Index: src/Parser/DeclarationNode.cc
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/DeclarationNode.cc	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/DeclarationNode.cc	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
 } // DeclarationNode::newTypeDecl
 
-DeclarationNode * DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode * qualifiers ) {
-	DeclarationNode * newnode = new DeclarationNode;
-	newnode->type = new TypeData( TypeData::Pointer );
+DeclarationNode * DeclarationNode::newPointer( DeclarationNode * qualifiers, OperKinds kind ) {
+	DeclarationNode * newnode = new DeclarationNode;
+	newnode->type = new TypeData( kind == OperKinds::PointTo ? TypeData::Pointer : TypeData::Reference );
 	if ( qualifiers ) {
 		return newnode->addQualifiers( qualifiers );
@@ -764,5 +764,5 @@
 DeclarationNode * DeclarationNode::addPointer( DeclarationNode * p ) {
 	if ( p ) {
-		assert( p->type->kind == TypeData::Pointer );
+		assert( p->type->kind == TypeData::Pointer || TypeData::Reference );
 		setBase( p->type );
 		p->type = nullptr;
@@ -786,5 +786,5 @@
 DeclarationNode * DeclarationNode::addNewPointer( DeclarationNode * p ) {
 	if ( p ) {
-		assert( p->type->kind == TypeData::Pointer );
+		assert( p->type->kind == TypeData::Pointer || p->type->kind == TypeData::Reference );
 		if ( type ) {
 			switch ( type->kind ) {
Index: src/Parser/ExpressionNode.cc
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/ExpressionNode.cc	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/ExpressionNode.cc	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -305,5 +305,5 @@
 Expression * build_unary_ptr( OperKinds op, ExpressionNode * expr_node ) {
 	std::list< Expression * > args;
-	args.push_back( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >(expr_node) ) );
+	args.push_back(  maybeMoveBuild< Expression >(expr_node) ); // xxx
 	return new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( OperName[ (int)op ] ), args );
 } // build_unary_ptr
@@ -318,5 +318,5 @@
 Expression * build_binary_ptr( OperKinds op, ExpressionNode * expr_node1, ExpressionNode * expr_node2 ) {
 	std::list< Expression * > args;
-	args.push_back( new AddressExpr( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >(expr_node1) ) );
+	args.push_back( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >(expr_node1) );
 	args.push_back( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >(expr_node2) );
 	return new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( OperName[ (int)op ] ), args );
Index: src/Parser/ParseNode.h
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/ParseNode.h	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/ParseNode.h	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -237,5 +237,5 @@
 	static DeclarationNode * newTraitUse( const std::string * name, ExpressionNode * params );
 	static DeclarationNode * newTypeDecl( std::string * name, DeclarationNode * typeParams );
-	static DeclarationNode * newPointer( DeclarationNode * qualifiers );
+	static DeclarationNode * newPointer( DeclarationNode * qualifiers, OperKinds kind );
 	static DeclarationNode * newArray( ExpressionNode * size, DeclarationNode * qualifiers, bool isStatic );
 	static DeclarationNode * newVarArray( DeclarationNode * qualifiers );
Index: src/Parser/TypeData.cc
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/TypeData.cc	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/TypeData.cc	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -30,4 +30,5 @@
 	  case Unknown:
 	  case Pointer:
+	  case Reference:
 	  case EnumConstant:
 		// nothing else to initialize
@@ -101,4 +102,5 @@
 	  case Unknown:
 	  case Pointer:
+	  case Reference:
 	  case EnumConstant:
 		// nothing to destroy
@@ -168,4 +170,5 @@
 	  case EnumConstant:
 	  case Pointer:
+	  case Reference:
 		// nothing else to copy
 		break;
@@ -403,10 +406,10 @@
 			// add dtor:  void ^?{}(T *)
 			FunctionType * dtorType = new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false );
-			dtorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
+			dtorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new ReferenceType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
 			td->get_assertions().push_front( new FunctionDecl( "^?{}", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, dtorType, nullptr ) );
 
 			// add copy ctor:  void ?{}(T *, T)
 			FunctionType * copyCtorType = new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false );
-			copyCtorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
+			copyCtorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new ReferenceType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
 			copyCtorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ), nullptr ) );
 			td->get_assertions().push_front( new FunctionDecl( "?{}", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, copyCtorType, nullptr ) );
@@ -414,10 +417,10 @@
 			// add default ctor:  void ?{}(T *)
 			FunctionType * ctorType = new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false );
-			ctorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
+			ctorType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new ReferenceType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
 			td->get_assertions().push_front( new FunctionDecl( "?{}", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, ctorType, nullptr ) );
 
 			// add assignment operator:  T * ?=?(T *, T)
 			FunctionType * assignType = new FunctionType( Type::Qualifiers(), false );
-			assignType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
+			assignType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new ReferenceType( Type::Qualifiers(), new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ) ), nullptr ) );
 			assignType->get_parameters().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ), nullptr ) );
 			assignType->get_returnVals().push_back( new ObjectDecl( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new TypeInstType( Type::Qualifiers(), td->get_name(), *i ), nullptr ) );
@@ -439,4 +442,6 @@
 	  case TypeData::Array:
 		return buildArray( td );
+	  case TypeData::Reference:
+		return buildReference( td );
 	  case TypeData::Function:
 		return buildFunction( td );
@@ -617,5 +622,16 @@
 	buildForall( td->forall, at->get_forall() );
 	return at;
-} // buildPointer
+} // buildArray
+
+ReferenceType * buildReference( const TypeData * td ) {
+	ReferenceType * rt;
+	if ( td->base ) {
+		rt = new ReferenceType( buildQualifiers( td ), typebuild( td->base ) );
+	} else {
+		rt = new ReferenceType( buildQualifiers( td ), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) );
+	} // if
+	buildForall( td->forall, rt->get_forall() );
+	return rt;
+} // buildReference
 
