Index: src/CodeGen/CodeGenerator.cc
===================================================================
--- src/CodeGen/CodeGenerator.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/CodeGen/CodeGenerator.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -288,16 +288,16 @@
 	}
 
-	void CodeGenerator::printDesignators( std::list< Expression * > & designators ) {
-		typedef std::list< Expression * > DesignatorList;
+	void CodeGenerator::visit( Designation * designation ) {
+		std::list< Expression * > designators = designation->get_designators();
 		if ( designators.size() == 0 ) return;
-		for ( DesignatorList::iterator iter = designators.begin(); iter != designators.end(); ++iter ) {
-			if ( dynamic_cast< NameExpr * >( *iter ) ) {
-				// if expression is a name, then initializing aggregate member
+		for ( Expression * des : designators ) {
+			if ( dynamic_cast< NameExpr * >( des ) || dynamic_cast< VariableExpr * >( des ) ) {
+				// if expression is a NameExpr or VariableExpr, then initializing aggregate member
 				output << ".";
-				(*iter)->accept( *this );
+				des->accept( *this );
 			} else {
-				// if not a simple name, it has to be a constant expression, i.e. an array designator
+				// otherwise, it has to be a ConstantExpr or CastExpr, initializing array eleemnt
 				output << "[";
-				(*iter)->accept( *this );
+				des->accept( *this );
 				output << "]";
 			} // if
@@ -307,13 +307,24 @@
 
 	void CodeGenerator::visit( SingleInit * init ) {
-		printDesignators( init->get_designators() );
 		init->get_value()->accept( *this );
 	}
 
 	void CodeGenerator::visit( ListInit * init ) {
-		printDesignators( init->get_designators() );
+		auto initBegin = init->begin();
+		auto initEnd = init->end();
+		auto desigBegin = init->get_designations().begin();
+		auto desigEnd = init->get_designations().end();
+
 		output << "{ ";
-		genCommaList( init->begin(), init->end() );
+		for ( ; initBegin != initEnd && desigBegin != desigEnd; ) {
+			(*desigBegin)->accept( *this );
+			(*initBegin)->accept( *this );
+			++initBegin, ++desigBegin;
+			if ( initBegin != initEnd ) {
+				output << ", ";
+			}
+		}
 		output << " }";
+		assertf( initBegin == initEnd && desigBegin == desigEnd, "Initializers and designators not the same length. %s", toString( init ).c_str() );
 	}
 
@@ -716,6 +727,9 @@
 
 	void CodeGenerator::visit( TypeExpr * typeExpr ) {
-		assertf( ! genC, "TypeExpr should not reach code generation." );
-		output<< genType( typeExpr->get_type(), "", pretty, genC );
+		// if ( genC ) std::cerr << "typeexpr still exists: " << typeExpr << std::endl;
+		// assertf( ! genC, "TypeExpr should not reach code generation." );
+		if ( ! genC ) {
+			output<< genType( typeExpr->get_type(), "", pretty, genC );
+		}
 	}
 
Index: src/CodeGen/CodeGenerator.h
===================================================================
--- src/CodeGen/CodeGenerator.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/CodeGen/CodeGenerator.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -47,4 +47,5 @@
 
 		//*** Initializer
+		virtual void visit( Designation * );
 		virtual void visit( SingleInit * );
 		virtual void visit( ListInit * );
@@ -137,5 +138,4 @@
 		bool lineMarks = false;
 
-		void printDesignators( std::list< Expression * > & );
 		void handleStorageClass( DeclarationWithType *decl );
 		void handleAggregate( AggregateDecl *aggDecl, const std::string & kind );
Index: src/Common/PassVisitor.h
===================================================================
--- src/Common/PassVisitor.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Common/PassVisitor.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -12,4 +12,5 @@
 #include "SynTree/Expression.h"
 #include "SynTree/Constant.h"
+#include "SynTree/TypeSubstitution.h"
 
 #include "PassVisitor.proto.h"
@@ -26,5 +27,5 @@
 //                          stmtsToAddBefore or stmtsToAddAfter respectively.
 // | WithShortCircuiting  - provides the ability to skip visiting child nodes; set visit_children to false in pre{visit,mutate} to skip visiting children
-// | WithScopes           - provides the ability to save/restore data like a LIFO stack; to save, call GuardValue with the variable to save, the variable
+// | WithGuards           - provides the ability to save/restore data like a LIFO stack; to save, call GuardValue with the variable to save, the variable
 //                          will automatically be restored to its previous value after the corresponding postvisit/postmutate teminates.
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -32,5 +33,4 @@
 class PassVisitor final : public Visitor, public Mutator {
 public:
-	PassVisitor() = default;
 
 	template< typename... Args >
@@ -257,15 +257,4 @@
 
 	void set_visit_children( bool& ref ) { bool_ref * ptr = visit_children_impl(pass, 0); if(ptr) ptr->set( ref ); }
-
-	guard_value_impl init_guard() {
-		guard_value_impl guard;
-		auto at_cleanup = at_cleanup_impl(pass, 0);
-		if( at_cleanup ) {
-			*at_cleanup = [&guard]( cleanup_func_t && func, void* val ) {
-				guard.push( std::move( func ), val );
-			};
-		}
-		return guard;
-	}
 };
 
@@ -283,5 +272,5 @@
 
 public:
-	TypeSubstitution * env;
+	TypeSubstitution * env = nullptr;
 };
 
@@ -295,4 +284,15 @@
 	std::list< Statement* > stmtsToAddAfter;
 };
+
+class WithDeclsToAdd {
+protected:
+	WithDeclsToAdd() = default;
+	~WithDeclsToAdd() = default;
+
+public:
+	std::list< Declaration* > declsToAddBefore;
+	std::list< Declaration* > declsToAddAfter;
+};
+
 class WithShortCircuiting {
 protected:
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@
 };
 
-class WithScopes {
-protected:
-	WithScopes() = default;
-	~WithScopes() = default;
+class WithGuards {
+protected:
+	WithGuards() = default;
+	~WithGuards() = default;
 
 public:
@@ -318,4 +318,17 @@
 		}, static_cast< void * >( & val ) );
 	}
+
+	template< typename T >
+	void GuardScope( T& val ) {
+		val.beginScope();
+		at_cleanup( []( void * val ) {
+			static_cast< T * >( val )->endScope();
+		}, static_cast< void * >( & val ) );
+	}
+
+	template< typename Func >
+	void GuardAction( Func func ) {
+		at_cleanup( [func](__attribute__((unused)) void *) { func(); }, nullptr );
+	}
 };
 
