source: src/GenPoly/Box.cpp@ ecaedf35

//
// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
//
// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
//
// Box.cpp -- Implement polymorphic function calls and types.
//
// Author           : Andrew Beach
// Created On       : Thr Oct  6 13:39:00 2022
// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
// Last Modified On : Thu Dec 14 17:42:17 2023
// Update Count     : 7
//

#include "Box.hpp"

#include "AST/Decl.hpp"                // for Decl, FunctionDecl, ...
#include "AST/Expr.hpp"                // for AlignofExpr, ConstantExpr, ...
#include "AST/Init.hpp"                // for Init, SingleInit
#include "AST/Inspect.hpp"             // for getFunctionName
#include "AST/Pass.hpp"                // for Pass, WithDeclsToAdd, ...
#include "AST/Stmt.hpp"                // for CompoundStmt, ExprStmt, ...
#include "AST/Vector.hpp"              // for vector
#include "AST/GenericSubstitution.hpp" // for genericSubstitution
#include "CodeGen/OperatorTable.hpp"   // for isAssignment
#include "Common/Iterate.hpp"          // for group_iterate
#include "Common/ScopedMap.hpp"        // for ScopedMap
#include "Common/ToString.hpp"         // for toCString
#include "Common/UniqueName.hpp"       // for UniqueName
#include "GenPoly/FindFunction.hpp"    // for findFunction
#include "GenPoly/GenPoly.hpp"         // for getFunctionType, isPolyType, ...
#include "GenPoly/Lvalue.hpp"          // for generalizedLvalue
#include "GenPoly/ScopedSet.hpp"       // for ScopedSet
#include "GenPoly/ScrubTypeVars.hpp"   // for scrubTypeVars, scrubAllTypeVars
#include "ResolvExpr/Unify.hpp"        // for typesCompatible
#include "SymTab/Mangler.hpp"          // for mangle, mangleType

namespace GenPoly {

namespace {

/// The layout type is used to represent sizes, alignments and offsets.
ast::BasicType * makeLayoutType() {
        return new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicKind::LongUnsignedInt );
}

/// Fixed version of layout type (just adding a 'C' in C++ style).
ast::BasicType * makeLayoutCType() {
        return new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicKind::LongUnsignedInt,
                ast::CV::Qualifiers( ast::CV::Const ) );
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Adds layout-generation functions to polymorphic types.
struct LayoutFunctionBuilder final :
                public ast::WithDeclsToAdd<>,
                public ast::WithShortCircuiting,
                public ast::WithVisitorRef<LayoutFunctionBuilder> {
        void previsit( ast::StructDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::UnionDecl const * decl );
};

/// Get all sized type declarations; those that affect a layout function.
ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> takeSizedParams(
                ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> const & decls ) {
        ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> sizedParams;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::TypeDecl> const & decl : decls ) {
                if ( decl->isComplete() ) {
                        sizedParams.emplace_back( decl );
                }
        }
        return sizedParams;
}

/// Adds parameters for otype size and alignment to a function type.
void addSTypeParams(
                ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType> & params,
                ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> const & sizedParams ) {
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::TypeDecl> const & sizedParam : sizedParams ) {
                ast::TypeInstType inst( sizedParam );
                std::string paramName = Mangle::mangleType( &inst );
                params.emplace_back( new ast::ObjectDecl(
                        sizedParam->location,
                        sizeofName( paramName ),
                        makeLayoutCType()
                ) );
                params.emplace_back( new ast::ObjectDecl(
                        sizedParam->location,
                        alignofName( paramName ),
                        makeLayoutCType()
                ) );
        }
}

ast::Type * makeLayoutOutType() {
        return new ast::PointerType( makeLayoutType() );
}

struct LayoutData {
        ast::FunctionDecl * function;
        ast::ObjectDecl * sizeofParam;
        ast::ObjectDecl * alignofParam;
        ast::ObjectDecl * offsetofParam;
};

LayoutData buildLayoutFunction(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::AggregateDecl const * aggr,
                ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> const & sizedParams,
                bool isInFunction, bool isStruct ) {
        ast::ObjectDecl * sizeParam = new ast::ObjectDecl(
                location,
                sizeofName( aggr->name ),
                makeLayoutOutType()
        );
        ast::ObjectDecl * alignParam = new ast::ObjectDecl(
                location,
                alignofName( aggr->name ),
                makeLayoutOutType()
        );
        ast::ObjectDecl * offsetParam = nullptr;
        ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType> params = { sizeParam, alignParam };
        if ( isStruct ) {
                offsetParam = new ast::ObjectDecl(
                        location,
                        offsetofName( aggr->name ),
                        makeLayoutOutType()
                );
                params.push_back( offsetParam );
        }
        addSTypeParams( params, sizedParams );

        // Routines at global scope marked "static" to prevent multiple
        // definitions is separate translation units because each unit generates
        // copies of the default routines for each aggregate.
        ast::FunctionDecl * layoutDecl = new ast::FunctionDecl(
                location,
                layoutofName( aggr ),
                {}, // forall
                {}, // assertions
                std::move( params ),
                {}, // returns
                new ast::CompoundStmt( location ),
                isInFunction ? ast::Storage::Classes() : ast::Storage::Static,
                ast::Linkage::AutoGen,
                {}, // attrs
                ast::Function::Inline,
                ast::FixedArgs
        );
        layoutDecl->fixUniqueId();
        return LayoutData{ layoutDecl, sizeParam, alignParam, offsetParam };
}

/// Makes a binary operation.
ast::Expr * makeOp( CodeLocation const & location, std::string const & name,
                ast::Expr const * lhs, ast::Expr const * rhs ) {
        return new ast::UntypedExpr( location,
                new ast::NameExpr( location, name ), { lhs, rhs } );
}

/// Make a binary operation and wrap it in a statement.
ast::Stmt * makeOpStmt( CodeLocation const & location, std::string const & name,
                ast::Expr const * lhs, ast::Expr const * rhs ) {
        return new ast::ExprStmt( location, makeOp( location, name, lhs, rhs ) );
}

/// Returns the dereference of a local pointer variable.
ast::Expr * derefVar(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::ObjectDecl const * var ) {
        return ast::UntypedExpr::createDeref( location,
                new ast::VariableExpr( location, var ) );
}

/// Makes an if-statement with a single-expression then and no else.
ast::Stmt * makeCond( CodeLocation const & location,
                ast::Expr const * cond, ast::Expr const * thenPart ) {
        return new ast::IfStmt( location,
                cond, new ast::ExprStmt( location, thenPart ), nullptr );
}

/// Makes a statement that aligns lhs to rhs (rhs should be an integer
/// power of two).
ast::Stmt * makeAlignTo( CodeLocation const & location,
                ast::Expr const * lhs, ast::Expr const * rhs ) {
        // Check that the lhs is zeroed out to the level of rhs.
        ast::Expr * ifCond = makeOp( location, "?&?", lhs,
                makeOp( location, "?-?", rhs,
                                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 1 ) ) );
        // If not aligned, increment to alignment.
        ast::Expr * ifExpr = makeOp( location, "?+=?", ast::deepCopy( lhs ),
                makeOp( location, "?-?", ast::deepCopy( rhs ),
                                ast::deepCopy( ifCond ) ) );
        return makeCond( location, ifCond, ifExpr );
}

/// Makes a statement that assigns rhs to lhs if lhs < rhs.
ast::Stmt * makeAssignMax( CodeLocation const & location,
                ast::Expr const * lhs, ast::Expr const * rhs ) {
        return makeCond( location,
                makeOp( location, "?<?", ast::deepCopy( lhs ), ast::deepCopy( rhs ) ),
                makeOp( location, "?=?", lhs, rhs ) );
}

void LayoutFunctionBuilder::previsit( ast::StructDecl const * decl ) {
        // Do not generate layout function for empty tag structures.
        visit_children = false;
        if ( decl->members.empty() ) return;

        // Get parameters that can change layout, exiting early if none.
        ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> sizedParams =
                takeSizedParams( decl->params );
        if ( sizedParams.empty() ) return;

        CodeLocation const & location = decl->location;

        // Build layout function signature.
        LayoutData layout = buildLayoutFunction(
                location, decl, sizedParams, isInFunction(), true );
        ast::FunctionDecl * layoutDecl = layout.function;
        // Also return these or extract them from the parameter list?
        ast::ObjectDecl const * sizeofParam = layout.sizeofParam;
        ast::ObjectDecl const * alignofParam = layout.alignofParam;
        ast::ObjectDecl const * offsetofParam = layout.offsetofParam;
        assert( nullptr != layout.offsetofParam );

        // Calculate structure layout in function body.
        // Initialize size and alignment to 0 and 1
        // (Will have at least one member to update size).
        auto & kids = layoutDecl->stmts.get_and_mutate()->kids;
        kids.emplace_back( makeOpStmt( location, "?=?",
                derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 0 )
        ) );
        kids.emplace_back( makeOpStmt( location, "?=?",
                derefVar( location, alignofParam ),
                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 1 )
        ) );
        // TODO: Polymorphic types will be out of the struct declaration scope.
        // This breaks invariants until it is corrected later.
        for ( auto const & member : enumerate( decl->members ) ) {
                auto dwt = member.val.strict_as<ast::DeclWithType>();
                ast::Type const * memberType = dwt->get_type();

                if ( 0 < member.idx ) {
                        // Make sure all later members have padding to align them.
                        kids.emplace_back( makeAlignTo( location,
                                derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                                new ast::AlignofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( memberType ) )
                        ) );
                }

                // Place current size in the current offset index.
                kids.emplace_back( makeOpStmt( location, "?=?",
                        makeOp( location, "?[?]",
                                new ast::VariableExpr( location, offsetofParam ),
                                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, member.idx ) ),
                        derefVar( location, sizeofParam ) ) );

                // Add member size to current size.
                kids.emplace_back( makeOpStmt( location, "?+=?",
                        derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                        new ast::SizeofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( memberType ) ) ) );

                // Take max of member alignment and global alignment.
                // (As align is always 2^n, this will always be a multiple of both.)
                kids.emplace_back( makeAssignMax( location,
                        derefVar( location, alignofParam ),
                        new ast::AlignofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( memberType ) ) ) );
        }
        // Make sure the type is end-padded to a multiple of its alignment.
        kids.emplace_back( makeAlignTo( location,
                derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                derefVar( location, alignofParam ) ) );

        declsToAddAfter.emplace_back( layoutDecl );
}

void LayoutFunctionBuilder::previsit( ast::UnionDecl const * decl ) {
        visit_children = false;
        // Do not generate layout function for empty tag unions.
        if ( decl->members.empty() ) return;

        // Get parameters that can change layout, exiting early if none.
        ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> sizedParams =
                takeSizedParams( decl->params );
        if ( sizedParams.empty() ) return;

        CodeLocation const & location = decl->location;

        // Build layout function signature.
        LayoutData layout = buildLayoutFunction(
                location, decl, sizedParams, isInFunction(), false );
        ast::FunctionDecl * layoutDecl = layout.function;
        // Also return these or extract them from the parameter list?
        ast::ObjectDecl const * sizeofParam = layout.sizeofParam;
        ast::ObjectDecl const * alignofParam = layout.alignofParam;
        assert( nullptr == layout.offsetofParam );

