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source: src/GenPoly/Box.cc @ ae7014e

ADTaaron-thesisarm-ehast-experimentalcleanup-dtorsctordeferred_resndemanglerenumforall-pointer-decaygc_noraiijacob/cs343-translationjenkins-sandboxmemorynew-astnew-ast-unique-exprnew-envno_listpersistent-indexerpthread-emulationqualifiedEnumresolv-newstringwith_gc

Last change on this file since ae7014e was ae7014e, checked in by Aaron Moss <a3moss@…>, 8 years ago
Fix bug that forgets to add dtype mappings to assign op expression
Property mode set to `100644`
File size: 101.2 KB

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1	//
2	// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
3	//
4	// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
5	// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
6	//
7	// Box.cc --
8	//
9	// Author : Richard C. Bilson
10	// Created On : Mon May 18 07:44:20 2015
11	// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
12	// Last Modified On : Fri Feb 5 16:45:07 2016
13	// Update Count : 286
14	//
15
16	#include <algorithm>
17	#include <iterator>
18	#include <list>
19	#include <map>
20	#include <set>
21	#include <stack>
22	#include <string>
23	#include <utility>
24	#include <vector>
25	#include <cassert>
26
27	#include "Box.h"
28	#include "DeclMutator.h"
29	#include "PolyMutator.h"
30	#include "FindFunction.h"
31	#include "ScopedMap.h"
32	#include "ScopedSet.h"
33	#include "ScrubTyVars.h"
34
35	#include "Parser/ParseNode.h"
36
37	#include "SynTree/Constant.h"
38	#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
39	#include "SynTree/Expression.h"
40	#include "SynTree/Initializer.h"
41	#include "SynTree/Mutator.h"
42	#include "SynTree/Statement.h"
43	#include "SynTree/Type.h"
44	#include "SynTree/TypeSubstitution.h"
45
46	#include "ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.h"
47	#include "ResolvExpr/TypeMap.h"
48	#include "ResolvExpr/typeops.h"
49
50	#include "SymTab/Indexer.h"
51	#include "SymTab/Mangler.h"
52
53	#include "Common/SemanticError.h"
54	#include "Common/UniqueName.h"
55	#include "Common/utility.h"
56
57	#include <ext/functional> // temporary
58
59	namespace GenPoly {
60	namespace {
61	const std::list<Label> noLabels;
62
63	FunctionType makeAdapterType( FunctionType adaptee, const TyVarMap &tyVars );
64
65	/// Abstracts type equality for a list of parameter types
66	struct TypeList {
67	TypeList() : params() {}
68	TypeList( const std::list< Type* > &_params ) : params() { cloneAll(_params, params); }
69	TypeList( std::list< Type* > &&_params ) : params( _params ) {}
70
71	TypeList( const TypeList &that ) : params() { cloneAll(that.params, params); }
72	TypeList( TypeList &&that ) : params( std::move( that.params ) ) {}
73
74	/// Extracts types from a list of TypeExpr*
75	TypeList( const std::list< TypeExpr* >& _params ) : params() {
76	for ( std::list< TypeExpr* >::const_iterator param = _params.begin(); param != _params.end(); ++param ) {
77	params.push_back( (*param)->get_type()->clone() );
78	}
79	}
80
81	TypeList& operator= ( const TypeList &that ) {
82	deleteAll( params );
83
84	params.clear();
85	cloneAll( that.params, params );
86
87	return *this;
88	}
89
90	TypeList& operator= ( TypeList &&that ) {
91	deleteAll( params );
92
93	params = std::move( that.params );
94
95	return *this;
96	}
97
98	~TypeList() { deleteAll( params ); }
99
100	bool operator== ( const TypeList& that ) const {
101	if ( params.size() != that.params.size() ) return false;
102
103	SymTab::Indexer dummy;
104	for ( std::list< Type* >::const_iterator it = params.begin(), jt = that.params.begin(); it != params.end(); ++it, ++jt ) {
105	if ( ! ResolvExpr::typesCompatible( it, jt, dummy ) ) return false;
106	}
107	return true;
108	}
109
110	std::list< Type* > params; ///< Instantiation parameters
111	};
112
113	/// Maps a key and a TypeList to the some value, accounting for scope
114	template< typename Key, typename Value >
115	class InstantiationMap {
116	/// Wraps value for a specific (Key, TypeList) combination
117	typedef std::pair< TypeList, Value* > Instantiation;
118	/// List of TypeLists paired with their appropriate values
119	typedef std::vector< Instantiation > ValueList;
120	/// Underlying map type; maps keys to a linear list of corresponding TypeLists and values
121	typedef ScopedMap< Key*, ValueList > InnerMap;
122
123	InnerMap instantiations; ///< instantiations
124
125	public:
126	/// Starts a new scope
127	void beginScope() { instantiations.beginScope(); }
128
129	/// Ends a scope
130	void endScope() { instantiations.endScope(); }
131
132	/// Gets the value for the (key, typeList) pair, returns NULL on none such.
133	Value lookup( Key key, const std::list< TypeExpr* >& params ) const {
134	TypeList typeList( params );
135
136	// scan scopes for matches to the key
137	for ( typename InnerMap::const_iterator insts = instantiations.find( key ); insts != instantiations.end(); insts = instantiations.findNext( insts, key ) ) {
138	for ( typename ValueList::const_reverse_iterator inst = insts->second.rbegin(); inst != insts->second.rend(); ++inst ) {
139	if ( inst->first == typeList ) return inst->second;
140	}
141	}
142	// no matching instantiations found
143	return 0;
144	}
145
146	/// Adds a value for a (key, typeList) pair to the current scope
147	void insert( Key key, const std::list< TypeExpr > &params, Value *value ) {
148	instantiations[ key ].push_back( Instantiation( TypeList( params ), value ) );
149	}
150	};
151
152	/// Adds layout-generation functions to polymorphic types
153	class LayoutFunctionBuilder : public DeclMutator {
154	unsigned int functionNesting; // current level of nested functions
155	public:
156	LayoutFunctionBuilder() : functionNesting( 0 ) {}
157
158	virtual DeclarationWithType mutate( FunctionDecl functionDecl );
159	virtual Declaration mutate( StructDecl structDecl );
160	virtual Declaration mutate( UnionDecl unionDecl );
161	};
162
163	/// Replaces polymorphic return types with out-parameters, replaces calls to polymorphic functions with adapter calls as needed, and adds appropriate type variables to the function call
164	class Pass1 : public PolyMutator {
165	public:
166	Pass1();
167	virtual Expression mutate( ApplicationExpr appExpr );
168	virtual Expression mutate( AddressExpr addrExpr );
169	virtual Expression mutate( UntypedExpr expr );
170	virtual DeclarationWithType* mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl );
171	virtual TypeDecl mutate( TypeDecl typeDecl );
172	virtual Expression mutate( CommaExpr commaExpr );
173	virtual Expression mutate( ConditionalExpr condExpr );
174	virtual Statement * mutate( ReturnStmt *returnStmt );
175	virtual Type mutate( PointerType pointerType );
176	virtual Type * mutate( FunctionType *functionType );
177
178	virtual void doBeginScope();
179	virtual void doEndScope();
180	private:
181	/// Pass the extra type parameters from polymorphic generic arguments or return types into a function application
182	void passArgTypeVars( ApplicationExpr appExpr, Type parmType, Type argBaseType, std::list< Expression >::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars, std::set< std::string > &seenTypes );
183	/// passes extra type parameters into a polymorphic function application
184	void passTypeVars( ApplicationExpr appExpr, ReferenceToType polyRetType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars );
185	/// wraps a function application with a new temporary for the out-parameter return value
186	Expression addRetParam( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, Type retType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg );
187	/// Replaces all the type parameters of a generic type with their concrete equivalents under the current environment
188	void replaceParametersWithConcrete( ApplicationExpr appExpr, std::list< Expression >& params );
189	/// Replaces a polymorphic type with its concrete equivalant under the current environment (returns itself if concrete).
190	/// If `doClone` is set to false, will not clone interior types
191	Type replaceWithConcrete( ApplicationExpr appExpr, Type *type, bool doClone = true );
192	/// wraps a function application returning a polymorphic type with a new temporary for the out-parameter return value
193	Expression addPolyRetParam( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, ReferenceToType polyType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg );
194	Expression applyAdapter( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, std::list< Expression >::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars );
195	void boxParam( Type formal, Expression &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars );
196	void boxParams( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars );
197	void addInferredParams( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType functionType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &tyVars );
198	/// Stores assignment operators from assertion list in local map of assignment operations
199	void findAssignOps( const std::list< TypeDecl *> &forall );
200	void passAdapters( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType functionType, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars );
201	FunctionDecl makeAdapter( FunctionType adaptee, FunctionType *realType, const std::string &mangleName, const TyVarMap &tyVars );
202	/// Replaces intrinsic operator functions with their arithmetic desugaring
203	Expression handleIntrinsics( ApplicationExpr appExpr );
204	/// Inserts a new temporary variable into the current scope with an auto-generated name
205	ObjectDecl makeTemporary( Type type );
206
207	std::map< std::string, DeclarationWithType *> assignOps; ///< Currently known type variable assignment operators
208	ResolvExpr::TypeMap< DeclarationWithType > scopedAssignOps; ///< Currently known assignment operators
209	ScopedMap< std::string, DeclarationWithType* > adapters; ///< Set of adapter functions in the current scope
210
211	DeclarationWithType *retval;
212	bool useRetval;
213	UniqueName tempNamer;
214	};
215
216	/// * Moves polymorphic returns in function types to pointer-type parameters
217	/// * adds type size and assertion parameters to parameter lists
218	/// * does dynamic calculation of type layouts
219	class Pass2 : public PolyMutator {
220	public:
221	template< typename DeclClass >
222	DeclClass handleDecl( DeclClass decl, Type *type );
223	virtual DeclarationWithType mutate( FunctionDecl functionDecl );
224	virtual ObjectDecl mutate( ObjectDecl objectDecl );
225	virtual TypeDecl mutate( TypeDecl typeDecl );
226	virtual TypedefDecl mutate( TypedefDecl typedefDecl );
227	virtual Type mutate( PointerType pointerType );
228	virtual Type mutate( FunctionType funcType );
229	virtual Expression mutate( SizeofExpr sizeofExpr );
230	virtual Expression mutate( AlignofExpr alignofExpr );
231	virtual Expression mutate( OffsetofExpr offsetofExpr );
232	virtual Expression mutate( OffsetPackExpr offsetPackExpr );
233
234	virtual void doBeginScope();
235	virtual void doEndScope();
236	private:
237	void addAdapters( FunctionType *functionType );
238	/// Makes a new variable in the current scope with the given name, type & optional initializer
239	ObjectDecl makeVar( const std::string &name, Type type, Initializer *init = 0 );
240	/// returns true if the type has a dynamic layout; such a layout will be stored in appropriately-named local variables when the function returns
241	bool findGeneric( Type *ty );
242	/// adds type parameters to the layout call; will generate the appropriate parameters if needed
243	void addOtypeParamsToLayoutCall( UntypedExpr layoutCall, const std::list< Type > &otypeParams );
244
245	std::map< UniqueId, std::string > adapterName;
246	ScopedSet< std::string > knownLayouts; ///< Set of generic type layouts known in the current scope, indexed by sizeofName
247	ScopedSet< std::string > knownOffsets; ///< Set of non-generic types for which the offset array exists in the current scope, indexed by offsetofName
248	};
249
250	/// Mutator pass that replaces concrete instantiations of generic types with actual struct declarations, scoped appropriately
251	class GenericInstantiator : public DeclMutator {
252	/// Map of (generic type, parameter list) pairs to concrete type instantiations
253	InstantiationMap< AggregateDecl, AggregateDecl > instantiations;
254	/// Namer for concrete types
255	UniqueName typeNamer;
256
257	public:
258	GenericInstantiator() : DeclMutator(), instantiations(), typeNamer("_conc_") {}
259
260	virtual Type* mutate( StructInstType *inst );
261	virtual Type* mutate( UnionInstType *inst );
262
263	// virtual Expression* mutate( MemberExpr *memberExpr );
264
265	virtual void doBeginScope();
266	virtual void doEndScope();
267	private:
268	/// Wrap instantiation lookup for structs
269	StructDecl* lookup( StructInstType inst, const std::list< TypeExpr > &typeSubs ) { return (StructDecl*)instantiations.lookup( inst->get_baseStruct(), typeSubs ); }
270	/// Wrap instantiation lookup for unions
271	UnionDecl* lookup( UnionInstType inst, const std::list< TypeExpr > &typeSubs ) { return (UnionDecl*)instantiations.lookup( inst->get_baseUnion(), typeSubs ); }
272	/// Wrap instantiation insertion for structs
273	void insert( StructInstType inst, const std::list< TypeExpr > &typeSubs, StructDecl *decl ) { instantiations.insert( inst->get_baseStruct(), typeSubs, decl ); }
274	/// Wrap instantiation insertion for unions
275	void insert( UnionInstType inst, const std::list< TypeExpr > &typeSubs, UnionDecl *decl ) { instantiations.insert( inst->get_baseUnion(), typeSubs, decl ); }
276	};
277
278	/// Replaces member expressions for polymorphic types with calculated add-field-offset-and-dereference;
279	/// also fixes offsetof expressions.
