
1134old_declaration:
1135        declaring_list pop ';'
1136        | typedef_declaration pop ';'
1137        | typedef_expression pop ';'                                            // GCC, naming expression type
1138        | sue_declaration_specifier pop ';'
1139        ;
1140
1141declaring_list:
1142                // A semantic check is required to ensure asm_name only appears on declarations with implicit or
1143                // explicit static storage-class
1144        declaration_specifier declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1145                {
1146                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1147                        $$ = ($2->addType( $1 ))->addInitializer($4);
1148                }
1149        | declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt declarator asm_name_opt initializer_opt
1150                {
1151                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1152                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4->addInitializer($6) ) );
1153                }
1154        ;
1155
1156declaration_specifier:                                                                  // type specifier + storage class
1157        basic_declaration_specifier
1158        | sue_declaration_specifier
1159        | typedef_declaration_specifier
1160        | typegen_declaration_specifier
1161        ;
1162
1163type_specifier:                                                                                 // declaration specifier - storage class
1164        basic_type_specifier
1165        | sue_type_specifier
1166        | typedef_type_specifier
1167        | typegen_type_specifier
1168        ;
1169
1170type_qualifier_list_opt:                                                                // GCC, used in asm_statement
1171        // empty
1172                { $$ = 0; }
1173        | type_qualifier_list
1174        ;
1175
1176type_qualifier_list:
1177                // A semantic check is necessary to ensure a type qualifier is appropriate for the kind of
1178                // declaration.
1179                //
1180                // ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.3(4) : If the same qualifier appears more than once in the same
1181                // specifier-qualifier-list, either directly or via one or more typedefs, the behavior is the same as
1182                // if it appeared only once.
1183        type_qualifier
1184        | type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
1185                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1186        ;
1187
1188type_qualifier:
1189        type_qualifier_name
1190        | attribute
1191                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Attribute ); }
1192        ;
1193
1194type_qualifier_name:
1195        CONST
1196                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Const ); }
1197        | RESTRICT
1198                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Restrict ); }
1199        | VOLATILE
1200                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Volatile ); }
1201        | LVALUE                                                                                        // CFA
1202                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Lvalue ); }
1203        | ATOMIC
1204                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newQualifier( DeclarationNode::Atomic ); }
1205        | FORALL '('
1206                {
1207                        typedefTable.enterScope();
1208                }
1209          type_parameter_list ')'                                                       // CFA
1210                {
1211                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1212                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newForall( $4 );
1213                }
1214        ;
1215
1216declaration_qualifier_list:
1217        storage_class_list
1218        | type_qualifier_list storage_class_list                        // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1219                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1220        | declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list storage_class_list
1221                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1222        ;
1223
1224storage_class_list:
1225                // A semantic check is necessary to ensure a storage class is appropriate for the kind of declaration
1226                // and that only one of each is specified, except for inline, which can appear with the others.
1227                //
1228                // ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.1(2) : At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the
1229                // declaration specifiers in a declaration.
1230        storage_class
1231        | storage_class_list storage_class
1232                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1233        ;
1234
1235storage_class:
1236        storage_class_name
1237        ;
1238
1239storage_class_name:
1240        EXTERN
1241                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Extern ); }
1242        | STATIC
1243                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Static ); }
1244        | AUTO
1245                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Auto ); }
1246        | REGISTER
1247                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Register ); }
1248        | INLINE                                                                                        // C99
1249                // INLINE is essentially a storage class specifier for functions, and hence, belongs here.
1250                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Inline ); }
1251        | FORTRAN                                                                                       // C99
1252                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newStorageClass( DeclarationNode::Fortran ); }
1253        ;
1254
1255basic_type_name:
1256        CHAR
1257                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Char ); }
1258        | DOUBLE
1259                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Double ); }
1260        | FLOAT
1261                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Float ); }
1262        | INT
1263                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Int ); }
1264        | LONG
1265                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Long ); }
1266        | SHORT
1267                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Short ); }
1268        | SIGNED
1269                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Signed ); }
1270        | UNSIGNED
1271                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newModifier( DeclarationNode::Unsigned ); }
1272        | VOID
1273                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Void ); }
1274        | BOOL                                                                                          // C99
1275                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Bool ); }
1276        | COMPLEX                                                                                       // C99
1277                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Complex ); }
1278        | IMAGINARY                                                                                     // C99
1279                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBasicType( DeclarationNode::Imaginary ); }
1280        ;
1281
1282basic_declaration_specifier:
1283                // A semantic check is necessary for conflicting storage classes.
1284        basic_type_specifier
1285        | declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_specifier
1286                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1287        | basic_declaration_specifier storage_class                     // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1288                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1289        | basic_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1290                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1291        | basic_declaration_specifier storage_class basic_type_specifier
1292                { $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $2 )->addType( $1 ); }
1293        ;
1294
1295basic_type_specifier:
1296        direct_type_name
1297        | type_qualifier_list_opt indirect_type_name type_qualifier_list_opt
1298                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1299        ;
1300
1301direct_type_name:
1302                // A semantic check is necessary for conflicting type qualifiers.