        // Calculate union layout in function body.
        // Both are simply the maximum for union (actually align is always the
        // LCM, but with powers of two that is also the maximum).
        auto & kids = layoutDecl->stmts.get_and_mutate()->kids;
        kids.emplace_back( makeOpStmt( location,
                "?=?", derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 1 )
        ) );
        kids.emplace_back( makeOpStmt( location,
                "?=?", derefVar( location, alignofParam ),
                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 1 )
        ) );
        // TODO: Polymorphic types will be out of the union declaration scope.
        // This breaks invariants until it is corrected later.
        for ( auto const & member : decl->members ) {
                auto dwt = member.strict_as<ast::DeclWithType>();
                ast::Type const * memberType = dwt->get_type();

                // Take max member size and global size.
                kids.emplace_back( makeAssignMax( location,
                        derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                        new ast::SizeofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( memberType ) )
                ) );

                // Take max of member alignment and global alignment.
                kids.emplace_back( makeAssignMax( location,
                        derefVar( location, alignofParam ),
                        new ast::AlignofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( memberType ) )
                ) );
        }
        kids.emplace_back( makeAlignTo( location,
                derefVar( location, sizeofParam ),
                derefVar( location, alignofParam ) ) );

        declsToAddAfter.emplace_back( layoutDecl );
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Application expression transformer.
/// * Replaces polymorphic return types with out-parameters.
/// * Replaces call to polymorphic functions with adapter calls which handles
///   dynamic arguments and return values.
/// * Adds appropriate type variables to the function calls.
struct CallAdapter final :
                public ast::WithConstTypeSubstitution,
                public ast::WithGuards,
                public ast::WithShortCircuiting,
                public ast::WithStmtsToAdd<>,
                public ast::WithVisitorRef<CallAdapter> {
        CallAdapter();

        void previsit( ast::Decl const * decl );
        ast::FunctionDecl const * previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::CommaExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::ApplicationExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::UntypedExpr const * expr );
        void previsit( ast::AddressExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::AddressExpr const * expr );
        ast::ReturnStmt const * previsit( ast::ReturnStmt const * stmt );

        void beginScope();
        void endScope();
private:
        // Many helpers here use a mutable ApplicationExpr as an in/out parameter
        // instead of using the return value, to save on mutates and free up the
        // return value.

        /// Passes extra layout arguments for sized polymorphic type parameters.
        void passTypeVars(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::vector<ast::Expr> & extraArgs,
                ast::FunctionType const * funcType );
        /// Wraps a function application with a new temporary for the
        /// out-parameter return value.
        ast::Expr const * addRetParam(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr, ast::Type const * retType );
        /// Wraps a function application returning a polymorphic type with a new
        /// temporary for the out-parameter return value.
        ast::Expr const * addDynRetParam(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr, ast::Type const * polyType );
        /// Modify a call so it passes the function through the correct adapter.
        ast::Expr const * applyAdapter(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::FunctionType const * function );
        /// Convert a single argument into its boxed form to pass the parameter.
        void boxParam( ast::ptr<ast::Expr> & arg,
                ast::Type const * formal, TypeVarMap const & exprTyVars );
        /// Box every argument from arg forward, matching the functionType
        /// parameter list. arg should point into expr's argument list.
        void boxParams(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::Type const * polyRetType,
                ast::FunctionType const * function,
                const TypeVarMap & typeVars );
        /// Adds the inferred parameters derived from the assertions of the
        /// expression to the call.
        void addInferredParams(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::vector<ast::Expr> & extraArgs,
                ast::FunctionType const * functionType,
                const TypeVarMap & typeVars );
        /// Stores assignment operators from assertion list in
        /// local map of assignment operations.
        void passAdapters(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::FunctionType const * type,
                const TypeVarMap & typeVars );
        /// Create an adapter function based on the type of the adaptee and the
        /// real type with the type substitutions applied.
        ast::FunctionDecl * makeAdapter(
                ast::FunctionType const * adaptee,
                ast::FunctionType const * realType,
                std::string const & mangleName,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars,
                CodeLocation const & location ) const;
        /// Replaces intrinsic operator functions with their arithmetic desugaring.
        ast::Expr const * handleIntrinsics( ast::ApplicationExpr const * );
        /// Inserts a new temporary variable into the current scope with an
        /// auto-generated name.
        ast::ObjectDecl * makeTemporary(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::Type const * type );

        TypeVarMap scopeTypeVars;
        ScopedMap< std::string, ast::DeclWithType const * > adapters;
        std::map< ast::ApplicationExpr const *, ast::Expr const * > retVals;
        ast::DeclWithType const * retval;
        UniqueName tmpNamer;
};

/// Replaces a polymorphic type with its concrete equivalant under the
/// current environment (returns itself if concrete).
/// If `doClone` is set to false, will not clone interior types
ast::Type const * replaceWithConcrete(
                ast::Type const * type,
                ast::TypeSubstitution const & typeSubs,
                bool doCopy = true );

/// Replaces all the type parameters of a generic type with their
/// concrete equivalents under the current environment.
void replaceParametersWithConcrete(
                ast::vector<ast::Expr> & params,
                ast::TypeSubstitution const & typeSubs ) {
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Expr> & paramExpr : params ) {
                ast::TypeExpr const * param = paramExpr.as<ast::TypeExpr>();
                assertf( param, "Aggregate parameters should be type expressions." );
                paramExpr = ast::mutate_field( param, &ast::TypeExpr::type,
                        replaceWithConcrete( param->type.get(), typeSubs, false ) );
        }
}

ast::Type const * replaceWithConcrete(
                ast::Type const * type,
                ast::TypeSubstitution const & typeSubs,
                bool doCopy ) {
        if ( auto instType = dynamic_cast<ast::TypeInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                ast::Type const * concrete = typeSubs.lookup( instType );
                return ( nullptr != concrete ) ? concrete : instType;
        } else if ( auto structType =
                        dynamic_cast<ast::StructInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                ast::StructInstType * newType =
                        doCopy ? ast::deepCopy( structType ) : ast::mutate( structType );
                replaceParametersWithConcrete( newType->params, typeSubs );
                return newType;
        } else if ( auto unionType =
                        dynamic_cast<ast::UnionInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                ast::UnionInstType * newType =
                        doCopy ? ast::deepCopy( unionType ) : ast::mutate( unionType );
                replaceParametersWithConcrete( newType->params, typeSubs );
                return newType;
        } else {
                return type;
        }
}

std::string makePolyMonoSuffix(
                ast::FunctionType const * function,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars ) {
        // If the return type or a parameter type involved polymorphic types,
        // then the adapter will need to take those polymorphic types as pointers.
        // Therefore, there can be two different functions with the same mangled
        // name, so we need to further mangle the names.
        std::stringstream name;
        for ( auto ret : function->returns ) {
                name << ( isPolyType( ret, typeVars ) ? 'P' : 'M' );
        }
        name << '_';
        for ( auto arg : function->params ) {
                name << ( isPolyType( arg, typeVars ) ? 'P' : 'M' );
        }
        return name.str();
}

std::string mangleAdapterName(
                ast::FunctionType const * function,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars ) {
        return Mangle::mangle( function, {} )
                + makePolyMonoSuffix( function, typeVars );
}

std::string makeAdapterName( std::string const & mangleName ) {
        return "_adapter" + mangleName;
}

void makeRetParam( ast::FunctionType * type ) {
        ast::ptr<ast::Type> & retParam = type->returns.front();

        // Make a new parameter that is a pointer to the type of the old return value.
        retParam = new ast::PointerType( retParam.get() );
        type->params.emplace( type->params.begin(), retParam );

        // We don't need the return value any more.
        type->returns.clear();
}

ast::FunctionType * makeAdapterType(
                ast::FunctionType const * adaptee,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars ) {
        ast::FunctionType * adapter = ast::deepCopy( adaptee );
        if ( isDynRet( adapter, typeVars ) ) {
                makeRetParam( adapter );
        }
        adapter->params.emplace( adapter->params.begin(),
                new ast::PointerType( new ast::FunctionType( ast::VariableArgs ) )
        );
        return adapter;
}

CallAdapter::CallAdapter() : tmpNamer( "_temp" ) {}

void CallAdapter::previsit( ast::Decl const * ) {
        // Prevent type declaration information from leaking out.
        GuardScope( scopeTypeVars );
}

ast::FunctionDecl const * CallAdapter::previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        // Prevent type declaration information from leaking out.
        GuardScope( scopeTypeVars );

        if ( nullptr == decl->stmts ) {
                return decl;
        }

        GuardValue( retval );

        // Process polymorphic return value.
        retval = nullptr;
        ast::FunctionType const * type = decl->type;
        if ( isDynRet( type ) && decl->linkage != ast::Linkage::C ) {
                retval = decl->returns.front();

                // Give names to unnamed return values.
                if ( "" == retval->name ) {
                        auto mutRet = ast::mutate( retval );
                        mutRet->name = "_retparam";
                        mutRet->linkage = ast::Linkage::C;
                        retval = mutRet;
                        decl = ast::mutate_field_index( decl,
                                &ast::FunctionDecl::returns, 0, mutRet );
                }
        }

        // The formal_usage/expr_id values may be off if we get them from the
        // type, trying the declaration instead.
        makeTypeVarMap( type, scopeTypeVars );

        // Get all needed adapters from the call. We will forward them.
        ast::vector<ast::FunctionType> functions;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::VariableExpr> const & assertion : type->assertions ) {
                auto atype = assertion->result.get();
                findFunction( atype, functions, scopeTypeVars, needsAdapter );
        }

        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & arg : type->params ) {
                findFunction( arg, functions, scopeTypeVars, needsAdapter );
        }

        for ( auto funcType : functions ) {
                std::string mangleName = mangleAdapterName( funcType, scopeTypeVars );
                if ( adapters.contains( mangleName ) ) continue;
                std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );
                // NODE: This creates floating nodes, breaking invariants.
                // This is corrected in the RewireAdapters sub-pass.
                adapters.insert(
                        mangleName,
                        new ast::ObjectDecl(
                                decl->location,
                                adapterName,
                                new ast::PointerType(
                                        makeAdapterType( funcType, scopeTypeVars ) ),
                                nullptr, // init
                                ast::Storage::Classes(),
                                ast::Linkage::C
                        )
                );
        }

        return decl;
}

void CallAdapter::previsit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl ) {
        addToTypeVarMap( decl, scopeTypeVars );
}

void CallAdapter::previsit( ast::CommaExpr const * expr ) {
        // Attempting to find application expressions that were mutated by the
        // copy constructor passes to use an explicit return variable, so that
        // the variable can be reused as a parameter to the call rather than
        // creating a new temporary variable. Previously this step was an
        // optimization, but with the introduction of tuples and UniqueExprs,
        // it is necessary to ensure that they use the same variable.
        // Essentially, looking for pattern:
        // (x=f(...), x)
        // To compound the issue, the right side can be *x, etc.
        // because of lvalue-returning functions
        if ( auto assign = expr->arg1.as<ast::UntypedExpr>() ) {
                if ( CodeGen::isAssignment( ast::getFunctionName( assign ) ) ) {
                        assert( 2 == assign->args.size() );
                        if ( auto app = assign->args.back().as<ast::ApplicationExpr>() ) {
                                // First argument is assignable, so it must be an lvalue,
                                // so it should be legal to takes its address.
                                retVals.insert_or_assign( app, assign->args.front() );
                        }
                }
        }
}

ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::postvisit( ast::ApplicationExpr const * expr ) {
        assert( expr->func->result );
        ast::FunctionType const * function = getFunctionType( expr->func->result );
        assertf( function, "ApplicationExpr has non-function type %s",
                        toCString( expr->func->result ) );

        if ( auto newExpr = handleIntrinsics( expr ) ) {
                return newExpr;
        }

        ast::ApplicationExpr * mutExpr = ast::mutate( expr );
        ast::Expr const * ret = expr;

        TypeVarMap exprTypeVars;
        makeTypeVarMap( function, exprTypeVars );
        auto dynRetType = isDynRet( function, exprTypeVars );

        // NOTE: addDynRetParam needs to know the actual (generated) return type
        // so it can make a temporary variable, so pass the result type form the
        // `expr` `passTypeVars` needs to know the program-text return type ([ex]
        // the distinction between _conc_T30 and T3(int)) concRetType may not be
        // a good name in one or both of these places.
        if ( dynRetType ) {
                ast::Type const * result = mutExpr->result;
                ast::Type const * concRetType = result->isVoid() ? nullptr : result;
                // [Comment from before translation.]
                // Used to use dynRetType instead of concRetType.
                ret = addDynRetParam( mutExpr, concRetType );
        } else if ( needsAdapter( function, scopeTypeVars )
                        && !needsAdapter( function, exprTypeVars ) ) {
                // Change the application so it calls the adapter rather than the
                // passed function.
                ret = applyAdapter( mutExpr, function );
        }

        ast::vector<ast::Expr> prependArgs;
        passTypeVars( mutExpr, prependArgs, function );
        addInferredParams( mutExpr, prependArgs, function, exprTypeVars );

        boxParams( mutExpr, dynRetType, function, exprTypeVars );
        spliceBegin( mutExpr->args, prependArgs );
        passAdapters( mutExpr, function, exprTypeVars );

        return ret;
}

// Get the referent (base type of pointer). Must succeed.
ast::Type const * getReferentType( ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & type ) {
        auto pointerType = type.strict_as<ast::PointerType>();
        assertf( pointerType->base, "getReferentType: pointer base is nullptr." );
        return pointerType->base.get();
}

bool isPolyDeref( ast::UntypedExpr const * expr,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars,
                ast::TypeSubstitution const * typeSubs ) {
        auto name = expr->func.as<ast::NameExpr>();
        if ( name && "*?" == name->name ) {
                // It's a deref.
                // Must look under the * (and strip its ptr-ty) because expr's
                // result could be ar/ptr-decayed.  If expr.inner:T(*)[n], then
                // expr is a poly deref, even though expr:T*, which is not poly.
                auto referentType = getReferentType( expr->args.front()->result );
                return isPolyType( referentType, typeVars, typeSubs );
        }
        return false;
}

ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::postvisit( ast::UntypedExpr const * expr ) {
        if ( isPolyDeref( expr, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) ) {
                return expr->args.front();
        }
        return expr;
}

void CallAdapter::previsit( ast::AddressExpr const * ) {
        visit_children = false;
}

ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::postvisit( ast::AddressExpr const * expr ) {
        assert( expr->arg->result );
        assert( !expr->arg->result->isVoid() );

        bool doesNeedAdapter = false;
        if ( auto un = expr->arg.as<ast::UntypedExpr>() ) {
                if ( isPolyDeref( un, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) ) {
                        if ( auto app = un->args.front().as<ast::ApplicationExpr>() ) {
                                assert( app->func->result );
                                auto function = getFunctionType( app->func->result );
                                assert( function );
                                doesNeedAdapter = needsAdapter( function, scopeTypeVars );
                        }
                }
        }
        // isPolyType check needs to happen before mutating expr arg,
        // so pull it forward out of the if condition.
        expr = ast::mutate_field( expr, &ast::AddressExpr::arg,
                        expr->arg->accept( *visitor ) );
        // But must happen after mutate, since argument might change
        // (ex. intrinsic *?, ?[?]) re-evaluate above comment.
        bool polyType = isPolyType( expr->arg->result, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs );
        if ( polyType || doesNeedAdapter ) {
                ast::Expr * ret = ast::mutate( expr->arg.get() );
                ret->result = ast::deepCopy( expr->result );
                return ret;
        } else {
                return expr;
        }
}

ast::ReturnStmt const * CallAdapter::previsit( ast::ReturnStmt const * stmt ) {
        // Since retval is set when the return type is dynamic, this function
        // should have been converted to void return & out parameter.
        if ( retval && stmt->expr ) {
                assert( stmt->expr->result );
                assert( !stmt->expr->result->isVoid() );
                return ast::mutate_field( stmt, &ast::ReturnStmt::expr, nullptr );
        }
        return stmt;
}

void CallAdapter::beginScope() {
        adapters.beginScope();
}

void CallAdapter::endScope() {
        adapters.endScope();
}

/// Find instances of polymorphic type parameters.
struct PolyFinder {
        TypeVarMap const & typeVars;
        bool result = false;
        PolyFinder( TypeVarMap const & tvs ) : typeVars( tvs ) {}

        void previsit( ast::TypeInstType const * type ) {
                if ( isPolyType( type, typeVars ) ) result = true;
        }
};

/// True if these is an instance of a polymorphic type parameter in the type.
bool hasPolymorphism( ast::Type const * type, TypeVarMap const & typeVars ) {
        return ast::Pass<PolyFinder>::read( type, typeVars );
}

void CallAdapter::passTypeVars(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::vector<ast::Expr> & extraArgs,
                ast::FunctionType const * function ) {
        assert( typeSubs );
        // Pass size/align for type variables.
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::TypeInstType> const & typeVar : function->forall ) {
                if ( !typeVar->base->isComplete() ) continue;
                ast::Type const * concrete = typeSubs->lookup( typeVar );
                if ( !concrete ) {
                        // Should this be an assertion?
                        SemanticError( expr->location, "\nunbound type variable %s in application %s",
                                                   toString( typeSubs ).c_str(), typeVar->typeString().c_str() );
                }
                extraArgs.emplace_back(
                        new ast::SizeofExpr( expr->location, ast::deepCopy( concrete ) ) );
                extraArgs.emplace_back(
                        new ast::AlignofExpr( expr->location, ast::deepCopy( concrete ) ) );
        }
}

ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::addRetParam(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr, ast::Type const * retType ) {
        // Create temporary to hold return value of polymorphic function and
        // produce that temporary as a result using a comma expression.
        assert( retType );

        ast::Expr * paramExpr = nullptr;
        // Try to use existing return value parameter if it exists,
        // otherwise create a new temporary.
        if ( retVals.count( expr ) ) {
                paramExpr = ast::deepCopy( retVals[ expr ] );
        } else {
                auto newObj = makeTemporary( expr->location, ast::deepCopy( retType ) );
                paramExpr = new ast::VariableExpr( expr->location, newObj );
        }
        ast::Expr * retExpr = ast::deepCopy( paramExpr );

        // If the type of the temporary is not polpmorphic, box temporary by
        // taking its address; otherwise the temporary is already boxed and can
        // be used directly.
        if ( !isPolyType( paramExpr->result, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) ) {
                paramExpr = new ast::AddressExpr( paramExpr->location, paramExpr );
        }
        // Add argument to function call.
        expr->args.insert( expr->args.begin(), paramExpr );
        // Build a comma expression to call the function and return a value.
        ast::CommaExpr * comma = new ast::CommaExpr(
                expr->location, expr, retExpr );
        comma->env = expr->env;
        expr->env = nullptr;
        return comma;
}

ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::addDynRetParam(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr, ast::Type const * polyType ) {
        assert( typeSubs );
        ast::Type const * concrete = replaceWithConcrete( polyType, *typeSubs );
        // Add out-parameter for return value.
        return addRetParam( expr, concrete );
}

ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::applyAdapter(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::FunctionType const * function ) {
        ast::Expr const * ret = expr;
        if ( isDynRet( function, scopeTypeVars ) ) {
                ret = addRetParam( expr, function->returns.front() );
        }
        std::string mangleName = mangleAdapterName( function, scopeTypeVars );
        std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );

        // Cast adaptee to `void (*)()`, since it may have any type inside a
        // polymorphic function.
        ast::Type const * adapteeType = new ast::PointerType(
                new ast::FunctionType( ast::VariableArgs ) );
        expr->args.insert( expr->args.begin(),
                new ast::CastExpr( expr->location, expr->func, adapteeType ) );
        // The result field is never set on NameExpr. / Now it is.
        auto head = new ast::NameExpr( expr->location, adapterName );
        head->result = ast::deepCopy( adapteeType );
        expr->func = head;

        return ret;
}

/// Cast parameters to polymorphic functions so that types are replaced with
/// `void *` if they are type parameters in the formal type.
/// This gets rid of warnings from gcc.
void addCast(
                ast::ptr<ast::Expr> & actual,
                ast::Type const * formal,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars ) {
        // Type contains polymorphism, but isn't exactly a polytype, in which
        // case it has some real actual type (ex. unsigned int) and casting to
        // `void *` is wrong.
        if ( hasPolymorphism( formal, typeVars )
                        && !isPolyType( formal, typeVars ) ) {
                ast::Type const * newType = ast::deepCopy( formal );
                newType = scrubTypeVars( newType, typeVars );
                actual = new ast::CastExpr( actual->location, actual, newType );
        }
}

void CallAdapter::boxParam( ast::ptr<ast::Expr> & arg,
                ast::Type const * param, TypeVarMap const & exprTypeVars ) {
        assertf( arg->result, "arg does not have result: %s", toCString( arg ) );
        addCast( arg, param, exprTypeVars );
        if ( !needsBoxing( param, arg->result, exprTypeVars, typeSubs ) ) {
                return;
        }
        CodeLocation const & location = arg->location;

        if ( arg->get_lvalue() ) {
                // The argument expression may be CFA lvalue, but not C lvalue,
                // so apply generalizedLvalue transformations.
                // if ( auto var = dynamic_cast<ast::VariableExpr const *>( arg ) ) {
                //  if ( dynamic_cast<ast::ArrayType const *>( varExpr->var->get_type() ) ){
                //      // temporary hack - don't box arrays, because &arr is not the same as &arr[0]
                //      return;
                //  }
                // }
                arg = generalizedLvalue( new ast::AddressExpr( arg->location, arg ) );
                if ( !ResolvExpr::typesCompatible( param, arg->result ) ) {
                        // Silence warnings by casting boxed parameters when the actually
                        // type does not match up with the formal type.
                        arg = new ast::CastExpr( location, arg, ast::deepCopy( param ) );
                }
        } else {
                // Use type computed in unification to declare boxed variables.
                ast::ptr<ast::Type> newType = ast::deepCopy( param );
                if ( typeSubs ) typeSubs->apply( newType );
                ast::ObjectDecl * newObj = makeTemporary( location, newType );
                auto assign = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location, "?=?", {
                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, newObj ),
                        arg,
                } );
                stmtsToAddBefore.push_back( new ast::ExprStmt( location, assign ) );
                arg = new ast::AddressExpr(
                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, newObj ) );
        }
}