280	class MemberExprFixer : public PolyMutator {
281	public:
282	template< typename DeclClass >
283	DeclClass handleDecl( DeclClass decl, Type *type );
284	virtual DeclarationWithType mutate( FunctionDecl functionDecl );
285	virtual ObjectDecl mutate( ObjectDecl objectDecl );
286	virtual TypedefDecl mutate( TypedefDecl objectDecl );
287	virtual TypeDecl mutate( TypeDecl objectDecl );
288	virtual Statement mutate( DeclStmt declStmt );
289	virtual Type mutate( PointerType pointerType );
290	virtual Type mutate( FunctionType funcType );
291	virtual Expression mutate( MemberExpr memberExpr );
292	virtual Expression mutate( OffsetofExpr offsetofExpr );
293	};
294
295	/// Replaces initialization of polymorphic values with alloca, declaration of dtype/ftype with appropriate void expression, and sizeof expressions of polymorphic types with the proper variable
296	class Pass3 : public PolyMutator {
297	public:
298	template< typename DeclClass >
299	DeclClass handleDecl( DeclClass decl, Type *type );
300	virtual DeclarationWithType mutate( FunctionDecl functionDecl );
301	virtual ObjectDecl mutate( ObjectDecl objectDecl );
302	virtual TypedefDecl mutate( TypedefDecl objectDecl );
303	virtual TypeDecl mutate( TypeDecl objectDecl );
304	virtual Type mutate( PointerType pointerType );
305	virtual Type mutate( FunctionType funcType );
306	private:
307	};
308
309	} // anonymous namespace
310
311	/// version of mutateAll with special handling for translation unit so you can check the end of the prelude when debugging
312	template< typename MutatorType >
313	inline void mutateTranslationUnit( std::list< Declaration* > &translationUnit, MutatorType &mutator ) {
314	bool seenIntrinsic = false;
315	SemanticError errors;
316	for ( typename std::list< Declaration* >::iterator i = translationUnit.begin(); i != translationUnit.end(); ++i ) {
317	try {
318	if ( *i ) {
319	if ( (*i)->get_linkage() == LinkageSpec::Intrinsic ) {
320	seenIntrinsic = true;
321	} else if ( seenIntrinsic ) {
322	seenIntrinsic = false; // break on this line when debugging for end of prelude
323	}
324
325	i = dynamic_cast< Declaration >( (*i)->acceptMutator( mutator ) );
326	assert( *i );
327	} // if
328	} catch( SemanticError &e ) {
329	errors.append( e );
330	} // try
331	} // for
332	if ( ! errors.isEmpty() ) {
333	throw errors;
334	} // if
335	}
336
337	void box( std::list< Declaration *>& translationUnit ) {
338	LayoutFunctionBuilder layoutBuilder;
339	Pass1 pass1;
340	Pass2 pass2;
341	GenericInstantiator instantiator;
342	MemberExprFixer memberFixer;
343	Pass3 pass3;
344
345	layoutBuilder.mutateDeclarationList( translationUnit );
346	mutateTranslationUnit/All/( translationUnit, pass1 );
347	mutateTranslationUnit/All/( translationUnit, pass2 );
348	instantiator.mutateDeclarationList( translationUnit );
349	mutateTranslationUnit/All/( translationUnit, memberFixer );
350	mutateTranslationUnit/All/( translationUnit, pass3 );
351	}
352
353	////////////////////////////////// LayoutFunctionBuilder ////////////////////////////////////////////
354
355	DeclarationWithType LayoutFunctionBuilder::mutate( FunctionDecl functionDecl ) {
356	functionDecl->set_functionType( maybeMutate( functionDecl->get_functionType(), *this ) );
357	mutateAll( functionDecl->get_oldDecls(), *this );
358	++functionNesting;
359	functionDecl->set_statements( maybeMutate( functionDecl->get_statements(), *this ) );
360	--functionNesting;
361	return functionDecl;
362	}
363
364	/// Get a list of type declarations that will affect a layout function
365	std::list< TypeDecl* > takeOtypeOnly( std::list< TypeDecl* > &decls ) {
366	std::list< TypeDecl * > otypeDecls;
367
368	for ( std::list< TypeDecl* >::const_iterator decl = decls.begin(); decl != decls.end(); ++decl ) {
369	if ( (*decl)->get_kind() == TypeDecl::Any ) {
370	otypeDecls.push_back( *decl );
371	}
372	}
373
374	return otypeDecls;
375	}
376
377	/// Adds parameters for otype layout to a function type
378	void addOtypeParams( FunctionType layoutFnType, std::list< TypeDecl > &otypeParams ) {
379	BasicType sizeAlignType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt );
380
381	for ( std::list< TypeDecl* >::const_iterator param = otypeParams.begin(); param != otypeParams.end(); ++param ) {
382	TypeInstType paramType( Type::Qualifiers(), (param)->get_name(), param );
383	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( sizeofName( &paramType ), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignType.clone(), 0 ) );
384	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( alignofName( &paramType ), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignType.clone(), 0 ) );
385	}
386	}
387
388	/// Builds a layout function declaration
389	FunctionDecl buildLayoutFunctionDecl( const std::string &typeName, unsigned int functionNesting, FunctionType layoutFnType ) {
390	// Routines at global scope marked "static" to prevent multiple definitions is separate translation units
391	// because each unit generates copies of the default routines for each aggregate.
392	FunctionDecl *layoutDecl = new FunctionDecl(
393	"__layoutof_" + typeName, functionNesting > 0 ? DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass : DeclarationNode::Static, LinkageSpec::AutoGen, layoutFnType, new CompoundStmt( noLabels ), true, false );
394	layoutDecl->fixUniqueId();
395	return layoutDecl;
396	}
397
398	/// Makes a unary operation
399	Expression makeOp( const std::string &name, Expression arg ) {
400	UntypedExpr *expr = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( name ) );
401	expr->get_args().push_back( arg );
402	return expr;
403	}
404
405	/// Makes a binary operation
406	Expression makeOp( const std::string &name, Expression lhs, Expression *rhs ) {
407	UntypedExpr *expr = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( name ) );
408	expr->get_args().push_back( lhs );
409	expr->get_args().push_back( rhs );
410	return expr;
411	}
412
413	/// Returns the dereference of a local pointer variable
414	Expression derefVar( ObjectDecl var ) {
415	return makeOp( "*?", new VariableExpr( var ) );
416	}
417
418	/// makes an if-statement with a single-expression if-block and no then block
419	Statement makeCond( Expression cond, Expression *ifPart ) {
420	return new IfStmt( noLabels, cond, new ExprStmt( noLabels, ifPart ), 0 );
421	}
422
423	/// makes a statement that assigns rhs to lhs if lhs < rhs
424	Statement makeAssignMax( Expression lhs, Expression *rhs ) {
425	return makeCond( makeOp( "?<?", lhs, rhs ), makeOp( "?=?", lhs->clone(), rhs->clone() ) );
426	}
427
428	/// makes a statement that aligns lhs to rhs (rhs should be an integer power of two)
429	Statement makeAlignTo( Expression lhs, Expression *rhs ) {
430	// check that the lhs is zeroed out to the level of rhs
431	Expression *ifCond = makeOp( "?&?", lhs, makeOp( "?-?", rhs, new ConstantExpr( Constant( new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt ), "1" ) ) ) );
432	// if not aligned, increment to alignment
433	Expression *ifExpr = makeOp( "?+=?", lhs->clone(), makeOp( "?-?", rhs->clone(), ifCond->clone() ) );
434	return makeCond( ifCond, ifExpr );
435	}
436
437	/// adds an expression to a compound statement
438	void addExpr( CompoundStmt stmts, Expression expr ) {
439	stmts->get_kids().push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, expr ) );
440	}
441
442	/// adds a statement to a compound statement
443	void addStmt( CompoundStmt stmts, Statement stmt ) {
444	stmts->get_kids().push_back( stmt );
445	}
446
447	Declaration LayoutFunctionBuilder::mutate( StructDecl structDecl ) {
448	// do not generate layout function for "empty" tag structs
449	if ( structDecl->get_members().empty() ) return structDecl;
450
451	// get parameters that can change layout, exiting early if none
452	std::list< TypeDecl* > otypeParams = takeOtypeOnly( structDecl->get_parameters() );
453	if ( otypeParams.empty() ) return structDecl;
454
455	// build layout function signature
456	FunctionType *layoutFnType = new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false );
457	BasicType *sizeAlignType = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt );
458	PointerType *sizeAlignOutType = new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), sizeAlignType );
459
460	ObjectDecl *sizeParam = new ObjectDecl( "__sizeof_" + structDecl->get_name(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignOutType, 0 );
461	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( sizeParam );
462	ObjectDecl *alignParam = new ObjectDecl( "__alignof_" + structDecl->get_name(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignOutType->clone(), 0 );
463	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( alignParam );
464	ObjectDecl *offsetParam = new ObjectDecl( "__offsetof_" + structDecl->get_name(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignOutType->clone(), 0 );
465	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( offsetParam );
466	addOtypeParams( layoutFnType, otypeParams );
467
468	// build function decl
469	FunctionDecl *layoutDecl = buildLayoutFunctionDecl( structDecl->get_name(), functionNesting, layoutFnType );
470
471	// calculate struct layout in function body
472
473	// initialize size and alignment to 0 and 1 (will have at least one member to re-edit size
474	addExpr( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeOp( "?=?", derefVar( sizeParam ), new ConstantExpr( Constant( sizeAlignType->clone(), "0" ) ) ) );
475	addExpr( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeOp( "?=?", derefVar( alignParam ), new ConstantExpr( Constant( sizeAlignType->clone(), "1" ) ) ) );
476	unsigned long n_members = 0;
477	bool firstMember = true;
478	for ( std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator member = structDecl->get_members().begin(); member != structDecl->get_members().end(); ++member ) {
479	DeclarationWithType dwt = dynamic_cast< DeclarationWithType >( *member );
480	assert( dwt );
481	Type *memberType = dwt->get_type();
482
483	if ( firstMember ) {
484	firstMember = false;
485	} else {
486	// make sure all members after the first (automatically aligned at 0) are properly padded for alignment
487	addStmt( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeAlignTo( derefVar( sizeParam ), new AlignofExpr( memberType->clone() ) ) );
488	}
489
490	// place current size in the current offset index
491	addExpr( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeOp( "?=?", makeOp( "?[?]", new VariableExpr( offsetParam ), new ConstantExpr( Constant::from( n_members ) ) ),
492	derefVar( sizeParam ) ) );
493	++n_members;
494
495	// add member size to current size
496	addExpr( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeOp( "?+=?", derefVar( sizeParam ), new SizeofExpr( memberType->clone() ) ) );
497
498	// take max of member alignment and global alignment
499	addStmt( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeAssignMax( derefVar( alignParam ), new AlignofExpr( memberType->clone() ) ) );
500	}
501	// make sure the type is end-padded to a multiple of its alignment
502	addStmt( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeAlignTo( derefVar( sizeParam ), derefVar( alignParam ) ) );
503
504	addDeclarationAfter( layoutDecl );
505	return structDecl;
506	}
507
508	Declaration LayoutFunctionBuilder::mutate( UnionDecl unionDecl ) {
509	// do not generate layout function for "empty" tag unions
510	if ( unionDecl->get_members().empty() ) return unionDecl;
511
512	// get parameters that can change layout, exiting early if none
513	std::list< TypeDecl* > otypeParams = takeOtypeOnly( unionDecl->get_parameters() );
514	if ( otypeParams.empty() ) return unionDecl;
515
516	// build layout function signature
517	FunctionType *layoutFnType = new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false );
518	BasicType *sizeAlignType = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt );
519	PointerType *sizeAlignOutType = new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), sizeAlignType );
520
521	ObjectDecl *sizeParam = new ObjectDecl( "__sizeof_" + unionDecl->get_name(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignOutType, 0 );
522	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( sizeParam );
523	ObjectDecl *alignParam = new ObjectDecl( "__alignof_" + unionDecl->get_name(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, sizeAlignOutType->clone(), 0 );
524	layoutFnType->get_parameters().push_back( alignParam );
525	addOtypeParams( layoutFnType, otypeParams );
526
527	// build function decl
528	FunctionDecl *layoutDecl = buildLayoutFunctionDecl( unionDecl->get_name(), functionNesting, layoutFnType );
529
530	// calculate union layout in function body
531	addExpr( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeOp( "?=?", derefVar( sizeParam ), new ConstantExpr( Constant( sizeAlignType->clone(), "1" ) ) ) );
532	addExpr( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeOp( "?=?", derefVar( alignParam ), new ConstantExpr( Constant( sizeAlignType->clone(), "1" ) ) ) );
533	for ( std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator member = unionDecl->get_members().begin(); member != unionDecl->get_members().end(); ++member ) {
534	DeclarationWithType dwt = dynamic_cast< DeclarationWithType >( *member );
535	assert( dwt );
536	Type *memberType = dwt->get_type();
537
538	// take max member size and global size
539	addStmt( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeAssignMax( derefVar( sizeParam ), new SizeofExpr( memberType->clone() ) ) );
540
541	// take max of member alignment and global alignment
542	addStmt( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeAssignMax( derefVar( alignParam ), new AlignofExpr( memberType->clone() ) ) );
543	}
544	// make sure the type is end-padded to a multiple of its alignment
545	addStmt( layoutDecl->get_statements(), makeAlignTo( derefVar( sizeParam ), derefVar( alignParam ) ) );
546
547	addDeclarationAfter( layoutDecl );
548	return unionDecl;
549	}
550
551	////////////////////////////////////////// Pass1 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
552
553	namespace {
554	std::string makePolyMonoSuffix( FunctionType * function, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
555	std::stringstream name;
556
557	// NOTE: this function previously used isPolyObj, which failed to produce
558	// the correct thing in some situations. It's not clear to me why this wasn't working.