1303        basic_type_name
1304        | type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
1305                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1306        | direct_type_name type_qualifier
1307                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1308        | direct_type_name basic_type_name
1309                { $$ = $1->addType( $2 ); }
1310        ;
1311
1312indirect_type_name:
1313        TYPEOF '(' type_name ')'                                                        // GCC: typeof(x) y;
1314                { $$ = $3; }
1315        | TYPEOF '(' comma_expression ')'                                       // GCC: typeof(a+b) y;
1316                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeof( $3 ); }
1317        | ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' type_name ')'                            // CFA: e.g., @type(x) y;
1318                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1319        | ATTR_TYPEGENname '(' comma_expression ')'                     // CFA: e.g., @type(a+b) y;
1320                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAttr( $1, $3 ); }
1321        ;
1322
1323sue_declaration_specifier:
1324        sue_type_specifier
1325        | declaration_qualifier_list sue_type_specifier
1326                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1327        | sue_declaration_specifier storage_class                       // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1328                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1329        | sue_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1330                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1331        ;
1332
1333sue_type_specifier:
1334        elaborated_type_name                                                            // struct, union, enum
1335        | type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
1336                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1337        | sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
1338                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1339        ;
1340
1341typedef_declaration_specifier:
1342        typedef_type_specifier
1343        | declaration_qualifier_list typedef_type_specifier
1344                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1345        | typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class           // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1346                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1347        | typedef_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1348                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1349        ;
1350
1351typedef_type_specifier:                                                                 // typedef types
1352        TYPEDEFname
1353                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $1 ); }
1354        | type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
1355                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypedef( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1356        | typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
1357                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1358        ;
1359
1360elaborated_type_name:
1361        aggregate_name
1362        | enum_name
1363        ;
1364
1365aggregate_name:
1366        aggregate_key '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1367                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, 0, 0, $3 ); }
1368        | aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1369                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, 0 ); }
1370        | aggregate_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}'
1371                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $2, 0, 0, $4 ); }
1372        | aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1373                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, 0, $8 ); }
1374        | aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1375                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, 0 ); }
1376        | aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1377                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, $4, 0, $9 ); }
1378        | aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1379                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, 0, $4, $8, $11 ); }
1380        | aggregate_key '(' push type_name_list pop ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name // CFA
1381                // push and pop are only to prevent S/R conflicts
1382                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $7, 0, $4, 0 ); }
1383        | aggregate_key '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '(' type_name_list ')' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' field_declaration_list '}' // CFA
1384                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newAggregate( $1, $10, $4, $8, $12 ); }
1385        ;
1386
1387aggregate_key:
1388        STRUCT attribute_list_opt
1389                { $$ = DeclarationNode::Struct; }
1390        | UNION attribute_list_opt
1391                { $$ = DeclarationNode::Union; }
1392        ;
1393
1394field_declaration_list:
1395        field_declaration
1396                { $$ = $1; }
1397        | field_declaration_list field_declaration
1398                { $$ = $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1399        ;
1400
1401field_declaration:
1402        new_field_declaring_list ';'                                            // CFA, new style field declaration
1403        | EXTENSION new_field_declaring_list ';'                        // GCC
1404                { $$ = $2; }
1405        | field_declaring_list ';'
1406        | EXTENSION field_declaring_list ';'                            // GCC
1407                { $$ = $2; }
1408        ;
1409
1410new_field_declaring_list:                                                               // CFA, new style field declaration
1411        new_abstract_declarator_tuple                                           // CFA, no field name
1412        | new_abstract_declarator_tuple no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1413                { $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1414        | new_field_declaring_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1415                { $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $3 ) ); }
1416        | new_field_declaring_list ','                                          // CFA, no field name
1417                { $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( 0 ) ); }
1418        ;
1419
1420field_declaring_list:
1421        type_specifier field_declarator
1422                { $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1423        | field_declaring_list ',' attribute_list_opt field_declarator
1424                { $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $4 ) ); }
1425        ;
1426
1427field_declarator:
1428        // empty
1429                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( 0 ); /* XXX */ } // CFA, no field name
1430        | bit_subrange_size                                                                     // no field name
1431                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newBitfield( $1 ); }
1432        | variable_declarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1433                // A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1434                { $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1435        | typedef_redeclarator bit_subrange_size_opt
1436                // A semantic check is required to ensure bit_subrange only appears on base type int.
1437                { $$ = $1->addBitfield( $2 ); }
1438        | variable_abstract_declarator                                          // CFA, no field name
1439        ;
1440
1441bit_subrange_size_opt:
1442        // empty
1443                { $$ = 0; }
1444        | bit_subrange_size
1445                { $$ = $1; }
1446        ;
1447
1448bit_subrange_size:
1449        ':' constant_expression
1450                { $$ = $2; }
1451        ;
1452
1453enum_key:
1454        ENUM attribute_list_opt
1455        ;
1456
1457enum_name:
1458        enum_key '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1459                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( 0, $3 ); }
1460        | enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '{' enumerator_list comma_opt '}'
1461                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, $4 ); }
1462        | enum_key no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1463                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnum( $2, 0 ); }
1464        ;
1465
1466enumerator_list:
1467        no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1468                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $1, $2 ); }
1469        | enumerator_list ',' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name enumerator_value_opt
1470                { $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newEnumConstant( $3, $4 ) ); }
1471        ;
1472
1473enumerator_value_opt:
1474        // empty
1475                { $$ = 0; }
1476        | '=' constant_expression
1477                { $$ = $2; }
1478        ;
1479
1480// Minimum of one parameter after which ellipsis is allowed only at the end.
1481
1482new_parameter_type_list_opt:                                                    // CFA
1483        // empty
1484                { $$ = 0; }
1485        | new_parameter_type_list
1486        ;
1487
1488new_parameter_type_list:                                                                // CFA, abstract + real
1489        new_abstract_parameter_list
1490        | new_parameter_list
1491        | new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list
1492                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1493        | new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1494                { $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1495        | new_parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1496                { $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1497        ;
1498
1499new_parameter_list:                                                                             // CFA
1500                // To obtain LR(1) between new_parameter_list and new_abstract_tuple, the last
1501                // new_abstract_parameter_list is factored out from new_parameter_list, flattening the rules to get
1502                // lookahead to the ']'.
1503        new_parameter_declaration
1504        | new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1505                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1506        | new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1507                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1508        | new_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_parameter_declaration
1509                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 )->appendList( $9 ); }
1510        ;
1511
1512new_abstract_parameter_list:                                                    // CFA, new & old style abstract
1513        new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1514        | new_abstract_parameter_list pop ',' push new_abstract_parameter_declaration
1515                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1516        ;
1517
1518parameter_type_list_opt:
1519        // empty
1520                { $$ = 0; }
1521        | parameter_type_list
1522        ;
1523
1524parameter_type_list:
1525        parameter_list
1526        | parameter_list pop ',' push ELLIPSIS
1527                { $$ = $1->addVarArgs(); }
1528        ;
1529
1530parameter_list:                                                                                 // abstract + real
1531        abstract_parameter_declaration
1532        | parameter_declaration
1533        | parameter_list pop ',' push abstract_parameter_declaration
1534                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1535        | parameter_list pop ',' push parameter_declaration
1536                { $$ = $1->appendList( $5 ); }
1537        ;
1538
1539// Provides optional identifier names (abstract_declarator/variable_declarator), no initialization, different
1540// semantics for typedef name by using typedef_parameter_redeclarator instead of typedef_redeclarator, and
1541// function prototypes.
