Index: doc/bibliography/cfa.bib =================================================================== --- doc/bibliography/cfa.bib (revision d87ade949c9bc50d35318bff143b34a6451031fa) +++ doc/bibliography/cfa.bib (revision cab8cac744482fbd2c260b311023e9cda309950f) @@ -3650,5 +3650,5 @@ contributer = {pabuhr@plg}, author = {James Gosling and Bill Joy and Guy Steele and Gilad Bracha and Alex Buckley}, - title = {{Java} Language Specification}, + title = {{Java} Language Spec.}, organization= {Oracle}, publisher = {Oracle}, Index: doc/generic_types/evaluation/timing.gp =================================================================== --- doc/generic_types/evaluation/timing.gp (revision d87ade949c9bc50d35318bff143b34a6451031fa) +++ doc/generic_types/evaluation/timing.gp (revision cab8cac744482fbd2c260b311023e9cda309950f) @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ # set terminal pdfcairo linewidth 3 size 6,3 # set output "timing.pdf" -set terminal pslatex size 6.25,2.25 color solid +set terminal pslatex size 6.25,2.125 color solid set output "timing.tex" Index: doc/generic_types/generic_types.tex =================================================================== --- doc/generic_types/generic_types.tex (revision d87ade949c9bc50d35318bff143b34a6451031fa) +++ doc/generic_types/generic_types.tex (revision cab8cac744482fbd2c260b311023e9cda309950f) @@ -9,4 +9,8 @@ \makeatletter +% Default underscore is too low and wide. Cannot use lstlisting "literate" as replacing underscore +% removes it as a variable-name character so keyworks in variables are highlighted +\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\textunderscore}{\leavevmode\makebox[1.2ex][c]{\rule{1ex}{0.1ex}}} + % parindent is relative, i.e., toggled on/off in environments like itemize, so store the value for % use rather than use \parident directly. @@ -14,5 +18,5 @@ \setlength{\parindentlnth}{\parindent} -\newlength{\gcolumnposn} % temporary hack because lstlisting does handle tabs correctly +\newlength{\gcolumnposn} % temporary hack because lstlisting does not handle tabs correctly \newlength{\columnposn} \setlength{\gcolumnposn}{2.75in} @@ -21,6 +25,4 @@ \newcommand{\CRT}{\global\columnposn=\gcolumnposn} -\newcommand{\TODO}[1]{\textbf{TODO}: {\itshape #1}} % TODO included -%\newcommand{\TODO}[1]{} % TODO elided % Latin abbreviation \newcommand{\abbrevFont}{\textit} % set empty for no italics @@ -43,7 +45,4 @@ {\abbrevFont{et al}.\xspace}% }% -% \newcommand{\eg}{\textit{e}.\textit{g}.,\xspace} -% \newcommand{\ie}{\textit{i}.\textit{e}.,\xspace} -% \newcommand{\etc}{\textit{etc}.,\xspace} \makeatother @@ -56,6 +55,8 @@ \newcommand{\CCtwenty}{\rm C\kern-.1em\hbox{+\kern-.25em+}20\xspace} % C++20 symbolic name \newcommand{\CCV}{\rm C\kern-.1em\hbox{+\kern-.25em+}obj\xspace} % C++ virtual symbolic name -\newcommand{\CS}{C\raisebox{-0.7ex}{\Large$^\sharp$}\xspace} +\newcommand{\Csharp}{C\raisebox{-0.7ex}{\Large$^\sharp$}\xspace} % C# symbolic name \newcommand{\Textbf}[1]{{\color{red}\textbf{#1}}} +\newcommand{\TODO}[1]{\textbf{TODO}: {\itshape #1}} % TODO included +%\newcommand{\TODO}[1]{} % TODO elided % CFA programming language, based on ANSI C (with some gcc additions) @@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ belowskip=3pt, % replace/adjust listing characters that look bad in sanserif -literate={-}{\raisebox{-0.15ex}{\texttt{-}}}1 {^}{\raisebox{0.6ex}{$\scriptscriptstyle\land\,$}}1 - {~}{\raisebox{0.3ex}{$\scriptstyle\sim\,$}}1%{_}{\makebox[1.2ex][c]{\rule{1ex}{0.1ex}}}1 % {`}{\ttfamily\upshape\hspace*{-0.1ex}`}1 - {<-}{$\leftarrow$}2 {=>}{$\Rightarrow$}2, +literate={-}{\makebox[1.4ex][c]{\raisebox{0.5ex}{\rule{1.2ex}{0.1ex}}}}1 {^}{\raisebox{0.6ex}{$\scriptscriptstyle\land\,$}}1 + {~}{\raisebox{0.3ex}{$\scriptstyle\sim\,$}}1 % {`}{\ttfamily\upshape\hspace*{-0.1ex}`}1 + {<-}{$\leftarrow$}2 {=>}{$\Rightarrow$}2 {->}{\makebox[1.4ex][c]{\raisebox{0.5ex}{\rule{1.2ex}{0.1ex}}}\kern-0.3ex\textgreater}2, moredelim=**[is][\color{red}]{`}{`}, }% lstset @@ -159,5 +160,5 @@ The C programming language is a foundational technology for modern computing with millions of lines of code implementing everything from commercial operating-systems to hobby projects. This installation base and the programmers producing it represent a massive software-engineering investment spanning decades and likely to continue for decades more. -The \citet{TIOBE} ranks the top 5 most popular programming languages as: Java 16\%, \Textbf{C 7\%}, \Textbf{\CC 5\%}, \CS 4\%, Python 4\% = 36\%, where the next 50 languages are less than 3\% each with a long tail. +The \citet{TIOBE} ranks the top 5 most popular programming languages as: Java 16\%, \Textbf{C 7\%}, \Textbf{\CC 5\%}, \Csharp 4\%, Python 4\% = 36\%, where the next 50 languages are less than 3\% each with a long tail. The top 3 rankings over the past 30 years are: \lstDeleteShortInline@% @@ -185,5 +186,5 @@ \CC is used similarly, but has the disadvantages of multiple legacy design-choices that cannot be updated and active divergence of the language model from C, requiring significant effort and training to incrementally add \CC to a C-based project. -\CFA is currently implemented as a source-to-source translator from \CFA to the GCC-dialect of C~\citep{GCCExtensions}, allowing it to leverage the portability and code optimizations provided by GCC, meeting goals (1)-(3). +\CFA is currently implemented as a source-to-source translator from \CFA to the GCC-dialect of C~\citep{GCCExtensions}, allowing it to leverage the portability and code optimizations provided by GCC, meeting goals (1)--(3). Ultimately, a compiler is necessary for advanced features and optimal performance. @@ -273,17 +274,8 @@ Finally, \CFA allows variable overloading: -%\lstDeleteShortInline@% -%\par\smallskip -%\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{1.5\parindent}}||@{\hspace{1.5\parindent}}l@{}} \begin{lstlisting} short int MAX = ...; int MAX = ...; double MAX = ...; short int s = MAX; int i = MAX; double d = MAX; $\C{// select correct MAX}$ \end{lstlisting} -%\end{lstlisting} -%& -%\begin{lstlisting} -%\end{tabular} -%\smallskip\par\noindent -%\lstMakeShortInline@% Here, the single name @MAX@ replaces all the C type-specific names: @SHRT_MAX@, @INT_MAX@, @DBL_MAX@. As well, restricted constant overloading is allowed for the values @0@ and @1@, which have special status in C, \eg the value @0@ is both an integer and a pointer literal, so its meaning depends on context. @@ -464,7 +456,4 @@ } \end{lstlisting} -% int c = cmp( a->first, b->first ); -% if ( c == 0 ) c = cmp( a->second, b->second ); -% return c; Since @pair(T *, T * )@ is a concrete type, there are no implicit parameters passed to @lexcmp@, so the generated code is identical to a function written in standard C using @void *@, yet the \CFA version is type-checked to ensure the fields of both pairs and the arguments to the comparison function match in type. @@ -612,8 +601,8 @@ double y = 3.5; [int, double] z; -z = [x, y]; $\C{// multiple assignment}$ -[x, y] = z; $\C{// multiple assignment}$ -z = 10; $\C{// mass assignment}$ -[y, x] = 3.14; $\C{// mass assignment}$ +z = [x, y]; $\C{// multiple assignment}$ +[x, y] = z; $\C{// multiple assignment}$ +z = 10; $\C{// mass assignment}$ +[y, x] = 3.14; $\C{// mass assignment}$ \end{lstlisting} %\end{lstlisting} @@ -652,7 +641,7 @@ [int, int, long, double] x; void f( double, long ); -x.[0, 1] = x.[1, 0]; $\C{// rearrange: [x.0, x.1] = [x.1, x.0]}$ -f( x.[0, 3] ); $\C{// drop: f(x.0, x.3)}$ -[int, int, int] y = x.[2, 0, 2]; $\C{// duplicate: [y.0, y.1, y.2] = [x.2, x.0.x.2]}$ +x.[0, 1] = x.[1, 0]; $\C{// rearrange: [x.0, x.1] = [x.1, x.0]}$ +f( x.[0, 3] ); $\C{// drop: f(x.0, x.3)}$ +[int, int, int] y = x.