| 1 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -*- Mode: Latex -*- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 2 | %%
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| 3 | %% Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2016 University of Waterloo
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| 4 | %%
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| 5 | %% The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
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| 6 | %% file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
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| 7 | %%
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| 8 | %% user.tex --
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| 9 | %%
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| 10 | %% Author : Peter A. Buhr
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| 11 | %% Created On : Wed Apr 6 14:53:29 2016
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| 12 | %% Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
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| 13 | %% Last Modified On : Tue Oct 22 17:45:48 2024
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| 14 | %% Update Count : 6068
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| 15 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 16 |
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| 17 | % requires tex packages: texlive-base texlive-latex-base tex-common texlive-humanities texlive-latex-extra texlive-fonts-recommended
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| 18 |
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| 19 | \documentclass[11pt]{article}
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| 20 |
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| 21 | \makeatletter
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| 22 | \def\@maketitle{%
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| 23 | \newpage
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| 24 | \null
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| 25 | % \vskip 2em%
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| 26 | \begin{center}%
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| 27 | \let \footnote \thanks
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| 28 | {\LARGE\bf \@title \par}%
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| 29 | \@ifundefined{@author}{}
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| 30 | {
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| 31 | \ifx\@empty\@author
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| 32 | \else
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| 33 | \vskip 1.5em%
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| 34 | {\large
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| 35 | \lineskip .5em%
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| 36 | \begin{tabular}[t]{c}%
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| 37 | \@author
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| 38 | \end{tabular}%
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| 39 | \par
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| 40 | }%
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| 41 | \fi
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| 42 | }%
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| 43 | \ifx\@empty\@date
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| 44 | \else
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| 45 | \vskip 1em%
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| 46 | {\large \@date}%
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| 47 | \fi
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| 48 | \end{center}%
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| 49 | \par
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| 50 | % \vskip 1.5em
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| 51 | }%maketitle
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| 52 | \makeatother
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| 53 |
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| 54 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 55 |
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| 56 | % Latex packages used in the document.
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| 57 | %\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % allow Latin1 (extended ASCII) characters
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| 58 | %\usepackage{textcomp}
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| 59 | %\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
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| 60 |
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| 61 | \usepackage{fullpage,times,comment}
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| 62 | \usepackage{epic,eepic}
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| 63 | \usepackage{upquote} % switch curled `'" to straight
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| 64 | \usepackage[labelformat=simple,aboveskip=0pt,farskip=0pt]{subfig}
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| 65 | \renewcommand{\thesubfigure}{\alph{subfigure})}
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| 66 | \usepackage{latexsym} % \Box glyph
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| 67 | \usepackage{mathptmx} % better math font with "times"
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| 68 | \usepackage[usenames]{color}
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| 69 | \usepackage[pagewise]{lineno}
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| 70 | \renewcommand{\linenumberfont}{\scriptsize\sffamily}
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| 71 | \input{common} % common CFA document macros
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| 72 | \usepackage[dvips,plainpages=false,pdfpagelabels,pdfpagemode=UseNone,colorlinks=true,pagebackref=true,linkcolor=blue,citecolor=blue,urlcolor=blue,pagebackref=true,breaklinks=true]{hyperref}
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| 73 | \usepackage{breakurl}
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| 74 |
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| 75 | \renewcommand\footnoterule{\kern -3pt\rule{0.3\linewidth}{0.15pt}\kern 2pt}
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| 76 | \newcommand{\uC}{$\mu$\CC}
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| 77 |
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| 78 | % Default underscore is too low and wide. Cannot use lstlisting "literate" as replacing underscore
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| 79 | % removes it as a variable-name character so keywords in variables are highlighted. MUST APPEAR
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| 80 | % AFTER HYPERREF.
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| 81 | \renewcommand{\textunderscore}{\leavevmode\makebox[1.2ex][c]{\rule{1ex}{0.075ex}}}
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| 82 |
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| 83 | \setlength{\topmargin}{-0.45in} % move running title into header
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| 84 | \setlength{\headsep}{0.25in}
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| 85 |
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| 86 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 87 |
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| 88 | \setlength{\gcolumnposn}{3in}
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| 89 | \CFAStyle % use default CFA format-style
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| 90 | \lstset{language=CFA} % CFA default lnaguage
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| 91 | \lstnewenvironment{C++}[1][] % use C++ style
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| 92 | {\lstset{language=C++,escapechar=\$,mathescape=false,moredelim=**[is][\protect\color{red}]{@}{@},#1}}{}
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| 93 | \lstnewenvironment{uC++}[1][]
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| 94 | {\lstset{language=uC++,escapechar=\$,mathescape=false,moredelim=**[is][\protect\color{red}]{@}{@},#1}}{}
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| 95 |
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| 96 | \newsavebox{\myboxA}
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| 97 | \newsavebox{\myboxB}
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| 98 |
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| 99 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 100 |
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| 101 | % Names used in the document.