559
560	// if the return type or a parameter type involved polymorphic types, then the adapter will need
561	// to take those polymorphic types as pointers. Therefore, there can be two different functions
562	// with the same mangled name, so we need to further mangle the names.
563	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator retval = function->get_returnVals().begin(); retval != function->get_returnVals().end(); ++retval ) {
564	if ( isPolyType( (*retval)->get_type(), tyVars ) ) {
565	name << "P";
566	} else {
567	name << "M";
568	}
569	}
570	name << "_";
571	std::list< DeclarationWithType *> &paramList = function->get_parameters();
572	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator arg = paramList.begin(); arg != paramList.end(); ++arg ) {
573	if ( isPolyType( (*arg)->get_type(), tyVars ) ) {
574	name << "P";
575	} else {
576	name << "M";
577	}
578	} // for
579	return name.str();
580	}
581
582	std::string mangleAdapterName( FunctionType * function, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
583	return SymTab::Mangler::mangle( function ) + makePolyMonoSuffix( function, tyVars );
584	}
585
586	std::string makeAdapterName( const std::string &mangleName ) {
587	return "_adapter" + mangleName;
588	}
589
590	Pass1::Pass1() : useRetval( false ), tempNamer( "_temp" ) {}
591
592	/// Returns T if the given declaration is (?=?)(T , T) for some TypeInstType T (return not checked, but maybe should be), NULL otherwise
593	TypeInstType isTypeInstAssignment( DeclarationWithType decl ) {
594	if ( decl->get_name() == "?=?" ) {
595	if ( FunctionType *funType = getFunctionType( decl->get_type() ) ) {
596	if ( funType->get_parameters().size() == 2 ) {
597	if ( PointerType pointer = dynamic_cast< PointerType >( funType->get_parameters().front()->get_type() ) ) {
598	if ( TypeInstType refType = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType >( pointer->get_base() ) ) {
599	if ( TypeInstType refType2 = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType >( funType->get_parameters().back()->get_type() ) ) {
600	if ( refType->get_name() == refType2->get_name() ) {
601	return refType;
602	} // if
603	} // if
604	} // if
605	} // if
606	} // if
607	} // if
608	} // if
609	return 0;
610	}
611
612	/// returns T if the given declaration is: (?=?)(T , T) for some type T (return not checked, but maybe should be), NULL otherwise
613	/// Only picks assignments where neither parameter is cv-qualified
614	Type isAssignment( DeclarationWithType decl ) {
615	if ( decl->get_name() == "?=?" ) {
616	if ( FunctionType *funType = getFunctionType( decl->get_type() ) ) {
617	if ( funType->get_parameters().size() == 2 ) {
618	Type::Qualifiers defaultQualifiers;
619	Type *paramType1 = funType->get_parameters().front()->get_type();
620	if ( paramType1->get_qualifiers() != defaultQualifiers ) return 0;
621	Type *paramType2 = funType->get_parameters().back()->get_type();
622	if ( paramType2->get_qualifiers() != defaultQualifiers ) return 0;
623
624	if ( PointerType pointerType = dynamic_cast< PointerType >( paramType1 ) ) {
625	Type *baseType1 = pointerType->get_base();
626	if ( baseType1->get_qualifiers() != defaultQualifiers ) return 0;
627	SymTab::Indexer dummy;
628	if ( ResolvExpr::typesCompatible( baseType1, paramType2, dummy ) ) {
629	return baseType1;
630	} // if
631	} // if
632	} // if
633	} // if
634	} // if
635	return 0;
636	}
637
638	void Pass1::findAssignOps( const std::list< TypeDecl *> &forall ) {
639	// what if a nested function uses an assignment operator?
640	// assignOps.clear();
641	for ( std::list< TypeDecl *>::const_iterator i = forall.begin(); i != forall.end(); ++i ) {
642	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType >::const_iterator assert = (i)->get_assertions().begin(); assert != (*i)->get_assertions().end(); ++assert ) {
643	std::string typeName;
644	if ( TypeInstType typeInst = isTypeInstAssignment( assert ) ) {
645	assignOps[ typeInst->get_name() ] = *assert;
646	} // if
647	} // for
648	} // for
649	}
650
651	DeclarationWithType Pass1::mutate( FunctionDecl functionDecl ) {
652	// if this is a assignment function, put it in the map for this scope
653	if ( Type *assignedType = isAssignment( functionDecl ) ) {
654	if ( ! dynamic_cast< TypeInstType* >( assignedType ) ) {
655	scopedAssignOps.insert( assignedType, functionDecl );
656	}
657	}
658
659	if ( functionDecl->get_statements() ) { // empty routine body ?
660	doBeginScope();
661	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
662	std::map< std::string, DeclarationWithType *> oldassignOps = assignOps;
663	DeclarationWithType *oldRetval = retval;
664	bool oldUseRetval = useRetval;
665
666	// process polymorphic return value
667	retval = 0;
668	if ( isPolyRet( functionDecl->get_functionType() ) && functionDecl->get_linkage() == LinkageSpec::Cforall ) {
669	retval = functionDecl->get_functionType()->get_returnVals().front();
670
671	// give names to unnamed return values
672	if ( retval->get_name() == "" ) {
673	retval->set_name( "_retparm" );
674	retval->set_linkage( LinkageSpec::C );
675	} // if
676	} // if
677
678	FunctionType *functionType = functionDecl->get_functionType();
679	makeTyVarMap( functionDecl->get_functionType(), scopeTyVars );
680	findAssignOps( functionDecl->get_functionType()->get_forall() );
681
682	std::list< DeclarationWithType *> &paramList = functionType->get_parameters();
683	std::list< FunctionType *> functions;
684	for ( std::list< TypeDecl *>::iterator tyVar = functionType->get_forall().begin(); tyVar != functionType->get_forall().end(); ++tyVar ) {
685	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator assert = (tyVar)->get_assertions().begin(); assert != (*tyVar)->get_assertions().end(); ++assert ) {
686	findFunction( (*assert)->get_type(), functions, scopeTyVars, needsAdapter );
687	} // for
688	} // for
689	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator arg = paramList.begin(); arg != paramList.end(); ++arg ) {
690	findFunction( (*arg)->get_type(), functions, scopeTyVars, needsAdapter );
691	} // for
692
693	for ( std::list< FunctionType *>::iterator funType = functions.begin(); funType != functions.end(); ++funType ) {
694	std::string mangleName = mangleAdapterName( *funType, scopeTyVars );
695	if ( adapters.find( mangleName ) == adapters.end() ) {
696	std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );
697	adapters.insert( std::pair< std::string, DeclarationWithType >( mangleName, new ObjectDecl( adapterName, DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), makeAdapterType( funType, scopeTyVars ) ), 0 ) ) );
698	} // if
699	} // for
700
701	functionDecl->set_statements( functionDecl->get_statements()->acceptMutator( *this ) );
702
703	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
704	assignOps = oldassignOps;
705	// std::cerr << "end FunctionDecl: ";
706	// for ( TyVarMap::iterator i = scopeTyVars.begin(); i != scopeTyVars.end(); ++i ) {
707	// std::cerr << i->first << " ";
708	// }
709	// std::cerr << "\n";
710	retval = oldRetval;
711	useRetval = oldUseRetval;
712	doEndScope();
713	} // if
714	return functionDecl;
715	}
716
717	TypeDecl Pass1::mutate( TypeDecl typeDecl ) {
718	scopeTyVars[ typeDecl->get_name() ] = typeDecl->get_kind();
719	return Mutator::mutate( typeDecl );
720	}
721
722	Expression Pass1::mutate( CommaExpr commaExpr ) {
723	bool oldUseRetval = useRetval;
724	useRetval = false;
725	commaExpr->set_arg1( maybeMutate( commaExpr->get_arg1(), *this ) );
726	useRetval = oldUseRetval;
727	commaExpr->set_arg2( maybeMutate( commaExpr->get_arg2(), *this ) );
728	return commaExpr;
729	}
730
731	Expression Pass1::mutate( ConditionalExpr condExpr ) {
732	bool oldUseRetval = useRetval;
733	useRetval = false;
734	condExpr->set_arg1( maybeMutate( condExpr->get_arg1(), *this ) );
735	useRetval = oldUseRetval;
736	condExpr->set_arg2( maybeMutate( condExpr->get_arg2(), *this ) );
737	condExpr->set_arg3( maybeMutate( condExpr->get_arg3(), *this ) );
738	return condExpr;
739
740	}
741
742	void Pass1::passArgTypeVars( ApplicationExpr appExpr, Type parmType, Type argBaseType, std::list< Expression >::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars, std::set< std::string > &seenTypes ) {
743	Type *polyBase = hasPolyBase( parmType, exprTyVars );
744	if ( polyBase && ! dynamic_cast< TypeInstType* >( polyBase ) ) {
745	std::string sizeName = sizeofName( polyBase );
746	if ( seenTypes.count( sizeName ) ) return;
747
748	arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, new SizeofExpr( argBaseType->clone() ) );
749	arg++;
750	arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, new AlignofExpr( argBaseType->clone() ) );
751	arg++;
752	if ( dynamic_cast< StructInstType* >( polyBase ) ) {
753	if ( StructInstType argBaseStructType = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( argBaseType ) ) {
754	// zero-length arrays are forbidden by C, so don't pass offset for empty struct
755	if ( ! argBaseStructType->get_baseStruct()->get_members().empty() ) {
756	arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, new OffsetPackExpr( argBaseStructType->clone() ) );
757	arg++;
758	}
759	} else {
760	throw SemanticError( "Cannot pass non-struct type for generic struct" );
761	}
762	}
763
764	seenTypes.insert( sizeName );
765	}
766	}
767
768	void Pass1::passTypeVars( ApplicationExpr appExpr, ReferenceToType polyRetType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars ) {
769	// pass size/align for type variables
770	for ( TyVarMap::const_iterator tyParm = exprTyVars.begin(); tyParm != exprTyVars.end(); ++tyParm ) {
771	ResolvExpr::EqvClass eqvClass;
772	assert( env );
773	if ( tyParm->second == TypeDecl::Any ) {
774	Type *concrete = env->lookup( tyParm->first );
775	if ( concrete ) {
776	arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, new SizeofExpr( concrete->clone() ) );
777	arg++;
778	arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, new AlignofExpr( concrete->clone() ) );
779	arg++;
780	} else {
781	throw SemanticError( "unbound type variable in application ", appExpr );
782	} // if
783	} // if
784	} // for
785
786	// add size/align for generic types to parameter list
787	if ( appExpr->get_function()->get_results().empty() ) return;
788	FunctionType *funcType = getFunctionType( appExpr->get_function()->get_results().front() );
789	assert( funcType );
790
791	std::list< DeclarationWithType* >::const_iterator fnParm = funcType->get_parameters().begin();
792	std::list< Expression* >::const_iterator fnArg = arg;
793	std::set< std::string > seenTypes; //< names for generic types we've seen
794
795	// a polymorphic return type may need to be added to the argument list
796	if ( polyRetType ) {
797	Type *concRetType = replaceWithConcrete( appExpr, polyRetType );
798	passArgTypeVars( appExpr, polyRetType, concRetType, arg, exprTyVars, seenTypes );
799	}
800
801	// add type information args for presently unseen types in parameter list
802	for ( ; fnParm != funcType->get_parameters().end() && fnArg != appExpr->get_args().end(); ++fnParm, ++fnArg ) {
803	VariableExpr fnArgBase = getBaseVar( fnArg );
804	if ( ! fnArgBase \|\| fnArgBase->get_results().empty() ) continue;
805	passArgTypeVars( appExpr, (*fnParm)->get_type(), fnArgBase->get_results().front(), arg, exprTyVars, seenTypes );
806	}
807	}
808
809	ObjectDecl Pass1::makeTemporary( Type type ) {
810	ObjectDecl *newObj = new ObjectDecl( tempNamer.newName(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, type, 0 );
811	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabels, newObj ) );
812	return newObj;
813	}
814
815	Expression Pass1::addRetParam( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, Type retType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg ) {
816	// *** Code Removal *** After introducing a temporary variable for all return expressions, the following code appears superfluous.
817	// if ( useRetval ) {
818	// assert( retval );
819	// arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, new VariableExpr( retval ) );
820	// arg++;
821	// } else {
822
823	// Create temporary to hold return value of polymorphic function and produce that temporary as a result
824	// using a comma expression. Possibly change comma expression into statement expression "{}" for multiple
825	// return values.
826	ObjectDecl *newObj = makeTemporary( retType->clone() );
827	Expression *paramExpr = new VariableExpr( newObj );
828
829	// If the type of the temporary is not polymorphic, box temporary by taking its address;
830	// otherwise the temporary is already boxed and can be used directly.
831	if ( ! isPolyType( newObj->get_type(), scopeTyVars, env ) ) {
832	paramExpr = new AddressExpr( paramExpr );
833	} // if
834	arg = appExpr->get_args().insert( arg, paramExpr ); // add argument to function call
835	arg++;
836	// Build a comma expression to call the function and emulate a normal return.