[2, 0, 2]; $\C{// duplicate: [y.0, y.1, y.2] = [x.2, x.0.x.2]}$ \end{lstlisting} %\end{lstlisting} @@ -851,5 +840,5 @@ \begin{lstlisting} forall(dtype T0, dtype T1 | sized(T0) | sized(T1)) struct _tuple2 { - T0 field_0; $\C{// generated before the first 2-tuple}$ + T0 field_0; $\C{// generated before the first 2-tuple}$ T1 field_1; }; @@ -857,5 +846,5 @@ _tuple2(double, double) x; forall(dtype T0, dtype T1, dtype T2 | sized(T0) | sized(T1) | sized(T2)) struct _tuple3 { - T0 field_0; $\C{// generated before the first 3-tuple}$ + T0 field_0; $\C{// generated before the first 3-tuple}$ T1 field_1; T2 field_2; @@ -1023,5 +1012,6 @@ \section{Related Work} -% \subsection{Polymorphism} + +\subsection{Polymorphism} \CC is the most similar language to \CFA; @@ -1041,13 +1031,13 @@ In \CFA terms, all Cyclone polymorphism must be dtype-static. While the Cyclone design provides the efficiency benefits discussed in Section~\ref{sec:generic-apps} for dtype-static polymorphism, it is more restrictive than \CFA's general model. -\citet{Smith98} present Polymorphic C, an ML dialect with polymorphic functions and C-like syntax and pointer types; it lacks many of C's features, however, most notably struct types, and so is not a practical C replacement. +\citet{Smith98} present Polymorphic C, an ML dialect with polymorphic functions and C-like syntax and pointer types; it lacks many of C's features, however, most notably structure types, and so is not a practical C replacement. \citet{obj-c-book} is an industrially successful extension to C. However, Objective-C is a radical departure from C, using an object-oriented model with message-passing. -Objective-C did not support type-checked generics until recently \citep{xcode7}, historically using less-efficient runtime checking of object types. +Objective-C did not support type-checked generics until recently \citet{xcode7}, historically using less-efficient runtime checking of object types. The~\citet{GObject} framework also adds object-oriented programming with runtime type-checking and reference-counting garbage-collection to C; these features are more intrusive additions than those provided by \CFA, in addition to the runtime overhead of reference-counting. \citet{Vala} compiles to GObject-based C, adding the burden of learning a separate language syntax to the aforementioned demerits of GObject as a modernization path for existing C code-bases. -Java~\citep{Java8} included generic types in Java~5 which are type-checked at compilation and type-erased at runtime, similar to \CFA's. +Java~\citep{Java8} included generic types in Java~5, which are type-checked at compilation and type-erased at runtime, similar to \CFA's. However, in Java, each object carries its own table of method pointers, while \CFA passes the method pointers separately to maintain a C-compatible layout. Java is also a garbage-collected, object-oriented language, with the associated resource usage and C-interoperability burdens. @@ -1063,5 +1053,6 @@ \CFA, with its more modest safety features, allows direct ports of C code while maintaining the idiomatic style of the original source. -% \subsection{Tuples/Variadics} + +\subsection{Tuples/Variadics} Many programming languages have some form of tuple construct and/or variadic functions, \eg SETL, C, KW-C, \CC, D, Go, Java, ML, and Scala. @@ -1107,7 +1098,7 @@ \begin{acks} -The authors would like to recognize the design assistance of Glen Ditchfield, Richard Bilson, and Thierry Delisle on the features described in this paper. They also thank Magnus Madsen and three anonymous reviewers for valuable editorial feedback. - -This work is supported in part by a corporate partnership with \grantsponsor{Huawei}{Huawei Ltd.