source: benchmark/io/http/http_ring.cpp @ 95b3a9c

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>

#include <iostream>

#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <liburing.h>

// #define NOBATCHING
// #define USE_ASYNC

// Options passed to each threads
struct __attribute__((aligned(128))) options_t {
        // Data passed to accept
        struct {
                int sockfd;
                struct sockaddr *addr;
                socklen_t *addrlen;
                int flags;
                unsigned cnt;
        } acpt;

        // Termination notification
        int endfd;

        // The ring to use for io
        struct io_uring * ring;
};

//=========================================================
// General statistics
struct __attribute__((aligned(128))) stats_block_t {
        struct {
                volatile size_t conns = 0;
                volatile size_t reads = 0;
                volatile size_t writes = 0;
                volatile size_t full_writes = 0;
        } completions;

        struct {
                volatile size_t conns = 0;
                struct {
                        volatile size_t pipes = 0;
                        volatile size_t reset = 0;
                        volatile size_t other = 0;
                } requests;

                struct {
                        volatile size_t pipes = 0;
                        volatile size_t reset = 0;
                        volatile size_t other = 0;
                } answers;
        } errors;

        struct {
                volatile size_t current = 0;
                volatile size_t max = 0;
                volatile size_t used = 0;
        } conns;

        volatile size_t recycle_errors = 0;
};

// Each thread gets its own block of stats
// and there is a global block for tallying at the end
thread_local stats_block_t stats;
stats_block_t global_stats;

// Get an array of current connections
// This is just for debugging, to make sure
// no two state-machines get the same fd
const size_t array_max = 25000;
class connection * volatile conns[array_max] = { 0 };

// Max fd we've seen, keep track so it's convenient to adjust the array size after
volatile int max_fd = 0;

//=========================================================
// Some small wrappers for ring operations used outside the connection state machine
// get sqe + error handling
static struct io_uring_sqe * get_sqe(struct io_uring * ring) {
        struct io_uring_sqe * sqe = io_uring_get_sqe(ring);
        if(!sqe) {
                std::cerr << "Insufficient entries in ring" << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        return sqe;
}

// read of the event fd is not done by a connection
// use nullptr as the user data
static void ring_end(struct io_uring * ring, int fd, char * buffer, size_t len) {
        struct io_uring_sqe * sqe = get_sqe(ring);
        io_uring_prep_read(sqe, fd, buffer, len, 0);
        io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, nullptr);
        io_uring_submit(ring);
}

//=========================================================
// All answers are fixed and determined by the return code
enum HttpCode {
        OK200 = 0,
        E400,
        E404,
        E405,
        E408,
        E413,
        E414,
        KNOWN_CODES
};

// Get a fix reply based on the return code
const char * http_msgs[] = {
        "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 15\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\nHello, World!\r\n",
        "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 0 \r\n\r\n",
        "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 0 \r\n\r\n",
        "HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not \r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 0 \r\n\r\n",
        "HTTP/1.1 408 Request Timeout\r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 0 \r\n\r\n",
        "HTTP/1.1 413 Payload Too Large\r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 0 \r\n\r\n",
        "HTTP/1.1 414 URI Too Long\r\nServer: HttoForall\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\nContent-Length: 0 \r\n\r\n",
};
static_assert( KNOWN_CODES == (sizeof(http_msgs) / sizeof(http_msgs[0])) );

// Pre-compute the length of these replys
const size_t http_lens[] = {
        strlen(http_msgs[0]),
        strlen(http_msgs[1]),
        strlen(http_msgs[2]),
        strlen(http_msgs[3]),
        strlen(http_msgs[4]),
        strlen(http_msgs[5]),
        strlen(http_msgs[6]),
};
static_assert( KNOWN_CODES == (sizeof(http_lens) / sizeof(http_lens[0])) );