837	CommaExpr *commaExpr = new CommaExpr( appExpr, new VariableExpr( newObj ) );
838	commaExpr->set_env( appExpr->get_env() );
839	appExpr->set_env( 0 );
840	return commaExpr;
841	// } // if
842	// return appExpr;
843	}
844
845	void Pass1::replaceParametersWithConcrete( ApplicationExpr appExpr, std::list< Expression >& params ) {
846	for ( std::list< Expression* >::iterator param = params.begin(); param != params.end(); ++param ) {
847	TypeExpr paramType = dynamic_cast< TypeExpr >( *param );
848	assert(paramType && "Aggregate parameters should be type expressions");
849	paramType->set_type( replaceWithConcrete( appExpr, paramType->get_type(), false ) );
850	}
851	}
852
853	Type Pass1::replaceWithConcrete( ApplicationExpr appExpr, Type *type, bool doClone ) {
854	if ( TypeInstType typeInst = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType >( type ) ) {
855	Type *concrete = env->lookup( typeInst->get_name() );
856	if ( concrete == 0 ) {
857	throw SemanticError( "Unbound type variable " + typeInst->get_name() + " in ", appExpr );
858	} // if
859	return concrete;
860	} else if ( StructInstType structType = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( type ) ) {
861	if ( doClone ) {
862	structType = structType->clone();
863	}
864	replaceParametersWithConcrete( appExpr, structType->get_parameters() );
865	return structType;
866	} else if ( UnionInstType unionType = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType >( type ) ) {
867	if ( doClone ) {
868	unionType = unionType->clone();
869	}
870	replaceParametersWithConcrete( appExpr, unionType->get_parameters() );
871	return unionType;
872	}
873	return type;
874	}
875
876	Expression Pass1::addPolyRetParam( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, ReferenceToType polyType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg ) {
877	assert( env );
878	Type *concrete = replaceWithConcrete( appExpr, polyType );
879	// add out-parameter for return value
880	return addRetParam( appExpr, function, concrete, arg );
881	}
882
883	Expression Pass1::applyAdapter( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, std::list< Expression >::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
884	Expression *ret = appExpr;
885	if ( ! function->get_returnVals().empty() && isPolyType( function->get_returnVals().front()->get_type(), tyVars ) ) {
886	ret = addRetParam( appExpr, function, function->get_returnVals().front()->get_type(), arg );
887	} // if
888	std::string mangleName = mangleAdapterName( function, tyVars );
889	std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );
890
891	// cast adaptee to void (*)(), since it may have any type inside a polymorphic function
892	Type * adapteeType = new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), true ) );
893	appExpr->get_args().push_front( new CastExpr( appExpr->get_function(), adapteeType ) );
894	appExpr->set_function( new NameExpr( adapterName ) );
895
896	return ret;
897	}
898
899	void Pass1::boxParam( Type param, Expression &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars ) {
900	assert( ! arg->get_results().empty() );
901	if ( isPolyType( param, exprTyVars ) ) {
902	if ( isPolyType( arg->get_results().front() ) ) {
903	// if the argument's type is polymorphic, we don't need to box again!
904	return;
905	} else if ( arg->get_results().front()->get_isLvalue() ) {
906	// VariableExpr and MemberExpr are lvalues
907	arg = new AddressExpr( arg );
908	} else {
909	// use type computed in unification to declare boxed variables
910	Type * newType = param->clone();
911	if ( env ) env->apply( newType );
912	ObjectDecl *newObj = new ObjectDecl( tempNamer.newName(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, newType, 0 );
913	newObj->get_type()->get_qualifiers() = Type::Qualifiers(); // TODO: is this right???
914	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabels, newObj ) );
915	UntypedExpr *assign = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?=?" ) );
916	assign->get_args().push_back( new VariableExpr( newObj ) );
917	assign->get_args().push_back( arg );
918	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, assign ) );
919	arg = new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( newObj ) );
920	} // if
921	} // if
922	}
923
924	/// cast parameters to polymorphic functions so that types are replaced with
925	/// void * if they are type parameters in the formal type.
926	/// this gets rid of warnings from gcc.
927	void addCast( Expression &actual, Type formal, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
928	Type * newType = formal->clone();
929	if ( getFunctionType( newType ) ) {
930	newType = ScrubTyVars::scrub( newType, tyVars );
931	actual = new CastExpr( actual, newType );
932	} // if
933	}
934
935	void Pass1::boxParams( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType function, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &exprTyVars ) {
936	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::const_iterator param = function->get_parameters().begin(); param != function->get_parameters().end(); ++param, ++arg ) {
937	assert( arg != appExpr->get_args().end() );
938	addCast( arg, (param)->get_type(), exprTyVars );
939	boxParam( (param)->get_type(), arg, exprTyVars );
940	} // for
941	}
942
943	void Pass1::addInferredParams( ApplicationExpr appExpr, FunctionType functionType, std::list< Expression *>::iterator &arg, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
944	std::list< Expression *>::iterator cur = arg;
945	for ( std::list< TypeDecl *>::iterator tyVar = functionType->get_forall().begin(); tyVar != functionType->get_forall().end(); ++tyVar ) {
946	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator assert = (tyVar)->get_assertions().begin(); assert != (*tyVar)->get_assertions().end(); ++assert ) {
947	InferredParams::const_iterator inferParam = appExpr->get_inferParams().find( (*assert)->get_uniqueId() );
948	assert( inferParam != appExpr->get_inferParams().end() && "NOTE: Explicit casts of polymorphic functions to compatible monomorphic functions are currently unsupported" );
949	Expression *newExpr = inferParam->second.expr->clone();
950	addCast( newExpr, (*assert)->get_type(), tyVars );
951	boxParam( (*assert)->get_type(), newExpr, tyVars );
952	appExpr->get_args().insert( cur, newExpr );
953	} // for
954	} // for
955	}
956
957	void makeRetParm( FunctionType *funcType ) {
958	DeclarationWithType *retParm = funcType->get_returnVals().front();
959
960	// make a new parameter that is a pointer to the type of the old return value
961	retParm->set_type( new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), retParm->get_type() ) );
962	funcType->get_parameters().push_front( retParm );
963
964	// we don't need the return value any more
965	funcType->get_returnVals().clear();
966	}
967
968	FunctionType makeAdapterType( FunctionType adaptee, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
969	// actually make the adapter type
970	FunctionType *adapter = adaptee->clone();
971	if ( ! adapter->get_returnVals().empty() && isPolyType( adapter->get_returnVals().front()->get_type(), tyVars ) ) {
972	makeRetParm( adapter );
973	} // if
974	adapter->get_parameters().push_front( new ObjectDecl( "", DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), true ) ), 0 ) );
975	return adapter;
976	}
977
978	Expression makeAdapterArg( DeclarationWithType param, DeclarationWithType arg, DeclarationWithType realParam, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
979	assert( param );
980	assert( arg );
981	if ( isPolyType( realParam->get_type(), tyVars ) ) {
982	if ( ! isPolyType( arg->get_type() ) ) {
983	UntypedExpr deref = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?" ) );
984	deref->get_args().push_back( new CastExpr( new VariableExpr( param ), new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), arg->get_type()->clone() ) ) );
985	deref->get_results().push_back( arg->get_type()->clone() );
986	return deref;
987	} // if
988	} // if
989	return new VariableExpr( param );
990	}
991
992	void addAdapterParams( ApplicationExpr adapteeApp, std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator arg, std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator param, std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator paramEnd, std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator realParam, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
993	UniqueName paramNamer( "_p" );
994	for ( ; param != paramEnd; ++param, ++arg, ++realParam ) {
995	if ( (*param)->get_name() == "" ) {
996	(*param)->set_name( paramNamer.newName() );
997	(*param)->set_linkage( LinkageSpec::C );
998	} // if
999	adapteeApp->get_args().push_back( makeAdapterArg( param, arg, *realParam, tyVars ) );
1000	} // for
1001	}
1002
1003
1004
1005	FunctionDecl Pass1::makeAdapter( FunctionType adaptee, FunctionType *realType, const std::string &mangleName, const TyVarMap &tyVars ) {
1006	FunctionType *adapterType = makeAdapterType( adaptee, tyVars );
1007	adapterType = ScrubTyVars::scrub( adapterType, tyVars );
1008	DeclarationWithType *adapteeDecl = adapterType->get_parameters().front();
1009	adapteeDecl->set_name( "_adaptee" );
1010	ApplicationExpr *adapteeApp = new ApplicationExpr( new CastExpr( new VariableExpr( adapteeDecl ), new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), realType ) ) );
1011	Statement *bodyStmt;
1012
1013	std::list< TypeDecl *>::iterator tyArg = realType->get_forall().begin();
1014	std::list< TypeDecl *>::iterator tyParam = adapterType->get_forall().begin();
1015	std::list< TypeDecl *>::iterator realTyParam = adaptee->get_forall().begin();
1016	for ( ; tyParam != adapterType->get_forall().end(); ++tyArg, ++tyParam, ++realTyParam ) {
1017	assert( tyArg != realType->get_forall().end() );
1018	std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator assertArg = (tyArg)->get_assertions().begin();
1019	std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator assertParam = (tyParam)->get_assertions().begin();
1020	std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator realAssertParam = (realTyParam)->get_assertions().begin();
1021	for ( ; assertParam != (*tyParam)->get_assertions().end(); ++assertArg, ++assertParam, ++realAssertParam ) {
1022	assert( assertArg != (*tyArg)->get_assertions().end() );
1023	adapteeApp->get_args().push_back( makeAdapterArg( assertParam, assertArg, *realAssertParam, tyVars ) );
1024	} // for
1025	} // for
1026
1027	std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator arg = realType->get_parameters().begin();
1028	std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator param = adapterType->get_parameters().begin();
1029	std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator realParam = adaptee->get_parameters().begin();
1030	param++; // skip adaptee parameter
1031	if ( realType->get_returnVals().empty() ) {
1032	addAdapterParams( adapteeApp, arg, param, adapterType->get_parameters().end(), realParam, tyVars );
1033	bodyStmt = new ExprStmt( noLabels, adapteeApp );
1034	} else if ( isPolyType( adaptee->get_returnVals().front()->get_type(), tyVars ) ) {
1035	if ( (*param)->get_name() == "" ) {
1036	(*param)->set_name( "_ret" );
1037	(*param)->set_linkage( LinkageSpec::C );
1038	} // if
1039	UntypedExpr *assign = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?=?" ) );
1040	UntypedExpr deref = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?" ) );
1041	deref->get_args().push_back( new CastExpr( new VariableExpr( *param++ ), new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), realType->get_returnVals().front()->get_type()->clone() ) ) );
1042	assign->get_args().push_back( deref );
1043	addAdapterParams( adapteeApp, arg, param, adapterType->get_parameters().end(), realParam, tyVars );
1044	assign->get_args().push_back( adapteeApp );
1045	bodyStmt = new ExprStmt( noLabels, assign );
1046	} else {
1047	// adapter for a function that returns a monomorphic value
1048	addAdapterParams( adapteeApp, arg, param, adapterType->get_parameters().end(), realParam, tyVars );
1049	bodyStmt = new ReturnStmt( noLabels, adapteeApp );
1050	} // if
1051	CompoundStmt *adapterBody = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
1052	adapterBody->get_kids().push_back( bodyStmt );
1053	std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );
1054	return new FunctionDecl( adapterName, DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, adapterType, adapterBody, false, false );
1055	}
1056
1057	void Pass1::passAdapters( ApplicationExpr * appExpr, FunctionType * functionType, const TyVarMap & exprTyVars ) {
1058	// collect a list of function types passed as parameters or implicit parameters (assertions)
1059	std::list< DeclarationWithType *> &paramList = functionType->get_parameters();
1060	std::list< FunctionType *> functions;
1061	for ( std::list< TypeDecl *>::iterator tyVar = functionType->get_forall().begin(); tyVar != functionType->get_forall().end(); ++tyVar ) {
1062	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator assert = (tyVar)->get_assertions().begin(); assert != (*tyVar)->get_assertions().end(); ++assert ) {
1063	findFunction( (*assert)->get_type(), functions, exprTyVars, needsAdapter );
1064	} // for
1065	} // for
1066	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator arg = paramList.begin(); arg != paramList.end(); ++arg ) {
1067	findFunction( (*arg)->get_type(), functions, exprTyVars, needsAdapter );
1068	} // for
1069
1070	// parameter function types for which an appropriate adapter has been generated. we cannot use the types
1071	// after applying substitutions, since two different parameter types may be unified to the same type
1072	std::set< std::string > adaptersDone;
1073
1074	for ( std::list< FunctionType *>::iterator funType = functions.begin(); funType != functions.end(); ++funType ) {
1075	FunctionType originalFunction = (funType)->clone();
1076	FunctionType realFunction = (funType)->clone();
1077	std::string mangleName = SymTab::Mangler::mangle( realFunction );
1078
1079	// only attempt to create an adapter or pass one as a parameter if we haven't already done so for this
1080	// pre-substitution parameter function type.