1542
1543new_parameter_declaration:                                                              // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1544        parameter_declaration
1545        | new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1546                { $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1547        | new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1548                // To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1549                { $$ = $1->addName( $2 ); }
1550        | type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name assignment_opt
1551                { $$ = $2->addName( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1552        | new_function_specifier
1553        ;
1554
1555new_abstract_parameter_declaration:                                             // CFA, new & old style parameter declaration
1556        abstract_parameter_declaration
1557        | new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
1558        | new_abstract_tuple
1559                // To obtain LR(1), these rules must be duplicated here (see new_abstract_declarator).
1560        | type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
1561                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1562        | new_abstract_function
1563        ;
1564
1565parameter_declaration:
1566        declaration_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator assignment_opt
1567                {
1568                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1569                        $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1570                }
1571        | declaration_specifier typedef_parameter_redeclarator assignment_opt
1572                {
1573                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1574                        $$ = $2->addType( $1 )->addInitializer( new InitializerNode($3) );
1575                }
1576        ;
1577
1578abstract_parameter_declaration:
1579        declaration_specifier
1580        | declaration_specifier abstract_parameter_declarator
1581                { $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1582        ;
1583
1584// ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.9.1(6) : "An identifier declared as a typedef name shall not be redeclared as a
1585// parameter." Because the scope of the K&R-style parameter-list sees the typedef first, the following is
1586// based only on identifiers.  The ANSI-style parameter-list can redefine a typedef name.
1587
1588identifier_list:                                                                                // K&R-style parameter list => no types
1589        no_attr_identifier
1590                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 ); }
1591        | identifier_list ',' no_attr_identifier
1592                { $$ = $1->appendList( DeclarationNode::newName( $3 ) ); }
1593        ;
1594
1595identifier_or_typedef_name:
1596        identifier
1597        | TYPEDEFname
1598        | TYPEGENname
1599        ;
1600
1601no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1602        no_01_identifier
1603        | TYPEDEFname
1604        | TYPEGENname
1605        ;
1606
1607no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name:
1608        no_attr_identifier
1609        | TYPEDEFname
1610        | TYPEGENname
1611        ;
1612
1613type_name_no_function:                                                                  // sizeof, alignof, cast (constructor)
1614        new_abstract_declarator_tuple                                           // CFA
1615        | type_specifier
1616        | type_specifier variable_abstract_declarator
1617                { $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1618        ;
1619
1620type_name:                                                                                              // typeof, assertion
1621        new_abstract_declarator_tuple                                           // CFA
1622        | new_abstract_function                                                         // CFA
1623        | type_specifier
1624        | type_specifier abstract_declarator
1625                { $$ = $2->addType( $1 ); }
1626        ;
1627
1628initializer_opt:
1629        // empty
1630                { $$ = 0; }
1631        | '=' initializer                                                       { $$ = $2; }
1632        ;
1633
1634initializer:
1635        assignment_expression                                           { $$ = new InitializerNode($1); }
1636        | '{' initializer_list comma_opt '}'            { $$ = new InitializerNode($2, true); }
1637        ;
1638
1639initializer_list:
1640        initializer
1641        | designation initializer                                       { $$ = $2->set_designators( $1 ); }
1642        | initializer_list ',' initializer                      { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link($3) ); }
1643        | initializer_list ',' designation initializer
1644                { $$ = (InitializerNode *)( $1->set_link( $4->set_designators($3) ) ); }
1645        ;
1646
1647// There is an unreconcileable parsing problem between C99 and CFA with respect to designators. The problem is
1648// use of '=' to separator the designator from the initializer value, as in:
1649//
1650//              int x[10] = { [1] = 3 };
1651//
1652// The string "[1] = 3" can be parsed as a designator assignment or a tuple assignment.  To disambiguate this
1653// case, CFA changes the syntax from "=" to ":" as the separator between the designator and initializer. GCC
1654// does uses ":" for field selection. The optional use of the "=" in GCC, or in this case ":", cannot be
1655// supported either due to shift/reduce conflicts
1656
1657designation:
1658        designator_list ':'                                                                     // C99, CFA uses ":" instead of "="
1659        | no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name ':'                        // GCC, field name
1660                                { $$ = new VarRefNode( $1 ); }
1661        ;
1662
1663designator_list:                                                                                // C99
1664        designator
1665        | designator_list designator                                    { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link( $2 )); }
1666        ;
1667
1668designator:
1669        '.' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name                          // C99, field name
1670                { $$ = new VarRefNode( $2 ); }
1671        | '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'                        // C99, single array element
1672                // assignment_expression used instead of constant_expression because of shift/reduce conflicts with
1673                // tuple.
1674                { $$ = $3; }
1675        | '[' push subrange pop ']'                                                     // CFA, multiple array elements
1676                { $$ = $3; }
1677        | '[' push constant_expression ELLIPSIS constant_expression pop ']' // GCC, multiple array elements
1678                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $3, $5); }
1679        | '.' '[' push field_list pop ']'                                       // CFA, tuple field selector
1680                { $$ = $4; }
1681        ;
1682
1683// The CFA type system is based on parametric polymorphism, the ability to declare functions with type
1684// parameters, rather than an object-oriented type system. This required four groups of extensions:
1685//
1686// Overloading: function, data, and operator identifiers may be overloaded.
1687//
1688// Type declarations: "type" is used to generate new types for declaring objects. Similarly, "dtype" is used
1689//     for object and incomplete types, and "ftype" is used for function types. Type declarations with
1690//     initializers provide definitions of new types. Type declarations with storage class "extern" provide
1691//     opaque types.
1692//
1693// Polymorphic functions: A forall clause declares a type parameter. The corresponding argument is inferred at
1694//     the call site. A polymorphic function is not a template; it is a function, with an address and a type.
1695//
1696// Specifications and Assertions: Specifications are collections of declarations parameterized by one or more
1697//     types. They serve many of the purposes of abstract classes, and specification hierarchies resemble
1698//     subclass hierarchies. Unlike classes, they can define relationships between types.  Assertions declare
1699//     that a type or types provide the operations declared by a specification.  Assertions are normally used
1700//     to declare requirements on type arguments of polymorphic functions.