void CallAdapter::boxParams(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::Type const * polyRetType,
                ast::FunctionType const * function,
                const TypeVarMap & typeVars ) {
        // Start at the beginning, but the return argument may have been added.
        auto arg = expr->args.begin();
        if ( polyRetType ) ++arg;

        for ( auto param : function->params ) {
                assertf( arg != expr->args.end(),
                        "boxParams: missing argument for param %s to %s in %s",
                        toCString( param ), toCString( function ), toCString( expr ) );
                boxParam( *arg, param, typeVars );
                ++arg;
        }
}

void CallAdapter::addInferredParams(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::vector<ast::Expr> & extraArgs,
                ast::FunctionType const * functionType,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars ) {
        for ( auto assertion : functionType->assertions ) {
                auto inferParam = expr->inferred.inferParams().find(
                        assertion->var->uniqueId );
                assertf( inferParam != expr->inferred.inferParams().end(),
                        "addInferredParams missing inferred parameter: %s in: %s",
                        toCString( assertion ), toCString( expr ) );
                ast::ptr<ast::Expr> newExpr = ast::deepCopy( inferParam->second.expr );
                boxParam( newExpr, assertion->result, typeVars );
                extraArgs.emplace_back( newExpr.release() );
        }
}

/// Modifies the ApplicationExpr to accept adapter functions for its
/// assertion and parameters, declares the required adapters.
void CallAdapter::passAdapters(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * expr,
                ast::FunctionType const * type,
                const TypeVarMap & exprTypeVars ) {
        // Collect a list of function types passed as parameters or implicit
        // parameters (assertions).
        ast::vector<ast::Type> const & paramList = type->params;
        ast::vector<ast::FunctionType> functions;

        for ( ast::ptr<ast::VariableExpr> const & assertion : type->assertions ) {
                findFunction( assertion->result, functions, exprTypeVars, needsAdapter );
        }
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & arg : paramList ) {
                findFunction( arg, functions, exprTypeVars, needsAdapter );
        }

        // Parameter function types for which an appropriate adapter has been
        // generated. We cannot use the types after applying substitutions,
        // since two different parameter types may be unified to the same type.
        std::set<std::string> adaptersDone;

        CodeLocation const & location = expr->location;

        for ( ast::ptr<ast::FunctionType> const & funcType : functions ) {
                std::string mangleName = Mangle::mangle( funcType );

                // Only attempt to create an adapter or pass one as a parameter if we
                // haven't already done so for this pre-substitution parameter
                // function type.
                // The second part of the result if is if the element was inserted.
                if ( !adaptersDone.insert( mangleName ).second ) continue;

                // Apply substitution to type variables to figure out what the
                // adapter's type should look like. (Copy to make the release safe.)
                assert( typeSubs );
                auto result = typeSubs->apply( ast::deepCopy( funcType ) );
                ast::FunctionType * realType = ast::mutate( result.node.release() );
                mangleName = Mangle::mangle( realType );
                mangleName += makePolyMonoSuffix( funcType, exprTypeVars );

                // Check if the adapter has already been created, or has to be.
                using AdapterIter = decltype(adapters)::iterator;
                AdapterIter adapter = adapters.find( mangleName );
                if ( adapter == adapters.end() ) {
                        ast::FunctionDecl * newAdapter = makeAdapter(
                                funcType, realType, mangleName, exprTypeVars, location );
                        std::pair<AdapterIter, bool> answer =
                                adapters.insert( mangleName, newAdapter );
                        adapter = answer.first;
                        stmtsToAddBefore.push_back(
                                new ast::DeclStmt( location, newAdapter ) );
                }
                assert( adapter != adapters.end() );

                // Add the approprate adapter as a parameter.
                expr->args.insert( expr->args.begin(),
                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, adapter->second ) );
        }
}

// Parameter and argument may be used wrong around here.
ast::Expr * makeAdapterArg(
                ast::DeclWithType const * param,
                ast::Type const * arg,
                ast::Type const * realParam,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars,
                CodeLocation const & location ) {
        assert( param );
        assert( arg );
        assert( realParam );
        if ( isPolyType( realParam, typeVars ) && !isPolyType( arg ) ) {
                ast::UntypedExpr * deref = ast::UntypedExpr::createDeref(
                        location,
                        new ast::CastExpr( location,
                                new ast::VariableExpr( location, param ),
                                new ast::PointerType( ast::deepCopy( arg ) )
                        )
                );
                deref->result = ast::deepCopy( arg );
                return deref;
        }
        return new ast::VariableExpr( location, param );
}

// This seems to be one of the problematic functions.
void addAdapterParams(
                ast::ApplicationExpr * adaptee,
                ast::vector<ast::Type>::const_iterator arg,
                ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType>::iterator param,
                ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType>::iterator paramEnd,
                ast::vector<ast::Type>::const_iterator realParam,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars,
                CodeLocation const & location ) {
        UniqueName paramNamer( "_p" );
        for ( ; param != paramEnd ; ++param, ++arg, ++realParam ) {
                if ( "" == (*param)->name ) {
                        auto mutParam = (*param).get_and_mutate();
                        mutParam->name = paramNamer.newName();
                        mutParam->linkage = ast::Linkage::C;
                }
                adaptee->args.push_back(
                        makeAdapterArg( *param, *arg, *realParam, typeVars, location ) );
        }
}

ast::FunctionDecl * CallAdapter::makeAdapter(
                ast::FunctionType const * adaptee,
                ast::FunctionType const * realType,
                std::string const & mangleName,
                TypeVarMap const & typeVars,
                CodeLocation const & location ) const {
        ast::FunctionType * adapterType = makeAdapterType( adaptee, typeVars );
        adapterType = ast::mutate( scrubTypeVars( adapterType, typeVars ) );

        // Some of these names will be overwritten, but it gives a default.
        UniqueName pNamer( "_param" );
        UniqueName rNamer( "_ret" );

        bool first = true;

        ast::FunctionDecl * adapterDecl = new ast::FunctionDecl( location,
                makeAdapterName( mangleName ),
                {}, // forall
                {}, // assertions
                map_range<ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType>>( adapterType->params,
                                [&pNamer, &location, &first]( ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & param ) {
                        // [Trying to make the generated code match exactly more often.]
                        if ( first ) {
                                first = false;
                                return new ast::ObjectDecl( location, "_adaptee", param );
                        }
                        return new ast::ObjectDecl( location, pNamer.newName(), param );
                } ),
                map_range<ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType>>( adapterType->returns,
                                [&rNamer, &location]( ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & retval ) {
                        return new ast::ObjectDecl( location, rNamer.newName(), retval );
                } ),
                nullptr, // stmts
                {}, // storage
                ast::Linkage::C
        );

        ast::DeclWithType * adapteeDecl =
                adapterDecl->params.front().get_and_mutate();
        adapteeDecl->name = "_adaptee";

        // Do not carry over attributes to real type parameters/return values.
        auto mutRealType = ast::mutate( realType );
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Type> & decl : mutRealType->params ) {
                if ( decl->attributes.empty() ) continue;
                auto mut = ast::mutate( decl.get() );
                mut->attributes.clear();
                decl = mut;
        }
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Type> & decl : mutRealType->returns ) {
                if ( decl->attributes.empty() ) continue;
                auto mut = ast::mutate( decl.get() );
                mut->attributes.clear();
                decl = mut;
        }
        realType = mutRealType;

        ast::ApplicationExpr * adapteeApp = new ast::ApplicationExpr( location,
                new ast::CastExpr( location,
                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, adapteeDecl ),
                        new ast::PointerType( realType )
                )
        );

        for ( auto const & [assertArg, assertParam, assertReal] : group_iterate(
                        realType->assertions, adapterType->assertions, adaptee->assertions ) ) {
                adapteeApp->args.push_back( makeAdapterArg(
                        assertParam->var, assertArg->var->get_type(),
                        assertReal->var->get_type(), typeVars, location
                ) );
        }

        ast::vector<ast::Type>::const_iterator
                arg = realType->params.begin(),
                param = adapterType->params.begin(),
                realParam = adaptee->params.begin();
        ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType>::iterator
                paramDecl = adapterDecl->params.begin();
        // Skip adaptee parameter in the adapter type.
        ++param;
        ++paramDecl;

        ast::Stmt * bodyStmt;
        // Returns void/nothing.
        if ( realType->returns.empty() ) {
                addAdapterParams( adapteeApp, arg, paramDecl, adapterDecl->params.end(),
                        realParam, typeVars, location );
                bodyStmt = new ast::ExprStmt( location, adapteeApp );
        // Returns a polymorphic type.
        } else if ( isDynType( adaptee->returns.front(), typeVars ) ) {
                ast::UntypedExpr * assign = new ast::UntypedExpr( location,
                        new ast::NameExpr( location, "?=?" ) );
                ast::UntypedExpr * deref = ast::UntypedExpr::createDeref( location,
                        new ast::CastExpr( location,
                                new ast::VariableExpr( location, *paramDecl++ ),
                                new ast::PointerType(
                                        ast::deepCopy( realType->returns.front() ) ) ) );
                assign->args.push_back( deref );
                addAdapterParams( adapteeApp, arg, paramDecl, adapterDecl->params.end(),
                        realParam, typeVars, location );
                assign->args.push_back( adapteeApp );
                bodyStmt = new ast::ExprStmt( location, assign );
        // Adapter for a function that returns a monomorphic value.
        } else {
                addAdapterParams( adapteeApp, arg, paramDecl, adapterDecl->params.end(),
                                realParam, typeVars, location );
                bodyStmt = new ast::ReturnStmt( location, adapteeApp );
        }

        adapterDecl->stmts = new ast::CompoundStmt( location, { bodyStmt } );
        return adapterDecl;
}

ast::Expr const * makeIncrDecrExpr(
                CodeLocation const & location,
                ast::ApplicationExpr const * expr,
                ast::Type const * polyType,
                bool isIncr ) {
        ast::NameExpr * opExpr =
                        new ast::NameExpr( location, isIncr ? "?+=?" : "?-=?" );
        ast::UntypedExpr * addAssign = new ast::UntypedExpr( location, opExpr );
        if ( auto address = expr->args.front().as<ast::AddressExpr>() ) {
                addAssign->args.push_back( address->arg );
        } else {
                addAssign->args.push_back( expr->args.front() );
        }
        addAssign->args.push_back( new ast::NameExpr( location,
                sizeofName( Mangle::mangleType( polyType ) ) ) );
        addAssign->result = ast::deepCopy( expr->result );
        addAssign->env = expr->env ? expr->env : addAssign->env;
        return addAssign;
}

/// Handles intrinsic functions for postvisit ApplicationExpr.
ast::Expr const * CallAdapter::handleIntrinsics(
                ast::ApplicationExpr const * expr ) {
        auto varExpr = expr->func.as<ast::VariableExpr>();
        if ( !varExpr || varExpr->var->linkage != ast::Linkage::Intrinsic ) {
                return nullptr;
        }
        std::string const & varName = varExpr->var->name;

        // Index Intrinsic:
        if ( "?[?]" == varName ) {
                assert( expr->result );
                assert( 2 == expr->args.size() );

                ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & argType1 = expr->args.front()->result;
                ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & argType2 = expr->args.back()->result;

                // Two Cases: a[i] with first arg poly ptr, i[a] with second arg poly ptr
                bool isPoly1 = isPolyPtr( argType1, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) != nullptr;
                bool isPoly2 = isPolyPtr( argType2, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) != nullptr;

                // If neither argument is a polymorphic pointer, do nothing.
                if ( !isPoly1 && !isPoly2 ) {
                        return expr;
                }
                // The arguments cannot both be polymorphic pointers.
                assert( !isPoly1 || !isPoly2 );
                // (So exactly one of the arguments is a polymorphic pointer.)