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| 102 | \newcommand{\Version}{\input{build/version}}
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| 103 | \newcommand{\Textbf}[2][red]{{\color{#1}{\textbf{#2}}}}
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| 104 | \newcommand{\Emph}[2][red]{{\color{#1}\textbf{\emph{#2}}}}
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| 105 | \newcommand{\R}[1]{{\color{red}#1}}
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| 106 | \newcommand{\RB}[1]{\Textbf{#1}}
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| 107 | \newcommand{\B}[1]{{\Textbf[blue]{#1}}}
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| 108 | \newcommand{\G}[1]{{\Textbf[OliveGreen]{#1}}}
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| 109 | \newcommand{\Sp}{\R{\textvisiblespace}}
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| 110 | \newcommand{\KWC}{K-W C\xspace}
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| 111 |
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| 112 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 113 |
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| 114 | \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} % number subsubsections
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| 115 | \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} % subsubsections in table of contents
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| 116 | \makeindex
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| 117 |
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| 118 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 119 |
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| 120 | \title{\vspace*{-0.5in}
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| 121 | \uC to \CFA Cheat Sheet}
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| 122 | %\author{Peter A. Buhr}
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| 123 | \date{}
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| 124 |
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| 125 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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| 126 |
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| 127 | \begin{document}
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| 128 | \pagestyle{headings}
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| 129 | % changed after setting pagestyle
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| 130 | \renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markboth{\thesection\quad #1}{\thesection\quad #1}}
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| 131 | \renewcommand{\subsectionmark}[1]{\markboth{\thesubsection\quad #1}{\thesubsection\quad #1}}
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| 132 |
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| 133 | %\linenumbers % comment out to turn off line numbering
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| 134 |
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| 135 | \maketitle
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| 136 | \vspace*{-0.55in}
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| 137 |
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| 138 | \section{Introduction}
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| 139 |
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| 140 | \CFA is NOT an object-oriented programming-language.
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| 141 | \CFA uses parametric polymorphism and allows overloading of variables and routines:
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| 142 | \begin{cfa}
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| 143 | int i; char i; double i; $\C[2in]{// overload name i}$
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| 144 | int i(); double i(); char i();
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| 145 | i += 1; $\C{// int i}$
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| 146 | i += 1.0; $\C{// double i}$
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| 147 | i += 'a'; $\C{// char i}$
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| 148 | int j = i(); $\C{// int i()}$
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| 149 | double j = i(); $\C{// double i();}$
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| 150 | char j = i(); $\C{// char i()}\CRT$
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| 151 | \end{cfa}
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| 152 | \CFA has rebindable references.
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| 153 | \begin{cquote}
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| 154 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
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| 155 | \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\lstinline{ int x = 1, y = 2, * p1x = &x, * p1y = &y, ** p2i = &p1x,}} \\
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| 156 | \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\lstinline{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ & r1x = x, & r1y = y, && r2i = r1x;}} \\
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| 157 | \begin{uC++}
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| 158 | **p2i = 3;
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| 159 | p2i = &p1y;
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| 160 | **p2i = 3;
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| 161 | p1x = p1y;
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| 162 | **p2i = 4;
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| 163 | p1x = @nullptr@;
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| 164 | \end{uC++}
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| 165 | &
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| 166 | \begin{cfa}
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| 167 | r2i = 3; $\C[1.0in]{// change x}$
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| 168 | &r2i = &r1y; $\C{// change p2i / r2i}$
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| 169 | r2i = 3; $\C{// change y}$
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| 170 | &r1x = &r1y; $\C{// change p1x / r1x}$
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| 171 | r2i = 4; $\C{// change y}$
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| 172 | &r1x = @0p@; $\C{// reset}\CRT$
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| 173 | \end{cfa}
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| 174 | \end{tabular}
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| 175 | \end{cquote}
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| 176 | Non-rebindable reference (\CC reference) is a @const@ reference (@const@ pointer).