@@ -323,9 +336,9 @@
 class WithVisitorRef {
 protected:
-	WithVisitorRef() = default;
-	~WithVisitorRef() = default;
-
-public:
-	PassVisitor<pass_type> * const visitor;
+	WithVisitorRef() {}
+	~WithVisitorRef() {}
+
+public:
+	PassVisitor<pass_type> * const visitor = nullptr;
 };
 
Index: src/Common/PassVisitor.impl.h
===================================================================
--- src/Common/PassVisitor.impl.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Common/PassVisitor.impl.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 #define VISIT_START( node )                     \
 	__attribute__((unused))                   \
-	const auto & guard = init_guard();        \
+	guard_value_impl guard( at_cleanup_impl(pass, 0) );       \
 	bool visit_children = true;               \
 	set_visit_children( visit_children );	\
@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@
 #define MUTATE_START( node )                    \
 	__attribute__((unused))                   \
-	const auto & guard = init_guard();        \
+	guard_value_impl guard( at_cleanup_impl(pass, 0) );       \
 	bool visit_children = true;               \
 	set_visit_children( visit_children );	\
@@ -68,5 +68,5 @@
 	for ( std::list< Declaration* >::iterator i = decls.begin(); ; ++i ) {
 		// splice in new declarations after previous decl
-		if ( !empty( afterDecls ) ) { decls.splice( i, *afterDecls ); }	
+		if ( !empty( afterDecls ) ) { decls.splice( i, *afterDecls ); }
 
 		if ( i == decls.end() ) break;
@@ -88,5 +88,5 @@
 	for ( std::list< Declaration* >::iterator i = decls.begin(); ; ++i ) {
 		// splice in new declarations after previous decl
-		if ( !empty( afterDecls ) ) { decls.splice( i, *afterDecls ); }	
+		if ( !empty( afterDecls ) ) { decls.splice( i, *afterDecls ); }
 
 		if ( i == decls.end() ) break;
@@ -104,4 +104,10 @@
 void PassVisitor< pass_type >::handleStatementList( std::list< Statement * > & statements, func_t func ) {
 	SemanticError errors;
+
+	// don't want statements from outer CompoundStmts to be added to this CompoundStmt
+	ValueGuardPtr< StmtList_t > oldBeforeStmts( get_beforeStmts() );
+	ValueGuardPtr< StmtList_t > oldAfterStmts ( get_afterStmts () );
+	ValueGuardPtr< DeclList_t > oldBeforeDecls( get_beforeDecls() );
+	ValueGuardPtr< DeclList_t > oldAfterDecls ( get_afterDecls () );
 
 	StmtList_t* beforeStmts = get_beforeStmts();
@@ -181,5 +187,5 @@
 Statement * PassVisitor< pass_type >::visitStatement( Statement * stmt ) {
 	return handleStatement( stmt, [this]( Statement * stmt ) {
-		maybeAccept( stmt, *this ); 
+		maybeAccept( stmt, *this );
 		return stmt;
 	});
@@ -212,5 +218,5 @@
 		expr->accept( *this );
 		return expr;
-	});		
+	});
 }
 
@@ -565,4 +571,7 @@
 	VISIT_START( node );
 
+	// maybeAccept( node->get_env(), *this );
+	maybeAccept( node->get_result(), *this );
+
 	for ( auto expr : node->get_args() ) {
 		visitExpression( expr );
@@ -575,4 +584,7 @@
 Expression * PassVisitor< pass_type >::mutate( UntypedExpr * node ) {
 	MUTATE_START( node );
+
+	node->set_env( maybeMutate( node->get_env(), *this ) );
+	node->set_result( maybeMutate( node->get_result(), *this ) );
 
 	for ( auto& expr : node->get_args() ) {
Index: src/Common/PassVisitor.proto.h
===================================================================
--- src/Common/PassVisitor.proto.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Common/PassVisitor.proto.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -5,8 +5,15 @@
 
 typedef std::function<void( void * )> cleanup_func_t;
+typedef std::function< void( cleanup_func_t, void * ) > at_cleanup_t;
 
 class guard_value_impl {
 public:
-	guard_value_impl() = default;
+	guard_value_impl( at_cleanup_t * at_cleanup ) {
+		if( at_cleanup ) {
+			*at_cleanup = [this]( cleanup_func_t && func, void* val ) {
+				push( std::move( func ), val );
+			};
+		}
+	}
 
 	~guard_value_impl() {
@@ -33,5 +40,4 @@
 };
 
-typedef std::function< void( cleanup_func_t, void * ) > at_cleanup_t;
 
 class bool_ref {
@@ -56,5 +62,5 @@
 // Deep magic (a.k.a template meta programming) to make the templated visitor work
 // Basically the goal is to make 2 previsit_impl
-// 1 - Use when a pass implements a valid previsit. This uses overloading which means the any overload of 
+// 1 - Use when a pass implements a valid previsit. This uses overloading which means the any overload of
 //     'pass.previsit( node )' that compiles will be used for that node for that type
 //     This requires that this option only compile for passes that actually define an appropriate visit.
Index: src/Common/utility.h
===================================================================
--- src/Common/utility.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Common/utility.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -305,5 +305,5 @@
 // for ( val : group_iterate( container1, container2, ... ) ) {}
 // syntax to have a for each that iterates multiple containers of the same length
-// TODO: update to use variadic arguments
+// TODO: update to use variadic arguments, perfect forwarding
 
 template< typename T1, typename T2 >
Index: src/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc
===================================================================
--- src/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,12 +10,17 @@
 // Created On       : Wed Jun 14 16:49:00 2017
 // Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
-// Last Modified On : Thr Jun 22 15:57:00 2017
-// Update Count     : 0
+// Last Modified On : Fri Jun 30 13:30:00 2017
+// Update Count     : 1
 //
 
 #include "ExceptTranslate.h"
 #include "Common/PassVisitor.h"
-
-namespace ControlFlow {
+#include "SynTree/Statement.h"
+#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
+#include "SynTree/Expression.h"
+#include "SynTree/Type.h"
+#include "SynTree/Attribute.h"
+
+namespace ControlStruct {
 