1081	if ( adaptersDone.find( mangleName ) == adaptersDone.end() ) {
1082	adaptersDone.insert( adaptersDone.begin(), mangleName );
1083
1084	// apply substitution to type variables to figure out what the adapter's type should look like
1085	assert( env );
1086	env->apply( realFunction );
1087	mangleName = SymTab::Mangler::mangle( realFunction );
1088	mangleName += makePolyMonoSuffix( originalFunction, exprTyVars );
1089
1090	typedef ScopedMap< std::string, DeclarationWithType* >::iterator AdapterIter;
1091	AdapterIter adapter = adapters.find( mangleName );
1092	if ( adapter == adapters.end() ) {
1093	// adapter has not been created yet in the current scope, so define it
1094	FunctionDecl newAdapter = makeAdapter( funType, realFunction, mangleName, exprTyVars );
1095	std::pair< AdapterIter, bool > answer = adapters.insert( std::pair< std::string, DeclarationWithType *>( mangleName, newAdapter ) );
1096	adapter = answer.first;
1097	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabels, newAdapter ) );
1098	} // if
1099	assert( adapter != adapters.end() );
1100
1101	// add the appropriate adapter as a parameter
1102	appExpr->get_args().push_front( new VariableExpr( adapter->second ) );
1103	} // if
1104	} // for
1105	} // passAdapters
1106
1107	Expression makeIncrDecrExpr( ApplicationExpr appExpr, Type *polyType, bool isIncr ) {
1108	NameExpr *opExpr;
1109	if ( isIncr ) {
1110	opExpr = new NameExpr( "?+=?" );
1111	} else {
1112	opExpr = new NameExpr( "?-=?" );
1113	} // if
1114	UntypedExpr *addAssign = new UntypedExpr( opExpr );
1115	if ( AddressExpr address = dynamic_cast< AddressExpr >( appExpr->get_args().front() ) ) {
1116	addAssign->get_args().push_back( address->get_arg() );
1117	} else {
1118	addAssign->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().front() );
1119	} // if
1120	addAssign->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( polyType ) ) );
1121	addAssign->get_results().front() = appExpr->get_results().front()->clone();
1122	if ( appExpr->get_env() ) {
1123	addAssign->set_env( appExpr->get_env() );
1124	appExpr->set_env( 0 );
1125	} // if
1126	appExpr->get_args().clear();
1127	delete appExpr;
1128	return addAssign;
1129	}
1130
1131	Expression Pass1::handleIntrinsics( ApplicationExpr appExpr ) {
1132	if ( VariableExpr varExpr = dynamic_cast< VariableExpr >( appExpr->get_function() ) ) {
1133	if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_linkage() == LinkageSpec::Intrinsic ) {
1134	if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?[?]" ) {
1135	assert( ! appExpr->get_results().empty() );
1136	assert( appExpr->get_args().size() == 2 );
1137	Type *baseType1 = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_args().front()->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env );
1138	Type *baseType2 = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_args().back()->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env );
1139	assert( ! baseType1 \|\| ! baseType2 ); // the arguments cannot both be polymorphic pointers
1140	UntypedExpr *ret = 0;
1141	if ( baseType1 \|\| baseType2 ) { // one of the arguments is a polymorphic pointer
1142	ret = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?+?" ) );
1143	} // if
1144	if ( baseType1 ) {
1145	UntypedExpr multiply = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "??" ) );
1146	multiply->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().back() );
1147	multiply->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( baseType1 ) ) );
1148	ret->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().front() );
1149	ret->get_args().push_back( multiply );
1150	} else if ( baseType2 ) {
1151	UntypedExpr multiply = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "??" ) );
1152	multiply->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().front() );
1153	multiply->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( baseType2 ) ) );
1154	ret->get_args().push_back( multiply );
1155	ret->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().back() );
1156	} // if
1157	if ( baseType1 \|\| baseType2 ) {
1158	ret->get_results().push_front( appExpr->get_results().front()->clone() );
1159	if ( appExpr->get_env() ) {
1160	ret->set_env( appExpr->get_env() );
1161	appExpr->set_env( 0 );
1162	} // if
1163	appExpr->get_args().clear();
1164	delete appExpr;
1165	return ret;
1166	} // if
1167	} else if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "*?" ) {
1168	assert( ! appExpr->get_results().empty() );
1169	assert( ! appExpr->get_args().empty() );
1170	if ( isPolyType( appExpr->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env ) ) {
1171	Expression *ret = appExpr->get_args().front();
1172	delete ret->get_results().front();
1173	ret->get_results().front() = appExpr->get_results().front()->clone();
1174	if ( appExpr->get_env() ) {
1175	ret->set_env( appExpr->get_env() );
1176	appExpr->set_env( 0 );
1177	} // if
1178	appExpr->get_args().clear();
1179	delete appExpr;
1180	return ret;
1181	} // if
1182	} else if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?++" \|\| varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?--" ) {
1183	assert( ! appExpr->get_results().empty() );
1184	assert( appExpr->get_args().size() == 1 );
1185	if ( Type *baseType = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env ) ) {
1186	Type *tempType = appExpr->get_results().front()->clone();
1187	if ( env ) {
1188	env->apply( tempType );
1189	} // if
1190	ObjectDecl *newObj = makeTemporary( tempType );
1191	VariableExpr *tempExpr = new VariableExpr( newObj );
1192	UntypedExpr *assignExpr = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?=?" ) );
1193	assignExpr->get_args().push_back( tempExpr->clone() );
1194	if ( AddressExpr address = dynamic_cast< AddressExpr >( appExpr->get_args().front() ) ) {
1195	assignExpr->get_args().push_back( address->get_arg()->clone() );
1196	} else {
1197	assignExpr->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().front()->clone() );
1198	} // if
1199	CommaExpr *firstComma = new CommaExpr( assignExpr, makeIncrDecrExpr( appExpr, baseType, varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?++" ) );
1200	return new CommaExpr( firstComma, tempExpr );
1201	} // if
1202	} else if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "++?" \|\| varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "--?" ) {
1203	assert( ! appExpr->get_results().empty() );
1204	assert( appExpr->get_args().size() == 1 );
1205	if ( Type *baseType = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env ) ) {
1206	return makeIncrDecrExpr( appExpr, baseType, varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "++?" );
1207	} // if
1208	} else if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?+?" \|\| varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?-?" ) {
1209	assert( ! appExpr->get_results().empty() );
1210	assert( appExpr->get_args().size() == 2 );
1211	Type *baseType1 = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_args().front()->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env );
1212	Type *baseType2 = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_args().back()->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env );
1213	if ( baseType1 && baseType2 ) {
1214	UntypedExpr *divide = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?/?" ) );
1215	divide->get_args().push_back( appExpr );
1216	divide->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( baseType1 ) ) );
1217	divide->get_results().push_front( appExpr->get_results().front()->clone() );
1218	if ( appExpr->get_env() ) {
1219	divide->set_env( appExpr->get_env() );
1220	appExpr->set_env( 0 );
1221	} // if
1222	return divide;
1223	} else if ( baseType1 ) {
1224	UntypedExpr multiply = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "??" ) );
1225	multiply->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().back() );
1226	multiply->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( baseType1 ) ) );
1227	appExpr->get_args().back() = multiply;
1228	} else if ( baseType2 ) {
1229	UntypedExpr multiply = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "??" ) );
1230	multiply->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().front() );
1231	multiply->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( baseType2 ) ) );
1232	appExpr->get_args().front() = multiply;
1233	} // if
1234	} else if ( varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?+=?" \|\| varExpr->get_var()->get_name() == "?-=?" ) {
1235	assert( ! appExpr->get_results().empty() );
1236	assert( appExpr->get_args().size() == 2 );
1237	Type *baseType = isPolyPtr( appExpr->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env );
1238	if ( baseType ) {
1239	UntypedExpr multiply = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "??" ) );
1240	multiply->get_args().push_back( appExpr->get_args().back() );
1241	multiply->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( baseType ) ) );
1242	appExpr->get_args().back() = multiply;
1243	} // if
1244	} // if
1245	return appExpr;
1246	} // if
1247	} // if
1248	return 0;
1249	}
1250
1251	Expression Pass1::mutate( ApplicationExpr appExpr ) {
1252	// std::cerr << "mutate appExpr: ";
1253	// for ( TyVarMap::iterator i = scopeTyVars.begin(); i != scopeTyVars.end(); ++i ) {
1254	// std::cerr << i->first << " ";
1255	// }
1256	// std::cerr << "\n";
1257	bool oldUseRetval = useRetval;
1258	useRetval = false;
1259	appExpr->get_function()->acceptMutator( *this );
1260	mutateAll( appExpr->get_args(), *this );
1261	useRetval = oldUseRetval;
1262
1263	assert( ! appExpr->get_function()->get_results().empty() );
1264	PointerType pointer = dynamic_cast< PointerType >( appExpr->get_function()->get_results().front() );
1265	assert( pointer );
1266	FunctionType function = dynamic_cast< FunctionType >( pointer->get_base() );
1267	assert( function );
1268
1269	if ( Expression *newExpr = handleIntrinsics( appExpr ) ) {
1270	return newExpr;
1271	} // if
1272
1273	Expression *ret = appExpr;
1274
1275	std::list< Expression *>::iterator arg = appExpr->get_args().begin();
1276	std::list< Expression *>::iterator paramBegin = appExpr->get_args().begin();
1277
1278	TyVarMap exprTyVars;
1279	makeTyVarMap( function, exprTyVars );
1280	ReferenceToType *polyRetType = isPolyRet( function );
1281
1282	if ( polyRetType ) {
1283	ret = addPolyRetParam( appExpr, function, polyRetType, arg );
1284	} else if ( needsAdapter( function, scopeTyVars ) ) {
1285	// std::cerr << "needs adapter: ";
1286	// for ( TyVarMap::iterator i = scopeTyVars.begin(); i != scopeTyVars.end(); ++i ) {
1287	// std::cerr << i->first << " ";
1288	// }
1289	// std::cerr << "\n";
1290	// change the application so it calls the adapter rather than the passed function
1291	ret = applyAdapter( appExpr, function, arg, scopeTyVars );
1292	} // if
1293	arg = appExpr->get_args().begin();
1294
1295	passTypeVars( appExpr, polyRetType, arg, exprTyVars );
1296	addInferredParams( appExpr, function, arg, exprTyVars );
1297
1298	arg = paramBegin;
1299
1300	boxParams( appExpr, function, arg, exprTyVars );
1301
1302	passAdapters( appExpr, function, exprTyVars );
1303
1304	return ret;
1305	}
1306
1307	Expression Pass1::mutate( UntypedExpr expr ) {
1308	if ( ! expr->get_results().empty() && isPolyType( expr->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env ) ) {
1309	if ( NameExpr name = dynamic_cast< NameExpr >( expr->get_function() ) ) {
1310	if ( name->get_name() == "*?" ) {
1311	Expression *ret = expr->get_args().front();
1312	expr->get_args().clear();
1313	delete expr;
1314	return ret->acceptMutator( *this );
1315	} // if
1316	} // if
1317	} // if
1318	return PolyMutator::mutate( expr );
1319	}
1320
1321	Expression Pass1::mutate( AddressExpr addrExpr ) {
1322	assert( ! addrExpr->get_arg()->get_results().empty() );
1323
1324	bool needs = false;
1325	if ( UntypedExpr expr = dynamic_cast< UntypedExpr >( addrExpr->get_arg() ) ) {
1326	if ( ! expr->get_results().empty() && isPolyType( expr->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env ) ) {
1327	if ( NameExpr name = dynamic_cast< NameExpr >( expr->get_function() ) ) {
1328	if ( name->get_name() == "*?" ) {
1329	if ( ApplicationExpr * appExpr = dynamic_cast< ApplicationExpr * >( expr->get_args().front() ) ) {
1330	assert( ! appExpr->get_function()->get_results().empty() );
1331	PointerType pointer = dynamic_cast< PointerType >( appExpr->get_function()->get_results().front() );
1332	assert( pointer );
1333	FunctionType function = dynamic_cast< FunctionType >( pointer->get_base() );
1334	assert( function );
1335	needs = needsAdapter( function, scopeTyVars );
1336	} // if
1337	} // if
1338	} // if
1339	} // if
1340	} // if
1341	addrExpr->set_arg( mutateExpression( addrExpr->get_arg() ) );
1342	if ( isPolyType( addrExpr->get_arg()->get_results().front(), scopeTyVars, env ) \|\| needs ) {
1343	Expression *ret = addrExpr->get_arg();
1344	delete ret->get_results().front();
1345	ret->get_results().front() = addrExpr->get_results().front()->clone();
1346	addrExpr->set_arg( 0 );
1347	delete addrExpr;
1348	return ret;
1349	} else {
1350	return addrExpr;
1351	} // if
1352	}
1353
1354	/// Wraps a function declaration in a new pointer-to-function variable expression
1355	VariableExpr wrapFunctionDecl( DeclarationWithType functionDecl ) {
1356	// line below cloned from FixFunction.cc
1357	ObjectDecl *functionObj = new ObjectDecl( functionDecl->get_name(), functionDecl->get_storageClass(), functionDecl->get_linkage(), 0,
1358	new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), functionDecl->get_type()->clone() ), 0 );
1359	functionObj->set_mangleName( functionDecl->get_mangleName() );
1360	return new VariableExpr( functionObj );
1361	}
1362
1363	Statement * Pass1::mutate( ReturnStmt *returnStmt ) {
1364	if ( retval && returnStmt->get_expr() ) {
1365	assert( ! returnStmt->get_expr()->get_results().empty() );
1366	// *** Code Removal *** After introducing a temporary variable for all return expressions, the following code appears superfluous.