}{http://www.huawei.com}\ and the first author's \grantsponsor{NSERC-PGS}{NSERC PGS D}{http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Students-Etudiants/PG-CS/BellandPostgrad-BelletSuperieures_eng.asp} scholarship. +The authors would like to recognize the design assistance of Glen Ditchfield, Richard Bilson, and Thierry Delisle on the features described in this paper, and thank Magnus Madsen and the three anonymous reviewers for valuable feedback. +This work is supported in part by a corporate partnership with \grantsponsor{Huawei}{Huawei Ltd.}{http://www.huawei.com}, and Aaron Moss and Peter Buhr are funded by the \grantsponsor{Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council} of Canada. +% the first author's \grantsponsor{NSERC-PGS}{NSERC PGS D}{http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Students-Etudiants/PG-CS/BellandPostgrad-BelletSuperieures_eng.asp} scholarship. \end{acks} @@ -1123,71 +1114,4 @@ \lstset{basicstyle=\linespread{0.9}\sf\small} - -\begin{comment} -\CFA -\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=2\parindentlnth,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt] -forall(otype T) struct stack_node; -forall(otype T) struct stack { stack_node(T) * head; }; -forall(otype T) void ?{}(stack(T) * s); -forall(otype T) void ?{}(stack(T) * s, stack(T) t); -forall(otype T) stack(T) ?=?(stack(T) * s, stack(T) t); -forall(otype T) void ^?{}(stack(T) * s); -forall(otype T) _Bool empty(const stack(T) * s); -forall(otype T) void push(stack(T) * s, T value); -forall(otype T) T pop(stack(T) * s); -forall(otype T) void clear(stack(T) * s); - -void print( FILE * out, const char * x ); -void print( FILE * out, _Bool x ); -void print( FILE * out, char x ); -void print( FILE * out, int x ); -forall(otype T, ttype Params | { void print( FILE *, T ); void print( FILE *, Params ); }) - void print( FILE * out, T arg, Params rest ); -forall(otype R, otype S | { void print( FILE *, R ); void print( FILE *, S ); }) - void print( FILE * out, pair(R, S) x ); -\end{lstlisting} - -\medskip\noindent -\CC -\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=2\parindentlnth,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt] -std::pair -std::forward_list wrapped in std::stack interface - -template void print(ostream & out, const T & x) { out << x; } -template<> void print(ostream & out, const bool & x) { out << (x ? "true" : "false"); } -template<> void print(ostream & out, const char & x ) { out << "'" << x << "'"; } -template ostream & operator<< (ostream & out, const pair& x) { - out << "["; print(out, x.first); out << ", "; print(out, x.second); return out << "]"; } -template void print(ostream & out, const T & arg, const Args &... rest) { - out << arg; print(out, rest...); } -\end{lstlisting} - -\medskip\noindent -C -\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=2\parindentlnth,aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=0pt] -struct pair { void * first, second; }; -struct pair * new_pair( void * first, void * second ); -struct pair * copy_pair( const struct pair * src, - void * (*copy_first)( const void * ), void * (*copy_second)( const void * ) ); -void free_pair( struct pair * p, void (*free_first)( void * ), void (*free_second)( void * ) ); -int cmp_pair( const struct pair * a, const struct pair * b, - int (*cmp_first)( const void *, const void * ), int (*cmp_second)( const void *, const void * ) ); - -struct stack_node; -struct stack { struct stack_node * head; }; -struct stack new_stack(); -void copy_stack( struct stack * dst, const struct stack * src, void * (*copy)( const void * ) ); -void clear_stack( struct stack * s, void (*free_el)( void * ) ); -_Bool stack_empty( const struct stack * s ); -void push_stack( struct stack * s, void * value ); -void * pop_stack( struct stack * s ); - -void print_string( FILE * out, const char * x ); -void print_bool( FILE * out, _Bool x ); -void print_char( FILE * out, char x ); -void print_int( FILE * out, int x ); -void print( FILE * out, const char * fmt, ... ); -\end{lstlisting} -\end{comment} Throughout, @/***/@ designates a counted redundant type annotation.