 	// This (large) section could probably be moved out of the class
@@ -24,6 +29,6 @@
 	// Type(Qualifiers &, false, std::list<Attribute *> &)
 
-	// void (*function)()
-	static FunctionType void_func_t(Type::Qualifiers(), false);
+	// void (*function)();
+	static FunctionType try_func_t(Type::Qualifiers(), false);
 	// void (*function)(int, exception);
 	static FunctionType catch_func_t(Type::Qualifiers(), false);
@@ -32,28 +37,33 @@
 	// bool (*function)(exception);
 	static FunctionType handle_func_t(Type::Qualifiers(), false);
+	// void (*function)(__attribute__((unused)) void *);
+	static FunctionType finally_func_t(Type::Qualifiers(), false);
 
 	static void init_func_types() {
-		static init_complete = false;
+		static bool init_complete = false;
 		if (init_complete) {
 			return;
 		}
 		ObjectDecl index_obj(
-			"index_t",
+			"__handler_index",
 			Type::StorageClasses(),
 			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
 			/*bitfieldWidth*/ NULL,
-			new BasicType(emptyQualifiers, BasicType::UnsignedInt),
+			new BasicType( emptyQualifiers, BasicType::SignedInt ),
 			/*init*/ NULL
-		);
+			);
 		ObjectDecl exception_obj(
-			"exception_t",
+			"__exception_inst",
 			Type::StorageClasses(),
 			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
 			/*bitfieldWidth*/ NULL,
-			new BasicType(emptyQualifiers, BasicType::UnsignedInt),
+			new PointerType(
+				emptyQualifiers,
+				new BasicType( emptyQualifiers, BasicType::SignedInt )
+				),
 			/*init*/ NULL
-		);
+			);
 		ObjectDecl bool_obj(
-			"bool_t",
+			"__ret_bool",
 			Type::StorageClasses(),
 			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
@@ -61,12 +71,27 @@
 			new BasicType(emptyQualifiers, BasicType::Bool),
 			/*init*/ NULL
-		);
-
-		catch_func_t.get_parameters().push_back(index_obj.clone());
-		catch_func_t.get_parameters().push_back(exception_obj.clone());
-		match_func_t.get_returnVals().push_back(index_obj.clone());
-		match_func_t.get_parameters().push_back(exception_obj.clone());
-		handle_func_t.get_returnVals().push_back(bool_obj.clone());
-		handle_func_t.get_parameters().push_back(exception_obj.clone());
+			);
+		ObjectDecl voidptr_obj(
+			"__hook",
+			Type::StorageClasses(),
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
+			NULL,
+			new PointerType(
+				emptyQualifiers,
+				new VoidType(
+					emptyQualifiers
+					),
+				std::list<Attribute *>{new Attribute("unused")}
+				),
+			NULL
+			);
+
+		catch_func_t.get_parameters().push_back( index_obj.clone() );
+		catch_func_t.get_parameters().push_back( exception_obj.clone() );
+		match_func_t.get_returnVals().push_back( index_obj.clone() );
+		match_func_t.get_parameters().push_back( exception_obj.clone() );
+		handle_func_t.get_returnVals().push_back( bool_obj.clone() );
+		handle_func_t.get_parameters().push_back( exception_obj.clone() );
+		finally_func_t.get_parameters().push_back( voidptr_obj.clone() );
 
 		init_complete = true;
@@ -78,9 +103,9 @@
 
 	void split( CatchList& allHandlers, CatchList& terHandlers,
-	            CatchList& resHandlers ) {
+				CatchList& resHandlers ) {
 		while ( !allHandlers.empty() ) {
-			Statement * stmt = allHandlers.front();
+			CatchStmt * stmt = allHandlers.front();
 			allHandlers.pop_front();
-			if (CaseStmt::Terminate == stmt->get_kind()) {
+			if (CatchStmt::Terminate == stmt->get_kind()) {
 				terHandlers.push_back(stmt);
 			} else {
@@ -92,5 +117,5 @@
 	template<typename T>
 	void free_all( std::list<T *> &list ) {
-		std::list<T *>::iterator it;
+		typename std::list<T *>::iterator it;
 		for ( it = list.begin() ; it != list.end() ; ++it ) {
 			delete *it;
@@ -100,27 +125,44 @@
 
 	void appendDeclStmt( CompoundStmt * block, Declaration * item ) {
-		block->push_back(new DeclStmt(no_labels, item));
-	}
-
-	Expression * nameOf( FunctionDecl * function ) {
-		return new VariableExpr( function );
+		block->push_back(new DeclStmt(noLabels, item));
+	}
+
+	Expression * nameOf( DeclarationWithType * decl ) {
+		return new VariableExpr( decl );
 	}
 
