source: libcfa/src/concurrency/actor.hfa @ 2dfdae3

#pragma once

#include <locks.hfa>
#include <limits.hfa>
#include <kernel.hfa>
#include <iofwd.hfa>
#include <virtual_dtor.hfa>

#ifdef __CFA_DEBUG__
#define CFA_DEBUG( stmt ) stmt
#else
#define CFA_DEBUG( stmt )
#endif // CFA_DEBUG

#define DEBUG_ABORT( cond, string ) CFA_DEBUG( if ( cond ) abort( string ) )

// Define the default number of processors created in the executor. Must be greater than 0.
#define __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_PROCESSORS__ 2

// Define the default number of threads created in the executor. Must be greater than 0.
#define __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_WORKERS__ 2

// Define the default number of executor request-queues (mailboxes) written to by actors and serviced by the
// actor-executor threads. Must be greater than 0.
#define __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_RQUEUES__ 4

// Define if executor is created in a separate cluster
#define __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_SEPCLUS__ false

#define __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_BUFSIZE__ 10

#define __STEAL 1 // workstealing toggle. Disjoint from toggles above

// workstealing heuristic selection (only set one to be 1)
// #define RAND 0
#define SEARCH 1

// show stats
// #define ACTOR_STATS

// forward decls
struct actor;
struct message;
struct executor;

enum allocation { Nodelete, Delete, Destroy, Finished }; // allocation status

typedef allocation (*__receive_fn)(actor &, message &, actor **, message **);
struct request {
        actor * receiver;
        message * msg;
        __receive_fn fn;
};

struct a_msg {
        int m;
};
static inline void ?{}( request & this ) {}
static inline void ?{}( request & this, actor * receiver, message * msg, __receive_fn fn ) {
        this.receiver = receiver;
        this.msg = msg;
        this.fn = fn;
}
static inline void ?{}( request & this, request & copy ) {
        this.receiver = copy.receiver;
        this.msg = copy.msg;
        this.fn = copy.fn;
}

// Vector-like data structure that supports O(1) queue operations with no bound on size
// assumes gulping behaviour (once a remove occurs, removes happen until empty beforw next insert)
struct copy_queue {
        request * buffer;
        size_t count, buffer_size, index, utilized, last_size;
};
static inline void ?{}( copy_queue & this ) {}
static inline void ?{}( copy_queue & this, size_t buf_size ) with(this) { 
        buffer_size = buf_size;
        buffer = aalloc( buffer_size );
        count = 0;
        utilized = 0;
        index = 0;
        last_size = 0;
}
static inline void ^?{}( copy_queue & this ) with(this) {
        DEBUG_ABORT( count != 0, "Actor system terminated with messages sent but not received\n" );
        adelete(buffer);
}

static inline void insert( copy_queue & this, request & elem ) with(this) {
        if ( count >= buffer_size ) { // increase arr size
                last_size = buffer_size;
                buffer_size = 2 * buffer_size;
                buffer = realloc( buffer, sizeof( request ) * buffer_size );
                /* paranoid */ verify( buffer );
        }
        memcpy( &buffer[count], &elem, sizeof(request) );
        count++;
}

// once you start removing you need to remove all elements
// it is not supported to call insert() before the array is fully empty
static inline request & remove( copy_queue & this ) with(this) {
        if ( count > 0 ) {
                count--;
                size_t old_idx = index;
                index = count == 0 ? 0 : index + 1;
                return buffer[old_idx];
        }
        request * ret = 0p;
        return *0p;
}