                CodeLocation const & location = expr->location;
                CodeLocation const & location1 = expr->args.front()->location;
                CodeLocation const & location2 = expr->args.back()->location;

                ast::UntypedExpr * ret = new ast::UntypedExpr( location,
                                new ast::NameExpr( location, "?+?" ) );
                if ( isPoly1 ) {
                        auto referentType = getReferentType( argType1 );
                        auto multiply = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location2, "?*?", {
                                expr->args.back(),
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location1, deepCopy( referentType ) ),
                        } );
                        ret->args.push_back( expr->args.front() );
                        ret->args.push_back( multiply );
                } else {
                        assert( isPoly2 );
                        auto referentType = getReferentType( argType2 );
                        auto multiply = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location1, "?*?", {
                                expr->args.front(),
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location2, deepCopy( referentType ) ),
                        } );
                        ret->args.push_back( multiply );
                        ret->args.push_back( expr->args.back() );
                }
                ret->result = ast::deepCopy( expr->result );
                ret->env = expr->env ? expr->env : ret->env;
                return ret;
        // Dereference Intrinsic:
        } else if ( "*?" == varName ) {
                assert( expr->result );
                assert( 1 == expr->args.size() );

                // If this isn't for a poly type, then do nothing.
                auto referentType = getReferentType( expr->args.front()->result );
                if ( !isPolyType( referentType, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) ) {
                        return expr;
                }

                // Remove dereference from polymorphic types since they are boxed.
                ast::Expr * ret = ast::deepCopy( expr->args.front() );
                // Fix expression type to remove pointer.
                ret->result = expr->result;
                // apply pointer decay
                if (auto retArTy = ret->result.as<ast::ArrayType>()) {
                        ret->result = new ast::PointerType( retArTy->base );
                }
                ret->env = expr->env ? expr->env : ret->env;
                return ret;
        // Post-Increment/Decrement Intrinsics:
        } else if ( "?++" == varName || "?--" == varName ) {
                assert( expr->result );
                assert( 1 == expr->args.size() );

                ast::Type const * baseType =
                        isPolyType( expr->result, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs );
                if ( nullptr == baseType ) {
                        return expr;
                }
                ast::Type * tempType = ast::deepCopy( expr->result );
                if ( typeSubs ) {
                        auto result = typeSubs->apply( tempType );
                        tempType = ast::mutate( result.node.release() );
                }
                CodeLocation const & location = expr->location;
                ast::ObjectDecl * newObj = makeTemporary( location, tempType );
                ast::VariableExpr * tempExpr =
                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, newObj );
                ast::UntypedExpr * assignExpr = new ast::UntypedExpr( location,
                        new ast::NameExpr( location, "?=?" ) );
                assignExpr->args.push_back( ast::deepCopy( tempExpr ) );
                if ( auto address = expr->args.front().as<ast::AddressExpr>() ) {
                        assignExpr->args.push_back( ast::deepCopy( address->arg ) );
                } else {
                        assignExpr->args.push_back( ast::deepCopy( expr->args.front() ) );
                }
                return new ast::CommaExpr( location,
                        new ast::CommaExpr( location,
                                assignExpr,
                                makeIncrDecrExpr( location, expr, baseType, "?++" == varName )
                        ),
                        tempExpr
                );
        // Pre-Increment/Decrement Intrinsics:
        } else if ( "++?" == varName || "--?" == varName ) {
                assert( expr->result );
                assert( 1 == expr->args.size() );

                ast::Type const * baseType =
                        isPolyType( expr->result, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs );
                if ( nullptr == baseType ) {
                        return expr;
                }
                return makeIncrDecrExpr(
                        expr->location, expr, baseType, "++?" == varName );
        // Addition and Subtraction Intrinsics:
        } else if ( "?+?" == varName || "?-?" == varName ) {
                assert( expr->result );
                assert( 2 == expr->args.size() );

                ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & argType1 = expr->args.front()->result;
                ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & argType2 = expr->args.back()->result;

                bool isPoly1 = isPolyPtr( argType1, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) != nullptr;
                bool isPoly2 = isPolyPtr( argType2, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs ) != nullptr;

                CodeLocation const & location = expr->location;
                CodeLocation const & location1 = expr->args.front()->location;
                CodeLocation const & location2 = expr->args.back()->location;
                // LHS - RHS -> (LHS - RHS) / sizeof(LHS)
                if ( isPoly1 && isPoly2 ) {
                        // There are only subtraction intrinsics for this pattern.
                        assert( "?-?" == varName );
                        auto referentType = getReferentType( argType1 );
                        auto divide = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location, "?/?", {
                                expr,
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location, deepCopy( referentType ) ),
                        } );
                        if ( expr->env ) divide->env = expr->env;
                        return divide;
                // LHS op RHS -> LHS op (RHS * sizeof(LHS))
                } else if ( isPoly1 ) {
                        auto referentType = getReferentType( argType1 );
                        auto multiply = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location2, "?*?", {
                                expr->args.back(),
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location1, deepCopy( referentType ) ),
                        } );
                        return ast::mutate_field_index(
                                expr, &ast::ApplicationExpr::args, 1, multiply );
                // LHS op RHS -> (LHS * sizeof(RHS)) op RHS
                } else if ( isPoly2 ) {
                        auto referentType = getReferentType( argType2 );
                        auto multiply = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location1, "?*?", {
                                expr->args.front(),
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location2, deepCopy( referentType ) ),
                        } );
                        return ast::mutate_field_index(
                                expr, &ast::ApplicationExpr::args, 0, multiply );
                }
        // Addition and Subtraction Relative Assignment Intrinsics:
        } else if ( "?+=?" == varName || "?-=?" == varName ) {
                assert( expr->result );
                assert( 2 == expr->args.size() );

                CodeLocation const & location1 = expr->args.front()->location;
                CodeLocation const & location2 = expr->args.back()->location;
                auto baseType = isPolyPtr( expr->result, scopeTypeVars, typeSubs );
                // LHS op RHS -> LHS op (RHS * sizeof(LHS))
                if ( baseType ) {
                        auto multiply = ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location2, "?*?", {
                                expr->args.back(),
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location1, deepCopy( baseType ) ),
                        } );
                        return ast::mutate_field_index(
                                expr, &ast::ApplicationExpr::args, 1, multiply );
                }
        }
        return expr;
}

ast::ObjectDecl * CallAdapter::makeTemporary(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::Type const * type ) {
        auto newObj = new ast::ObjectDecl( location, tmpNamer.newName(), type );
        stmtsToAddBefore.push_back( new ast::DeclStmt( location, newObj ) );
        return newObj;
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Modifies declarations to accept implicit parameters.
/// * Move polymorphic returns in function types to pointer-type parameters.
/// * Adds type size and assertion parameters to parameter lists.
struct DeclAdapter final {
        ast::FunctionDecl const * previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
        ast::FunctionDecl const * postvisit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
private:
        void addAdapters( ast::FunctionDecl * decl, TypeVarMap & localTypeVars );
};

ast::ObjectDecl * makeObj(
                CodeLocation const & location, std::string const & name ) {
        // The size/align parameters may be unused, so add the unused attribute.
        return new ast::ObjectDecl( location, name,
                makeLayoutCType(),
                nullptr, ast::Storage::Classes(), ast::Linkage::C, nullptr,
                { new ast::Attribute( "unused" ) } );
}

/// A modified and specialized version of ast::add_qualifiers.
ast::Type const * addConst( ast::Type const * type ) {
        ast::CV::Qualifiers cvq = { ast::CV::Const };
        if ( ( type->qualifiers & cvq ) != 0 ) return type;
        auto mutType = ast::mutate( type );
        mutType->qualifiers |= cvq;
        return mutType;
}

ast::FunctionDecl const * DeclAdapter::previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        TypeVarMap localTypeVars;
        makeTypeVarMap( decl, localTypeVars );

        auto mutDecl = mutate( decl );

        // Move polymorphic return type to parameter list.
        if ( isDynRet( mutDecl->type ) ) {
                auto ret = strict_dynamic_cast<ast::ObjectDecl *>(
                        mutDecl->returns.front().get_and_mutate() );
                ret->set_type( new ast::PointerType( ret->type ) );
                mutDecl->params.insert( mutDecl->params.begin(), ret );
                mutDecl->returns.erase( mutDecl->returns.begin() );
                ret->init = nullptr;
        }

        // Add size/align and assertions for type parameters to parameter list.
        ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType> inferredParams;
        ast::vector<ast::DeclWithType> layoutParams;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::TypeDecl> & typeParam : mutDecl->type_params ) {
                auto mutParam = mutate( typeParam.get() );
                // Add all size and alignment parameters to parameter list.
                if ( mutParam->isComplete() ) {
                        ast::TypeInstType paramType( mutParam );
                        std::string paramName = Mangle::mangleType( &paramType );

                        auto sizeParam = makeObj( typeParam->location, sizeofName( paramName ) );
                        layoutParams.emplace_back( sizeParam );

                        auto alignParam = makeObj( typeParam->location, alignofName( paramName ) );
                        layoutParams.emplace_back( alignParam );
                }
                // Assertions should be stored in the main list.
                assert( mutParam->assertions.empty() );
                typeParam = mutParam;
        }
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::DeclWithType> & assert : mutDecl->assertions ) {
                ast::DeclWithType * mutAssert = ast::mutate( assert.get() );
                // Assertion parameters may not be used in body,
                // pass along with unused attribute.
                mutAssert->attributes.push_back( new ast::Attribute( "unused" ) );
                mutAssert->set_type( addConst( mutAssert->get_type() ) );
                inferredParams.emplace_back( mutAssert );
        }
        mutDecl->assertions.clear();

        // Prepend each argument group. From last group to first. addAdapters
        // does do the same, it just does it itself and see all other parameters.
        spliceBegin( mutDecl->params, inferredParams );
        spliceBegin( mutDecl->params, layoutParams );
        addAdapters( mutDecl, localTypeVars );