 	// ThrowStmt Mutation Helpers
 
-	Statement * create_terminate_throw( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) {
-		// __throw_terminate( EXPR );
-		ApplicationExpr * call = new ApplicationExpr( /* ... */ );
-		call->get_args.push_back( throwStmt->get_expr() );
-		Statement * result = new ExprStmt( throwStmt->get_labels(), call );
+	Statement * create_given_throw(
+			const char * throwFunc, ThrowStmt * throwStmt ) {
+		// { int NAME = EXPR; throwFunc( &NAME ); }
+		CompoundStmt * result = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+		ObjectDecl * local = new ObjectDecl(
+			"__local_exception_copy",
+			Type::StorageClasses(),
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
+			NULL,
+			new BasicType( emptyQualifiers, BasicType::SignedInt ),
+			new SingleInit( throwStmt->get_expr() )
+			);
+		appendDeclStmt( result, local );
+		UntypedExpr * call = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( throwFunc ) );
+		call->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( nameOf( local ) ) );
+		result->push_back( new ExprStmt( throwStmt->get_labels(), call ) );
 		throwStmt->set_expr( nullptr );
 		delete throwStmt;
 		return result;
 	}
+
+	Statement * create_terminate_throw( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) {
+		// { int NAME = EXPR; __throw_terminate( &NAME ); }
+		return create_given_throw( "__cfaehm__throw_termination", throwStmt );
+	}
 	Statement * create_terminate_rethrow( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) {
 		// __rethrow_terminate();
+		assert( nullptr == throwStmt->get_expr() );
 		Statement * result = new ExprStmt(
 			throwStmt->get_labels(),
-			new ApplicationExpr( /* ... */ );
+			new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "__cfaehm__rethrow_termination" ) )
 			);
 		delete throwStmt;
@@ -129,10 +171,5 @@
 	Statement * create_resume_throw( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) {
 		// __throw_resume( EXPR );
-		ApplicationExpr * call = new ApplicationExpr( /* ... */ );
-		call->get_args.push_back( throwStmt->get_expr() );
-		Statement * result = new ExprStmt( throwStmt->get_labels(), call );
-		throwStmt->set_expr( nullptr );
-		delete throwStmt;
-		return result;
+		return create_given_throw( "__cfaehm__throw_resumption", throwStmt );
 	}
 	Statement * create_resume_rethrow( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) {
@@ -140,12 +177,5 @@
 		Statement * result = new ReturnStmt(
 			throwStmt->get_labels(),
-			new ConstantExpr(
-				Constant(
-					new BasicType(
-						Type::Qualifiers(),
-						BasicType::Bool
-						),
-					"0")
-				)
+			new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_bool( false ) )
 			);
 		delete throwStmt;
@@ -160,14 +190,16 @@
 		return block;
 	}
-	FunctionDecl * create_try_wrapper( TryStmt *tryStmt ) {
-		CompoundStmt * body = base_try->get_block();
-		base_try->set_block(nullptr);
-
-		return new FunctionDecl("try", Type::StorageClasses(),
-			LinkageSpec::Cforall, void_func_t, body);
+	FunctionDecl * create_try_wrapper( CompoundStmt *body ) {
+
+		return new FunctionDecl( "try", Type::StorageClasses(),
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall, try_func_t.clone(), body );
 	}
 
 	FunctionDecl * create_terminate_catch( CatchList &handlers ) {
 		std::list<CaseStmt *> handler_wrappers;
+
+		FunctionType *func_type = catch_func_t.clone();
+		DeclarationWithType * index_obj = func_type->get_parameters().front();
+	//	DeclarationWithType * except_obj = func_type->get_parameters().back();
 
 		// Index 1..{number of handlers}
@@ -178,26 +210,33 @@
 			CatchStmt * handler = *it;
 
-			std::list<Statement *> core;
-			if ( /*the exception is named*/ ) {
-				ObjectDecl * local_except = /* Dynamic case, same */;
-				core->push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabel, local_except ) );
-			}
-			// Append the provided statement to the handler.
-			core->push_back( cur_handler->get_body() );
-			// Append return onto the inner block? case stmt list?
-			CaseStmt * wrapper = new CaseStmt(
+			// INTEGERconstant Version
+			// case `index`:
+			// {
+			//     `handler.body`
+			// }
+			// return;
+			std::list<Statement *> caseBody;
+			caseBody.push_back( handler->get_body() );
+			handler->set_body( nullptr );
+			caseBody.push_back( new ReturnStmt( noLabels, nullptr ) );
+
+			handler_wrappers.push_back( new CaseStmt(
 				noLabels,
 				new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( index ) ),
-				core
-				);
-			handler_wrappers.push_back(wrapper);
+				caseBody
+				) );
 		}
 		// TODO: Some sort of meaningful error on default perhaps?
+
+		std::list<Statement*> stmt_handlers;
+		while ( !handler_wrappers.empty() ) {
+			stmt_handlers.push_back( handler_wrappers.front() );
+			handler_wrappers.pop_front();
+		}
 
 		SwitchStmt * handler_lookup = new SwitchStmt(
 			noLabels,
-			/*parameter 0: index*/,
-			handler_wrappers,
-			false
+			nameOf( index_obj ),
+			stmt_handlers
 			);
 		CompoundStmt * body = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
@@ -205,21 +244,39 @@
 
 		return new FunctionDecl("catch", Type::StorageClasses(),
-			LinkageSpec::Cforall, catch_func_t, body);
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall, func_type, body);
 	}
 
 	// Create a single check from a moddified handler.
-	CompoundStmt *create_single_matcher( CatchStmt * modded_handler ) {
-		CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt( noLables );
-
-		appendDeclStmt( block, modded_handler->get_decl() );
-
-		// TODO: This is not the actual check.
-		LogicalExpr * cond = new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_bool( false ) );
+	// except_obj is referenced, modded_handler will be freed.
+	CompoundStmt *create_single_matcher(
+			DeclarationWithType * except_obj, CatchStmt * modded_handler ) {
+		CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+
+		// INTEGERconstant Version
+		assert( nullptr == modded_handler->get_decl() );
+		ConstantExpr * number =
+			dynamic_cast<ConstantExpr*>( modded_handler->get_cond() );
+		assert( number );
+		modded_handler->set_cond( nullptr );
+
+		Expression * cond;
+		{
+			std::list<Expression *> args;
+			args.push_back( number );
+
+			std::list<Expression *> rhs_args;
+			rhs_args.push_back( nameOf( except_obj ) );
+			Expression * rhs = new UntypedExpr(
+				new NameExpr( "*?" ), rhs_args );
+			args.push_back( rhs );
+
+			cond = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?==?" /*???*/), args );
+		}
 
 		if ( modded_handler->get_cond() ) {
-			cond = new LogicalExpr( cond, modded_handler->get_cond() )q
+			cond = new LogicalExpr( cond, modded_handler->get_cond() );
 		}
 		block->push_back( new IfStmt( noLabels,
-			cond, modded_handler->get_body() );
+			cond, modded_handler->get_body(), nullptr ) );
 
 		modded_handler->set_decl( nullptr );
@@ -232,4 +289,7 @@
 	FunctionDecl * create_terminate_match( CatchList &handlers ) {
 		CompoundStmt * body = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+
+		FunctionType * func_type = match_func_t.clone();
+		DeclarationWithType * except_obj = func_type->get_parameters().back();
 
 		// Index 1..{number of handlers}
@@ -240,32 +300,45 @@
 			CatchStmt * handler = *it;
 
-			// body should have been taken by create_terminate_catch.
-			// assert( nullptr == handler->get_body() );
+			// Body should have been taken by create_terminate_catch.
+			assert( nullptr == handler->get_body() );
+
+			// Create new body.
 			handler->set_body( new ReturnStmt( noLabels,
 				new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( index ) ) ) );
 