1367	// if ( returnStmt->get_expr()->get_results().front()->get_isLvalue() ) {
1368	// by this point, a cast expr on a polymorphic return value is redundant
1369	while ( CastExpr castExpr = dynamic_cast< CastExpr >( returnStmt->get_expr() ) ) {
1370	returnStmt->set_expr( castExpr->get_arg() );
1371	returnStmt->get_expr()->set_env( castExpr->get_env() );
1372	castExpr->set_env( 0 );
1373	castExpr->set_arg( 0 );
1374	delete castExpr;
1375	} //while
1376
1377	// find assignment operator for (polymorphic) return type
1378	ApplicationExpr *assignExpr = 0;
1379	if ( TypeInstType typeInst = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType >( retval->get_type() ) ) {
1380	// find assignment operator for type variable
1381	std::map< std::string, DeclarationWithType *>::const_iterator assignIter = assignOps.find( typeInst->get_name() );
1382	if ( assignIter == assignOps.end() ) {
1383	throw SemanticError( "Attempt to return dtype or ftype object in ", returnStmt->get_expr() );
1384	} // if
1385	assignExpr = new ApplicationExpr( new VariableExpr( assignIter->second ) );
1386	} else if ( ReferenceToType refType = dynamic_cast< ReferenceToType >( retval->get_type() ) ) {
1387	// find assignment operator for generic type
1388	DeclarationWithType *functionDecl = scopedAssignOps.find( refType );
1389	if ( ! functionDecl ) {
1390	throw SemanticError( "Attempt to return dtype or ftype generic object in ", returnStmt->get_expr() );
1391	}
1392
1393	// wrap it up in an application expression
1394	assignExpr = new ApplicationExpr( wrapFunctionDecl( functionDecl ) );
1395	assignExpr->set_env( env->clone() );
1396
1397	// find each of its needed secondary assignment operators
1398	std::list< Expression* > &tyParams = refType->get_parameters();
1399	std::list< TypeDecl* > &forallParams = functionDecl->get_type()->get_forall();
1400	std::list< Expression* >::const_iterator tyIt = tyParams.begin();
1401	std::list< TypeDecl* >::const_iterator forallIt = forallParams.begin();
1402	for ( ; tyIt != tyParams.end() && forallIt != forallParams.end(); ++tyIt, ++forallIt ) {
1403	// Add appropriate mapping to assignment expression environment
1404	TypeExpr formalTypeExpr = dynamic_cast< TypeExpr >( *tyIt );
1405	assert( formalTypeExpr && "type parameters must be type expressions" );
1406	Type *formalType = formalTypeExpr->get_type();
1407	assignExpr->get_env()->add( (*forallIt)->get_name(), formalType );
1408
1409	// skip types with no assign op (ftype/dtype)
1410	if ( (*forallIt)->get_kind() != TypeDecl::Any ) continue;
1411
1412	// find assignment operator for formal type
1413	DeclarationWithType *assertAssign = 0;
1414	if ( TypeInstType formalTypeInstType = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType >( formalType ) ) {
1415	std::map< std::string, DeclarationWithType *>::const_iterator assertAssignIt = assignOps.find( formalTypeInstType->get_name() );
1416	if ( assertAssignIt == assignOps.end() ) {
1417	throw SemanticError( "No assignment operation found for ", formalTypeInstType );
1418	}
1419	assertAssign = assertAssignIt->second;
1420	} else {
1421	assertAssign = scopedAssignOps.find( formalType );
1422	if ( ! assertAssign ) {
1423	throw SemanticError( "No assignment operation found for ", formalType );
1424	}
1425	}
1426
1427	// add inferred parameter for field assignment operator to assignment expression
1428	std::list< DeclarationWithType* > &asserts = (*forallIt)->get_assertions();
1429	assert( ! asserts.empty() && "Type param needs assignment operator assertion" );
1430	DeclarationWithType *actualDecl = asserts.front();
1431	assignExpr->get_inferParams()[ actualDecl->get_uniqueId() ]
1432	= ParamEntry( assertAssign->get_uniqueId(), assertAssign->get_type()->clone(), actualDecl->get_type()->clone(), wrapFunctionDecl( assertAssign ) );
1433	}
1434	}
1435	assert( assignExpr );
1436
1437	// replace return statement with appropriate assignment to out parameter
1438	Expression *retParm = new NameExpr( retval->get_name() );
1439	retParm->get_results().push_back( new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), retval->get_type()->clone() ) );
1440	assignExpr->get_args().push_back( retParm );
1441	assignExpr->get_args().push_back( returnStmt->get_expr() );
1442	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, mutateExpression( assignExpr ) ) );
1443	// } else {
1444	// useRetval = true;
1445	// stmtsToAdd.push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, mutateExpression( returnStmt->get_expr() ) ) );
1446	// useRetval = false;
1447	// } // if
1448	returnStmt->set_expr( 0 );
1449	} else {
1450	returnStmt->set_expr( mutateExpression( returnStmt->get_expr() ) );
1451	} // if
1452	return returnStmt;
1453	}
1454
1455	Type * Pass1::mutate( PointerType *pointerType ) {
1456	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
1457	makeTyVarMap( pointerType, scopeTyVars );
1458
1459	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( pointerType );
1460
1461	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
1462	return ret;
1463	}
1464
1465	Type * Pass1::mutate( FunctionType *functionType ) {
1466	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
1467	makeTyVarMap( functionType, scopeTyVars );
1468
1469	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( functionType );
1470
1471	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
1472	return ret;
1473	}
1474
1475	void Pass1::doBeginScope() {
1476	adapters.beginScope();
1477	scopedAssignOps.beginScope();
1478	}
1479
1480	void Pass1::doEndScope() {
1481	adapters.endScope();
1482	scopedAssignOps.endScope();
1483	}
1484
1485	////////////////////////////////////////// Pass2 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1486
1487	void Pass2::addAdapters( FunctionType *functionType ) {
1488	std::list< DeclarationWithType *> &paramList = functionType->get_parameters();
1489	std::list< FunctionType *> functions;
1490	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator arg = paramList.begin(); arg != paramList.end(); ++arg ) {
1491	Type orig = (arg)->get_type();
1492	findAndReplaceFunction( orig, functions, scopeTyVars, needsAdapter );
1493	(*arg)->set_type( orig );
1494	}
1495	std::set< std::string > adaptersDone;
1496	for ( std::list< FunctionType *>::iterator funType = functions.begin(); funType != functions.end(); ++funType ) {
1497	std::string mangleName = mangleAdapterName( *funType, scopeTyVars );
1498	if ( adaptersDone.find( mangleName ) == adaptersDone.end() ) {
1499	std::string adapterName = makeAdapterName( mangleName );
1500	paramList.push_front( new ObjectDecl( adapterName, DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), makeAdapterType( *funType, scopeTyVars ) ), 0 ) );
1501	adaptersDone.insert( adaptersDone.begin(), mangleName );
1502	}
1503	}
1504	// deleteAll( functions );
1505	}
1506
1507	template< typename DeclClass >
1508	DeclClass * Pass2::handleDecl( DeclClass decl, Type type ) {
1509	DeclClass ret = static_cast< DeclClass >( Mutator::mutate( decl ) );
1510
1511	return ret;
1512	}
1513
1514	DeclarationWithType * Pass2::mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) {
1515	return handleDecl( functionDecl, functionDecl->get_functionType() );
1516	}
1517
1518	ObjectDecl * Pass2::mutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl ) {
1519	return handleDecl( objectDecl, objectDecl->get_type() );
1520	}
1521
1522	TypeDecl * Pass2::mutate( TypeDecl *typeDecl ) {
1523	scopeTyVars[ typeDecl->get_name() ] = typeDecl->get_kind();
1524	if ( typeDecl->get_base() ) {
1525	return handleDecl( typeDecl, typeDecl->get_base() );
1526	} else {
1527	return Mutator::mutate( typeDecl );
1528	}
1529	}
1530
1531	TypedefDecl * Pass2::mutate( TypedefDecl *typedefDecl ) {
1532	return handleDecl( typedefDecl, typedefDecl->get_base() );
1533	}
1534
1535	Type * Pass2::mutate( PointerType *pointerType ) {
1536	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
1537	makeTyVarMap( pointerType, scopeTyVars );
1538
1539	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( pointerType );
1540
1541	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
1542	return ret;
1543	}
1544
1545	Type Pass2::mutate( FunctionType funcType ) {
1546	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
1547	makeTyVarMap( funcType, scopeTyVars );
1548
1549	// move polymorphic return type to parameter list
1550	if ( isPolyRet( funcType ) ) {
1551	DeclarationWithType *ret = funcType->get_returnVals().front();
1552	ret->set_type( new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), ret->get_type() ) );
1553	funcType->get_parameters().push_front( ret );
1554	funcType->get_returnVals().pop_front();
1555	}
1556
1557	// add size/align and assertions for type parameters to parameter list
1558	std::list< DeclarationWithType *>::iterator last = funcType->get_parameters().begin();
1559	std::list< DeclarationWithType *> inferredParams;
1560	ObjectDecl newObj( "", DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt ), 0 );
1561	ObjectDecl newPtr( "", DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0,
1562	new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt ) ), 0 );
1563	for ( std::list< TypeDecl *>::const_iterator tyParm = funcType->get_forall().begin(); tyParm != funcType->get_forall().end(); ++tyParm ) {
1564	ObjectDecl sizeParm, alignParm;
1565	// add all size and alignment parameters to parameter list
1566	if ( (*tyParm)->get_kind() == TypeDecl::Any ) {
1567	TypeInstType parmType( Type::Qualifiers(), (tyParm)->get_name(), tyParm );
1568
1569	sizeParm = newObj.clone();
1570	sizeParm->set_name( sizeofName( &parmType ) );
1571	last = funcType->get_parameters().insert( last, sizeParm );
1572	++last;
1573
1574	alignParm = newObj.clone();
1575	alignParm->set_name( alignofName( &parmType ) );
1576	last = funcType->get_parameters().insert( last, alignParm );
1577	++last;
1578	}
1579	// move all assertions into parameter list
1580	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType >::iterator assert = (tyParm)->get_assertions().begin(); assert != (*tyParm)->get_assertions().end(); ++assert ) {
1581	// assert = (assert)->acceptMutator( *this );
1582	inferredParams.push_back( *assert );
1583	}
1584	(*tyParm)->get_assertions().clear();
1585	}
1586
1587	// add size/align for generic parameter types to parameter list
1588	std::set< std::string > seenTypes; // sizeofName for generic types we've seen
1589	for ( std::list< DeclarationWithType* >::const_iterator fnParm = last; fnParm != funcType->get_parameters().end(); ++fnParm ) {
1590	Type polyBase = hasPolyBase( (fnParm)->get_type(), scopeTyVars );
1591	if ( polyBase && ! dynamic_cast< TypeInstType* >( polyBase ) ) {
1592	std::string sizeName = sizeofName( polyBase );
1593	if ( seenTypes.count( sizeName ) ) continue;
1594
1595	ObjectDecl sizeParm, alignParm, *offsetParm;
1596	sizeParm = newObj.clone();
1597	sizeParm->set_name( sizeName );
1598	last = funcType->get_parameters().insert( last, sizeParm );
1599	++last;
1600
1601	alignParm = newObj.clone();
1602	alignParm->set_name( alignofName( polyBase ) );
1603	last = funcType->get_parameters().insert( last, alignParm );
1604	++last;
1605
1606	if ( StructInstType polyBaseStruct = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( polyBase ) ) {
1607	// NOTE zero-length arrays are illegal in C, so empty structs have no offset array
1608	if ( ! polyBaseStruct->get_baseStruct()->get_members().empty() ) {
1609	offsetParm = newPtr.clone();
1610	offsetParm->set_name( offsetofName( polyBase ) );
1611	last = funcType->get_parameters().insert( last, offsetParm );
1612	++last;
1613	}
1614	}
1615
1616	seenTypes.insert( sizeName );
1617	knownLayouts.insert( sizeName ); // make sure that any type information passed into the function is accounted for
1618	}
1619	}
1620
1621	// splice assertion parameters into parameter list
1622	funcType->get_parameters().splice( last, inferredParams );
1623	addAdapters( funcType );
1624	mutateAll( funcType->get_returnVals(), *this );
1625	mutateAll( funcType->get_parameters(), *this );
1626
1627	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
1628	return funcType;
1629	}
1630
1631	ObjectDecl Pass2::makeVar( const std::string &name, Type type, Initializer *init ) {
1632	ObjectDecl *newObj = new ObjectDecl( name, DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::C, 0, type, init );
1633	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabels, newObj ) );
1634	return newObj;
1635	}
1636
1637	void Pass2::addOtypeParamsToLayoutCall( UntypedExpr layoutCall, const std::list< Type > &otypeParams ) {
1638	for ( std::list< Type* >::const_iterator param = otypeParams.begin(); param != otypeParams.end(); ++param ) {
1639	if ( findGeneric( *param ) ) {
1640	// push size/align vars for a generic parameter back
1641	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( *param ) ) );
1642	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( alignofName( *param ) ) );
1643	} else {
1644	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new SizeofExpr( (*param)->clone() ) );
1645	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new AlignofExpr( (*param)->clone() ) );
1646	}
1647	}
1648	}
1649
1650	/// returns true if any of the otype parameters have a dynamic layout and puts all otype parameters in the output list
1651	bool findGenericParams( std::list< TypeDecl* > &baseParams, std::list< Expression* > &typeParams, std::list< Type* > &out ) {
1652	bool hasDynamicLayout = false;
1653
1654	std::list< TypeDecl* >::const_iterator baseParam = baseParams.begin();
1655	std::list< Expression* >::const_iterator typeParam = typeParams.begin();
1656	for ( ; baseParam != baseParams.end() && typeParam != typeParams.end(); ++baseParam, ++typeParam ) {