// try to reclaim some memory if less than half of buffer is utilized
static inline void reclaim( copy_queue & this ) with(this) {
        if ( utilized >= last_size || buffer_size <= 4 ) { utilized = 0; return; }
        utilized = 0;
        buffer_size--;
        buffer = realloc( buffer, sizeof( request ) * buffer_size ); // try to reclaim some memory
}

static inline bool is_empty( copy_queue & this ) with(this) { return count == 0; }

struct work_queue {
        __spinlock_t mutex_lock;
        copy_queue * owned_queue;                                                       // copy queue allocated and cleaned up by this work_queue
        copy_queue * c_queue;                                                           // current queue
        volatile bool being_processed;                                          // flag to prevent concurrent processing
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        unsigned int id;
        size_t missed;                                                                          // transfers skipped due to being_processed flag being up
        #endif
}; // work_queue
static inline void ?{}( work_queue & this, size_t buf_size, unsigned int i ) with(this) { 
        owned_queue = alloc();                                                          // allocated separately to avoid false sharing
        (*owned_queue){ buf_size };
        c_queue = owned_queue;
        being_processed = false;
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        id = i;
        missed = 0;
        #endif
}

// clean up copy_queue owned by this work_queue
static inline void ^?{}( work_queue & this ) with(this) { delete( owned_queue ); }

static inline void insert( work_queue & this, request & elem ) with(this) {
        lock( mutex_lock __cfaabi_dbg_ctx2 );
        insert( *c_queue, elem );
        unlock( mutex_lock );
} // insert

static inline void transfer( work_queue & this, copy_queue ** transfer_to ) with(this) {
        lock( mutex_lock __cfaabi_dbg_ctx2 );
        #ifdef __STEAL

        // check if queue is being processed elsewhere
        if ( unlikely( being_processed ) ) {
                #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
                missed++;
                #endif
                unlock( mutex_lock );
                return;
        }

        being_processed = c_queue->count != 0;
        #endif // __STEAL

        c_queue->utilized = c_queue->count;

        // swap copy queue ptrs
        copy_queue * temp = *transfer_to;
        *transfer_to = c_queue;
        c_queue = temp;
        unlock( mutex_lock );
} // transfer

// needed since some info needs to persist past worker lifetimes
struct worker_info {
        volatile unsigned long long stamp;
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        size_t stolen_from, try_steal, stolen, empty_stolen, failed_swaps, msgs_stolen;
        unsigned long long processed;
        size_t gulps;
        #endif
};
static inline void ?{}( worker_info & this ) {
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        this.stolen_from = 0;
        this.try_steal = 0;                                                                     // attempts to steal
        this.stolen = 0;                                                                        // successful steals
        this.processed = 0;                                                                     // requests processed
        this.gulps = 0;                                                                         // number of gulps
        this.failed_swaps = 0;                                                          // steal swap failures
        this.empty_stolen = 0;                                                          // queues empty after steal
        this.msgs_stolen = 0;                                                           // number of messages stolen
        #endif
        this.stamp = rdtscl();
}

// #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
// unsigned int * stolen_arr;
// unsigned int * replaced_queue;
// #endif
thread worker {
        work_queue ** request_queues;
        copy_queue * current_queue;
        executor * executor_;
        unsigned int start, range;
        int id;
};

#ifdef ACTOR_STATS
// aggregate counters for statistics
size_t __total_tries = 0, __total_stolen = 0, __total_workers, __all_gulps = 0, __total_empty_stolen = 0,
        __total_failed_swaps = 0, __all_processed = 0, __num_actors_stats = 0, __all_msgs_stolen = 0;
#endif
static inline void ?{}( worker & this, cluster & clu, work_queue ** request_queues, copy_queue * current_queue, executor * executor_,
        unsigned int start, unsigned int range, int id ) {
        ((thread &)this){ clu };
        this.request_queues = request_queues;                           // array of all queues
        this.current_queue = current_queue;                                     // currently gulped queue (start with empty queue to use in swap later)
        this.executor_ = executor_;                                                     // pointer to current executor
        this.start = start;                                                                     // start of worker's subrange of request_queues
        this.range = range;                                                                     // size of worker's subrange of request_queues
        this.id = id;                                                                           // worker's id and index in array of workers
}

static bool no_steal = false;
struct executor {
        cluster * cluster;                                                                      // if workers execute on separate cluster
        processor ** processors;                                                        // array of virtual processors adding parallelism for workers
        work_queue * request_queues;                                            // master array of work request queues
        copy_queue * local_queues;                                                      // array of all worker local queues to avoid deletion race
        work_queue ** worker_req_queues;                                        // secondary array of work queues to allow for swapping
        worker ** workers;                                                                      // array of workers executing work requests
        worker_info * w_infos;                                                          // array of info about each worker 
        unsigned int nprocessors, nworkers, nrqueues;           // number of processors/threads/request queues
        bool seperate_clus;                                                                     // use same or separate cluster for executor
        volatile bool is_shutdown;                                                      // flag to communicate shutdown to worker threads
}; // executor