//=========================================================
// Finate state machine responsible for handling each connection
class __attribute__((aligned(128))) connection {
private:
        // The state of the machine
        enum {
                ACCEPTING,  // Accept sent waiting for connection
                REQUESTING, // Waiting for new request
                ANSWERING,  // Either request received submitting answer or short answer sent, need to submit rest
        } state;

        // The file descriptor of the connection
        int fd;

        // request data
        static const size_t buffer_size = 1024; // Size of the read buffer
        const char * buffer;                      // Buffer into which requests are read

        // send data
        size_t to_send;         // Data left to send
        const char * iterator;  // Pointer to rest of the message to send

        // stats
        // how many requests/answers were complete, that is, a valid cqe was obtained
        struct {
                size_t requests = 0;
                size_t answers = 0;
        } stats;

private:
        connection()
                : state(ACCEPTING)
                , fd(0)
                , buffer( new char[buffer_size])
                , iterator(nullptr)
        {}

        ~connection() {
                delete [] buffer;
                ::stats.conns.current--;
        }

        // Close the current connection
        void close(int err) {
                // std::cout << "(" << this->stats.requests << "," << this->stats.answers << ", e" << err << ") ";
                conns[fd] = nullptr;

                if(fd != 0) {
                        ::close(fd);
                }
                delete this;
        }

        //--------------------------------------------------
        // Wrappers for submit so we can tweak it more easily
        static void submit(struct io_uring * ring, struct io_uring_sqe * sqe, connection * conn) {
                (void)ring;
                #ifdef USE_ASYNC
                        io_uring_sqe_set_flags(sqe, IOSQE_ASYNC);
                #endif
                io_uring_sqe_set_data(sqe, conn);
                #ifdef NOBATCHING
                        io_uring_submit(ring);
                #endif
        }

        void submit(struct io_uring * ring, struct io_uring_sqe * sqe) {
                submit(ring, sqe, this);
        }

        //--------------------------------------------------
        // get a new request from the client
        void request(struct io_uring * ring) {
                state = REQUESTING;
                struct io_uring_sqe * sqe = get_sqe(ring);
                io_uring_prep_recv(sqe, fd, (void*)buffer, buffer_size, 0);
                submit(ring, sqe);
        }

        //--------------------------------------------------
        // Send a new answer based on a return code
        void answer(struct io_uring * ring, HttpCode code) {
                iterator = http_msgs[code];
                to_send  = http_lens[code];
                if(to_send != 124) {
                        std::cerr << "Answer has weird size: " << to_send << " (" << (int)code << ")" << std::endl;
                }
                answer(ring);
        }

        // send a new answer to the client
        // Reused for incomplete writes
        void answer(struct io_uring * ring) {
                state = ANSWERING;
                struct io_uring_sqe * sqe = get_sqe(ring);
                io_uring_prep_send(sqe, fd, iterator, to_send, 0);
                submit(ring, sqe);
        }

        //--------------------------------------------------
        // Handle a new connection, results for getting an cqe while in the ACCEPTING state
        void newconn(struct io_uring * ring, int ret) {
                // Check errors
                if( ret < 0 ) {
                        int err = -ret;
                        if( err == ECONNABORTED ) {
                                ::stats.errors.conns++;
                                this->close(err);
                                return;
                        }
                        std::cerr << "accept error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                // Count the connections
                ::stats.completions.conns++;
                ::stats.conns.current++;
                if(::stats.conns.current > ::stats.conns.max) {
                        ::stats.conns.max = ::stats.conns.current;
                }

                // Read on the data
                fd = ret;
                request(ring);

                // check the max fd so we know if we exceeded the array
                for(;;) {
                        int expected = max_fd;
                        if(expected >= fd) return;
                        if( __atomic_compare_exchange_n(&max_fd, &expected, fd, false, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST) ) return;
                }

                // check if we have enough space to fit inside the array
                if(fd >= array_max) {
                        std::cerr << "accept error: fd " << fd << " is too high" << std::endl;
                        return;
                }