1657	// skip non-otype parameters
1658	if ( (*baseParam)->get_kind() != TypeDecl::Any ) continue;
1659	TypeExpr typeExpr = dynamic_cast< TypeExpr >( *typeParam );
1660	assert( typeExpr && "all otype parameters should be type expressions" );
1661
1662	Type *type = typeExpr->get_type();
1663	out.push_back( type );
1664	if ( isPolyType( type ) ) hasDynamicLayout = true;
1665	}
1666	assert( baseParam == baseParams.end() && typeParam == typeParams.end() );
1667
1668	return hasDynamicLayout;
1669	}
1670
1671	bool Pass2::findGeneric( Type *ty ) {
1672	if ( dynamic_cast< TypeInstType* >( ty ) ) {
1673	// NOTE this assumes that all type variables will be properly bound, and thus have their layouts in scope
1674	return true;
1675	} else if ( StructInstType structTy = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( ty ) ) {
1676	// check if this type already has a layout generated for it
1677	std::string sizeName = sizeofName( ty );
1678	if ( knownLayouts.find( sizeName ) != knownLayouts.end() ) return true;
1679
1680	// check if any of the type parameters have dynamic layout; if none do, this type is (or will be) monomorphized
1681	std::list< Type* > otypeParams;
1682	if ( ! findGenericParams( *structTy->get_baseParameters(), structTy->get_parameters(), otypeParams ) ) return false;
1683
1684	// insert local variables for layout and generate call to layout function
1685	knownLayouts.insert( sizeName ); // done early so as not to interfere with the later addition of parameters to the layout call
1686	Type *layoutType = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt );
1687
1688	int n_members = structTy->get_baseStruct()->get_members().size();
1689	if ( n_members == 0 ) {
1690	// all empty structs have the same layout - size 1, align 1
1691	makeVar( sizeName, layoutType, new SingleInit( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from( (unsigned long)1 ) ) ) );
1692	makeVar( alignofName( ty ), layoutType->clone(), new SingleInit( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from( (unsigned long)1 ) ) ) );
1693	// NOTE zero-length arrays are forbidden in C, so empty structs have no offsetof array
1694	} else {
1695	ObjectDecl *sizeVar = makeVar( sizeName, layoutType );
1696	ObjectDecl *alignVar = makeVar( alignofName( ty ), layoutType->clone() );
1697	ObjectDecl *offsetVar = makeVar( offsetofName( ty ), new ArrayType( Type::Qualifiers(), layoutType->clone(), new ConstantExpr( Constant::from( n_members ) ), false, false ) );
1698
1699	// generate call to layout function
1700	UntypedExpr *layoutCall = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "__layoutof_" + structTy->get_baseStruct()->get_name() ) );
1701	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( sizeVar ) ) );
1702	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( alignVar ) ) );
1703	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new VariableExpr( offsetVar ) );
1704	addOtypeParamsToLayoutCall( layoutCall, otypeParams );
1705
1706	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, layoutCall ) );
1707	}
1708
1709	return true;
1710	} else if ( UnionInstType unionTy = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType >( ty ) ) {
1711	// check if this type already has a layout generated for it
1712	std::string sizeName = sizeofName( ty );
1713	if ( knownLayouts.find( sizeName ) != knownLayouts.end() ) return true;
1714
1715	// check if any of the type parameters have dynamic layout; if none do, this type is (or will be) monomorphized
1716	std::list< Type* > otypeParams;
1717	if ( ! findGenericParams( *unionTy->get_baseParameters(), unionTy->get_parameters(), otypeParams ) ) return false;
1718
1719	// insert local variables for layout and generate call to layout function
1720	knownLayouts.insert( sizeName ); // done early so as not to interfere with the later addition of parameters to the layout call
1721	Type *layoutType = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt );
1722
1723	ObjectDecl *sizeVar = makeVar( sizeName, layoutType );
1724	ObjectDecl *alignVar = makeVar( alignofName( ty ), layoutType->clone() );
1725
1726	// generate call to layout function
1727	UntypedExpr *layoutCall = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "__layoutof_" + unionTy->get_baseUnion()->get_name() ) );
1728	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( sizeVar ) ) );
1729	layoutCall->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( alignVar ) ) );
1730	addOtypeParamsToLayoutCall( layoutCall, otypeParams );
1731
1732	stmtsToAdd.push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, layoutCall ) );
1733
1734	return true;
1735	}
1736
1737	return false;
1738	}
1739
1740	Expression Pass2::mutate( SizeofExpr sizeofExpr ) {
1741	Type *ty = sizeofExpr->get_type();
1742	if ( findGeneric( ty ) ) {
1743	Expression *ret = new NameExpr( sizeofName( ty ) );
1744	delete sizeofExpr;
1745	return ret;
1746	}
1747	return sizeofExpr;
1748	}
1749
1750	Expression Pass2::mutate( AlignofExpr alignofExpr ) {
1751	Type *ty = alignofExpr->get_type();
1752	if ( findGeneric( ty ) ) {
1753	Expression *ret = new NameExpr( alignofName( ty ) );
1754	delete alignofExpr;
1755	return ret;
1756	}
1757	return alignofExpr;
1758	}
1759
1760	Expression Pass2::mutate( OffsetofExpr offsetofExpr ) {
1761	findGeneric( offsetofExpr->get_type() );
1762	return offsetofExpr;
1763	}
1764
1765	Expression Pass2::mutate( OffsetPackExpr offsetPackExpr ) {
1766	StructInstType *ty = offsetPackExpr->get_type();
1767
1768	Expression *ret = 0;
1769	if ( findGeneric( ty ) ) {
1770	// pull offset back from generated type information
1771	ret = new NameExpr( offsetofName( ty ) );
1772	} else {
1773	std::string offsetName = offsetofName( ty );
1774	if ( knownOffsets.find( offsetName ) != knownOffsets.end() ) {
1775	// use the already-generated offsets for this type
1776	ret = new NameExpr( offsetName );
1777	} else {
1778	std::list< Declaration* > &baseMembers = ty->get_baseStruct()->get_members();
1779	Type *offsetType = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt );
1780
1781	// build initializer list for offset array
1782	std::list< Initializer* > inits;
1783	for ( std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator member = baseMembers.begin(); member != baseMembers.end(); ++member ) {
1784	DeclarationWithType *memberDecl;
1785	if ( DeclarationWithType origMember = dynamic_cast< DeclarationWithType >( *member ) ) {
1786	memberDecl = origMember->clone();
1787	} else {
1788	memberDecl = new ObjectDecl( (*member)->get_name(), DeclarationNode::NoStorageClass, LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, offsetType->clone(), 0 );
1789	}
1790	inits.push_back( new SingleInit( new OffsetofExpr( ty->clone(), memberDecl ) ) );
1791	}
1792
1793	// build the offset array and replace the pack with a reference to it
1794	ObjectDecl *offsetArray = makeVar( offsetName, new ArrayType( Type::Qualifiers(), offsetType, new ConstantExpr( Constant::from( baseMembers.size() ) ), false, false ),
1795	new ListInit( inits ) );
1796	ret = new VariableExpr( offsetArray );
1797	}
1798	}
1799
1800	delete offsetPackExpr;
1801	return ret;
1802	}
1803
1804	void Pass2::doBeginScope() {
1805	knownLayouts.beginScope();
1806	knownOffsets.beginScope();
1807	}
1808
1809	void Pass2::doEndScope() {
1810	knownLayouts.endScope();
1811	knownOffsets.beginScope();
1812	}
1813
1814	//////////////////////////////////////// GenericInstantiator //////////////////////////////////////////////////
1815
1816	/// Makes substitutions of params into baseParams; returns true if all parameters substituted for a concrete type
1817	bool makeSubstitutions( const std::list< TypeDecl* >& baseParams, const std::list< Expression* >& params, std::list< TypeExpr* >& out ) {
1818	bool allConcrete = true; // will finish the substitution list even if they're not all concrete
1819
1820	// substitute concrete types for given parameters, and incomplete types for placeholders
1821	std::list< TypeDecl* >::const_iterator baseParam = baseParams.begin();
1822	std::list< Expression* >::const_iterator param = params.begin();
1823	for ( ; baseParam != baseParams.end() && param != params.end(); ++baseParam, ++param ) {
1824	// switch ( (*baseParam)->get_kind() ) {
1825	// case TypeDecl::Any: { // any type is a valid substitution here; complete types can be used to instantiate generics
1826	TypeExpr paramType = dynamic_cast< TypeExpr >( *param );
1827	assert(paramType && "Aggregate parameters should be type expressions");
1828	out.push_back( paramType->clone() );
1829	// check that the substituted type isn't a type variable itself
1830	if ( dynamic_cast< TypeInstType* >( paramType->get_type() ) ) {
1831	allConcrete = false;
1832	}
1833	// break;
1834	// }
1835	// case TypeDecl::Dtype: // dtype can be consistently replaced with void [only pointers, which become void*]
1836	// out.push_back( new TypeExpr( new VoidType( Type::Qualifiers() ) ) );
1837	// break;
1838	// case TypeDecl::Ftype: // pointer-to-ftype can be consistently replaced with void (*)(void) [similar to dtype]
1839	// out.push_back( new TypeExpr( new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false ) ) );
1840	// break;
1841	// }
1842	}
1843
1844	// if any parameters left over, not done
1845	if ( baseParam != baseParams.end() ) return false;
1846	// // if not enough parameters given, substitute remaining incomplete types for placeholders
1847	// for ( ; baseParam != baseParams.end(); ++baseParam ) {
1848	// switch ( (*baseParam)->get_kind() ) {
1849	// case TypeDecl::Any: // no more substitutions here, fail early
1850	// return false;
1851	// case TypeDecl::Dtype: // dtype can be consistently replaced with void [only pointers, which become void*]
1852	// out.push_back( new TypeExpr( new VoidType( Type::Qualifiers() ) ) );
1853	// break;
1854	// case TypeDecl::Ftype: // pointer-to-ftype can be consistently replaced with void (*)(void) [similar to dtype]
1855	// out.push_back( new TypeExpr( new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false ) ) );
1856	// break;
1857	// }
1858	// }
1859
1860	return allConcrete;
1861	}
1862
1863	/// Substitutes types of members of in according to baseParams => typeSubs, appending the result to out
1864	void substituteMembers( const std::list< Declaration* >& in, const std::list< TypeDecl* >& baseParams, const std::list< TypeExpr* >& typeSubs,
1865	std::list< Declaration* >& out ) {
1866	// substitute types into new members
1867	TypeSubstitution subs( baseParams.begin(), baseParams.end(), typeSubs.begin() );
1868	for ( std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator member = in.begin(); member != in.end(); ++member ) {
1869	Declaration newMember = (member)->clone();
1870	subs.apply(newMember);
1871	out.push_back( newMember );
1872	}
1873	}
1874
1875	Type* GenericInstantiator::mutate( StructInstType *inst ) {
1876	// mutate subtypes
1877	Type *mutated = Mutator::mutate( inst );
1878	inst = dynamic_cast< StructInstType* >( mutated );
1879	if ( ! inst ) return mutated;
1880
1881	// exit early if no need for further mutation
1882	if ( inst->get_parameters().empty() ) return inst;
1883	assert( inst->get_baseParameters() && "Base struct has parameters" );
1884
1885	// check if type can be concretely instantiated; put substitutions into typeSubs
1886	std::list< TypeExpr* > typeSubs;
1887	if ( ! makeSubstitutions( *inst->get_baseParameters(), inst->get_parameters(), typeSubs ) ) {
1888	deleteAll( typeSubs );
1889	return inst;
1890	}
1891
1892	// make concrete instantiation of generic type
1893	StructDecl *concDecl = lookup( inst, typeSubs );
1894	if ( ! concDecl ) {
1895	// set concDecl to new type, insert type declaration into statements to add
1896	concDecl = new StructDecl( typeNamer.newName( inst->get_name() ) );
1897	substituteMembers( inst->get_baseStruct()->get_members(), *inst->get_baseParameters(), typeSubs, concDecl->get_members() );
1898	DeclMutator::addDeclaration( concDecl );
1899	insert( inst, typeSubs, concDecl );
1900	}
1901	StructInstType *newInst = new StructInstType( inst->get_qualifiers(), concDecl->get_name() );
1902	newInst->set_baseStruct( concDecl );
1903
1904	deleteAll( typeSubs );
1905	delete inst;
1906	return newInst;
1907	}
1908
1909	Type* GenericInstantiator::mutate( UnionInstType *inst ) {
1910	// mutate subtypes
1911	Type *mutated = Mutator::mutate( inst );
1912	inst = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType* >( mutated );
1913	if ( ! inst ) return mutated;
1914
1915	// exit early if no need for further mutation
1916	if ( inst->get_parameters().empty() ) return inst;
1917	assert( inst->get_baseParameters() && "Base union has parameters" );
1918
1919	// check if type can be concretely instantiated; put substitutions into typeSubs
1920	std::list< TypeExpr* > typeSubs;
1921	if ( ! makeSubstitutions( *inst->get_baseParameters(), inst->get_parameters(), typeSubs ) ) {
1922	deleteAll( typeSubs );
1923	return inst;
1924	}
1925
1926	// make concrete instantiation of generic type
1927	UnionDecl *concDecl = lookup( inst, typeSubs );
1928	if ( ! concDecl ) {
1929	// set concDecl to new type, insert type declaration into statements to add
1930	concDecl = new UnionDecl( typeNamer.newName( inst->get_name() ) );
1931	substituteMembers( inst->get_baseUnion()->get_members(), *inst->get_baseParameters(), typeSubs, concDecl->get_members() );
1932	DeclMutator::addDeclaration( concDecl );
1933	insert( inst, typeSubs, concDecl );
1934	}
1935	UnionInstType *newInst = new UnionInstType( inst->get_qualifiers(), concDecl->get_name() );
1936	newInst->set_baseUnion( concDecl );
1937
1938	deleteAll( typeSubs );
1939	delete inst;
1940	return newInst;
1941	}
1942
1943	// /// Gets the base struct or union declaration for a member expression; NULL if not applicable