-			body->push_back( create_single_matcher( handler ) );
-		}
+			// Create the handler.
+			body->push_back( create_single_matcher( except_obj, handler ) );
+			*it = nullptr;
+		}
+
+		body->push_back( new ReturnStmt( noLabels, new ConstantExpr(
+			Constant::from_int( 0 ) ) ) );
 
 		return new FunctionDecl("match", Type::StorageClasses(),
-			LinkageSpec::Cforall, match_func_t, body);
-	}
-
-	Statement * create_terminate_caller(
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall, func_type, body);
+	}
+
+	CompoundStmt * create_terminate_caller(
 			FunctionDecl * try_wrapper,
 			FunctionDecl * terminate_catch,
 			FunctionDecl * terminate_match) {
 
-		ApplicationExpr * caller = new ApplicationExpr( /* ... */ );
-		std::list<Expression *>& args = caller.get_args();
+		UntypedExpr * caller = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr(
+			"__cfaehm__try_terminate" ) );
+		std::list<Expression *>& args = caller->get_args();
 		args.push_back( nameOf( try_wrapper ) );
 		args.push_back( nameOf( terminate_catch ) );
 		args.push_back( nameOf( terminate_match ) );
 
-		return new ExprStmt( noLabels, caller );
+		CompoundStmt * callStmt = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+		callStmt->push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, caller ) );
+		return callStmt;
 	}
 
 	FunctionDecl * create_resume_handler( CatchList &handlers ) {
-		CompoundStmt * body = new CompountStmt( noLabels );
+		CompoundStmt * body = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+
+		FunctionType * func_type = match_func_t.clone();
+		DeclarationWithType * except_obj = func_type->get_parameters().back();
 
 		CatchList::iterator it;
@@ -280,52 +353,58 @@
 				handling_code->push_back( handler->get_body() );
 			}
-			handling_code->push_back( new ReturnStmt( noLabel,
+			handling_code->push_back( new ReturnStmt( noLabels,
 				new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_bool( false ) ) ) );
 			handler->set_body( handling_code );
 
 			// Create the handler.
-			body->push_back( create_single_matcher( handler ) );
+			body->push_back( create_single_matcher( except_obj, handler ) );
+			*it = nullptr;
 		}
 
 		return new FunctionDecl("handle", Type::StorageClasses(),
-			LinkageSpec::Cforall, handle_func_t, body);
-	}
-
-	Statement * create_resume_wrapper(
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall, func_type, body);
+	}
+
+	CompoundStmt * create_resume_wrapper(
+			StructDecl * node_decl,
 			Statement * wraps,
 			FunctionDecl * resume_handler ) {
 		CompoundStmt * body = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
 
-		// struct node = {current top resume handler, call to resume_handler};
-		// __attribute__((cleanup( ... )));
-		// set top resume handler to node.
-		// The wrapped statement.
-
-		ListInit * node_init;
-		{
-			std::list<Initializer*> field_inits;
-			field_inits.push_back( new SingleInit( /* ... */ ) );
-			field_inits.push_back( new SingleInit( nameOf( resume_handler ) ) );
-			node_init = new ListInit( field_inits );
-		}
+		// struct __try_resume_node __resume_node
+		//  	__attribute__((cleanup( __cfaehm__try_resume_cleanup )));
+		// ** unwinding of the stack here could cause problems **
+		// ** however I don't think that can happen currently **
+		// __cfaehm__try_resume_setup( &__resume_node, resume_handler );
 
 		std::list< Attribute * > attributes;
 		{
 			std::list< Expression * > attr_params;
-			attr_params.push_back( nameOf( /* ... deconstructor ... */ ) );
-			attrributes.push_back( new Attribute( "cleanup", attr_params ) );
-		}
-
-		appendDeclStmt( body,
-		/**/ ObjectDecl(
-			"resume_node",
+			attr_params.push_back( new NameExpr(
+				"__cfaehm__try_resume_cleanup" ) );
+			attributes.push_back( new Attribute( "cleanup", attr_params ) );
+		}
+
+		ObjectDecl * obj = new ObjectDecl(
+			"__resume_node",
 			Type::StorageClasses(),
 			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
 			nullptr,
-			/* Type* = resume_node */,
-			node_init,
+			new StructInstType(
+				Type::Qualifiers(),
+				node_decl
+				),
+			nullptr,
 			attributes
-			)
-		);
+			);
+		appendDeclStmt( body, obj );
+
+		UntypedExpr *setup = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr(
+			"__cfaehm__try_resume_setup" ) );
+		setup->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( nameOf( obj ) ) );
+		setup->get_args().push_back( nameOf( resume_handler ) );
+
+		body->push_back( new ExprStmt( noLabels, setup ) );
+
 		body->push_back( wraps );
 		return body;
@@ -333,13 +412,18 @@
 
 	FunctionDecl * create_finally_wrapper( TryStmt * tryStmt ) {
-		CompoundStmt * body = tryStmt->get_finally();
+		FinallyStmt * finally = tryStmt->get_finally();
+		CompoundStmt * body = finally->get_block();
+		finally->set_block( nullptr );
+		delete finally;
 		tryStmt->set_finally( nullptr );
 
 		return new FunctionDecl("finally", Type::StorageClasses(),
-			LinkageSpec::Cforall, void_func_t, body);
-	}
-
-	ObjectDecl * create_finally_hook( FunctionDecl * finally_wrapper ) {
-		// struct _cleanup_hook NAME __attribute__((cleanup( ... )));
+			LinkageSpec::Cforall, finally_func_t.clone(), body);
+	}
+
+	ObjectDecl * create_finally_hook(
+			StructDecl * hook_decl, FunctionDecl * finally_wrapper ) {
+		// struct __cfaehm__cleanup_hook __finally_hook
+		//   	__attribute__((cleanup( finally_wrapper )));
 
 		// Make Cleanup Attribute.
@@ -348,13 +432,16 @@
 			std::list< Expression * > attr_params;
 			attr_params.push_back( nameOf( finally_wrapper ) );
-			attrributes.push_back( new Attribute( "cleanup", attr_params ) );
-		}
-
-		return ObjectDecl( /* ... */
-			const std::string &name "finally_hook",
+			attributes.push_back( new Attribute( "cleanup", attr_params ) );
+		}
+
+		return new ObjectDecl(
+			"__finally_hook",
 			Type::StorageClasses(),
 			LinkageSpec::Cforall,
 			nullptr,
-			/* ... Type * ... */,
+			new StructInstType(
+				emptyQualifiers,
+				hook_decl
+				),
 			nullptr,
 			attributes
@@ -363,5 +450,5 @@
 
 
-	class ExceptionMutatorCore : public WithScoping {
+	class ExceptionMutatorCore : public WithGuards {
 		enum Context { NoHandler, TerHandler, ResHandler };
 
@@ -370,5 +457,5 @@
 		// loop, switch or the goto stays within the function.
 