                // Put our connection into the global array
                // No one else should be using it so if they are that's a bug
                auto exist = __atomic_exchange_n( &conns[fd], this, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
                if( exist ) {
                        size_t first = __atomic_fetch_add(&global_stats.recycle_errors, 1, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
                        if( first == 0 ) {
                                std::cerr << "First: accept has existing connection " << std::endl;
                        }
                }
        }

        // Handle a new request, results for getting an cqe while in the REQUESTING state
        void newrequest(struct io_uring * ring, int res) {
                // Check errors
                if( res < 0 ) {
                        int err = -res;
                        switch(err) {
                                case EPIPE:
                                        ::stats.errors.requests.pipes++;
                                        break;
                                        // Don't fall through the get better stats
                                case ECONNRESET:
                                        ::stats.errors.requests.reset++;
                                        break;
                                default:
                                        ::stats.errors.requests.other++;
                                        std::cerr << "request error: (" << err << ") " << strerror(err) << std::endl;
                                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        // Connection failed, close it
                        this->close(err);
                        return;
                }

                // Update stats
                ::stats.completions.reads++;

                // Is this an EOF
                if(res == 0) {
                        // Yes, close the connection
                        this->close(0);
                        return;
                }

                // Find the end of the request header
                const char * it = buffer;
                if( !strstr( it, "\r\n\r\n" ) ) {
                        // This state machine doesn't support incomplete reads
                        // Print them to output so it's clear there is an issue
                        std::cout << "Incomplete request" << std::endl;
                        this->close(EBADR);
                        return;
                }

                // Find the method to use
                it = buffer;
                int ret = memcmp(it, "GET ", 4);
                if( ret != 0 ) {
                        // We only support get, answer with an error
                        answer(ring, E400);
                        return;
                }

                // Find the target
                it += 4;
                ret = memcmp(it, "/plaintext", 10);
                if( ret != 0 ) {
                        // We only support /plaintext, answer with an error
                        answer(ring, E404);
                        return;
                }

                // Correct request, answer with the payload
                this->stats.requests++;
                answer(ring, OK200);
        }

        // Handle a partial or full answer sent, results for getting an cqe while in the ANSWERING state
        void writedone(struct io_uring * ring, int res) {
                // Check errors
                if( res < 0 ) {
                        int err = -res;
                        switch(err) {
                                case EPIPE:
                                        ::stats.errors.answers.pipes++;
                                        break;
                                        // Don't fall through the get better stats
                                case ECONNRESET:
                                        ::stats.errors.answers.reset++;
                                        break;
                                default:
                                        ::stats.errors.answers.other++;
                                        std::cerr << "answer error: (" << err << ") " << strerror(err) << std::endl;
                                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        this->close(err);
                        return;
                }

                // Update stats
                ::stats.completions.writes++;
                if(res == 124) ::stats.completions.full_writes++;

                // Is this write completed
                if( res == to_send ) {
                        // Yes, more stats
                        this->stats.answers++;
                        if(this->stats.answers == 1) ::stats.conns.used++;
                        // Then read a new request
                        request(ring);
                        return;
                }

                // Not a completed read, push the rest
                to_send -= res;
                iterator += res;
                answer(ring);
        }
public:
        // Submit a call to accept and create a new connection object
        static void accept(struct io_uring * ring, const struct options_t & opt) {
                struct io_uring_sqe * sqe = get_sqe(ring);
                io_uring_prep_accept(sqe, opt.acpt.sockfd, opt.acpt.addr, opt.acpt.addrlen, opt.acpt.flags);
                submit(ring, sqe, new connection());
                // std::cout << "Submitted accept: " << req << std::endl;
        }

        // Handle a new cqe
        void handle(struct io_uring * ring, int res, const struct options_t & opt) {
                switch(state) {
                case ACCEPTING:
                        connection::accept(ring, opt);
                        newconn(ring, res);
                        break;
                case REQUESTING:
                        newrequest(ring, res);
                        break;
                case ANSWERING:
                        writedone(ring, res);
                        break;
                }
        }
};