1701
1702typegen_declaration_specifier:                                                  // CFA
1703        typegen_type_specifier
1704        | declaration_qualifier_list typegen_type_specifier
1705                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1706        | typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class           // remaining OBSOLESCENT (see 2)
1707                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1708        | typegen_declaration_specifier storage_class type_qualifier_list
1709                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $3 ); }
1710        ;
1711
1712typegen_type_specifier:                                                                 // CFA
1713        TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1714                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $1, $3 ); }
1715        | type_qualifier_list TYPEGENname '(' type_name_list ')'
1716                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFromTypeGen( $2, $4 )->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1717        | typegen_type_specifier type_qualifier
1718                { $$ = $1->addQualifiers( $2 ); }
1719        ;
1720
1721type_parameter_list:                                                                    // CFA
1722        type_parameter assignment_opt
1723        | type_parameter_list ',' type_parameter assignment_opt
1724                { $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1725        ;
1726
1727type_parameter:                                                                                 // CFA
1728        type_class no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1729                { typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::TD); }
1730          assertion_list_opt
1731                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeParam( $1, $2 )->addAssertions( $4 ); }
1732        | type_specifier identifier_parameter_declarator
1733        ;
1734
1735type_class:                                                                                             // CFA
1736        TYPE
1737                { $$ = DeclarationNode::Type; }
1738        | DTYPE
1739                { $$ = DeclarationNode::Ftype; }
1740        | FTYPE
1741                { $$ = DeclarationNode::Dtype; }
1742        ;
1743
1744assertion_list_opt:                                                                             // CFA
1745        // empty
1746                { $$ = 0; }
1747        | assertion_list_opt assertion
1748                { $$ = $1 == 0 ? $2 : $1->appendList( $2 ); }
1749        ;
1750
1751assertion:                                                                                              // CFA
1752        '|' no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' type_name_list ')'
1753                {
1754                        typedefTable.openContext( *($2) );
1755                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newContextUse( $2, $4 );
1756                }
1757        | '|' '{' push context_declaration_list '}'
1758                { $$ = $4; }
1759        | '|' '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' push context_declaration_list '}' '(' type_name_list ')'
1760                { $$ = 0; }
1761        ;
1762
1763type_name_list:                                                                                 // CFA
1764        type_name
1765                { $$ = new TypeValueNode( $1 ); }
1766        | assignment_expression
1767        | type_name_list ',' type_name
1768                { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link(new TypeValueNode( $3 ))); }
1769        | type_name_list ',' assignment_expression
1770                { $$ = (ExpressionNode *)($1->set_link($3)); }
1771        ;
1772
1773type_declaring_list:                                                                    // CFA
1774        TYPE type_declarator
1775                { $$ = $2; }
1776        | storage_class_list TYPE type_declarator
1777                { $$ = $3->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
1778        | type_declaring_list ',' type_declarator
1779                { $$ = $1->appendList( $3->copyStorageClasses( $1 ) ); }
1780        ;
1781
1782type_declarator:                                                                                // CFA
1783        type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt
1784                { $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 ); }
1785        | type_declarator_name assertion_list_opt '=' type_name
1786                { $$ = $1->addAssertions( $2 )->addType( $4 ); }
1787        ;
1788
1789type_declarator_name:                                                                   // CFA
1790        no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name
1791                {
1792                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TD);
1793                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, 0 );
1794                }
1795        | no_01_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')'
1796                {
1797                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($1), TypedefTable::TG);
1798                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl( $1, $4 );
1799                }
1800        ;
1801
1802context_specifier:                                                                              // CFA
1803        CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{' '}'
1804                {
1805                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1806                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, 0 );
1807                }
1808        | CONTEXT no_attr_identifier_or_typedef_name '(' push type_parameter_list pop ')' '{'
1809                {
1810                        typedefTable.enterContext( *($2) );
1811                        typedefTable.enterScope();
1812                }
1813          context_declaration_list '}'
1814                {
1815                        typedefTable.leaveContext();
1816                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope(*($2), TypedefTable::ID );
1817                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newContext( $2, $5, $10 );
1818                }
1819        ;
1820
1821context_declaration_list:                                                               // CFA
1822        context_declaration
1823        | context_declaration_list push context_declaration
1824                { $$ = $1->appendList( $3 ); }
1825        ;
1826
1827context_declaration:                                                                    // CFA
1828        new_context_declaring_list pop ';'
1829        | context_declaring_list pop ';'
1830        ;
1831
1832new_context_declaring_list:                                                             // CFA
1833        new_variable_specifier
1834                {
1835                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1836                        $$ = $1;
1837                }
1838        | new_function_specifier
1839                {
1840                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1841                        $$ = $1;
1842                }
1843        | new_context_declaring_list pop ',' push identifier_or_typedef_name
1844                {
1845                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( *($5), TypedefTable::ID );
1846                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneType( $5 ) );
1847                }
1848        ;
1849
1850context_declaring_list:                                                                 // CFA
1851        type_specifier declarator
1852                {
1853                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1854                        $$ = $2->addType( $1 );
1855                }
1856        | context_declaring_list pop ',' push declarator
1857                {
1858                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope2( TypedefTable::ID );
1859                        $$ = $1->appendList( $1->cloneBaseType( $5 ) );
1860                }
1861        ;
1862
1863//***************************** EXTERNAL DEFINITIONS *****************************
1864
1865translation_unit:
1866        // empty
1867                {}                                                                                              // empty input file
1868        | external_definition_list
1869                {
1870                        if ( theTree ) {
1871                                theTree->appendList( $1 );
1872                        } else {
1873                                theTree = $1;
1874                        }
1875                }
1876        ;
1877
1878external_definition_list:
1879        external_definition
1880        | external_definition_list push external_definition
1881                { $$ = ($1 != NULL ) ? $1->appendList( $3 ) : $3; }
1882        ;
1883
1884external_definition_list_opt:
1885        // empty
1886                { $$ = 0; }
1887        | external_definition_list
1888        ;
1889
1890external_definition:
1891        declaration
1892        | external_function_definition
1893        | asm_statement                                                                         // GCC, global assembler statement
1894                {}
1895        | EXTERN STRINGliteral
1896                {
1897                        linkageStack.push( linkage );
1898                        linkage = LinkageSpec::fromString( *$2 );
1899                }
1900          '{' external_definition_list_opt '}'                          // C++-style linkage specifier
1901                {
1902                        linkage = linkageStack.top();
1903                        linkageStack.pop();
1904                        $$ = $5;
1905                }
1906        | EXTENSION external_definition
1907                { $$ = $2; }
1908        ;
1909
1910external_function_definition:
1911        function_definition
1912
1913                // These rules are a concession to the "implicit int" type_specifier because there is a significant
1914                // amount of code with functions missing a type-specifier on the return type.  Parsing is possible
1915                // because function_definition does not appear in the context of an expression (nested functions would
1916                // preclude this concession). A function prototype declaration must still have a type_specifier.