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| 177 | \begin{cfa}
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| 178 | int & @const@ cr = x; // must initialize, no null pointer
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| 179 | int & @const@ & @const@ crcr = cr; // generalize
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| 180 | \end{cfa}
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| 181 | Aggregate qualification is reduced or eliminated by opening scopes using the @with@ clause.
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| 182 | \begin{cfa}
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| 183 | struct S { int i; int j; double m; }; // field i has same type in structures S and T
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| 184 | struct T { int i; int k; int m; };
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| 185 | void foo( S s, T t ) @with( s, t )@ { // open structure scope s and t in parallel
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| 186 | j + k; $\C[1.6in]{// unambiguous, s.j + t.k}$
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| 187 | m = 5.0; $\C{// unambiguous, s.m = 5.0}$
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| 188 | m = 1; $\C{// unambiguous, t.m = 1}$
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| 189 | int a = m; $\C{// unambiguous, a = t.m}$
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| 190 | double b = m; $\C{// unambiguous, b = s.m}$
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| 191 | int c = s.i + t.i; $\C{// unambiguous with qualification}$
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| 192 | (double)m; $\C{// unambiguous with cast s.m}\CRT$
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| 193 | }
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| 194 | \end{cfa}
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| 195 | \noindent
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| 196 | In subsequent code examples, the left example is \uC and the right example is \CFA.
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| 197 |
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| 198 |
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| 199 | \section{Stream I/O}
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| 200 |
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| 201 | \CFA output streams automatically separate values and insert a newline at the end of the print.
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| 202 | \begin{cquote}
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| 203 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
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| 204 | \begin{uC++}
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| 205 | #include <@iostream@>
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| 206 | using namespace std;
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| 207 | int i; double d; char c;
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| 208 | cin >> i >> d >> c;
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| 209 | cout << i << ' ' << d << ' ' << c | endl;
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| 210 | \end{uC++}
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| 211 | &
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| 212 | \begin{cfa}
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| 213 | #include <@fstream.hfa@>
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| 214 |
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| 215 | int i; double d; char c;
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| 216 | sin | i | d | c;
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| 217 | sout | i | d | c
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| 218 | \end{cfa}
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| 219 | \end{tabular}
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| 220 | \end{cquote}
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| 221 |
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| 222 |
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| 223 | \section{Looping}
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| 224 |
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| 225 | \begin{cquote}
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| 226 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
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| 227 | \begin{uC++}
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| 228 | for ( @;;@ ) { ... } / while ( @true@ ) { ... }
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| 229 | for ( int i = 0; i < @10@; i += 1 ) { ... }
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| 230 | for ( int i = @5@; i < @15@; i += @2@ ) { ... }
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| 231 | for ( int i = -1; i <@=@ 10; i += 3 ) { ... }
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| 232 | for ( int i = 10; i > 0; i @-@= 1 ) { ... }
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| 233 | \end{uC++}
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| 234 | &
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| 235 | \begin{cfa}
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| 236 | for () { ... } / while () { ... }
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| 237 | for ( @10@ ) { ... } / for ( i; @10@ ) { ... }
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| 238 | for ( i; @5@ ~ @15@ ~ @2@ ) { ... }
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| 239 | for ( i; -1 ~@=@ 10 ~ 3 ) { ... }
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| 240 | for ( i; 0 @-@~ 10 ) { ... }
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| 241 | \end{cfa}
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| 242 | \\
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| 243 | \hline
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| 244 | \begin{uC++}
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| 245 | int i = 0
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| 246 | for ( i = 0; i < 10; i += 1 ) { ... }
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| 247 | @if ( i == 10 )@ { ... }
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| 248 | \end{uC++}
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| 249 | &
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| 250 | \begin{cfa}
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| 251 |
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| 252 | for ( i; 10 ) { ... }
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| 253 | @else@ { ... } // i == 10
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| 254 | \end{cfa}
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| 255 | \\
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| 256 | \hline
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| 257 | \begin{uC++}
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| 258 | @L1:@ for ( ;; ) {
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| 259 | @L2:@ for ( ;; ) {
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| 260 | ... if ( ... ) @break L1@; ...
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| 261 | ... if ( ... ) @break L2@; ...
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| 262 | }
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| 263 | }
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| 264 | \end{uC++}
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| 265 | &
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| 266 | \begin{cfa}
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| 267 | @L1:@ for () {
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| 268 | @L2:@ for () {
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| 269 | ... if ( ... ) @break L1@; ...