//=========================================================
// Main loop of the WebServer
// Effectively uses one thread_local copy of everything per kernel thread
void * proc_loop(void * arg) {
        // Get the thread local argument
        struct options_t & opt = *(struct options_t *)arg;
        struct io_uring * ring = opt.ring;

        // Track the shutdown using a event_fd
        char endfd_buf[8];
        ring_end(ring, opt.endfd, endfd_buf, 8);

        // Accept our first connection
        // May not take effect until io_uring_submit_and_wait
        for(unsigned i = 0; i < opt.acpt.cnt; i++) {
                connection::accept(ring, opt);
        }

        int reset = 1;       // Counter to print stats once in a while
        bool done = false;   // Are we done
        size_t sqes = 0;     // Number of sqes we submitted
        size_t call = 0;     // Number of submits we made
        while(!done) {
                // Submit all the answers we have and wait for responses
                int ret = io_uring_submit_and_wait(ring, 1);

                // check errors
                if (ret < 0) {
                        fprintf( stderr, "io_uring S&W error: (%d) %s\n", (int)-ret, strerror(-ret) );
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                // Check how good we are at batching sqes
                sqes += ret;
                call++;

                struct io_uring_cqe *cqe;
                unsigned head;
                unsigned count = 0;

                // go through all cqes
                io_uring_for_each_cqe(ring, head, cqe) {
                        if (0 == cqe->user_data) {
                                done = true;
                                break;
                        }

                        auto req = (class connection *)cqe->user_data;
                        req->handle( ring, cqe->res, opt );

                        // Every now and then, print some stats
                        reset--;
                        if(reset == 0) {
                                std::cout << "Submit average: " << sqes << "/" << call << "(" << (((double)sqes) / call) << ")" << std::endl;
                                // Reset to some random number of completions
                                // use the ring_fd in the number of threads don't all print at once
                                reset = 100000 + (100000 * (ring->ring_fd % 5));
                        }

                        // Keep track of how many cqes we have seen
                        count++;
                }

                // Mark the cqes as seen
                io_uring_cq_advance(ring, count);
        }

        // Tally all the thread local statistics
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.completions.conns, ::stats.completions.conns, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.completions.reads, ::stats.completions.reads, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.completions.writes, ::stats.completions.writes, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.completions.full_writes, ::stats.completions.full_writes, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.conns, ::stats.errors.conns, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.requests.pipes, ::stats.errors.requests.pipes, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.requests.reset, ::stats.errors.requests.reset, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.requests.other, ::stats.errors.requests.other, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.answers.pipes, ::stats.errors.answers.pipes, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.answers.reset, ::stats.errors.answers.reset, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.errors.answers.other, ::stats.errors.answers.other, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.conns.current, ::stats.conns.current, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.conns.max, ::stats.conns.max, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );
        __atomic_fetch_add( &global_stats.conns.used, ::stats.conns.used, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST );

        return nullptr;
}

//=========================================================
#include <bit> // for ispow2

extern "C" {
        #include <pthread.h>      // for pthreads
        #include <signal.h>       // for signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
        #include <sys/eventfd.h>  // use for termination
        #include <sys/socket.h>   // for sockets in general
        #include <netinet/in.h>   // for sockaddr_in, AF_INET
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
        // Initialize the array of connection-fd associations
        for(int i = 0; i < array_max; i++) {
                conns[i] = nullptr;
        }

        // Make sure we ignore all sigpipes
        signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);

        // Default command line arguments
        unsigned nthreads = 1;      // number of kernel threads
        unsigned port = 8800;       // which port to listen on
        unsigned entries = 256;     // number of entries per ring/kernel thread
        unsigned backlog = 262144;  // backlog argument to listen
        unsigned preaccept = 1;     // start by accepting X per threads
        bool attach = false;        // Whether or not to attach all the rings
        bool sqpoll = false;        // Whether or not to use SQ Polling