1917                // OBSOLESCENT (see 1)
1918        | function_declarator compound_statement
1919                {
1920                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1921                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1922                        $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1923                }
1924        | old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1925                {
1926                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1927                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1928                        $$ = $1->addOldDeclList( $3 )->addFunctionBody( $4 );
1929                }
1930        ;
1931
1932function_definition:
1933        new_function_declaration compound_statement                     // CFA
1934                {
1935                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1936                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1937                        $$ = $1->addFunctionBody( $2 );
1938                }
1939        | declaration_specifier function_declarator compound_statement
1940                {
1941                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1942                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1943                        $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addType( $1 );
1944                }
1945        | type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1946                {
1947                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1948                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1949                        $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1950                }
1951        | declaration_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1952                {
1953                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1954                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1955                        $$ = $2->addFunctionBody( $3 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1956                }
1957        | declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list function_declarator compound_statement
1958                {
1959                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1960                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1961                        $$ = $3->addFunctionBody( $4 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1962                }
1963
1964                // Old-style K&R function definition, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1965        | declaration_specifier old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1966                {
1967                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1968                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1969                        $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addType( $1 );
1970                }
1971        | type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1972                {
1973                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1974                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1975                        $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1976                }
1977
1978                // Old-style K&R function definition with "implicit int" type_specifier, OBSOLESCENT (see 4)
1979        | declaration_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1980                {
1981                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1982                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1983                        $$ = $2->addOldDeclList( $4 )->addFunctionBody( $5 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1984                }
1985        | declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator push old_declaration_list_opt compound_statement
1986                {
1987                        typedefTable.addToEnclosingScope( TypedefTable::ID );
1988                        typedefTable.leaveScope();
1989                        $$ = $3->addOldDeclList( $5 )->addFunctionBody( $6 )->addQualifiers( $2 )->addQualifiers( $1 );
1990                }
1991        ;
1992
1993declarator:
1994        variable_declarator
1995        | function_declarator
1996        | typedef_redeclarator
1997        ;
1998
1999subrange:
2000        constant_expression '~' constant_expression                     // CFA, integer subrange
2001                { $$ = new CompositeExprNode(new OperatorNode(OperatorNode::Range), $1, $3); }
2002        ;
2003
2004asm_name_opt:                                                                                   // GCC
2005        // empty
2006        | ASM '(' string_literal_list ')' attribute_list_opt
2007        ;
2008
2009attribute_list_opt:                                                                             // GCC
2010        // empty
2011        | attribute_list
2012        ;
2013
2014attribute_list:                                                                                 // GCC
2015        attribute
2016        | attribute_list attribute
2017        ;
2018
2019attribute:                                                                                              // GCC
2020        ATTRIBUTE '(' '(' attribute_parameter_list ')' ')'
2021        ;
2022
2023attribute_parameter_list:                                                               // GCC
2024        attrib
2025        | attribute_parameter_list ',' attrib
2026        ;
2027
2028attrib:                                                                                                 // GCC
2029        // empty
2030        | any_word
2031        | any_word '(' comma_expression_opt ')'
2032        ;
2033
2034any_word:                                                                                               // GCC
2035        identifier_or_typedef_name {}
2036        | storage_class_name {}
2037        | basic_type_name {}
2038        | type_qualifier {}
2039        ;
2040
2041// ============================================================================
2042// The following sections are a series of grammar patterns used to parse declarators. Multiple patterns are
2043// necessary because the type of an identifier in wrapped around the identifier in the same form as its usage
2044// in an expression, as in:
2045//
2046//              int (*f())[10] { ... };
2047//              ... (*f())[3] += 1;             // definition mimics usage
2048//
2049// Because these patterns are highly recursive, changes at a lower level in the recursion require copying some
2050// or all of the pattern. Each of these patterns has some subtle variation to ensure correct syntax in a
2051// particular context.
2052// ============================================================================
2053
2054// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2055// The set of valid declarators before a compound statement for defining a function is less than the set of
2056// declarators to define a variable or function prototype, e.g.:
2057//
2058//              valid declaration               invalid definition
2059//              -----------------               ------------------
2060//              int f;                                  int f {}
2061//              int *f;                                 int *f {}
2062//              int f[10];                              int f[10] {}
2063//              int (*f)(int);                  int (*f)(int) {}
2064//
2065// To preclude this syntactic anomaly requires separating the grammar rules for variable and function
2066// declarators, hence variable_declarator and function_declarator.
2067// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2068
2069// This pattern parses a declaration of a variable that is not redefining a typedef name. The pattern
2070// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions.