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| 270 | ... if ( ... ) @break L2@; ...
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| 271 | }
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| 272 | }
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| 273 | \end{cfa}
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| 274 | \end{tabular}
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| 275 | \end{cquote}
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| 276 |
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| 277 |
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| 278 | \section{Exception}
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| 279 |
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| 280 | Currently, \CFA uses macros @ExceptionDecl@ and @ExceptionInst@ to declare and instantiate an exception.
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| 281 | \begin{cquote}
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| 282 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
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| 283 | \begin{uC++}
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| 284 |
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| 285 | @_Exception@ E { // local or global scope
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| 286 | ... // exception fields
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| 287 | };
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| 288 | try {
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| 289 | ...
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| 290 | if ( ... ) @_Resume@ E( /* initialization */ );
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| 291 | if ( ... ) @_Throw@ E( /* initialization */ );
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| 292 | ...
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| 293 | } @_CatchResume@( E & ) { ... // reference
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| 294 | } catch( E & ) { ...
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| 295 | } catch( ... ) { ... // catch any
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| 296 | } _Finally { ...
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| 297 | }
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| 298 | \end{uC++}
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| 299 | &
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| 300 | \begin{cfa}
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| 301 | #include <Exception.hfa>
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| 302 | @ExceptionDecl@( E, // must be global scope
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| 303 | ... // exception fields
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| 304 | );
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| 305 | try {
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| 306 | ...
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| 307 | if ( ... ) @throwResume@ @ExceptionInst@( E, /* intialization */ );
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| 308 | if ( ... ) @throw@ @ExceptionInst@( E, /* intialization */ );
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| 309 | ...
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| 310 | } @catchResume@( E * ) { ... // pointer
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| 311 | } catch( E * ) { ...
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| 312 | } catch( exception_t * ) { ... // catch any
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| 313 | } finally { ...
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| 314 | }
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| 315 | \end{cfa}
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| 316 | \end{tabular}
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| 317 | \end{cquote}
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| 318 |
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| 319 |
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| 320 | \section{Non-local Exception}
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| 321 |
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| 322 | \begin{cquote}
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| 323 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
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| 324 | \begin{uC++}
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| 325 |
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| 326 |
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| 327 | void main() {
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| 328 | try {
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| 329 | _Enable {
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| 330 | ... suspend(); ...
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| 331 | }
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| 332 | } @_CatchResume@( E & ) { // reference
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| 333 | ...
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| 334 | } catch( E & ) {
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| 335 | ...