// #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
// __spinlock_t out_lock;
// #endif
static inline void ^?{}( worker & mutex this ) with(this) { 
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__all_gulps, executor_->w_infos[id].gulps,__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__all_processed, executor_->w_infos[id].processed,__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__all_msgs_stolen, executor_->w_infos[id].msgs_stolen,__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__total_tries, executor_->w_infos[id].try_steal, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__total_stolen, executor_->w_infos[id].stolen, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__total_failed_swaps, executor_->w_infos[id].failed_swaps, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
        __atomic_add_fetch(&__total_empty_stolen, executor_->w_infos[id].empty_stolen, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);

        // per worker steal stats (uncomment alongside the lock above this routine to print)
        // lock( out_lock __cfaabi_dbg_ctx2 );
        // printf("Worker id: %d, processed: %llu messages, attempted %lu, stole: %lu, stolen from: %lu\n", id, processed, try_steal, stolen, __atomic_add_fetch(&executor_->w_infos[id].stolen_from, 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST) );
        // int count = 0;
        // int count2 = 0;
        // for ( i; range ) {
        //       if ( replaced_queue[start + i] > 0 ){
        //               count++;
        //               // printf("%d: %u, ",i, replaced_queue[i]);
        //       }
        //       if (__atomic_add_fetch(&stolen_arr[start + i],0,__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST) > 0)
        //               count2++;
        // }
        // printf("swapped with: %d of %u indices\n", count, executor_->nrqueues / executor_->nworkers );
        // printf("%d of %u indices were stolen\n", count2, executor_->nrqueues / executor_->nworkers );
        // unlock( out_lock );
        #endif
}

static inline void ?{}( executor & this, unsigned int nprocessors, unsigned int nworkers, unsigned int nrqueues, bool seperate_clus, size_t buf_size ) with(this) {
        if ( nrqueues < nworkers ) abort( "nrqueues needs to be >= nworkers\n" );
        this.nprocessors = nprocessors;
        this.nworkers = nworkers;
        this.nrqueues = nrqueues;
        this.seperate_clus = seperate_clus;
        this.is_shutdown = false;

        if ( nworkers == nrqueues )
                no_steal = true;
        
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        // stolen_arr = aalloc( nrqueues );
        // replaced_queue = aalloc( nrqueues );
        __total_workers = nworkers;
        #endif

        if ( seperate_clus ) {
                cluster = alloc();
                (*cluster){};
        } else cluster = active_cluster();

        request_queues = aalloc( nrqueues );
        worker_req_queues = aalloc( nrqueues );
        for ( i; nrqueues ) {
                request_queues[i]{ buf_size, i };
                worker_req_queues[i] = &request_queues[i];
        }
        
        processors = aalloc( nprocessors );
        for ( i; nprocessors ) 
                (*(processors[i] = alloc())){ *cluster };

        local_queues = aalloc( nworkers );
        workers = aalloc( nworkers );
        w_infos = aalloc( nworkers );
        unsigned int reqPerWorker = nrqueues / nworkers, extras = nrqueues % nworkers;

        for ( i; nworkers ) {
                w_infos[i]{};
                local_queues[i]{ buf_size };
        }