2071
2072variable_declarator:
2073        paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2074        | variable_ptr
2075        | variable_array attribute_list_opt
2076        | variable_function attribute_list_opt
2077        ;
2078
2079paren_identifier:
2080        identifier
2081                {
2082                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2083                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2084                }
2085        | '(' paren_identifier ')'                                                      // redundant parenthesis
2086                { $$ = $2; }
2087        ;
2088
2089variable_ptr:
2090        '*' variable_declarator
2091                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2092        | '*' type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
2093                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2094        | '(' variable_ptr ')'
2095                { $$ = $2; }
2096        ;
2097
2098variable_array:
2099        paren_identifier array_dimension
2100                { $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2101        | '(' variable_ptr ')' array_dimension
2102                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2103        | '(' variable_array ')' multi_array_dimension          // redundant parenthesis
2104                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2105        | '(' variable_array ')'                                                        // redundant parenthesis
2106                { $$ = $2; }
2107        ;
2108
2109variable_function:
2110        '(' variable_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2111                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2112        | '(' variable_function ')'                                                     // redundant parenthesis
2113                { $$ = $2; }
2114        ;
2115
2116// This pattern parses a function declarator that is not redefining a typedef name. Because functions cannot
2117// be nested, there is no context where a function definition can redefine a typedef name. To allow nested
2118// functions requires further separation of variable and function declarators in typedef_redeclarator.  The
2119// pattern precludes returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2120
2121function_declarator:
2122        function_no_ptr attribute_list_opt
2123        | function_ptr
2124        | function_array attribute_list_opt
2125        ;
2126
2127function_no_ptr:
2128        paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2129                { $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2130        | '(' function_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2131                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2132        | '(' function_no_ptr ')'                                                       // redundant parenthesis
2133                { $$ = $2; }
2134        ;
2135
2136function_ptr:
2137        '*' function_declarator
2138                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2139        | '*' type_qualifier_list function_declarator
2140                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2141        | '(' function_ptr ')'
2142                { $$ = $2; }
2143        ;
2144
2145function_array:
2146        '(' function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2147                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2148        | '(' function_array ')' multi_array_dimension          // redundant parenthesis
2149                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2150        | '(' function_array ')'                                                        // redundant parenthesis
2151                { $$ = $2; }
2152        ;
2153
2154// This pattern parses an old-style K&R function declarator (OBSOLESCENT, see 4) that is not redefining a
2155// typedef name (see function_declarator for additional comments). The pattern precludes returning arrays and
2156// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2157
2158old_function_declarator:
2159        old_function_no_ptr
2160        | old_function_ptr
2161        | old_function_array
2162        ;
2163
2164old_function_no_ptr:
2165        paren_identifier '(' identifier_list ')'                        // function_declarator handles empty parameter
2166                { $$ = $1->addIdList( $3 ); }
2167        | '(' old_function_ptr ')' '(' identifier_list ')'
2168                { $$ = $2->addIdList( $5 ); }
2169        | '(' old_function_no_ptr ')'                                           // redundant parenthesis
2170                { $$ = $2; }
2171        ;
2172
2173old_function_ptr:
2174        '*' old_function_declarator
2175                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2176        | '*' type_qualifier_list old_function_declarator
2177                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2178        | '(' old_function_ptr ')'
2179                { $$ = $2; }
2180        ;
2181
2182old_function_array:
2183        '(' old_function_ptr ')' array_dimension
2184                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2185        | '(' old_function_array ')' multi_array_dimension      // redundant parenthesis
2186                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2187        | '(' old_function_array ')'                                            // redundant parenthesis
2188                { $$ = $2; }
2189        ;
2190
2191// This pattern parses a declaration for a variable or function prototype that redefines a typedef name, e.g.:
2192//
2193//              typedef int foo;
2194//              {
2195//                 int foo; // redefine typedef name in new scope
2196//              }
2197//
2198// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2199// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2200
2201typedef_redeclarator:
2202        paren_typedef attribute_list_opt
2203        | typedef_ptr
2204        | typedef_array attribute_list_opt
2205        | typedef_function attribute_list_opt
2206        ;
2207
2208paren_typedef:
2209        TYPEDEFname
2210                {
2211                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2212                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2213                }
2214        | '(' paren_typedef ')'
2215                { $$ = $2; }
2216        ;
2217
2218typedef_ptr:
2219        '*' typedef_redeclarator
2220                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2221        | '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_redeclarator
2222                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2223        | '(' typedef_ptr ')'
2224                { $$ = $2; }
2225        ;
2226
2227typedef_array:
2228        paren_typedef array_dimension
2229                { $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2230        | '(' typedef_ptr ')' array_dimension
2231                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2232        | '(' typedef_array ')' multi_array_dimension           // redundant parenthesis
2233                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2234        | '(' typedef_array ')'                                                         // redundant parenthesis
2235                { $$ = $2; }
2236        ;
2237
2238typedef_function:
2239        paren_typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2240                { $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2241        | '(' typedef_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2242                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2243        | '(' typedef_function ')'                                                      // redundant parenthesis
2244                { $$ = $2; }
2245        ;
2246
2247// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is not redefining a
2248// typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.  The pattern
2249// precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays
2250// and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2251
2252identifier_parameter_declarator:
2253        paren_identifier attribute_list_opt
2254        | identifier_parameter_ptr
2255        | identifier_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2256        | identifier_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2257        ;
2258
2259identifier_parameter_ptr:
2260        '*' identifier_parameter_declarator
2261                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2262        | '*' type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
2263                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2264        | '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')'
2265                { $$ = $2; }
2266        ;
2267
2268identifier_parameter_array:
2269        paren_identifier array_parameter_dimension
2270                { $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2271        | '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' array_dimension
2272                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2273        | '(' identifier_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2274                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2275        | '(' identifier_parameter_array ')'                            // redundant parenthesis
2276                { $$ = $2; }
2277        ;
2278
2279identifier_parameter_function:
2280        paren_identifier '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2281                { $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2282        | '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2283                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2284        | '(' identifier_parameter_function ')'                         // redundant parenthesis
2285                { $$ = $2; }
2286        ;
2287
2288// This pattern parses a declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is redefining a
2289// typedef name, e.g.:
2290//
2291//              typedef int foo;
2292//              int f( int foo ); // redefine typedef name in new scope
2293//
2294// and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.  In addition, the pattern
2295// handles the special meaning of parenthesis around a typedef name:
2296//
2297//              ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.3(11) : "In a parameter declaration, a single typedef name in
2298//              parentheses is taken to be an abstract declarator that specifies a function with a single parameter,
2299//              not as redundant parentheses around the identifier."