-		Context curContext;
+		Context cur_context;
 
 		// We might not need this, but a unique base for each try block's
@@ -377,11 +464,15 @@
 		//unsigned int try_count = 0;
 
+		StructDecl *node_decl;
+		StructDecl *hook_decl;
 
 	public:
 		ExceptionMutatorCore() :
-			curContext(NoHandler)
+			cur_context(NoHandler),
+			node_decl(nullptr), hook_decl(nullptr)
 		{}
 
-		void premutate( CatchStmt *tryStmt );
+		void premutate( CatchStmt *catchStmt );
+		void premutate( StructDecl *structDecl );
 		Statement * postmutate( ThrowStmt *throwStmt );
 		Statement * postmutate( TryStmt *tryStmt );
@@ -393,9 +484,9 @@
 			if ( throwStmt->get_expr() ) {
 				return create_terminate_throw( throwStmt );
-			} else if ( TerHandler == curContext ) {
+			} else if ( TerHandler == cur_context ) {
 				return create_terminate_rethrow( throwStmt );
 			} else {
 				assertf(false, "Invalid throw in %s at %i\n",
-					throwStmt->location.filename,
+					throwStmt->location.filename.c_str(),
 					throwStmt->location.linenumber);
 				return nullptr;
@@ -404,9 +495,9 @@
 			if ( throwStmt->get_expr() ) {
 				return create_resume_throw( throwStmt );
-			} else if ( ResHandler == curContext ) {
+			} else if ( ResHandler == cur_context ) {
 				return create_resume_rethrow( throwStmt );
 			} else {
 				assertf(false, "Invalid throwResume in %s at %i\n",
-					throwStmt->location.filename,
+					throwStmt->location.filename.c_str(),
 					throwStmt->location.linenumber);
 				return nullptr;
@@ -416,8 +507,11 @@
 
 	Statement * ExceptionMutatorCore::postmutate( TryStmt *tryStmt ) {
+		assert( node_decl );
+		assert( hook_decl );
+
 		// Generate a prefix for the function names?
 
-		CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt();
-		Statement * inner = take_try_block( tryStmt );
+		CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+		CompoundStmt * inner = take_try_block( tryStmt );
 
 		if ( tryStmt->get_finally() ) {
@@ -427,13 +521,14 @@
 			appendDeclStmt( block, finally_block );
 			// Create and add the finally cleanup hook.
-			appendDeclStmt( block, create_finally_hook( finally_block ) );
-		}
-
-		StatementList termination_handlers;
-		StatementList resumption_handlers;
-		split( tryStmt->get_handlers(),
-		       termination_handlers, resumption_handlers );
-
-		if ( resumeption_handlers.size() ) {
+			appendDeclStmt( block,
+				create_finally_hook( hook_decl, finally_block ) );
+		}
+
+		CatchList termination_handlers;
+		CatchList resumption_handlers;
+		split( tryStmt->get_catchers(),
+			   termination_handlers, resumption_handlers );
+
+		if ( resumption_handlers.size() ) {
 			// Define the helper function.
 			FunctionDecl * resume_handler =
@@ -441,5 +536,5 @@
 			appendDeclStmt( block, resume_handler );
 			// Prepare hooks
-			inner = create_resume_wrapper( inner, resume_handler );
+			inner = create_resume_wrapper( node_decl, inner, resume_handler );
 		}
 
@@ -462,6 +557,6 @@
 		block->push_back( inner );
 
-		free_all( termination_handlers );
-		free_all( resumption_handlers );
+		//free_all( termination_handlers );
+		//free_all( resumption_handlers );
 
 		return block;
@@ -469,16 +564,32 @@
 
 	void ExceptionMutatorCore::premutate( CatchStmt *catchStmt ) {
-		GuardValue( curContext );
-		if ( CatchStmt::Termination == catchStmt->get_kind() ) {
-			curContext = TerHandler;
+		GuardValue( cur_context );
+		if ( CatchStmt::Terminate == catchStmt->get_kind() ) {
+			cur_context = TerHandler;
 		} else {
-			curContext = ResHandler;
-		}
-	}
-
-    void translateEHM( std::list< Declaration *> & translationUnit ) {
+			cur_context = ResHandler;
+		}
+	}
+
+	void ExceptionMutatorCore::premutate( StructDecl *structDecl ) {
+		if ( !structDecl->has_body() ) {
+			// Skip children?
+			return;
+		} else if ( structDecl->get_name() == "__cfaehm__try_resume_node" ) {
+			assert( nullptr == node_decl );
+			node_decl = structDecl;
+		} else if ( structDecl->get_name() == "__cfaehm__cleanup_hook" ) {
+			assert( nullptr == hook_decl );
+			hook_decl = structDecl;
+		}
+		// Later we might get the exception type as well.
+	}
+
+	void translateEHM( std::list< Declaration *> & translationUnit ) {
+		init_func_types();
+
 		PassVisitor<ExceptionMutatorCore> translator;
 		for ( Declaration * decl : translationUnit ) {
-			decl->mutate( translator );
+			decl->acceptMutator( translator );
 		}
 	}
Index: src/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.h
===================================================================
--- src/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
 // Created On       : Tus Jun 06 10:13:00 2017
 // Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
-// Last Modified On : Thr Jun 22 15:57:00 2017
-// Update Count     : 0
+// Last Modified On : Fri Jun 30 10:20:00 2017
+// Update Count     : 2
 //
 