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| 336 | }
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| 337 | }
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| 338 | \end{uC++}
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| 339 | &
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| 340 | \begin{cfa}
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| 341 | #define resumePoll( coroutine ) resume( coroutine ); checked_poll()
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| 342 | #define suspendPoll suspend; checked_poll()
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| 343 | void main() {
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| 344 | try {
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| 345 | enable_ehm();
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| 346 | ... suspendPoll ...
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| 347 | disable_ehm();
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| 348 | } @catchResume@( E * ) { // pointer
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| 349 | ...
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| 350 | } catch( E & ) {
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| 351 | ...
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| 352 | }
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| 353 | }
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| 354 | \end{cfa}
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| 355 | \end{tabular}
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| 356 | \end{cquote}
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| 357 |
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| 358 |
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| 359 | \section{\texorpdfstring{Structures (object-oriented \protect\vs routine style)}{Structures (object-oriented vs. routine style)}}
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| 360 |
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| 361 | \begin{cquote}
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| 362 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
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| 363 | \begin{uC++}
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| 364 | struct S {
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| 365 | int i = 0; // cheat, implicit default constructor
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| 366 | int setter( int j ) { int t = i; i = j; return t; }
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| 367 | int getter() { return i; }
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| 368 | };
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| 369 | S s;
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| 370 | @s.@setter( 3 ); // object calls
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| 371 | int k = @s.@getter();
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| 372 | \end{uC++}
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| 373 | &
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| 374 | \begin{cfa}
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| 375 | struct S { int i; };
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| 376 | void ?{}( S & s ) { s.i = 0; } // explicit default constructor
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| 377 | int setter( @S & s,@ int j ) @with( s )@ { int t = i; i = j; return t; }
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| 378 | int getter( @S & s@ ) @with( s )@ { return i; }
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| 379 |
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| 380 | S s;
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| 381 | setter( @s,@ 3 ); // normal calls
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| 382 | int k = getter( @s@ );
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| 383 | \end{cfa}
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| 384 | \end{tabular}
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| 385 | \end{cquote}
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| 386 |
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| 387 |
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| 388 | \section{Constructor / Destructor}
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| 389 |
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| 390 | \begin{cquote}
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| 391 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
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| 392 | \begin{uC++}
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| 393 |
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| 394 | struct S {
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| 395 | int i, j;
|
|---|
| 396 | S( int i, int j ) { S::i = i; S::j = j; }
|
|---|
| 397 | ~S() {}
|
|---|
| 398 | };
|
|---|
| 399 | S s = { 1, 2 }, s2{ 1, 2 };
|
|---|
| 400 | S * s3 = new S{ 1, 2 };
|
|---|
| 401 | S & s4 = *new S{ 1, 2 };
|
|---|
| 402 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 403 | &
|
|---|