2300//
2301// which precludes the following cases:
2302//
2303//              typedef float T;
2304//              int f( int ( T [5] ) );                                 // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2305//              int g( int ( T ( int ) ) );                             // see abstract_parameter_declarator
2306//              int f( int f1( T a[5] ) );                              // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2307//              int g( int g1( T g2( int p ) ) );               // see identifier_parameter_declarator
2308//
2309// In essence, a '(' immediately to the left of typedef name, T, is interpreted as starting a parameter type
2310// list, and not as redundant parentheses around a redeclaration of T. Finally, the pattern also precludes
2311// declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and returning arrays and
2312// functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2313
2314typedef_parameter_redeclarator:
2315        typedef attribute_list_opt
2316        | typedef_parameter_ptr
2317        | typedef_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2318        | typedef_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2319        ;
2320
2321typedef:
2322        TYPEDEFname
2323                {
2324                        typedefTable.setNextIdentifier( *($1) );
2325                        $$ = DeclarationNode::newName( $1 );
2326                }
2327        ;
2328
2329typedef_parameter_ptr:
2330        '*' typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2331                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2332        | '*' type_qualifier_list typedef_parameter_redeclarator
2333                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2334        | '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')'
2335                { $$ = $2; }
2336        ;
2337
2338typedef_parameter_array:
2339        typedef array_parameter_dimension
2340                { $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2341        | '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2342                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2343        ;
2344
2345typedef_parameter_function:
2346        typedef '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'        // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2347                { $$ = $1->addParamList( $4 ); }
2348        | '(' typedef_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2349                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2350        ;
2351
2352// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2353// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2354//
2355//              sizeof( int );
2356//              sizeof( int [10] );
2357//
2358// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2359// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2360
2361abstract_declarator:
2362        abstract_ptr
2363        | abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2364        | abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2365        ;
2366
2367abstract_ptr:
2368        '*'
2369                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2370        | '*' type_qualifier_list
2371                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2372        | '*' abstract_declarator
2373                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2374        | '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
2375                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2376        | '(' abstract_ptr ')'
2377                { $$ = $2; }
2378        ;
2379
2380abstract_array:
2381        array_dimension
2382        | '(' abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2383                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2384        | '(' abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension          // redundant parenthesis
2385                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2386        | '(' abstract_array ')'                                                        // redundant parenthesis
2387                { $$ = $2; }
2388        ;
2389
2390abstract_function:
2391        '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'                        // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2392                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2393        | '(' abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2394                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2395        | '(' abstract_function ')'                                                     // redundant parenthesis
2396                { $$ = $2; }
2397        ;
2398
2399array_dimension:
2400                // Only the first dimension can be empty.
2401        '[' push pop ']'
2402                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2403        | '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension
2404                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false )->addArray( $5 ); }
2405        | multi_array_dimension
2406        ;
2407
2408multi_array_dimension:
2409        '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2410                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $3, 0, false ); }
2411        | '[' push '*' pop ']'                                                          // C99
2412                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ); }
2413        | multi_array_dimension '[' push assignment_expression pop ']'
2414                { $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, 0, false ) ); }
2415        | multi_array_dimension '[' push '*' pop ']'            // C99
2416                { $$ = $1->addArray( DeclarationNode::newVarArray( 0 ) ); }
2417        ;
2418
2419// This pattern parses a declaration of a parameter abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is no
2420// identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2421//
2422//              int f( int );                   // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2423//              int f( int (int) );             // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2424//
2425// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2426// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2427
2428abstract_parameter_declarator:
2429        abstract_parameter_ptr
2430        | abstract_parameter_array attribute_list_opt
2431        | abstract_parameter_function attribute_list_opt
2432        ;
2433
2434abstract_parameter_ptr:
2435        '*'
2436                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2437        | '*' type_qualifier_list
2438                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2439        | '*' abstract_parameter_declarator
2440                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2441        | '*' type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
2442                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2443        | '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')'
2444                { $$ = $2; }
2445        ;
2446
2447abstract_parameter_array:
2448        array_parameter_dimension
2449        | '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' array_parameter_dimension
2450                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2451        | '(' abstract_parameter_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2452                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2453        | '(' abstract_parameter_array ')'                                      // redundant parenthesis
2454                { $$ = $2; }
2455        ;
2456
2457abstract_parameter_function:
2458        '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'                        // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2459                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, 0, $3, 0 ); }
2460        | '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2461                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2462        | '(' abstract_parameter_function ')'                           // redundant parenthesis
2463                { $$ = $2; }
2464        ;
2465
2466array_parameter_dimension:
2467                // Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers.
2468        array_parameter_1st_dimension
2469        | array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension
2470                { $$ = $1->addArray( $2 ); }
2471        | multi_array_dimension
2472        ;
2473
2474// The declaration of an array parameter has additional syntax over arrays in normal variable declarations:
2475//
2476//              ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.5.2(1) : "The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall
2477//              appear only in a declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the
2478//              outermost array type derivation."
2479
2480array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2481        '[' push pop ']'
2482                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ); }
2483        // multi_array_dimension handles the '[' '*' ']' case
2484        | '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']'                      // remaining C99
2485                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2486        | '[' push type_qualifier_list pop ']'
2487                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, $3, false ); }
2488        // multi_array_dimension handles the '[' assignment_expression ']' case
2489        | '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2490                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2491        | '[' push STATIC type_qualifier_list_opt assignment_expression pop ']'
2492                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4, true ); }
2493        | '[' push type_qualifier_list STATIC assignment_expression pop ']'
2494                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $3, true ); }
2495        ;
2496
2497// This pattern parses a declaration of an abstract variable, i.e., there is no identifier to which the type
2498// applies, e.g.:
2499//
2500//              sizeof( int ); // abstract variable; no identifier name specified
2501//
2502// The pattern precludes declaring an array of functions versus a pointer to an array of functions, and
2503// returning arrays and functions versus pointers to arrays and functions.
2504
2505variable_abstract_declarator:
2506        variable_abstract_ptr
2507        | variable_abstract_array attribute_list_opt
2508        | variable_abstract_function attribute_list_opt
2509        ;
2510
2511variable_abstract_ptr:
2512        '*'
2513                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
2514        | '*' type_qualifier_list
2515                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
2516        | '*' variable_abstract_declarator
2517                { $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2518        | '*' type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
2519                { $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
2520        | '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')'
2521                { $$ = $2; }
2522        ;
2523
2524variable_abstract_array:
2525        array_dimension
2526        | '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' array_dimension
2527                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2528        | '(' variable_abstract_array ')' multi_array_dimension // redundant parenthesis
2529                { $$ = $2->addArray( $4 ); }
2530        | '(' variable_abstract_array ')'                                       // redundant parenthesis
2531                { $$ = $2; }
2532        ;
2533
2534variable_abstract_function:
2535        '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' '(' push parameter_type_list_opt pop ')' // empty parameter list OBSOLESCENT (see 3)
2536                { $$ = $2->addParamList( $6 ); }
2537        | '(' variable_abstract_function ')'                            // redundant parenthesis
2538                { $$ = $2; }
2539        ;
2540
2541// This pattern parses a new-style declaration for a parameter variable or function prototype that is either
2542// an identifier or typedef name and allows the C99 array options, which can only appear in a parameter list.