@@ -17,5 +17,8 @@
 #define EXCEPT_TRANSLATE_H
 
-namespace ControlFlow {
+#include <list>
+#include "SynTree/SynTree.h"
+
+namespace ControlStruct {
 	void translateEHM( std::list< Declaration *> & translationUnit );
 	/* Converts exception handling structures into their underlying C code.
Index: src/ControlStruct/module.mk
===================================================================
--- src/ControlStruct/module.mk	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ControlStruct/module.mk	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@
 ## Author           : Richard C. Bilson
 ## Created On       : Mon Jun  1 17:49:17 2015
-## Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-## Last Modified On : Thu Aug  4 11:38:06 2016
-## Update Count     : 3
+## Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
+## Last Modified On : Wed Jun 28 16:15:00 2017
+## Update Count     : 4
 ###############################################################################
 
 SRC +=  ControlStruct/LabelGenerator.cc \
 	ControlStruct/LabelFixer.cc \
-        ControlStruct/MLEMutator.cc \
+	ControlStruct/MLEMutator.cc \
 	ControlStruct/Mutate.cc \
-	ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc
-
+	ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc \
+	ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc
Index: src/GenPoly/Box.cc
===================================================================
--- src/GenPoly/Box.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/GenPoly/Box.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -504,4 +504,5 @@
 		DeclarationWithType *Pass1::mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) {
 			if ( functionDecl->get_statements() ) {		// empty routine body ?
+				// std::cerr << "mutating function: " << functionDecl->get_mangleName() << std::endl;
 				doBeginScope();
 				scopeTyVars.beginScope();
@@ -548,4 +549,5 @@
 				retval = oldRetval;
 				doEndScope();
+				// std::cerr << "end function: " << functionDecl->get_mangleName() << std::endl;
 			} // if
 			return functionDecl;
@@ -1116,5 +1118,5 @@
 
 		Expression *Pass1::mutate( ApplicationExpr *appExpr ) {
-			// std::cerr << "mutate appExpr: ";
+			// std::cerr << "mutate appExpr: " << InitTweak::getFunctionName( appExpr ) << std::endl;
 			// for ( TyVarMap::iterator i = scopeTyVars.begin(); i != scopeTyVars.end(); ++i ) {
 			// 	std::cerr << i->first << " ";
@@ -1141,8 +1143,17 @@
 			ReferenceToType *dynRetType = isDynRet( function, exprTyVars );
 
+			// std::cerr << function << std::endl;
+			// std::cerr << "scopeTyVars: ";
+			// printTyVarMap( std::cerr, scopeTyVars );
+			// std::cerr << "exprTyVars: ";
+			// printTyVarMap( std::cerr, exprTyVars );
+			// std::cerr << "env: " << *env << std::endl;
+			// std::cerr << needsAdapter( function, scopeTyVars ) << ! needsAdapter( function, exprTyVars) << std::endl;
+
 			// NOTE: addDynRetParam needs to know the actual (generated) return type so it can make a temp variable, so pass the result type from the appExpr
 			// passTypeVars needs to know the program-text return type (i.e. the distinction between _conc_T30 and T3(int))
 			// concRetType may not be a good name in one or both of these places. A more appropriate name change is welcome.
 			if ( dynRetType ) {
+				// std::cerr << "dynRetType: " << dynRetType << std::endl;
 				Type *concRetType = appExpr->get_result()->isVoid() ? nullptr : appExpr->get_result();
 				ret = addDynRetParam( appExpr, concRetType, arg ); // xxx - used to use dynRetType instead of concRetType
Index: src/GenPoly/InstantiateGeneric.cc
===================================================================
--- src/GenPoly/InstantiateGeneric.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/GenPoly/InstantiateGeneric.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@
 #include "InstantiateGeneric.h"
 
-#include "DeclMutator.h"
 #include "GenPoly.h"
 #include "ScopedSet.h"
 #include "ScrubTyVars.h"
-#include "PolyMutator.h"
+
+#include "Common/PassVisitor.h"
+#include "Common/ScopedMap.h"
+#include "Common/UniqueName.h"
+#include "Common/utility.h"
 
 #include "ResolvExpr/typeops.h"
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@
 #include "SynTree/Type.h"
 
-#include "Common/ScopedMap.h"
-#include "Common/UniqueName.h"
-#include "Common/utility.h"
+
+#include "InitTweak/InitTweak.h"
+
 
 namespace GenPoly {
@@ -153,23 +156,6 @@
 	}
 
-	// collect the environments of each TypeInstType so that type variables can be replaced
-	// xxx - possibly temporary solution. Access to type environments is required in GenericInstantiator, but it needs to be a DeclMutator which does not provide easy access to the type environments.
-	class EnvFinder final : public GenPoly::PolyMutator {
-	public:
-		using GenPoly::PolyMutator::mutate;
-		virtual Type * mutate( TypeInstType * inst ) override {
-			if ( env ) envMap[inst] = env;
-			return inst;
-		}
-
-		// don't want to associate an environment with TypeInstTypes that occur in function types - this may actually only apply to function types belonging to DeclarationWithTypes (or even just FunctionDecl)?
-		virtual Type * mutate( FunctionType * ftype ) override {
-			return ftype;
-		}
-		std::unordered_map< ReferenceToType *, TypeSubstitution * > envMap;
-	};
-
 	/// Mutator pass that replaces concrete instantiations of generic types with actual struct declarations, scoped appropriately
-	class GenericInstantiator final : public DeclMutator {
+	struct GenericInstantiator final : public WithTypeSubstitution, public WithDeclsToAdd, public WithVisitorRef<GenericInstantiator>, public WithGuards {
 		/// Map of (generic type, parameter list) pairs to concrete type instantiations
 		InstantiationMap< AggregateDecl, AggregateDecl > instantiations;
@@ -178,15 +164,18 @@
 		/// Namer for concrete types
 		UniqueName typeNamer;
-		/// Reference to mapping of environments
-		const std::unordered_map< ReferenceToType *, TypeSubstitution * > & envMap;
-	public:
-		GenericInstantiator( const std::unordered_map< ReferenceToType *, TypeSubstitution * > & envMap ) : DeclMutator(), instantiations(), dtypeStatics(), typeNamer("_conc_"), envMap( envMap ) {}
-
-		using DeclMutator::mutate;
-		virtual Type* mutate( StructInstType *inst ) override;
-		virtual Type* mutate( UnionInstType *inst ) override;
-
-		virtual void doBeginScope() override;
-		virtual void doEndScope() override;
+		/// Should not make use of type environment to replace types of function parameter and return values.
+		bool inFunctionType = false;
+		GenericInstantiator() : instantiations(), dtypeStatics(), typeNamer("_conc_") {}
+
+		Type* postmutate( StructInstType *inst );
+		Type* postmutate( UnionInstType *inst );
+
+		void premutate( FunctionType * ftype ) {
+			GuardValue( inFunctionType );
+			inFunctionType = true;
+		}
+
+		void beginScope();
+		void endScope();
 	private:
 		/// Wrap instantiation lookup for structs
@@ -207,8 +196,6 @@
 
 	void instantiateGeneric( std::list< Declaration* > &translationUnit ) {
-		EnvFinder finder;
-		mutateAll( translationUnit, finder );
-		GenericInstantiator instantiator( finder.envMap );
-		instantiator.mutateDeclarationList( translationUnit );
+		PassVisitor<GenericInstantiator> instantiator;
+		mutateAll( translationUnit, instantiator );
 	}
 
