Index: doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/CFAenum.tex =================================================================== --- doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/CFAenum.tex (revision 6c8b76be93b407a63a16e71fb725c33f92b4303b) +++ doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/CFAenum.tex (revision a8853574dd2ba32ccb73b2d92c8ae8d2996bc657) @@ -128,4 +128,8 @@ Note, the enumeration type can be a structure (see @Person@ in Figure~\ref{f:EumeratorTyping}), so it is possible to have the equivalent of multiple arrays of companion data using an array of structures. +While the enumeration type can be any C aggregate, the aggregate's \CFA constructors are not used to evaluate an enumerator's value. +\CFA enumeration constants are compile-time values (static); +calling constructors happens at runtime (dynamic). + \section{Pure Enumerators} Index: doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/relatedwork.tex =================================================================== --- doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/relatedwork.tex (revision 6c8b76be93b407a63a16e71fb725c33f92b4303b) +++ doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/relatedwork.tex (revision a8853574dd2ba32ccb73b2d92c8ae8d2996bc657) @@ -1,4 +1,13 @@ \chapter{Related Work} \label{s:RelatedWork} + +An algebraic data type (ADT) can be viewed as a recursive sum of product types. +A sum type lists values as members. +A member in a sum type definition is known as a data constructor. +For example, C supports sum types union and enumeration (enum). +An enumeration in C can be viewed as the creation of a list of zero-arity data constructors. +A union instance holds a value of one of its member types. +Defining a union does not generate new constructors. +The definition of member types and their constructors are from the outer lexical scope. In general, an \Newterm{algebraic data type} (ADT) is a composite type, \ie, a type formed by combining other types. @@ -66,5 +75,5 @@ \end{ada} Like \CFA, Ada uses an advanced type-resolution algorithm, including the left-hand side of assignment, to disambiguate among overloaded names. -\VRef[Figure]{f:AdaEnumeration} shows how ambiguity is handled using a cast, \eg \lstinline[language=ada]{RGB'(Red)}. +\VRef[Figure]{f:AdaEnumeration} shows how ambiguity is handled using a cast, \ie \lstinline[language=ada]{RGB'(Red)}. \begin{figure} @@ -254,5 +263,5 @@ enum E { A, B, C }; E e = A; -int i = A; i = e; $\C{// implicit casts to int}$ +int i = A; i = e; $\C{// implicit casts to int}$ \end{c++} \CC{11} added a scoped enumeration, \lstinline[language=c++]{enum class} (or \lstinline[language=c++]{enum struct}), where the enumerators are accessed using type qualification. @@ -266,6 +275,5 @@ enum class E { A, B, C }; @using enum E;@ -E e = A; $\C{// direct access}$ -e = B; $\C{// direct access}$ +E e = A; e = B; $\C{// direct access}$ \end{c++} \CC{11} added the ability to explicitly declare the underlying \emph{integral} type for \lstinline[language=c++]{enum class}. @@ -2454,72 +2462,56 @@ -\section{OCamal} +\section{OCaml} +\lstnewenvironment{ocaml}[1][]{\lstset{language=ML,escapechar=\$,moredelim=**[is][\color{red}]{@}{@},}\lstset{#1}}{} + An enumerated data types is a list of named values. -\begin{python} ->>> type weekday = -... | Monday -... | Tuesday -... | Wednesday -... | Thursday -... | Friday -... | Saturday -... | Sunday -\end{python} -Enumerated data types are the simplest subset of Variants types. Because weekday is a summantion of values Monday to Sunday, -enumerated data types are often call a sum type in turns of functional programming paradigm. - -The values defined in an enumerated type are called data constructors. The data constructors of an enumerated data type -takes no value as parameter. They are known as 0-arity constructor. +\begin{ocaml} +type weekday = Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | Sun +\end{ocaml} +Enumerated data types are the simplest subset of variants types. +Because @weekday@ is a summantion of values @Mon@ to @Sun@, enumerated data types are often call a sum type in turns of functional programming paradigm. + +The values defined in an enumerated type are called data constructors. +The data constructors of an enumerated data type takes no value as parameter. +They are known as 0-arity constructor. A more generic variant type has n-ary constructors. -\begin{python} ->>> type color = -... | Red -... | Green of string -... | Blue of int * float -\end{python} -The color type can be constructed as a combination of a value from an int and a blue, using -the Blue data constructor. Mathematically, a Blue value is a Cartesian product of the int type and the bool. -Color type is a summation of a nullary type, an unary product type, and a cross product of int and bool. The -OCamal variant type can be create as a