 AggregateDecl * buildAggregate( const TypeData * td, std::list< Attribute * > attributes, LinkageSpec::Spec linkage ) {
Index: src/Parser/TypeData.h
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/TypeData.h	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/TypeData.h	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@
 
 struct TypeData {
-	enum Kind { Basic, Pointer, Array, Function, Aggregate, AggregateInst, Enum, EnumConstant, Symbolic,
+	enum Kind { Basic, Pointer, Array, Reference, Function, Aggregate, AggregateInst, Enum, EnumConstant, Symbolic,
 				SymbolicInst, Tuple, Typeof, Builtin, Unknown };
 
@@ -103,4 +103,5 @@
 PointerType * buildPointer( const TypeData * );
 ArrayType * buildArray( const TypeData * );
+ReferenceType * buildReference( const TypeData * );
 AggregateDecl * buildAggregate( const TypeData *, std::list< Attribute * > );
 ReferenceToType * buildComAggInst( const TypeData *, std::list< Attribute * > attributes, LinkageSpec::Spec linkage );
Index: src/Parser/lex.ll
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/lex.ll	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/lex.ll	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -236,5 +236,4 @@
 __label__		{ KEYWORD_RETURN(LABEL); }				// GCC
 long			{ KEYWORD_RETURN(LONG); }
-lvalue			{ KEYWORD_RETURN(LVALUE); }				// CFA
 monitor			{ KEYWORD_RETURN(MONITOR); }			// CFA
 mutex			{ KEYWORD_RETURN(MUTEX); }				// CFA
Index: src/Parser/parser.yy
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/parser.yy	(revision 65cdc1ea35994157636feda1d881a0381d7a0fb5)
+++ src/Parser/parser.yy	(revision 92360603d942184e66e5f92706ecc75c6b04f121)
@@ -118,5 +118,5 @@
 %token RESTRICT											// C99
 %token ATOMIC											// C11
-%token FORALL LVALUE MUTEX VIRTUAL						// CFA
+%token FORALL MUTEX VIRTUAL						// CFA
 %token VOID CHAR SHORT INT LONG FLOAT DOUBLE SIGNED UNSIGNED
 %token BOOL COMPLEX IMAGINARY							// C99
@@ -668,5 +668,5 @@
 	conditional_expression
 	| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
-		{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_ptr( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = new ExpressionNode( build_binary_val( $2, $1, $3 ) ); }
 	;
 
@@ -1425,6 +1425,4 @@
 	| VOLATILE
 		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Volatile ); }
-	| LVALUE											// CFA
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Lvalue ); }
 	| MUTEX
 		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newTypeQualifier( Type::Mutex ); }
@@ -2407,7 +2405,7 @@
 variable_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator variable_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' variable_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }				// redundant parenthesis
@@ -2455,7 +2453,7 @@
 function_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator function_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list function_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' function_ptr ')'
 		{ $$ = $2; }
@@ -2495,7 +2493,7 @@
 KR_function_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator KR_function_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list KR_function_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' KR_function_ptr ')'
 		{ $$ = $2; }
@@ -2539,7 +2537,7 @@
 type_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator variable_type_redeclarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_type_redeclarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' type_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
@@ -2583,7 +2581,7 @@
 identifier_parameter_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator identifier_parameter_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list identifier_parameter_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' identifier_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
@@ -2643,7 +2641,7 @@
 type_parameter_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator type_parameter_redeclarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list type_parameter_redeclarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' type_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
@@ -2686,11 +2684,11 @@
 abstract_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
+		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
+		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
 	| ptrref_operator abstract_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
@@ -2775,11 +2773,11 @@
 abstract_parameter_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ); }
+		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
+		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
 	| ptrref_operator abstract_parameter_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( nullptr, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list abstract_parameter_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' abstract_parameter_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
@@ -2854,11 +2852,11 @@
 variable_abstract_ptr:
 	ptrref_operator
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ); }
+		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list
-		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ); }
+		{ $$ = DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ); }
 	| ptrref_operator variable_abstract_declarator
-		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator type_qualifier_list variable_abstract_declarator
-		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $2, $1 ) ); }
 	| '(' variable_abstract_ptr ')' attribute_list_opt
 		{ $$ = $2->addQualifiers( $4 ); }
@@ -2900,15 +2898,15 @@
 		// No SUE declaration in parameter list.
 	ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
-		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier_nobody
-		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
-		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
-		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
-		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_identifier_parameter_declarator_tuple
-		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
 	;
 
@@ -2988,15 +2986,15 @@
 cfa_abstract_ptr:										// CFA
 	ptrref_operator type_specifier
-		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator type_specifier
-		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
-		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_function
-		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
 	| ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
-		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $2->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( 0, $1 ) ); }
 	| type_qualifier_list ptrref_operator cfa_abstract_declarator_tuple
-		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1 ) ); }
+		{ $$ = $3->addNewPointer( DeclarationNode::newPointer( $1, $2 ) ); }
 	;