        //===================
        // Arguments Parsing
        int c;
        while ((c = getopt (argc, argv, "t:p:e:b:c:aS")) != -1) {
                switch (c)
                {
                case 't':
                        nthreads = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'p':
                        port = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'e':
                        entries = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'b':
                        backlog = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'c':
                        preaccept = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'a':
                        attach = true;
                        break;
                case 'S':
                        sqpoll = true;
                        break;
                case '?':
                default:
                        std::cerr << "Usage: -t <threads> -p <port> -e <entries> -b <backlog> -aS" << std::endl;
                        return EXIT_FAILURE;
                }
        }

        if( !std::ispow2(entries) ) {
                unsigned v = entries;
                v--;
                v |= v >> 1;
                v |= v >> 2;
                v |= v >> 4;
                v |= v >> 8;
                v |= v >> 16;
                v++;
                std::cerr << "Warning: num_entries not a power of 2 (" << entries << ") raising to " << v << std::endl;
                entries = v;
        }

        //===================
        // End FD
        // Create a single event fd to notify the kernel threads when the server shutsdown
        int efd = eventfd(0, EFD_SEMAPHORE);
        if (efd < 0) {
                std::cerr << "eventfd error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        //===================
        // Open Socket
        // Listen on specified port
        std::cout << getpid() << " : Listening on port " << port << std::endl;
        int server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
        if(server_fd < 0) {
                std::cerr << "socket error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        int ret = 0;
        struct sockaddr_in address;
        int addrlen = sizeof(address);
        memset( (char *)&address, '\0', addrlen );
        address.sin_family = AF_INET;
        address.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
        address.sin_port = htons( port );

        // In case the port is already in use, don't just return an error
        // Linux is very slow at reclaiming port so just retry regularly
        int waited = 0;
        while(true) {
                ret = bind( server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address, sizeof(address) );
                if(ret < 0) {
                        if(errno == EADDRINUSE) {
                                // Port is in used let's retry later
                                if(waited == 0) {
                                        std::cerr << "Waiting for port" << std::endl;
                                } else {
                                        // To be cure, print how long we have been waiting
                                        std::cerr << "\r" << waited;
                                        std::cerr.flush();
                                }
                                waited ++;
                                usleep( 1000000 ); // Wait and retry
                                continue;
                        }
                        // Some other error occured, this is a real error
                        std::cerr << "bind error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                break;
        }

        ret = listen( server_fd, backlog );
        if(ret < 0) {
                std::cerr << "listen error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        //===================
        // Run Server Threads
        std::cout << "Starting " << nthreads << " Threads";
        if(attach) {
                std::cout << " with attached Rings";
        }
        std::cout << std::endl;

        // Create the desired number of kernel-threads and for each
        // create a ring. Create the rings in the main so we can attach them
        // Since the rings are all in a dense VLA, aligned them so we don't get false sharing
        // it's unlikely but better safe than sorry
        struct __attribute__((aligned(128))) aligned_ring {
                struct io_uring storage;
        };
        aligned_ring thrd_rings[nthreads];
        pthread_t    thrd_hdls[nthreads];
        options_t    thrd_opts[nthreads];
        bool no_drops  = true;
        bool fast_poll = true;
        bool nfix_sqpl = true;
        for(unsigned i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
                struct io_uring_params p = { };

                if(sqpoll) { // If sqpoll is on, add the flag
                        p.flags |= IORING_SETUP_SQPOLL;
                        p.sq_thread_idle = 100;
                }

                if (attach && i != 0) { // If attach is on, add the flag, except for the first ring
                        p.flags |= IORING_SETUP_ATTACH_WQ;
                        p.wq_fd = thrd_rings[0].storage.ring_fd;
                }

                // Create the ring
                io_uring_queue_init_params(entries, &thrd_rings[i].storage, &p);