1944	// AggregateDecl* getMemberBaseDecl( MemberExpr *memberExpr ) {
1945	// // get variable for member aggregate
1946	// VariableExpr varExpr = dynamic_cast< VariableExpr >( memberExpr->get_aggregate() );
1947	// if ( ! varExpr ) return NULL;
1948	//
1949	// // get object for variable
1950	// ObjectDecl objectDecl = dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl >( varExpr->get_var() );
1951	// if ( ! objectDecl ) return NULL;
1952	//
1953	// // get base declaration from object type
1954	// Type *objectType = objectDecl->get_type();
1955	// StructInstType structType = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( objectType );
1956	// if ( structType ) return structType->get_baseStruct();
1957	// UnionInstType unionType = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType >( objectType );
1958	// if ( unionType ) return unionType->get_baseUnion();
1959	//
1960	// return NULL;
1961	// }
1962	//
1963	// /// Finds the declaration with the given name, returning decls.end() if none such
1964	// std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator findDeclNamed( const std::list< Declaration* > &decls, const std::string &name ) {
1965	// for( std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator decl = decls.begin(); decl != decls.end(); ++decl ) {
1966	// if ( (*decl)->get_name() == name ) return decl;
1967	// }
1968	// return decls.end();
1969	// }
1970	//
1971	// Expression* Instantiate::mutate( MemberExpr *memberExpr ) {
1972	// // mutate, exiting early if no longer MemberExpr
1973	// Expression *expr = Mutator::mutate( memberExpr );
1974	// memberExpr = dynamic_cast< MemberExpr* >( expr );
1975	// if ( ! memberExpr ) return expr;
1976	//
1977	// // get declaration of member and base declaration of member, exiting early if not found
1978	// AggregateDecl *memberBase = getMemberBaseDecl( memberExpr );
1979	// if ( ! memberBase ) return memberExpr;
1980	// DeclarationWithType *memberDecl = memberExpr->get_member();
1981	// std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator baseIt = findDeclNamed( memberBase->get_members(), memberDecl->get_name() );
1982	// if ( baseIt == memberBase->get_members().end() ) return memberExpr;
1983	// DeclarationWithType baseDecl = dynamic_cast< DeclarationWithType >( *baseIt );
1984	// if ( ! baseDecl ) return memberExpr;
1985	//
1986	// // check if stated type of the member is not the type of the member's declaration; if so, need a cast
1987	// // this SHOULD be safe, I don't think anything but the void-replacements I put in for dtypes would make it past the typechecker
1988	// SymTab::Indexer dummy;
1989	// if ( ResolvExpr::typesCompatible( memberDecl->get_type(), baseDecl->get_type(), dummy ) ) return memberExpr;
1990	// else return new CastExpr( memberExpr, memberDecl->get_type() );
1991	// }
1992
1993	void GenericInstantiator::doBeginScope() {
1994	DeclMutator::doBeginScope();
1995	instantiations.beginScope();
1996	}
1997
1998	void GenericInstantiator::doEndScope() {
1999	DeclMutator::doEndScope();
2000	instantiations.endScope();
2001	}
2002
2003	////////////////////////////////////////// MemberExprFixer ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2004
2005	template< typename DeclClass >
2006	DeclClass * MemberExprFixer::handleDecl( DeclClass decl, Type type ) {
2007	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
2008	makeTyVarMap( type, scopeTyVars );
2009
2010	DeclClass ret = static_cast< DeclClass >( Mutator::mutate( decl ) );
2011
2012	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
2013	return ret;
2014	}
2015
2016	ObjectDecl * MemberExprFixer::mutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl ) {
2017	return handleDecl( objectDecl, objectDecl->get_type() );
2018	}
2019
2020	DeclarationWithType * MemberExprFixer::mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) {
2021	return handleDecl( functionDecl, functionDecl->get_functionType() );
2022	}
2023
2024	TypedefDecl * MemberExprFixer::mutate( TypedefDecl *typedefDecl ) {
2025	return handleDecl( typedefDecl, typedefDecl->get_base() );
2026	}
2027
2028	TypeDecl * MemberExprFixer::mutate( TypeDecl *typeDecl ) {
2029	scopeTyVars[ typeDecl->get_name() ] = typeDecl->get_kind();
2030	return Mutator::mutate( typeDecl );
2031	}
2032
2033	Type * MemberExprFixer::mutate( PointerType *pointerType ) {
2034	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
2035	makeTyVarMap( pointerType, scopeTyVars );
2036
2037	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( pointerType );
2038
2039	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
2040	return ret;
2041	}
2042
2043	Type * MemberExprFixer::mutate( FunctionType *functionType ) {
2044	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
2045	makeTyVarMap( functionType, scopeTyVars );
2046
2047	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( functionType );
2048
2049	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
2050	return ret;
2051	}
2052
2053	Statement MemberExprFixer::mutate( DeclStmt declStmt ) {
2054	if ( ObjectDecl objectDecl = dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl >( declStmt->get_decl() ) ) {
2055	if ( isPolyType( objectDecl->get_type(), scopeTyVars ) ) {
2056	// change initialization of a polymorphic value object
2057	// to allocate storage with alloca
2058	Type *declType = objectDecl->get_type();
2059	UntypedExpr *alloc = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "__builtin_alloca" ) );
2060	alloc->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( sizeofName( declType ) ) );
2061
2062	delete objectDecl->get_init();
2063
2064	std::list<Expression*> designators;
2065	objectDecl->set_init( new SingleInit( alloc, designators ) );
2066	}
2067	}
2068	return Mutator::mutate( declStmt );
2069	}
2070
2071	/// Finds the member in the base list that matches the given declaration; returns its index, or -1 if not present
2072	long findMember( DeclarationWithType memberDecl, std::list< Declaration > &baseDecls ) {
2073	long i = 0;
2074	for(std::list< Declaration* >::const_iterator decl = baseDecls.begin(); decl != baseDecls.end(); ++decl, ++i ) {
2075	if ( memberDecl->get_name() != (*decl)->get_name() ) continue;
2076
2077	if ( DeclarationWithType declWithType = dynamic_cast< DeclarationWithType >( *decl ) ) {
2078	if ( memberDecl->get_mangleName().empty() \|\| declWithType->get_mangleName().empty()
2079	\|\| memberDecl->get_mangleName() == declWithType->get_mangleName() ) return i;
2080	else continue;
2081	} else return i;
2082	}
2083	return -1;
2084	}
2085
2086	/// Returns an index expression into the offset array for a type
2087	Expression makeOffsetIndex( Type objectType, long i ) {
2088	std::stringstream offset_namer;
2089	offset_namer << i;
2090	ConstantExpr *fieldIndex = new ConstantExpr( Constant( new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt ), offset_namer.str() ) );
2091	UntypedExpr *fieldOffset = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?[?]" ) );
2092	fieldOffset->get_args().push_back( new NameExpr( offsetofName( objectType ) ) );
2093	fieldOffset->get_args().push_back( fieldIndex );
2094	return fieldOffset;
2095	}
2096
2097	/// Returns an expression dereferenced n times
2098	Expression makeDerefdVar( Expression derefdVar, long n ) {
2099	for ( int i = 1; i < n; ++i ) {
2100	UntypedExpr derefExpr = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?" ) );
2101	derefExpr->get_args().push_back( derefdVar );
2102	derefdVar = derefExpr;
2103	}
2104	return derefdVar;
2105	}
2106
2107	Expression MemberExprFixer::mutate( MemberExpr memberExpr ) {
2108	// mutate, exiting early if no longer MemberExpr
2109	Expression *expr = Mutator::mutate( memberExpr );
2110	memberExpr = dynamic_cast< MemberExpr* >( expr );
2111	if ( ! memberExpr ) return expr;
2112
2113	// get declaration for base struct, exiting early if not found
2114	int varDepth;
2115	VariableExpr *varExpr = getBaseVar( memberExpr->get_aggregate(), &varDepth );
2116	if ( ! varExpr ) return memberExpr;
2117	ObjectDecl objectDecl = dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl >( varExpr->get_var() );
2118	if ( ! objectDecl ) return memberExpr;
2119
2120	// only mutate member expressions for polymorphic types
2121	int tyDepth;
2122	Type *objectType = hasPolyBase( objectDecl->get_type(), scopeTyVars, &tyDepth );
2123	if ( ! objectType ) return memberExpr;
2124
2125	Expression *newMemberExpr = 0;
2126	if ( StructInstType structType = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( objectType ) ) {
2127	// look up offset index
2128	long i = findMember( memberExpr->get_member(), structType->get_baseStruct()->get_members() );
2129	if ( i == -1 ) return memberExpr;
2130
2131	// replace member expression with pointer to base plus offset
2132	UntypedExpr *fieldLoc = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?+?" ) );
2133	fieldLoc->get_args().push_back( makeDerefdVar( varExpr->clone(), varDepth ) );
2134	fieldLoc->get_args().push_back( makeOffsetIndex( objectType, i ) );
2135	newMemberExpr = fieldLoc;
2136	} else if ( dynamic_cast< UnionInstType* >( objectType ) ) {
2137	// union members are all at offset zero, so build appropriately-dereferenced variable
2138	newMemberExpr = makeDerefdVar( varExpr->clone(), varDepth );
2139	} else return memberExpr;
2140	assert( newMemberExpr );
2141
2142	Type *memberType = memberExpr->get_member()->get_type();
2143	if ( ! isPolyType( memberType, scopeTyVars ) ) {
2144	// Not all members of a polymorphic type are themselves of polymorphic type; in this case the member expression should be wrapped and dereferenced to form an lvalue
2145	CastExpr *ptrCastExpr = new CastExpr( newMemberExpr, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), memberType->clone() ) );
2146	UntypedExpr derefExpr = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?" ) );
2147	derefExpr->get_args().push_back( ptrCastExpr );
2148	newMemberExpr = derefExpr;
2149	}
2150
2151	delete memberExpr;
2152	return newMemberExpr;
2153	}
2154
2155	Expression MemberExprFixer::mutate( OffsetofExpr offsetofExpr ) {
2156	// mutate, exiting early if no longer OffsetofExpr
2157	Expression *expr = Mutator::mutate( offsetofExpr );
2158	offsetofExpr = dynamic_cast< OffsetofExpr* >( expr );
2159	if ( ! offsetofExpr ) return expr;
2160
2161	// only mutate expressions for polymorphic structs/unions
2162	Type *ty = isPolyType( offsetofExpr->get_type(), scopeTyVars );
2163	if ( ! ty ) return offsetofExpr;
2164
2165	if ( StructInstType structType = dynamic_cast< StructInstType >( ty ) ) {
2166	// replace offsetof expression by index into offset array
2167	long i = findMember( offsetofExpr->get_member(), structType->get_baseStruct()->get_members() );
2168	if ( i == -1 ) return offsetofExpr;
2169
2170	Expression *offsetInd = makeOffsetIndex( ty, i );
2171	delete offsetofExpr;
2172	return offsetInd;
2173	} else if ( dynamic_cast< UnionInstType* >( ty ) ) {
2174	// all union members are at offset zero
2175	delete offsetofExpr;
2176	return new ConstantExpr( Constant( new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::LongUnsignedInt ), std::string("0") ) );
2177	} else return offsetofExpr;
2178	}
2179
2180	////////////////////////////////////////// Pass3 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2181
2182	template< typename DeclClass >
2183	DeclClass * Pass3::handleDecl( DeclClass decl, Type type ) {
2184	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
2185	makeTyVarMap( type, scopeTyVars );
2186
2187	DeclClass ret = static_cast< DeclClass >( Mutator::mutate( decl ) );
2188	ScrubTyVars::scrub( decl, scopeTyVars );
2189
2190	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
2191	return ret;
2192	}
2193
2194	ObjectDecl * Pass3::mutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl ) {
2195	return handleDecl( objectDecl, objectDecl->get_type() );
2196	}
2197
2198	DeclarationWithType * Pass3::mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) {
2199	return handleDecl( functionDecl, functionDecl->get_functionType() );
2200	}
2201
2202	TypedefDecl * Pass3::mutate( TypedefDecl *typedefDecl ) {
2203	return handleDecl( typedefDecl, typedefDecl->get_base() );
2204	}
2205
2206	TypeDecl * Pass3::mutate( TypeDecl *typeDecl ) {
2207	// Initializer *init = 0;
2208	// std::list< Expression *> designators;
2209	// scopeTyVars[ typeDecl->get_name() ] = typeDecl->get_kind();
2210	// if ( typeDecl->get_base() ) {
2211	// init = new SimpleInit( new SizeofExpr( handleDecl( typeDecl, typeDecl->get_base() ) ), designators );
2212	// }
2213	// return new ObjectDecl( typeDecl->get_name(), Declaration::Extern, LinkageSpec::C, 0, new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::UnsignedInt ), init );
2214
2215	scopeTyVars[ typeDecl->get_name() ] = typeDecl->get_kind();
2216	return Mutator::mutate( typeDecl );
2217	}
2218
2219	Type * Pass3::mutate( PointerType *pointerType ) {
2220	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
2221	makeTyVarMap( pointerType, scopeTyVars );
2222
2223	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( pointerType );
2224
2225	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
2226	return ret;
2227	}
2228
2229	Type * Pass3::mutate( FunctionType *functionType ) {
2230	TyVarMap oldtyVars = scopeTyVars;
2231	makeTyVarMap( functionType, scopeTyVars );
2232
2233	Type *ret = Mutator::mutate( functionType );
2234
2235	scopeTyVars = oldtyVars;
2236	return ret;
2237	}
2238	} // anonymous namespace
2239	} // namespace GenPoly
2240
2241	// Local Variables: //
2242	// tab-width: 4 //
2243	// mode: c++ //
2244	// compile-command: "make install" //
2245	// End: //

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