2543
2544new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple:                              // CFA
2545        new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple
2546        | new_abstract_tuple
2547        | type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2548                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2549        ;
2550
2551new_identifier_parameter_declarator_no_tuple:                   // CFA
2552        new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2553        | new_identifier_parameter_array
2554        ;
2555
2556new_identifier_parameter_ptr:                                                   // CFA
2557        '*' type_specifier
2558                { $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2559        | type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2560                { $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2561        | '*' new_abstract_function
2562                { $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2563        | type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2564                { $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2565        | '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2566                { $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2567        | type_qualifier_list '*' new_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
2568                { $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2569        ;
2570
2571new_identifier_parameter_array:                                                 // CFA
2572                // Only the first dimension can be empty or have qualifiers. Empty dimension must be factored out due
2573                // to shift/reduce conflict with new-style empty (void) function return type.
2574        '[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2575                { $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2576        | new_array_parameter_1st_dimension type_specifier
2577                { $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2578        | '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2579                { $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2580        | new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2581                { $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2582        | multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2583                { $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2584        | '[' push pop ']' new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2585                { $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2586        | new_array_parameter_1st_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2587                { $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2588        | '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2589                { $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2590        | new_array_parameter_1st_dimension multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2591                { $$ = $3->addNewArray( $2 )->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2592        | multi_array_dimension new_identifier_parameter_ptr
2593                { $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2594        ;
2595
2596new_array_parameter_1st_dimension:
2597        '[' push type_qualifier_list '*' pop ']'                        // remaining C99
2598                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newVarArray( $3 ); }
2599        | '[' push type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2600                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, false ); }
2601        | '[' push declaration_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2602                // declaration_qualifier_list must be used because of shift/reduce conflict with
2603                // assignment_expression, so a semantic check is necessary to preclude them as a type_qualifier cannot
2604                // appear in this context.
2605                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $4, $3, true ); }
2606        | '[' push declaration_qualifier_list type_qualifier_list assignment_expression pop ']'
2607                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newArray( $5, $4->addQualifiers( $3 ), true ); }
2608        ;
2609
2610// This pattern parses a new-style declaration of an abstract variable or function prototype, i.e., there is
2611// no identifier to which the type applies, e.g.:
2612//
2613//              [int] f( int );                         // abstract variable parameter; no parameter name specified
2614//              [int] f( [int] (int) );         // abstract function-prototype parameter; no parameter name specified
2615//
2616// These rules need LR(3):
2617//
2618//              new_abstract_tuple identifier_or_typedef_name
2619//              '[' new_parameter_list ']' identifier_or_typedef_name '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2620//
2621// since a function return type can be syntactically identical to a tuple type:
2622//
2623//              [int, int] t;
2624//              [int, int] f( int );
2625//
2626// Therefore, it is necessary to look at the token after identifier_or_typedef_name to know when to reduce
2627// new_abstract_tuple. To make this LR(1), several rules have to be flattened (lengthened) to allow the
2628// necessary lookahead. To accomplish this, new_abstract_declarator has an entry point without tuple, and
2629// tuple declarations are duplicated when appearing with new_function_specifier.
2630
2631new_abstract_declarator_tuple:                                                  // CFA
2632        new_abstract_tuple
2633        | type_qualifier_list new_abstract_tuple
2634                { $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $1 ); }
2635        | new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple
2636        ;
2637
2638new_abstract_declarator_no_tuple:                                               // CFA
2639        new_abstract_ptr
2640        | new_abstract_array
2641        ;
2642
2643new_abstract_ptr:                                                                               // CFA
2644        '*' type_specifier
2645                { $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2646        | type_qualifier_list '*' type_specifier
2647                { $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2648        | '*' new_abstract_function
2649                { $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2650        | type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_function
2651                { $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2652        | '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2653                { $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
2654        | type_qualifier_list '*' new_abstract_declarator_tuple
2655                { $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
2656        ;
2657
2658new_abstract_array:                                                                             // CFA
2659                // Only the first dimension can be empty. Empty dimension must be factored out due to shift/reduce
2660                // conflict with empty (void) function return type.
2661        '[' push pop ']' type_specifier
2662                { $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2663        | '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2664                { $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2665        | multi_array_dimension type_specifier
2666                { $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2667        | '[' push pop ']' new_abstract_ptr
2668                { $$ = $5->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2669        | '[' push pop ']' multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2670                { $$ = $6->addNewArray( $5 )->addNewArray( DeclarationNode::newArray( 0, 0, false ) ); }
2671        | multi_array_dimension new_abstract_ptr
2672                { $$ = $2->addNewArray( $1 ); }
2673        ;
2674
2675new_abstract_tuple:                                                                             // CFA
2676        '[' push new_abstract_parameter_list pop ']'
2677                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newTuple( $3 ); }
2678        ;
2679
2680new_abstract_function:                                                                  // CFA
2681        '[' push pop ']' '(' new_parameter_type_list_opt ')'
2682                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, DeclarationNode::newTuple( 0 ), $6, 0 ); }
2683        | new_abstract_tuple '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2684                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2685        | new_function_return '(' push new_parameter_type_list_opt pop ')'
2686                { $$ = DeclarationNode::newFunction( 0, $1, $4, 0 ); }
2687        ;
2688
2689// 1) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.7.2(2) : "At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration
2690//    specifiers in each declaration, and in the specifier-qualifier list in each structure declaration and
2691//    type name."
2692//
2693// 2) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.5(1) : "The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the
2694//    beginning of the declaration specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature."
2695//
2696// 3) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.6(1) : "The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not
2697//    prototype-format parameter type declarators) is an obsolescent feature."
2698//
2699// 4) ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Section 6.11.7(1) : "The use of function definitions with separate parameter
2700//    identifier and declaration lists (not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an
2701//    obsolescent feature.
2702
2703//************************* MISCELLANEOUS ********************************
2704
2705comma_opt:                                                                                              // redundant comma
2706        // empty
2707        | ','
2708        ;
2709
2710assignment_opt:
2711        // empty
2712                { $$ = 0; }
2713        | '=' assignment_expression
2714                { $$ = $2; }
2715        ;
2716
2717%%
2718// ----end of grammar----
2719
2720void yyerror( char *string ) {
2721        using std::cout;
2722        using std::endl;
2723        cout << "Error ";
2724        if ( yyfilename ) {
2725                cout << "in file " << yyfilename << " ";
2726        }
2727        cout << "at line " << yylineno << " reading token \"" << *(yylval.tok.str) << "\"" << endl;
2728}
2729
2730// Local Variables: //
2731// fill-column: 110 //
2732// tab-width: 4 //
2733// mode: c++ //
2734// compile-command: "make install" //
2735// End: //
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