                // Check if some of the note-worthy features are there
                if(0 == (p.features & IORING_FEAT_NODROP         )) { no_drops  = false; }
                if(0 == (p.features & IORING_FEAT_FAST_POLL      )) { fast_poll = false; }
                if(0 == (p.features & IORING_FEAT_SQPOLL_NONFIXED)) { nfix_sqpl = false; }

                // Write the socket options we want to the options we pass to the threads
                thrd_opts[i].acpt.sockfd  = server_fd;
                thrd_opts[i].acpt.addr    = (struct sockaddr *)&address;
                thrd_opts[i].acpt.addrlen = (socklen_t*)&addrlen;
                thrd_opts[i].acpt.flags   = 0;
                thrd_opts[i].acpt.cnt     = preaccept;
                thrd_opts[i].endfd        = efd;
                thrd_opts[i].ring         = &thrd_rings[i].storage;

                int ret = pthread_create(&thrd_hdls[i], nullptr, proc_loop, &thrd_opts[i]);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        std::cerr << "pthread create error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }

        // Tell the user if the features are present
        if( no_drops ) std::cout << "No Drop Present" << std::endl;
        if( fast_poll) std::cout << "Fast Poll Present" << std::endl;
        if(!nfix_sqpl) std::cout << "Non-Fixed SQ Poll not Present" << std::endl;

        //===================
        // Server Started
        std::cout << "Server Started" << std::endl;
        {
                char buffer[128];
                int ret;
                do {
                        // Wait for a Ctrl-D to close the server
                        ret = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, 128);
                        if(ret < 0) {
                                std::cerr << "main read error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                        else if(ret > 0) {
                                std::cout << "User inputed '";
                                std::cout.write(buffer, ret);
                                std::cout << "'" << std::endl;
                        }
                } while(ret != 0);

                std::cout << "Shutdown received" << std::endl;
        }

        //===================
        // Use eventfd_write to tell the threads we are closing
        (std::cout << "Sending Shutdown to Threads... ").flush();
        ret = eventfd_write(efd, nthreads);
        if (ret < 0) {
                std::cerr << "eventfd close error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        std::cout << "done" << std::endl;

        //===================
        // Join all the threads and close the rings
        (std::cout << "Stopping Threads Done... ").flush();
        for(unsigned i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
                void * retval;
                int ret = pthread_join(thrd_hdls[i], &retval);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        std::cerr << "pthread create error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                io_uring_queue_exit(thrd_opts[i].ring);
        }
        std::cout << "done" << std::endl;

        //===================
        // Close the sockets
        (std::cout << "Closing Socket... ").flush();
        ret = shutdown( server_fd, SHUT_RD );
        if( ret < 0 ) {
                std::cerr << "shutdown socket error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        ret = close(server_fd);
        if (ret < 0) {
                std::cerr << "close socket error: (" << errno << ") " << strerror(errno) << std::endl;
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        std::cout << "done" << std::endl << std::endl;

        // Print stats and exit
        std::cout << "Errors: " << global_stats.errors.conns << "c, (" << global_stats.errors.requests.pipes << "p, " << global_stats.errors.requests.reset << "r, " << global_stats.errors.requests.other << "o" << ")r, (" << global_stats.errors.answers.pipes << "p, " << global_stats.errors.answers.reset << "r, " << global_stats.errors.answers.other << "o" << ")a" << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Completions: " << global_stats.completions.conns << "c, " << global_stats.completions.reads << "r, " << global_stats.completions.writes << "w" << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Full Writes: " << global_stats.completions.full_writes << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Max FD: " << max_fd << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Successful connections: " << global_stats.conns.used << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Max concurrent connections: " << global_stats.conns.max << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Accepts on non-zeros: " << global_stats.recycle_errors << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Leaked conn objects: " << global_stats.conns.current << std::endl;
}

// compile-command: "g++ http_ring.cpp -std=c++2a -pthread -luring -O3" //