sum of product of different types. +\begin{ocaml} +type colour = Red | Green of string | Blue of int * float +\end{ocaml} +The @colour@ type can be constructed as a combination of a value from an @int@ and a @blue@, using the @Blue@ data constructor. +Mathematically, a @Blue@ value is a Cartesian product of the @int@ type and the @bool@. +@Colour@ type is a summation of a nullary type, a unary product type, and a cross product of @int@ and @bool@. +The OCaml variant type can be create as a sum of product of different types. A variant type can have a recursively definition. -\begin{python} ->>> type stringList = -... | Empty -... | Pair of string * stringList -\end{python} - -OCaml's variant types are recusrive sum of product of types, which are known as Algebraic Data Types. Programming languages -follows the functional programming paradigm often supports algebraic data types, and supports Pattern Matching against -algebraic data type. - -\begin{python} ->>> let take_class = functio -... | Monday | Wednesday -> "CS442" -... | Tuesday | Thursday -> "CS343" -... | Friday -> "Tutorial" -... | _ -> "Take a break";; -\end{python} - -The function a weekday as parameter, and returns "CS442" if the weekday value is Monday or Wednesday, "CS343" -if the value is Tuesday or Thursday, "Tutorial" if it is Friday. The @_@ is wildcard, and it can match any weekday value. -If the value is Saturday or Sunday, which are not matched by the previous cases, it will be matched by the @_@ and the -function returns "Take a break". +\begin{ocaml} +type stringList = Empty | Pair of string * stringList +\end{ocaml} +OCaml's variant types are recusrive sum of product of types, which are known as Algebraic Data Types. +Programming languages follows the functional programming paradigm often supports algebraic data types, and supports pattern matching against algebraic data type. +\begin{ocaml} +let take_class = function + Mon | Wed -> "CS442" | + Tue | Thu -> "CS343" | + Fri -> "Tutorial" | + _ -> "Take a break" +\end{ocaml} +The function has a @weekday@ as parameter, and returns @"CS442"@, if the weekday value is @Mon@ or @Wed@, @"CS343"@, if the value is @Tue@ or @Thu@, and @"Tutorial"@ for @Fri@. +The @_@ is a wildcard matching any @weekday@ value, so the function returns @"Take a break"@ for values @Sat@ or @Sun@, which are not matched by the previous cases. Values of a product type can be named. -\begin{python} ->>> let check_color (c: color): string = -... match c with -... | Red -> "Red" -... | Green g -> g -... | Blue (i, f) -> string_of_int i ^ string_of_float f;; -\end{python} - -Recurisve function are often used to pattern match against a recurisve variant type. -\begin{python} ->>> let rec len_of_string_list(l: stringList): int = -... match l with -... | Empty -> 0 -... | Pair (_ , r) -> 1 + len_of_string_list r -\end{python} +\begin{ocaml} +let check_colour (c: colour): string = + match c with + Red -> "Red" | + Green g -> g | + Blue(i, f) -> string_of_int i ^ string_of_float f +\end{ocaml} +A recurisve function is often used to pattern match against a recurisve variant type. +\begin{ocaml} +let rec len_of_string_list(l: stringList): int = + match l with + Empty -> 0 | + Pair(_ , r) -> 1 + len_of_string_list r +\end{ocaml} Index: doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/uw-ethesis.tex =================================================================== --- doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/uw-ethesis.tex (revision 6c8b76be93b407a63a16e71fb725c33f92b4303b) +++ doc/theses/jiada_liang_MMath/uw-ethesis.tex (revision a8853574dd2ba32ccb73b2d92c8ae8d2996bc657) @@ -89,9 +89,10 @@ \usepackage[labelformat=simple,aboveskip=0pt,farskip=0pt,font=normalsize]{subfig} \renewcommand\thesubfigure{(\alph{subfigure})} + % cfa macros used in the document \input{common} %\usepackage{common} \CFAStyle % CFA code-style -\lstset{language=cfa,belowskip=-1pt} % set default language to CFA +\lstset{language=cfa,belowskip=-1pt} % set default language to CFA \newcommand{\newtermFont}{\emph} @@ -108,5 +109,5 @@ \usepackage[dvips,pagebackref=true]{hyperref} % with basic options %\usepackage[pdftex,pagebackref=true]{hyperref} - % N.B. pagebackref=true provides links back from the References to the body text. This can cause trouble for printing. +% N.B. pagebackref=true provides links back from the References to the body text. This can cause trouble for printing. \hypersetup{ plainpages=false, % needed if Roman numbers in frontpages @@ -116,5 +117,5 @@ pdffitwindow=false, % window fit to page when opened pdfstartview={FitH}, % fits the width of the page to the window - pdftitle={Type Resolution in \CFA}, % title: CHANGE THIS TEXT! + pdftitle={\CFA Enumerations}, % title: CHANGE THIS TEXT! pdfauthor={Jiada Liang}, % author: CHANGE THIS TEXT! and uncomment this line pdfsubject={Cforall}, % subject: CHANGE THIS TEXT! and uncomment this line