        for ( unsigned int i = 0, start = 0, range; i < nworkers; i += 1, start += range ) {
                range = reqPerWorker + ( i < extras ? 1 : 0 );
                (*(workers[i] = alloc())){ *cluster, worker_req_queues, &local_queues[i], &this, start, range, i };
        } // for
}
static inline void ?{}( executor & this, unsigned int nprocessors, unsigned int nworkers, unsigned int nrqueues, bool seperate_clus ) { this{ nprocessors, nworkers, nrqueues, seperate_clus, __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_BUFSIZE__ }; }
static inline void ?{}( executor & this, unsigned int nprocessors, unsigned int nworkers, unsigned int nrqueues ) { this{ nprocessors, nworkers, nrqueues, __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_SEPCLUS__ }; }
static inline void ?{}( executor & this, unsigned int nprocessors, unsigned int nworkers ) { this{ nprocessors, nworkers, __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_RQUEUES__ }; }
static inline void ?{}( executor & this, unsigned int nprocessors ) { this{ nprocessors, __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_WORKERS__ }; }
static inline void ?{}( executor & this ) { this{ __DEFAULT_EXECUTOR_PROCESSORS__ }; }

static inline void ^?{}( executor & this ) with(this) {
        is_shutdown = true;

        for ( i; nworkers )
                delete( workers[i] );

        for ( i; nprocessors ) {
                delete( processors[i] );
        } // for

        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        size_t misses = 0;
        for ( i; nrqueues ) {
                misses += worker_req_queues[i]->missed;
        }
        // adelete( stolen_arr );
        // adelete( replaced_queue );
        #endif

        adelete( workers );
        adelete( w_infos );
        adelete( local_queues );
        adelete( request_queues );
        adelete( worker_req_queues );
        adelete( processors );
        if ( seperate_clus ) delete( cluster );

        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS // print formatted stats
        printf("        Actor System Stats:\n");
        printf("\tActors Created:\t\t\t\t%lu\n\tMessages Sent:\t\t\t\t%lu\n", __num_actors_stats, __all_processed);
        size_t avg_gulps = __all_gulps == 0 ? 0 : __all_processed / __all_gulps;
        printf("\tGulps:\t\t\t\t\t%lu\n\tAverage Gulp Size:\t\t\t%lu\n\tMissed gulps:\t\t\t\t%lu\n", __all_gulps, avg_gulps, misses);
        printf("\tSteal attempts:\t\t\t\t%lu\n\tSteals:\t\t\t\t\t%lu\n\tSteal failures (no candidates):\t\t%lu\n\tSteal failures (failed swaps):\t\t%lu\t Empty steals:\t\t%lu\n", 
                __total_tries, __total_stolen, __total_tries - __total_stolen - __total_failed_swaps, __total_failed_swaps, __total_empty_stolen);
        size_t avg_steal = __total_stolen == 0 ? 0 : __all_msgs_stolen / __total_stolen;
        printf("\tMessages stolen:\t\t\t%lu\n\tAverage steal size:\t\t\t%lu\n", __all_msgs_stolen, avg_steal);
        #endif
                
}

// this is a static field of executor but have to forward decl for get_next_ticket
static size_t __next_ticket = 0; 

static inline size_t __get_next_ticket( executor & this ) with(this) {
        #ifdef __CFA_DEBUG__
        size_t temp = __atomic_fetch_add( &__next_ticket, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST) % nrqueues;

        // reserve MAX for dead actors
        if ( unlikely( temp == MAX ) ) temp = __atomic_fetch_add( &__next_ticket, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST) % nrqueues;
        return temp;
        #else
        return __atomic_fetch_add( &__next_ticket, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED) % nrqueues;
        #endif
} // tickets