| 404 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 405 | #include <stdlib.hfa> // malloc
|
|---|
| 406 | struct S {
|
|---|
| 407 | int i, j;
|
|---|
| 408 | };
|
|---|
| 409 | void ?{}( S & s, int i, int j ) { s.[i, j] = [i, j]; }
|
|---|
| 410 | void ^?{}( S & s ) {}
|
|---|
| 411 | S s = { 1, 2 }, s2{ 1, 2 };
|
|---|
| 412 | S * s3 = &(*malloc()){ 1, 2 };
|
|---|
| 413 | S & s4 = (*malloc()){ 1, 2 }; // fails
|
|---|
| 414 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 415 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 416 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 417 |
|
|---|
| 418 |
|
|---|
| 419 | \section{String}
|
|---|
| 420 |
|
|---|
| 421 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 422 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
|
|---|
| 423 | \multicolumn{2}{@{}l@{}}{\lstinline{string s1, s2;}} \\
|
|---|
| 424 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 425 | s1 = "abcdefg";
|
|---|
| 426 | s2 = s1;
|
|---|
| 427 | s1 += s2;
|
|---|
| 428 | s1 == s2; s1 != s2;
|
|---|
| 429 | s1 < s2; s1 <= s2; s1 > s2; s1 >= s2;
|
|---|
| 430 | s1.length();
|
|---|
| 431 | s1[3];
|
|---|
| 432 | s1.substr( 2 ); s1.substr( 2, 3 );
|
|---|
| 433 | s1.replace( 2, 5, s2 );
|
|---|
| 434 | s1.find( s2 ); s1.rfind( s2 );
|
|---|
| 435 | s1.find_first_of( s2 ); s1.find_last_of( s2 );
|
|---|
| 436 | s1.find_first_not_of( s2 ); s1.find_last_not_of( s2 );
|
|---|
| 437 | getline( cin, s1 );
|
|---|
| 438 | cout << s1 << endl;
|
|---|
| 439 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 440 | &
|
|---|
| 441 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 442 | s1 = "abcdefg";
|
|---|
| 443 | s2 = s1;
|
|---|
| 444 | s1 += s2;
|
|---|
| 445 | s1 == s2; s1 != s2;
|
|---|
| 446 | s1 < s2; s1 <= s2; s1 > s2; s1 >= s2;
|
|---|
| 447 | size( s1 );
|
|---|
| 448 | s1[3];
|
|---|
| 449 | s1( 2 ); s1( 2, 3 );
|
|---|
| 450 | // replace( s1, 2, 5, s2 );
|
|---|
| 451 | // find( s1, s2 ), rfind( s1, s2 );
|
|---|
| 452 | // find_first_of( s2 ); find_last_of( s2 );
|
|---|
| 453 | // find_first_not_of( s1, s2 ); find_last_not_of( s1, s2 );
|
|---|
| 454 | sin | getline( s1 );
|
|---|
| 455 | sout | s1;
|
|---|
| 456 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 457 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 458 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 459 |
|
|---|
| 460 |
|
|---|
| 461 | \section{\texorpdfstring{\lstinline{uArray}}{uArray}}
|
|---|
| 462 |
|
|---|
| 463 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 464 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|l@{}}
|
|---|
| 465 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 466 | #include <iostream>
|
|---|
| 467 | using namespace std;
|
|---|
| 468 | struct S {
|
|---|
| 469 | int i;
|
|---|
| 470 | S( int i ) { S::i = i; cout << "ctor " << S::i << endl; }
|
|---|
| 471 | ~S() { S::i = i; cout << "dtor " << S::i << endl; }
|
|---|
| 472 | };
|
|---|
| 473 | int main() {
|
|---|
| 474 | enum { N = 5 };
|
|---|
| 475 | @uArray( S, s, N );@ // no constructor calls
|
|---|
| 476 | for ( int i = 0; i < N; i += 1 ) @s[i]( i )@; // constructor calls
|
|---|
| 477 | for ( int i = 0; i < N; i += 1 ) cout << s[i]@->@i << endl;
|
|---|
| 478 | }
|
|---|
| 479 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 480 | &
|
|---|
| 481 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 482 | #include <fstream.hfa>
|
|---|
| 483 | #include <array.hfa>
|
|---|
| 484 | struct S {
|
|---|
| 485 | int i;
|
|---|
| 486 | };
|
|---|
| 487 | void ?{}( S & s, int i ) { s.i = i; sout | "ctor" | s.i; }
|
|---|
| 488 | void ^?{}( S & s ) { sout | "dtor" | s.i; }
|
|---|
| 489 | int main() {
|
|---|
| 490 | enum { N = 5 };
|
|---|
| 491 | @array( S, N ) s = { delay_init };@ // no constructor calls
|
|---|
| 492 | for ( i; N ) @s[i]{ i }@; // constructor calls
|
|---|
| 493 | for ( i; N ) sout | s[i]@.@i;
|
|---|
| 494 | }
|
|---|
| 495 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 496 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 497 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 498 |
|
|---|
| 499 |
|
|---|
| 500 | \section{Coroutines}
|
|---|
| 501 |
|
|---|
| 502 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 503 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
|
|---|
| 504 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 505 |
|
|---|
| 506 | _Coroutine C {
|
|---|
| 507 | // private coroutine fields
|
|---|
| 508 | void main() {
|
|---|
| 509 | ... suspend(); ...
|
|---|
| 510 | ... _Resume E( ... ) _At partner;
|
|---|
| 511 | ... uThisCoroutine(); ...
|
|---|
| 512 |
|
|---|
| 513 | }
|
|---|
| 514 | public:
|
|---|
| 515 | void mem( ... ) {
|
|---|
| 516 | ... resume() ...
|
|---|
| 517 | }
|
|---|
| 518 | };
|
|---|
| 519 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 520 | &
|
|---|
| 521 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 522 | #include <$coroutine$.hfa>
|
|---|
| 523 | coroutine C {
|
|---|
| 524 | // private coroutine fields
|
|---|
| 525 |
|
|---|
| 526 | };
|
|---|
| 527 | void main( C & c ) {
|
|---|
| 528 | ... suspend; ... // keyword not routine
|
|---|
| 529 | ... resumeAt( partner, ExceptionInst( E, ... ) );
|
|---|
| 530 | ... active_coroutine(); ...