        // Now have to update the type to match the declaration.
        ast::FunctionType * type = new ast::FunctionType(
                mutDecl->type->isVarArgs, mutDecl->type->qualifiers );
        // The forall clauses don't match until Eraser. The assertions are empty.
        for ( auto param : mutDecl->params ) {
                type->params.emplace_back( param->get_type() );
        }
        for ( auto retval : mutDecl->returns ) {
                type->returns.emplace_back( retval->get_type() );
        }
        mutDecl->type = type;

        return mutDecl;
}

ast::FunctionDecl const * DeclAdapter::postvisit(
                ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        ast::FunctionDecl * mutDecl = mutate( decl );
        if ( !mutDecl->returns.empty() && mutDecl->stmts
                        // Intrinsic functions won't be using the _retval so no need to
                        // generate it.
                        && mutDecl->linkage != ast::Linkage::Intrinsic
                        // Remove check for prefix once thunks properly use ctor/dtors.
                        && !isPrefix( mutDecl->name, "_thunk" )
                        && !isPrefix( mutDecl->name, "_adapter" ) ) {
                assert( 1 == mutDecl->returns.size() );
                ast::DeclWithType const * retval = mutDecl->returns.front();
                if ( "" == retval->name ) {
                        retval = ast::mutate_field(
                                retval, &ast::DeclWithType::name, "_retval" );
                        mutDecl->returns.front() = retval;
                }
                auto stmts = mutDecl->stmts.get_and_mutate();
                stmts->kids.push_front( new ast::DeclStmt( retval->location, retval ) );
                ast::DeclWithType * newRet = ast::deepCopy( retval );
                mutDecl->returns.front() = newRet;
        }
        // Errors should have been caught by this point, remove initializers from
        // parameters to allow correct codegen of default arguments.
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::DeclWithType> & param : mutDecl->params ) {
                if ( auto obj = param.as<ast::ObjectDecl>() ) {
                        param = ast::mutate_field( obj, &ast::ObjectDecl::init, nullptr );
                }
        }
        return mutDecl;
}

void DeclAdapter::addAdapters(
                ast::FunctionDecl * mutDecl, TypeVarMap & localTypeVars ) {
        ast::vector<ast::FunctionType> functions;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::DeclWithType> & arg : mutDecl->params ) {
                ast::Type const * type = arg->get_type();
                type = findAndReplaceFunction( type, functions, localTypeVars, needsAdapter );
                arg.get_and_mutate()->set_type( type );
        }
        std::set<std::string> adaptersDone;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::FunctionType> const & func : functions ) {
                std::string mangleName = mangleAdapterName( func, localTypeVars );
                if ( adaptersDone.find( mangleName ) != adaptersDone.end() ) {
                        continue;
                }
                std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );
                // The adapter may not actually be used, so make sure it has unused.
                mutDecl->params.insert( mutDecl->params.begin(), new ast::ObjectDecl(
                        mutDecl->location, adapterName,
                        new ast::PointerType( makeAdapterType( func, localTypeVars ) ),
                        nullptr, {}, {}, nullptr,
                        { new ast::Attribute( "unused" ) } ) );
                adaptersDone.insert( adaptersDone.begin(), mangleName );
        }
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Corrects the floating nodes created in CallAdapter.
struct RewireAdapters final : public ast::WithGuards {
        ScopedMap<std::string, ast::ObjectDecl const *> adapters;
        void beginScope() { adapters.beginScope(); }
        void endScope() { adapters.endScope(); }
        void previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
        ast::VariableExpr const * previsit( ast::VariableExpr const * expr );
};

void RewireAdapters::previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        GuardScope( adapters );
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::DeclWithType> const & param : decl->params ) {
                if ( auto objectParam = param.as<ast::ObjectDecl>() ) {
                        adapters.insert( objectParam->name, objectParam );
                }
        }
}

ast::VariableExpr const * RewireAdapters::previsit(
                ast::VariableExpr const * expr ) {
        // If the node is not floating, we can skip.
        if ( expr->var->isManaged() ) return expr;
        auto it = adapters.find( expr->var->name );
        assertf( it != adapters.end(), "Could not correct floating node." );
        return ast::mutate_field( expr, &ast::VariableExpr::var, it->second );
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Inserts code to access polymorphic layout inforation.
/// * Replaces member and size/alignment/offsetof expressions on polymorphic
///   generic types with calculated expressions.
/// * Replaces member expressions for polymorphic types with calculated
///   add-field-offset-and-dereference.
/// * Calculates polymorphic offsetof expressions from offset array.
/// * Inserts dynamic calculation of polymorphic type layouts where needed.
struct PolyGenericCalculator final :
                public ast::WithConstTypeSubstitution,
                public ast::WithDeclsToAdd<>,
                public ast::WithGuards,
                public ast::WithStmtsToAdd<>,
                public ast::WithVisitorRef<PolyGenericCalculator> {
        PolyGenericCalculator();

        void previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::TypedefDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl );
        ast::Decl const * postvisit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl );
        ast::StructDecl const * previsit( ast::StructDecl const * decl );
        ast::UnionDecl const * previsit( ast::UnionDecl const * decl );
        ast::DeclStmt const * previsit( ast::DeclStmt const * stmt );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::MemberExpr const * expr );
        void previsit( ast::AddressExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::AddressExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::SizeofExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::AlignofExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::OffsetofExpr const * expr );
        ast::Expr const * postvisit( ast::OffsetPackExpr const * expr );

        void beginScope();
        void endScope();
private:
        /// Makes a new variable in the current scope with the given name,
        /// type and optional initializer.
        ast::ObjectDecl * makeVar(
                        CodeLocation const & location, std::string const & name,
                        ast::Type const * type, ast::Init const * init = nullptr );
        /// Returns true if the type has a dynamic layout;
        /// such a layout will be stored in appropriately-named local variables
        /// when the function returns.
        bool findGeneric( CodeLocation const & location, ast::Type const * );
        /// Adds type parameters to the layout call; will generate the
        /// appropriate parameters if needed.
        void addSTypeParamsToLayoutCall(
                ast::UntypedExpr * layoutCall,
                const ast::vector<ast::Type> & otypeParams );
        /// Change the type of generic aggregate members to char[].
        void mutateMembers( ast::AggregateDecl * aggr );
        /// Returns the calculated sizeof/alignof expressions for type, or
        /// nullptr for use C size/alignof().
        ast::Expr const * genSizeof( CodeLocation const &, ast::Type const * );
        ast::Expr const * genAlignof( CodeLocation const &, ast::Type const * );
        /// Enters a new scope for type-variables,
        /// adding the type variables from the provided type.
        void beginTypeScope( ast::Type const * );

        /// The type variables and polymorphic parameters currently in scope.
        TypeVarMap scopeTypeVars;
        /// Set of generic type layouts known in the current scope,
        /// indexed by sizeofName.
        ScopedSet<std::string> knownLayouts;
        /// Set of non-generic types for which the offset array exists in the
        /// current scope, indexed by offsetofName.
        ScopedSet<std::string> knownOffsets;
        /// Namer for VLA (variable length array) buffers.
        UniqueName bufNamer;
        /// If the argument of an AddressExpr is MemberExpr, it is stored here.
        ast::MemberExpr const * addrMember = nullptr;
};

PolyGenericCalculator::PolyGenericCalculator() :
        knownLayouts(), knownOffsets(), bufNamer( "_buf" )
{}

static ast::Type * polyToMonoTypeRec( CodeLocation const & loc,
                ast::Type const * ty ) {
        ast::Type * ret;
        if ( auto aTy = dynamic_cast<ast::ArrayType const *>( ty ) ) {
                // recursive case
                auto monoBase = polyToMonoTypeRec( loc, aTy->base );
                ret = new ast::ArrayType( monoBase, aTy->dimension,
                        aTy->isVarLen, aTy->isStatic, aTy->qualifiers );
        } else {
                // base case
                auto charType = new ast::BasicType( ast::BasicKind::Char );
                auto size = new ast::NameExpr( loc,
                        sizeofName( Mangle::mangleType( ty ) ) );
                ret = new ast::ArrayType( charType, size,
                        ast::VariableLen, ast::DynamicDim, ast::CV::Qualifiers() );
        }
        return ret;
}

/// Converts polymorphic type into a suitable monomorphic representation.
/// Simple cases: T -> __attribute__(( aligned(8) )) char[sizeof_T];
/// Array cases: T[eOut][eIn] ->  __attribute__(( aligned(8) )) char[eOut][eIn][sizeof_T];
ast::Type * polyToMonoType( CodeLocation const & loc, ast::Type const * ty ) {
        auto ret = polyToMonoTypeRec( loc, ty );
        ret->attributes.emplace_back( new ast::Attribute( "aligned",
                { ast::ConstantExpr::from_int( loc, 8 ) } ) );
        return ret;
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        GuardScope( *this );
        beginTypeScope( decl->type );
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::previsit( ast::TypedefDecl const * decl ) {
        assertf( false, "All typedef declarations should be removed." );
        beginTypeScope( decl->base );
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::previsit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl ) {
        addToTypeVarMap( decl, scopeTypeVars );
}

ast::Decl const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::TypeDecl const * decl ) {
        ast::Type const * base = decl->base;
        if ( nullptr == base ) return decl;

        // Add size/align variables for opaque type declarations.
        ast::TypeInstType inst( decl->name, decl );
        std::string typeName = Mangle::mangleType( &inst );

        ast::ObjectDecl * sizeDecl = new ast::ObjectDecl( decl->location,
                sizeofName( typeName ), makeLayoutCType(),
                new ast::SingleInit( decl->location,
                        new ast::SizeofExpr( decl->location, deepCopy( base ) )
                )
        );
        ast::ObjectDecl * alignDecl = new ast::ObjectDecl( decl->location,
                alignofName( typeName ), makeLayoutCType(),
                new ast::SingleInit( decl->location,
                        new ast::AlignofExpr( decl->location, deepCopy( base ) )
                )
        );

        // Ensure that the initializing sizeof/alignof exprs are properly mutated.
        sizeDecl->accept( *visitor );
        alignDecl->accept( *visitor );

        // A little trick to replace this with two declarations.
        // Adding after makes sure that there is no conflict with adding stmts.
        declsToAddAfter.push_back( alignDecl );
        return sizeDecl;
}

ast::StructDecl const * PolyGenericCalculator::previsit(
                ast::StructDecl const * decl ) {
        auto mutDecl = mutate( decl );
        mutateMembers( mutDecl );
        return mutDecl;
}

ast::UnionDecl const * PolyGenericCalculator::previsit(
                ast::UnionDecl const * decl ) {
        auto mutDecl = mutate( decl );
        mutateMembers( mutDecl );
        return mutDecl;
}

ast::DeclStmt const * PolyGenericCalculator::previsit( ast::DeclStmt const * stmt ) {
        ast::ObjectDecl const * decl = stmt->decl.as<ast::ObjectDecl>();
        if ( !decl || !findGeneric( decl->location, decl->type ) ) {
                return stmt;
        }

        // Change initialization of a polymorphic value object to allocate via a
        // variable-length-array (alloca cannot be safely used in loops).
        ast::ObjectDecl * newBuf = new ast::ObjectDecl( decl->location,
                bufNamer.newName(),
                polyToMonoType( decl->location, decl->type ),
                nullptr, {}, ast::Linkage::C
        );
        stmtsToAddBefore.push_back( new ast::DeclStmt( stmt->location, newBuf ) );

        // If the object has a cleanup attribute, the clean-up should be on the
        // buffer, not the pointer. [Perhaps this should be lifted?]
        auto matchAndMove = [newBuf]( ast::ptr<ast::Attribute> & attr ) {
                if ( "cleanup" == attr->name ) {
                        newBuf->attributes.push_back( attr );
                        return true;
                }
                return false;
        };

        auto mutDecl = mutate( decl );

        // Forally, side effects are not safe in this function. But it works.
        erase_if( mutDecl->attributes, matchAndMove );

        // Change the decl's type.
        // Upon finishing the box pass, it shall be void*.
        // At this middle-of-box-pass point, that type is T.