// TODO: update globals in this file to be static fields once the static fields project is done
static executor * __actor_executor_ = 0p;
static bool __actor_executor_passed = false;                    // was an executor passed to start_actor_system
static size_t __num_actors_ = 0;                                                // number of actor objects in system
static struct thread$ * __actor_executor_thd = 0p;              // used to wake executor after actors finish
struct actor {
        size_t ticket;                                                                          // executor-queue handle
        allocation alloc;                                                                       // allocation action
        inline virtual_dtor;
};

static inline void ?{}( actor & this ) with(this) {
        // Once an actor is allocated it must be sent a message or the actor system cannot stop. Hence, its receive
        // member must be called to end it
        DEBUG_ABORT( __actor_executor_ == 0p, "Creating actor before calling start_actor_system() can cause undefined behaviour.\n" );
        alloc = Nodelete;
        ticket = __get_next_ticket( *__actor_executor_ );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &__num_actors_, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED );
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        __atomic_fetch_add( &__num_actors_stats, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        #endif
}

static inline void check_actor( actor & this ) {
        if ( this.alloc != Nodelete ) {
                switch( this.alloc ) {
                        case Delete: delete( &this ); break;
                        case Destroy:
                                CFA_DEBUG( this.ticket = MAX; );                // mark as terminated
                                ^?{}(this);
                                break;
                        case Finished:
                                CFA_DEBUG( this.ticket = MAX; );                // mark as terminated
                                break;
                        default: ;                                                                      // stop warning
                }

                if ( unlikely( __atomic_add_fetch( &__num_actors_, -1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED ) == 0 ) ) { // all actors have terminated
                        unpark( __actor_executor_thd );
                }
        }
}

struct message {
        allocation alloc;                                                                       // allocation action
        inline virtual_dtor;
};

static inline void ?{}( message & this ) {
        this.alloc = Nodelete;
}
static inline void ?{}( message & this, allocation alloc ) {
        memcpy( &this.alloc, &alloc, sizeof(allocation) );      // optimization to elide ctor
        CFA_DEBUG( if ( this.alloc == Finished ) this.alloc = Nodelete; );
}
static inline void ^?{}( message & this ) with(this) {
        CFA_DEBUG(
                if ( alloc == Nodelete ) {
                        printf( "CFA warning (UNIX pid:%ld) : program terminating with message %p allocated but never sent.\n",
                                        (long int)getpid(), &this );
                }
        )
}

static inline void check_message( message & this ) {
        switch ( this.alloc ) {                                         // analyze message status
                case Nodelete: CFA_DEBUG( this.alloc = Finished ); break;
                case Delete: delete( &this ); break;
                case Destroy: ^?{}( this ); break;
                case Finished: break;
        } // switch
}
static inline allocation set_allocation( message & this, allocation state ) {
        CFA_DEBUG( if ( state == Nodelete ) state = Finished; );
        allocation prev = this.alloc;
        this.alloc = state;
        return prev;
}
static inline allocation get_allocation( message & this ) {
        return this.alloc;
}

static inline void deliver_request( request & this ) {
        DEBUG_ABORT( this.receiver->ticket == (unsigned long int)MAX, "Attempted to send message to deleted/dead actor\n" );
        actor * base_actor;
        message * base_msg;
        allocation temp = this.fn( *this.receiver, *this.msg, &base_actor, &base_msg );
        memcpy( &base_actor->alloc, &temp, sizeof(allocation) ); // optimization to elide ctor
        check_message( *base_msg );
        check_actor( *base_actor );
}

// tries to atomically swap two queues and returns 0p if the swap failed
// returns ptr to newly owned queue if swap succeeds
static inline work_queue * try_swap_queues( worker & this, unsigned int victim_idx, unsigned int my_idx ) with(this) {
        work_queue * my_queue = request_queues[my_idx];
        work_queue * other_queue = request_queues[victim_idx];

        // if either queue is 0p then they are in the process of being stolen
        if ( other_queue == 0p ) return 0p;

        // try to set our queue ptr to be 0p. If it fails someone moved our queue so return false
        if ( !__atomic_compare_exchange_n( &request_queues[my_idx], &my_queue, 0p, false, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST ) )
                return 0p;

        // try to set other queue ptr to be our queue ptr. If it fails someone moved the other queue so fix up then return false
        if ( !__atomic_compare_exchange_n( &request_queues[victim_idx], &other_queue, my_queue, false, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST ) ) {
                /* paranoid */ verify( request_queues[my_idx] == 0p );
                request_queues[my_idx] = my_queue; // reset my queue ptr back to appropriate val
                return 0p;
        }