|
|---|
| 531 | }
|
|---|
| 532 | void mem( C & c, ... ) {
|
|---|
| 533 | ... resume( c ); ...
|
|---|
| 534 | }
|
|---|
| 535 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 536 | \\
|
|---|
| 537 | \multicolumn{2}{@{}l@{}}{\lstinline{C c;}}
|
|---|
| 538 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 539 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 540 |
|
|---|
| 541 |
|
|---|
| 542 | \section{\lstinline{COBEGIN}/\lstinline{COFOR}}
|
|---|
| 543 |
|
|---|
| 544 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 545 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
|
|---|
| 546 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 547 |
|
|---|
| 548 | #include <uCobegin.h>
|
|---|
| 549 | int main() {
|
|---|
| 550 | COBEGIN
|
|---|
| 551 | BEGIN osacquire( cout ) << "A" << endl; END
|
|---|
| 552 | BEGIN osacquire( cout ) << "B" << endl; END
|
|---|
| 553 | BEGIN osacquire( cout ) << "C" << endl; END
|
|---|
| 554 | BEGIN osacquire( cout ) << "D" << endl; END
|
|---|
| 555 | BEGIN osacquire( cout ) << "E" << endl; END
|
|---|
| 556 | COEND
|
|---|
| 557 | COFOR( i, 1, 10,
|
|---|
| 558 | osacquire( cout ) << i << endl;
|
|---|
| 559 | )
|
|---|
| 560 | }
|
|---|
| 561 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 562 | &
|
|---|
| 563 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 564 | #include <mutex_stmt.hfa>
|
|---|
| 565 | #include <$cofor$.hfa>
|
|---|
| 566 | int main() {
|
|---|
| 567 | {
|
|---|
| 568 | corun { mutex( sout ) sout | "A"; }
|
|---|
| 569 | corun { mutex( sout ) sout | "B"; }
|
|---|
| 570 | corun { mutex( sout ) sout | "C"; }
|
|---|
| 571 | corun { mutex( sout ) sout | "D"; }
|
|---|
| 572 | corun { mutex( sout ) sout | "E"; }
|
|---|
| 573 | }
|
|---|
| 574 | cofor( i; 10 ) {
|
|---|
| 575 | mutex( sout ) sout | i;
|
|---|
| 576 | }
|
|---|
| 577 | }
|
|---|
| 578 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 579 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 580 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 581 |
|
|---|
| 582 |
|
|---|
| 583 | \section{Actor}
|
|---|
| 584 |
|
|---|
| 585 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 586 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
|
|---|
| 587 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 588 | #include <iostream>
|
|---|
| 589 | using namespace std;
|
|---|
| 590 | #include <uActor.h>
|
|---|
| 591 |
|
|---|
| 592 | struct StrMsg : @public uActor::Message@ {
|
|---|
| 593 | const char * val; // string message
|
|---|
| 594 |
|
|---|
| 595 |
|
|---|
| 596 | StrMsg( const char * val ) :
|
|---|
| 597 | @Message( uActor::Delete )@, // delete after use
|
|---|
| 598 | val( val ) {}
|
|---|
| 599 | };
|
|---|
| 600 | _Actor Hello { ${\color{red}\LstCommentStyle{// : public uActor}}$
|
|---|
| 601 | Allocation receive( Message & msg ) {
|
|---|
| 602 | Case( StrMsg, msg ) { // discriminate
|
|---|
| 603 | osacquire( cout ) << msg_d->val << endl;
|
|---|
| 604 | };
|
|---|
| 605 | return Delete; // delete after use
|
|---|
| 606 | }
|
|---|
| 607 | };
|
|---|
| 608 | int main() {
|
|---|
| 609 | @uActor::start();@ // start actor system
|
|---|
| 610 | *new Hello() | *new StrMsg( "hello" );
|
|---|
| 611 | *new Hello() | *new StrMsg( "bonjour" );
|
|---|
| 612 | @uActor::stop();@ // wait for all actors to terminate
|
|---|
| 613 | }
|
|---|
| 614 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 615 | &
|
|---|
| 616 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 617 | #include <fstream.hfa>
|
|---|
| 618 | #include <mutex_stmt.hfa>
|
|---|
| 619 | #include <actor.hfa>
|
|---|
| 620 |
|
|---|
| 621 | struct StrMsg {
|
|---|
| 622 | @inline message;@ // derived message
|
|---|
| 623 | const char * val; // string message
|
|---|
| 624 | };
|
|---|
| 625 | void ?{}( StrMsg & msg, char * str ) {
|
|---|
| 626 | msg.val = str;
|
|---|
| 627 | @set_allocation( msg, Delete );@ // delete after use
|
|---|
| 628 | }
|
|---|
| 629 | struct Hello {
|
|---|
| 630 | @inline actor;@ // derived actor
|
|---|
| 631 | };
|
|---|
| 632 | allocation receive( Hello & receiver, StrMsg & msg ) {
|
|---|
| 633 | mutex( sout ) sout | msg.val;
|
|---|
| 634 | return Delete; // delete after use
|
|---|
| 635 | }
|
|---|
| 636 |
|
|---|
| 637 | int main() {
|
|---|
| 638 | @start_actor_system();@ // start actor system
|
|---|
| 639 | *(Hello *)new() | *(StrMsg *)new( "hello" );
|
|---|
| 640 | *(Hello *)new() | *(StrMsg *)new( "bonjour" );
|
|---|
| 641 | @stop_actor_system();@ // wait for all actors to terminate
|
|---|
| 642 | }
|
|---|
| 643 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 644 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 645 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 646 |
|
|---|
| 647 |
|
|---|
| 648 | \section{Threads}
|
|---|
| 649 |
|
|---|
| 650 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 651 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
|
|---|
| 652 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 653 |
|
|---|
| 654 | @_Task@ T {
|
|---|
| 655 | // private task fields
|
|---|
| 656 | void main() {
|
|---|
| 657 | ... _Resume E( ... ) _At partner;
|
|---|
| 658 | ... uThisTask(); ...