        // example 1
        // before box:                                  T     t ;
        // before here:  char _bufxx    [_sizeof_Y1T];  T     t = _bufxx;
        // after here:   char _bufxx    [_sizeof_Y1T];  T     t = _bufxx;  (no change here - non array case)
        // after box:    char _bufxx    [_sizeof_Y1T];  void *t = _bufxx;

        // example 2
        // before box:                                  T     t[42] ;
        // before here:  char _bufxx[42][_sizeof_Y1T];  T     t[42] = _bufxx;
        // after here:   char _bufxx[42][_sizeof_Y1T];  T     t     = _bufxx;
        // after box:    char _bufxx[42][_sizeof_Y1T];  void *t     = _bufxx;

        // Strip all "array of" wrappers
        while ( auto arrayType = dynamic_cast<ast::ArrayType const *>( mutDecl->type.get() ) ) {
                mutDecl->type = arrayType->base;
        }

        mutDecl->init = new ast::SingleInit( decl->location,
                new ast::VariableExpr( decl->location, newBuf ) );

        return ast::mutate_field( stmt, &ast::DeclStmt::decl, mutDecl );
}

/// Checks if memberDecl matches the decl from an aggregate.
bool isMember( ast::DeclWithType const * memberDecl, ast::Decl const * decl ) {
        // No matter the field, if the name is different it is not the same.
        if ( memberDecl->name != decl->name ) {
                return false;
        }

        if ( memberDecl->name.empty() ) {
                // Plan-9 Field: Match on unique_id.
                return ( memberDecl->uniqueId == decl->uniqueId );
        }

        ast::DeclWithType const * declWithType =
                strict_dynamic_cast<ast::DeclWithType const *>( decl );

        if ( memberDecl->mangleName.empty() || declWithType->mangleName.empty() ) {
                // Tuple-Element Field: Expect neither had mangled name;
                // accept match on simple name (like field_2) only.
                assert( memberDecl->mangleName.empty() );
                assert( declWithType->mangleName.empty() );
                return true;
        }

        // Ordinary Field: Use full name to accommodate overloading.
        return ( memberDecl->mangleName == declWithType->mangleName );
}

/// Finds the member in the base list that matches the given declaration;
/// returns its index, or -1 if not present.
long findMember( ast::DeclWithType const * memberDecl,
                const ast::vector<ast::Decl> & baseDecls ) {
        for ( auto const & [index, value] : enumerate( baseDecls ) ) {
                if ( isMember( memberDecl, value.get() ) ) {
                        return index;
                }
        }
        return -1;
}

/// Returns an index expression into the offset array for a type.
ast::Expr * makeOffsetIndex( CodeLocation const & location,
                ast::Type const * objectType, long i ) {
        std::string name = offsetofName( Mangle::mangleType( objectType ) );
        return ast::UntypedExpr::createCall( location, "?[?]", {
                new ast::NameExpr( location, name ),
                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, i ),
        } );
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::MemberExpr const * expr ) {
        // Only mutate member expressions for polymorphic types.
        ast::Type const * objectType = hasPolyBase(
                expr->aggregate->result, scopeTypeVars
        );
        if ( !objectType ) return expr;
        // Ensure layout for this type is available.
        // The boolean result is ignored.
        findGeneric( expr->location, objectType );

        // Replace member expression with dynamically-computed layout expression.
        ast::Expr * newMemberExpr = nullptr;
        if ( auto structType = dynamic_cast<ast::StructInstType const *>( objectType ) ) {
                long offsetIndex = findMember( expr->member, structType->base->members );
                if ( -1 == offsetIndex ) return expr;

                // Replace member expression with pointer to struct plus offset.
                ast::UntypedExpr * fieldLoc = new ast::UntypedExpr( expr->location,
                                new ast::NameExpr( expr->location, "?+?" ) );
                ast::Expr * aggr = deepCopy( expr->aggregate );
                aggr->env = nullptr;
                fieldLoc->args.push_back( aggr );
                fieldLoc->args.push_back(
                        makeOffsetIndex( expr->location, objectType, offsetIndex ) );
                fieldLoc->result = deepCopy( expr->result );
                newMemberExpr = fieldLoc;
        // Union members are all at offset zero, so just use the aggregate expr.
        } else if ( dynamic_cast<ast::UnionInstType const *>( objectType ) ) {
                ast::Expr * aggr = deepCopy( expr->aggregate );
                aggr->env = nullptr;
                aggr->result = deepCopy( expr->result );
                newMemberExpr = aggr;
        } else {
                return expr;
        }
        assert( newMemberExpr );

        // Must apply the generic substitution to the member type to handle cases
        // where the member is a generic parameter subsituted by a known concrete
        // type. [ex]
        //      forall( T ) struct Box { T x; }
        //      forall( T ) void f() {
        //              Box( T * ) b; b.x;
        //      }
        // TODO: expr->result should be exactly expr->member->get_type() after
        // substitution, so it doesn't seem like it should be necessary to apply
        // the substitution manually. For some reason this is not currently the
        // case. This requires more investigation.
        ast::ptr<ast::Type> memberType = deepCopy( expr->member->get_type() );
        ast::TypeSubstitution sub = genericSubstitution( objectType );
        sub.apply( memberType );

        // Not all members of a polymorphic type are themselves of a polymorphic
        // type; in this case the member expression should be wrapped and
        // dereferenced to form an lvalue.
        if ( !isPolyType( memberType, scopeTypeVars ) ) {
                auto ptrCastExpr = new ast::CastExpr( expr->location, newMemberExpr,
                        new ast::PointerType( memberType ) );
                auto derefExpr = ast::UntypedExpr::createDeref( expr->location,
                        ptrCastExpr );
                newMemberExpr = derefExpr;
        }

        return newMemberExpr;
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::previsit( ast::AddressExpr const * expr ) {
        GuardValue( addrMember ) = expr->arg.as<ast::MemberExpr>();
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::AddressExpr const * expr ) {
        // arg has to have been a MemberExpr and has been mutated.
        if ( nullptr == addrMember || expr->arg == addrMember ) {
                return expr;
        }
        ast::UntypedExpr const * untyped = expr->arg.as<ast::UntypedExpr>();
        if ( !untyped || getFunctionName( untyped ) != "?+?" ) {
                return expr;
        }
        // MemberExpr was converted to pointer + offset; and it is not valid C to
        // take the address of an addition, so strip away the address-of.
        // It also preserves the env value.
        return ast::mutate_field( expr->arg.get(), &ast::Expr::env, expr->env );
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::SizeofExpr const * expr ) {
        ast::Type const * type = expr->type ? expr->type : expr->expr->result;
        ast::Expr const * gen = genSizeof( expr->location, type );
        return ( gen ) ? gen : expr;
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::AlignofExpr const * expr ) {
        ast::Type const * type = expr->type ? expr->type : expr->expr->result;
        ast::Expr const * gen = genAlignof( expr->location, type );
        return ( gen ) ? gen : expr;
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::OffsetofExpr const * expr ) {
        ast::Type const * type = expr->type;
        if ( !findGeneric( expr->location, type ) ) return expr;

        // Structures replace offsetof expression with an index into offset array.
        if ( auto structType = dynamic_cast<ast::StructInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                long offsetIndex = findMember( expr->member, structType->base->members );
                if ( -1 == offsetIndex ) return expr;

                return makeOffsetIndex( expr->location, type, offsetIndex );
        // All union members are at offset zero.
        } else if ( dynamic_cast<ast::UnionInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                return ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( expr->location, 0 );
        } else {
                return expr;
        }
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::postvisit(
                ast::OffsetPackExpr const * expr ) {
        ast::StructInstType const * type = expr->type;

        // Pull offset back from generated type information.
        if ( findGeneric( expr->location, type ) ) {
                return new ast::NameExpr( expr->location,
                        offsetofName( Mangle::mangleType( type ) ) );
        }

        std::string offsetName = offsetofName( Mangle::mangleType( type ) );
        // Use the already generated offsets for this type.
        if ( knownOffsets.contains( offsetName ) ) {
                return new ast::NameExpr( expr->location, offsetName );
        }

        knownOffsets.insert( offsetName );

        // Build initializer list for offset array.
        ast::vector<ast::Init> inits;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Decl> const & member : type->base->members ) {
                auto memberDecl = member.as<ast::DeclWithType>();
                assertf( memberDecl, "Requesting offset of non-DWT member: %s",
                        toCString( member ) );
                inits.push_back( new ast::SingleInit( expr->location,
                        new ast::OffsetofExpr( expr->location,
                                deepCopy( type ),
                                memberDecl
                        )
                ) );
        }

        auto offsetArray = makeVar( expr->location, offsetName,
                new ast::ArrayType(
                        makeLayoutType(),
                        ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( expr->location, inits.size() ),
                        ast::FixedLen,
                        ast::DynamicDim
                ),
                new ast::ListInit( expr->location, std::move( inits ) )
        );

        return new ast::VariableExpr( expr->location, offsetArray );
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::beginScope() {
        knownLayouts.beginScope();
        knownOffsets.beginScope();
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::endScope() {
        knownOffsets.endScope();
        knownLayouts.endScope();
}

ast::ObjectDecl * PolyGenericCalculator::makeVar(
                CodeLocation const & location, std::string const & name,
                ast::Type const * type, ast::Init const * init ) {
        ast::ObjectDecl * ret = new ast::ObjectDecl( location, name, type, init );
        stmtsToAddBefore.push_back( new ast::DeclStmt( location, ret ) );
        return ret;
}

/// Returns true if any of the otype parameters have a dynamic layout; and
/// puts all otype parameters in the output list.
bool findGenericParams(
                ast::vector<ast::Type> & out,
                ast::vector<ast::TypeDecl> const & baseParams,
                ast::vector<ast::Expr> const & typeParams ) {
        bool hasDynamicLayout = false;

        for ( auto const & [baseParam, typeParam] : group_iterate(
                        baseParams, typeParams ) ) {
                if ( !baseParam->isComplete() ) continue;
                ast::TypeExpr const * typeExpr = typeParam.as<ast::TypeExpr>();
                assertf( typeExpr, "All type parameters should be type expressions." );

                ast::Type const * type = typeExpr->type.get();
                out.push_back( type );
                if ( isPolyType( type ) ) hasDynamicLayout = true;
        }

        return hasDynamicLayout;
}

bool PolyGenericCalculator::findGeneric(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::Type const * type ) {
        type = replaceTypeInst( type, typeSubs );

        if ( auto inst = dynamic_cast<ast::TypeInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                // Assumes that getting put in the scopeTypeVars includes having the
                // layout variables set.
                if ( scopeTypeVars.contains( *inst ) ) {
                        return true;
                }
        } else if ( auto inst = dynamic_cast<ast::StructInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                // Check if this type already has a layout generated for it.
                std::string typeName = Mangle::mangleType( type );
                if ( knownLayouts.contains( typeName ) ) return true;