        // we have successfully swapped and since our queue is 0p no one will touch it so write back new queue ptr non atomically
        request_queues[my_idx] = other_queue; // last write does not need to be atomic
        return other_queue;
}

// once a worker to steal from has been chosen, choose queue to steal from
static inline void choose_queue( worker & this, unsigned int victim_id, unsigned int swap_idx ) with(this) {
        // have to calculate victim start and range since victim may be deleted before us in shutdown
        const unsigned int queues_per_worker = executor_->nrqueues / executor_->nworkers;
        const unsigned int extras = executor_->nrqueues % executor_->nworkers;
        unsigned int vic_start, vic_range;
        if ( extras > victim_id  ) {
                vic_range = queues_per_worker + 1;
                vic_start = vic_range * victim_id;
        } else {
                vic_start = extras + victim_id * queues_per_worker;
                vic_range = queues_per_worker;
        }
        unsigned int start_idx = prng( vic_range );

        unsigned int tries = 0;
        work_queue * curr_steal_queue;

        for ( unsigned int i = start_idx; tries < vic_range; i = (i + 1) % vic_range ) {
                tries++;
                curr_steal_queue = request_queues[ i + vic_start ];
                // avoid empty queues and queues that are being operated on
                if ( curr_steal_queue == 0p || curr_steal_queue->being_processed || is_empty( *curr_steal_queue->c_queue ) )
                        continue;

                #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
                curr_steal_queue = try_swap_queues( this, i + vic_start, swap_idx );
                if ( curr_steal_queue ) {
                        executor_->w_infos[id].msgs_stolen += curr_steal_queue->c_queue->count;
                        executor_->w_infos[id].stolen++;
                        if ( is_empty( *curr_steal_queue->c_queue ) ) executor_->w_infos[id].empty_stolen++;
                        // __atomic_add_fetch(&executor_->w_infos[victim_id].stolen_from, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
                        // replaced_queue[swap_idx]++;
                        // __atomic_add_fetch(&stolen_arr[ i + vic_start ], 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
                } else {
                        executor_->w_infos[id].failed_swaps++;
                }
                #else
                curr_steal_queue = try_swap_queues( this, i + vic_start, swap_idx );
                #endif // ACTOR_STATS

                return;
        }

        return;
}

// choose a worker to steal from
static inline void steal_work( worker & this, unsigned int swap_idx ) with(this) {
        #if RAND
        unsigned int victim = prng( executor_->nworkers );
        if ( victim == id ) victim = ( victim + 1 ) % executor_->nworkers;
        choose_queue( this, victim, swap_idx );
        #elif SEARCH
        unsigned long long min = MAX; // smaller timestamp means longer since service
        int min_id = 0; // use ints not uints to avoid integer underflow without hacky math
        int n_workers = executor_->nworkers;
        unsigned long long curr_stamp;
        int scount = 1;
        for ( int i = (id + 1) % n_workers; scount < n_workers; i = (i + 1) % n_workers, scount++ ) {
                curr_stamp = executor_->w_infos[i].stamp;
                if ( curr_stamp < min ) {
                        min = curr_stamp;
                        min_id = i;
                }
        } 
        choose_queue( this, min_id, swap_idx );
        #endif
}

#define CHECK_TERMINATION if ( unlikely( executor_->is_shutdown ) ) break Exit
void main( worker & this ) with(this) {
        // #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        // for ( i; executor_->nrqueues ) {
        //       replaced_queue[i] = 0;
        //       __atomic_store_n( &stolen_arr[i], 0, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        // }
        // #endif

        // threshold of empty queues we see before we go stealing
        const unsigned int steal_threshold = 2 * range;

        // Store variable data here instead of worker struct to avoid any potential false sharing
        unsigned int empty_count = 0;
        request & req;
        work_queue * curr_work_queue;

        Exit:
        for ( unsigned int i = 0;; i = (i + 1) % range ) {      // cycle through set of request buffers
                curr_work_queue = request_queues[i + start];