|
|---|
| 659 | }
|
|---|
| 660 | public:
|
|---|
| 661 | };
|
|---|
| 662 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 663 | &
|
|---|
| 664 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 665 | #include <$thread$.hfa>
|
|---|
| 666 | @thread@ T {
|
|---|
| 667 | // private task fields
|
|---|
| 668 |
|
|---|
| 669 | };
|
|---|
| 670 | void main( @T & t@ ) {
|
|---|
| 671 | ... resumeAt( partner, ExceptionInst( E, ... ) );
|
|---|
| 672 | ... active_thread(); ...
|
|---|
| 673 | }
|
|---|
| 674 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 675 | \\
|
|---|
| 676 | \multicolumn{2}{@{}l@{}}{\lstinline{T t; // start thread in main routine}}
|
|---|
| 677 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 678 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 679 |
|
|---|
| 680 |
|
|---|
| 681 | \section{Locks}
|
|---|
| 682 |
|
|---|
| 683 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 684 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
|
|---|
| 685 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 686 |
|
|---|
| 687 | uOwnerLock m;
|
|---|
| 688 | uCondLock s;
|
|---|
| 689 | m.acquire();
|
|---|
| 690 | if ( ! s.empty() ) s.wait( m );
|
|---|
| 691 | else {
|
|---|
| 692 | m.release();
|
|---|
| 693 | }
|
|---|
| 694 | @osacquire( cout )@ << i << endl;
|
|---|
| 695 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 696 | &
|
|---|
| 697 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 698 | #include <locks.hfa>
|
|---|
| 699 | owner_lock m;
|
|---|
| 700 | condition_variable( owner_lock ) s; // generic type on mutex lock
|
|---|
| 701 | lock( m );
|
|---|
| 702 | if ( ! empty( s ) ) wait( s, m );
|
|---|
| 703 | else {
|
|---|
| 704 | unlock( m );
|
|---|
| 705 | }
|
|---|
| 706 | @mutex( sout )@ sout | i; // thread safe I/O
|
|---|
| 707 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 708 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 709 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 710 |
|
|---|
| 711 |
|
|---|
| 712 | \section{Monitors}
|
|---|
| 713 |
|
|---|
| 714 | \begin{cquote}
|
|---|
| 715 | \begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll@{}}
|
|---|
| 716 | \begin{uC++}
|
|---|
| 717 |
|
|---|
| 718 | @_Monitor@ M {
|
|---|
| 719 | @uCondition@ c;
|
|---|
| 720 | bool avail = true;
|
|---|
| 721 | public:
|
|---|
| 722 |
|
|---|
| 723 | void rtn() {
|
|---|
| 724 | if ( ! avail ) c.wait();
|
|---|
| 725 | else avail = false;
|
|---|
| 726 | }
|
|---|
| 727 | };
|
|---|
| 728 | \end{uC++}
|
|---|
| 729 | &
|
|---|
| 730 | \begin{cfa}
|
|---|
| 731 | #include <$monitor$.hfa>
|
|---|
| 732 | @monitor@ M {
|
|---|
| 733 | @condition@ c;
|
|---|
| 734 | bool avail;
|
|---|
| 735 | };
|
|---|
| 736 | void ?{}( M & m ) { m.avail = true; }
|
|---|
| 737 | void rtn( M & m ) with( m ) {
|
|---|
| 738 | if ( ! avail ) wait( c );
|
|---|
| 739 | else avail = false;
|
|---|
| 740 | }
|
|---|
| 741 |
|
|---|
| 742 | \end{cfa}
|
|---|
| 743 | \\
|
|---|
| 744 | \multicolumn{2}{@{}l@{}}{\lstinline{M m;}}
|
|---|
| 745 | \end{tabular}
|
|---|
| 746 | \end{cquote}
|
|---|
| 747 |
|
|---|
| 748 |
|
|---|
| 749 | \input{uC++toCFA.ind}
|
|---|
| 750 |
|
|---|
| 751 | % \bibliographystyle{plain}
|
|---|
| 752 | % \bibliography{pl}
|
|---|
| 753 |
|
|---|
| 754 | \end{document}
|
|---|
| 755 |
|
|---|
| 756 | % Local Variables: %
|
|---|
| 757 | % tab-width: 4 %
|
|---|
| 758 | % fill-column: 100 %
|
|---|
| 759 | % compile-command: "make" %
|
|---|
| 760 | % End: %
|
|---|