                // Check if any type parameters have dynamic layout;
                // If none do, this type is (or will be) monomorphized.
                ast::vector<ast::Type> sizedParams;
                if ( !findGenericParams( sizedParams,
                                inst->base->params, inst->params ) ) {
                        return false;
                }

                // Insert local variables for layout and generate call to layout
                // function.
                // Done early so as not to interfere with the later addition of
                // parameters to the layout call.
                knownLayouts.insert( typeName );

                int memberCount = inst->base->members.size();
                if ( 0 == memberCount ) {
                        // All empty structures have the same layout (size 1, align 1).
                        makeVar( location,
                                sizeofName( typeName ), makeLayoutType(),
                                new ast::SingleInit( location,
                                                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 1 ) ) );
                        makeVar( location,
                                alignofName( typeName ), makeLayoutType(),
                                new ast::SingleInit( location,
                                                ast::ConstantExpr::from_ulong( location, 1 ) ) );
                        // Since 0-length arrays are forbidden in C, skip the offset array.
                } else {
                        ast::ObjectDecl const * sizeofVar = makeVar( location,
                                sizeofName( typeName ), makeLayoutType(), nullptr );
                        ast::ObjectDecl const * alignofVar = makeVar( location,
                                alignofName( typeName ), makeLayoutType(), nullptr );
                        ast::ObjectDecl const * offsetofVar = makeVar( location,
                                offsetofName( typeName ),
                                new ast::ArrayType(
                                        makeLayoutType(),
                                        ast::ConstantExpr::from_int( location, memberCount ),
                                        ast::FixedLen,
                                        ast::DynamicDim
                                ),
                                nullptr
                        );

                        // Generate call to layout function.
                        ast::UntypedExpr * layoutCall = new ast::UntypedExpr( location,
                                new ast::NameExpr( location, layoutofName( inst->base ) ),
                                {
                                        new ast::AddressExpr(
                                                new ast::VariableExpr( location, sizeofVar ) ),
                                        new ast::AddressExpr(
                                                new ast::VariableExpr( location, alignofVar ) ),
                                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, offsetofVar ),
                                } );

                        addSTypeParamsToLayoutCall( layoutCall, sizedParams );

                        stmtsToAddBefore.emplace_back(
                                new ast::ExprStmt( location, layoutCall ) );
                }

                return true;
        } else if ( auto inst = dynamic_cast<ast::UnionInstType const *>( type ) ) {
                // Check if this type already has a layout generated for it.
                std::string typeName = Mangle::mangleType( type );
                if ( knownLayouts.contains( typeName ) ) return true;

                // Check if any type parameters have dynamic layout;
                // If none do, this type is (or will be) monomorphized.
                ast::vector<ast::Type> sizedParams;
                if ( !findGenericParams( sizedParams,
                                inst->base->params, inst->params ) ) {
                        return false;
                }

                // Insert local variables for layout and generate call to layout
                // function.
                // Done early so as not to interfere with the later addition of
                // parameters to the layout call.
                knownLayouts.insert( typeName );

                ast::ObjectDecl * sizeofVar = makeVar( location,
                        sizeofName( typeName ), makeLayoutType() );
                ast::ObjectDecl * alignofVar = makeVar( location,
                        alignofName( typeName ), makeLayoutType() );

                ast::UntypedExpr * layoutCall = new ast::UntypedExpr( location,
                        new ast::NameExpr( location, layoutofName( inst->base ) ),
                        {
                                new ast::AddressExpr(
                                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, sizeofVar ) ),
                                new ast::AddressExpr(
                                        new ast::VariableExpr( location, alignofVar ) ),
                        } );

                addSTypeParamsToLayoutCall( layoutCall, sizedParams );

                stmtsToAddBefore.emplace_back(
                        new ast::ExprStmt( location, layoutCall ) );

                return true;

        } else if ( auto inst = dynamic_cast<ast::ArrayType const *>( type ) ) {
                return findGeneric( location, inst->base );
        }
        return false;
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::addSTypeParamsToLayoutCall(
                ast::UntypedExpr * layoutCall,
                const ast::vector<ast::Type> & otypeParams ) {
        CodeLocation const & location = layoutCall->location;
        ast::vector<ast::Expr> & args = layoutCall->args;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Type> const & param : otypeParams ) {
                if ( findGeneric( location, param ) ) {
                        // Push size/align vars for a generic parameter back.
                        std::string paramName = Mangle::mangleType( param );
                        args.emplace_back(
                                new ast::NameExpr( location, sizeofName( paramName ) ) );
                        args.emplace_back(
                                new ast::NameExpr( location, alignofName( paramName ) ) );
                } else {
                        args.emplace_back(
                                new ast::SizeofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( param ) ) );
                        args.emplace_back(
                                new ast::AlignofExpr( location, ast::deepCopy( param ) ) );
                }
        }
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::mutateMembers( ast::AggregateDecl * aggr ) {
        std::set<std::string> genericParams;
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::TypeDecl> const & decl : aggr->params ) {
                genericParams.insert( decl->name );
        }
        for ( ast::ptr<ast::Decl> & decl : aggr->members ) {
                auto field = decl.as<ast::ObjectDecl>();
                if ( nullptr == field ) continue;

                ast::Type const * type = replaceTypeInst( field->type, typeSubs );
                auto typeInst = dynamic_cast<ast::TypeInstType const *>( type );
                if ( nullptr == typeInst ) continue;

                // Do not try to monoporphize generic parameters.
                if ( scopeTypeVars.contains( ast::TypeEnvKey( *typeInst ) ) &&
                                !genericParams.count( typeInst->name ) ) {
                        // Polymorphic aggregate members should be converted into
                        // monomorphic members. Using char[size_T] here respects
                        // the expected sizing rules of an aggregate type.
                        decl = ast::mutate_field( field, &ast::ObjectDecl::type,
                                polyToMonoType( field->location, field->type ) );
                }
        }
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::genSizeof(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::Type const * type ) {
        if ( auto * array = dynamic_cast<ast::ArrayType const *>( type ) ) {
                // Generate calculated size for possibly generic array.
                ast::Expr const * sizeofBase = genSizeof( location, array->base );
                if ( nullptr == sizeofBase ) return nullptr;
                ast::Expr const * dim = array->dimension;
                return makeOp( location, "?*?", sizeofBase, dim );
        } else if ( findGeneric( location, type ) ) {
                // Generate reference to _sizeof parameter
                return new ast::NameExpr( location, sizeofName(
                                Mangle::mangleType( type ) ) );
        } else {
                return nullptr;
        }
}

ast::Expr const * PolyGenericCalculator::genAlignof(
                CodeLocation const & location, ast::Type const * type ) {
        if ( auto * array = dynamic_cast<ast::ArrayType const *>( type ) ) {
                // alignof array is alignof element
                return genAlignof( location, array->base );
        } else if ( findGeneric( location, type ) ) {
                // Generate reference to _alignof parameter
                return new ast::NameExpr( location, alignofName(
                                Mangle::mangleType( type ) ) );
        } else {
                return nullptr;
        }
}

void PolyGenericCalculator::beginTypeScope( ast::Type const * type ) {
        GuardScope( scopeTypeVars );
        makeTypeVarMap( type, scopeTypeVars );
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
/// Removes unneeded or incorrect type information.
/// * Replaces initialization of polymorphic values with alloca.
/// * Replaces declaration of dtype/ftype with appropriate void expression.
/// * Replaces sizeof expressions of polymorphic types with a variable.
/// * Strips fields from generic structure declarations.
struct Eraser final :
                public ast::WithGuards {
        void guardTypeVarMap( ast::Type const * type ) {
                GuardScope( scopeTypeVars );
                makeTypeVarMap( type, scopeTypeVars );
        }

        ast::ObjectDecl const * previsit( ast::ObjectDecl const * decl );
        ast::FunctionDecl const * previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
        ast::FunctionDecl const * postvisit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl );
        ast::TypedefDecl const * previsit( ast::TypedefDecl const * decl );
        ast::StructDecl const * previsit( ast::StructDecl const * decl );
        ast::UnionDecl const * previsit( ast::UnionDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl );
        void previsit( ast::PointerType const * type );
        void previsit( ast::FunctionType const * type );
public:
        TypeVarMap scopeTypeVars;
};

ast::ObjectDecl const * Eraser::previsit( ast::ObjectDecl const * decl ) {
        guardTypeVarMap( decl->type );
        return scrubAllTypeVars( decl );
}

ast::FunctionDecl const * Eraser::previsit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        guardTypeVarMap( decl->type );
        return scrubAllTypeVars( decl );
}

ast::FunctionDecl const * Eraser::postvisit( ast::FunctionDecl const * decl ) {
        if ( decl->type_params.empty() ) return decl;
        auto mutDecl = mutate( decl );
        mutDecl->type_params.clear();
        return mutDecl;
}

ast::TypedefDecl const * Eraser::previsit( ast::TypedefDecl const * decl ) {
        guardTypeVarMap( decl->base );
        return scrubAllTypeVars( decl );
}

/// Strips the members from a generic aggregate.
template<typename node_t>
node_t const * stripGenericMembers( node_t const * decl ) {
        if ( decl->params.empty() ) return decl;
        auto mutDecl = ast::mutate( decl );
        mutDecl->members.clear();
        return mutDecl;
}

ast::StructDecl const * Eraser::previsit( ast::StructDecl const * decl ) {
        return stripGenericMembers( decl );
}

ast::UnionDecl const * Eraser::previsit( ast::UnionDecl const * decl ) {
        return stripGenericMembers( decl );
}

void Eraser::previsit( ast::TypeDecl const * decl ) {
        addToTypeVarMap( decl, scopeTypeVars );
}

void Eraser::previsit( ast::PointerType const * type ) {
        guardTypeVarMap( type );
}

void Eraser::previsit( ast::FunctionType const * type ) {
        guardTypeVarMap( type );
}

} // namespace

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
void box( ast::TranslationUnit & translationUnit ) {
        ast::Pass<LayoutFunctionBuilder>::run( translationUnit );
        ast::Pass<CallAdapter>::run( translationUnit );
        ast::Pass<DeclAdapter>::run( translationUnit );
        ast::Pass<RewireAdapters>::run( translationUnit );
        ast::Pass<PolyGenericCalculator>::run( translationUnit );
        ast::Pass<Eraser>::run( translationUnit );
}

} // namespace GenPoly

// Local Variables: //
// tab-width: 4 //
// mode: c++ //
// compile-command: "make install" //
// End: //