        #ifndef __STEAL
        CHECK_TERMINATION;
        #endif
                
                // check if queue is empty before trying to gulp it
                if ( is_empty( *curr_work_queue->c_queue ) ) {
                        #ifdef __STEAL
                        empty_count++;
                        if ( empty_count < steal_threshold ) continue;
                        #else
                        continue;
                        #endif
                }
                transfer( *curr_work_queue, &current_queue );
                #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
                executor_->w_infos[id].gulps++;
                #endif // ACTOR_STATS
                #ifdef __STEAL
                if ( is_empty( *current_queue ) ) {
                        if ( unlikely( no_steal ) ) { CHECK_TERMINATION; continue; }
                        empty_count++;
                        if ( empty_count < steal_threshold ) continue;
                        empty_count = 0;

                        CHECK_TERMINATION; // check for termination

                        __atomic_store_n( &executor_->w_infos[id].stamp, rdtscl(), __ATOMIC_RELAXED );
                        
                        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
                        executor_->w_infos[id].try_steal++;
                        #endif // ACTOR_STATS
                        
                        steal_work( this, start + prng( range ) );
                        continue;
                }
                #endif // __STEAL
                while ( ! is_empty( *current_queue ) ) {
                        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
                        executor_->w_infos[id].processed++;
                        #endif
                        &req = &remove( *current_queue );
                        if ( !&req ) continue;
                        deliver_request( req );
                }
                #ifdef __STEAL
                curr_work_queue->being_processed = false;               // set done processing
                empty_count = 0; // we found work so reset empty counter
                #endif

                CHECK_TERMINATION;
                
                // potentially reclaim some of the current queue's vector space if it is unused
                reclaim( *current_queue );
        } // for
}

static inline void send( executor & this, request & req, unsigned long int ticket ) with(this) {
        insert( request_queues[ticket], req);
}

static inline void send( actor & this, request & req ) {
        DEBUG_ABORT( this.ticket == (unsigned long int)MAX, "Attempted to send message to deleted/dead actor\n" );
        send( *__actor_executor_, req, this.ticket );
}

static inline void __reset_stats() {
        #ifdef ACTOR_STATS
        __total_tries = 0;
        __total_stolen = 0;
        __all_gulps = 0;
        __total_failed_swaps = 0;
        __total_empty_stolen = 0;
        __all_processed = 0;
        __num_actors_stats = 0;
        __all_msgs_stolen = 0;
        #endif
}

static inline void start_actor_system( size_t num_thds ) {
        __reset_stats();
        __actor_executor_thd = active_thread();
        __actor_executor_ = alloc();
        (*__actor_executor_){ 0, num_thds, num_thds == 1 ? 1 : num_thds * 16 };
}

static inline void start_actor_system() { start_actor_system( get_proc_count( *active_cluster() ) ); }

static inline void start_actor_system( executor & this ) {
        __reset_stats();
        __actor_executor_thd = active_thread();
        __actor_executor_ = &this;
        __actor_executor_passed = true;
}

static inline void stop_actor_system() {
        park();                                                                                         // unparked when actor system is finished

        if ( !__actor_executor_passed ) delete( __actor_executor_ );
        __actor_executor_ = 0p;
        __actor_executor_thd = 0p;
        __next_ticket = 0;
        __actor_executor_passed = false;
}

// Default messages to send to any actor to change status
// assigned at creation to __base_msg_finished to avoid unused message warning
message __base_msg_finished @= { .alloc : Finished };
struct delete_msg_t { inline message; } delete_msg = __base_msg_finished;
struct destroy_msg_t { inline message; } destroy_msg = __base_msg_finished;
struct finished_msg_t { inline message; } finished_msg = __base_msg_finished;

allocation receive( actor & this, delete_msg_t & msg ) { return Delete; }
allocation receive( actor & this, destroy_msg_t & msg ) { return Destroy; }
allocation receive( actor & this, finished_msg_t & msg ) { return Finished; }