@@ -306,6 +293,5 @@
 	Type *GenericInstantiator::replaceWithConcrete( Type *type, bool doClone ) {
 		if ( TypeInstType *typeInst = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType * >( type ) ) {
-			if ( envMap.count( typeInst ) ) {
-				TypeSubstitution * env = envMap.at( typeInst );
+			if ( env && ! inFunctionType ) {
 				Type *concrete = env->lookup( typeInst->get_name() );
 				if ( concrete ) {
@@ -331,10 +317,5 @@
 
 
-	Type* GenericInstantiator::mutate( StructInstType *inst ) {
-		// mutate subtypes
-		Type *mutated = Mutator::mutate( inst );
-		inst = dynamic_cast< StructInstType* >( mutated );
-		if ( ! inst ) return mutated;
-
+	Type* GenericInstantiator::postmutate( StructInstType *inst ) {
 		// exit early if no need for further mutation
 		if ( inst->get_parameters().empty() ) return inst;
@@ -368,6 +349,6 @@
 				substituteMembers( inst->get_baseStruct()->get_members(), *inst->get_baseParameters(), typeSubs, concDecl->get_members() );
 				insert( inst, typeSubs, concDecl ); // must insert before recursion
-				concDecl->acceptMutator( *this ); // recursively instantiate members
-				DeclMutator::addDeclaration( concDecl ); // must occur before declaration is added so that member instantiations appear first
+				concDecl->acceptMutator( *visitor ); // recursively instantiate members
+				declsToAddBefore.push_back( concDecl ); // must occur before declaration is added so that member instantiations appear first
 			}
 			StructInstType *newInst = new StructInstType( inst->get_qualifiers(), concDecl->get_name() );
@@ -388,10 +369,5 @@
 	}
 
-	Type* GenericInstantiator::mutate( UnionInstType *inst ) {
-		// mutate subtypes
-		Type *mutated = Mutator::mutate( inst );
-		inst = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType* >( mutated );
-		if ( ! inst ) return mutated;
-
+	Type* GenericInstantiator::postmutate( UnionInstType *inst ) {
 		// exit early if no need for further mutation
 		if ( inst->get_parameters().empty() ) return inst;
@@ -423,6 +399,6 @@
 				substituteMembers( inst->get_baseUnion()->get_members(), *inst->get_baseParameters(), typeSubs, concDecl->get_members() );
 				insert( inst, typeSubs, concDecl ); // must insert before recursion
-				concDecl->acceptMutator( *this ); // recursively instantiate members
-				DeclMutator::addDeclaration( concDecl ); // must occur before declaration is added so that member instantiations appear first
+				concDecl->acceptMutator( *visitor ); // recursively instantiate members
+				declsToAddBefore.push_back( concDecl ); // must occur before declaration is added so that member instantiations appear first
 			}
 			UnionInstType *newInst = new UnionInstType( inst->get_qualifiers(), concDecl->get_name() );
@@ -442,12 +418,10 @@
 	}
 
-	void GenericInstantiator::doBeginScope() {
-		DeclMutator::doBeginScope();
+	void GenericInstantiator::beginScope() {
 		instantiations.beginScope();
 		dtypeStatics.beginScope();
 	}
 
-	void GenericInstantiator::doEndScope() {
-		DeclMutator::doEndScope();
+	void GenericInstantiator::endScope() {
 		instantiations.endScope();
 		dtypeStatics.endScope();
Index: src/InitTweak/FixInit.cc
===================================================================
--- src/InitTweak/FixInit.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/InitTweak/FixInit.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -104,5 +104,6 @@
 			typedef AddStmtVisitor Parent;
 			using Parent::visit;
-			typedef std::set< ObjectDecl * > ObjectSet;
+			// use ordered data structure to maintain ordering for set_difference and for consistent error messages
+			typedef std::list< ObjectDecl * > ObjectSet;
 			virtual void visit( CompoundStmt *compoundStmt ) override;
 			virtual void visit( DeclStmt *stmt ) override;
@@ -116,10 +117,13 @@
 
 		// debug
-		struct printSet {
-			typedef ObjDeclCollector::ObjectSet ObjectSet;
-			printSet( const ObjectSet & objs ) : objs( objs ) {}
+		template<typename ObjectSet>
+		struct PrintSet {
+			PrintSet( const ObjectSet & objs ) : objs( objs ) {}
 			const ObjectSet & objs;
 		};
-		std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const printSet & set) {
+		template<typename ObjectSet>
+		PrintSet<ObjectSet> printSet( const ObjectSet & objs ) { return PrintSet<ObjectSet>( objs ); }
+		template<typename ObjectSet>
+		std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const PrintSet<ObjectSet> & set) {
 			out << "{ ";
 			for ( ObjectDecl * obj : set.objs ) {
@@ -724,5 +728,5 @@
 						// static bool __objName_uninitialized = true
 						BasicType * boolType = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::Bool );
-						SingleInit * boolInitExpr = new SingleInit( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 1 ) ), noDesignators );
+						SingleInit * boolInitExpr = new SingleInit( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 1 ) ) );
 						ObjectDecl * isUninitializedVar = new ObjectDecl( objDecl->get_mangleName() + "_uninitialized", Type::StorageClasses( Type::Static ), LinkageSpec::Cforall, 0, boolType, boolInitExpr );
 						isUninitializedVar->fixUniqueId();
@@ -745,6 +749,6 @@
 
 						Statement * dtor = ctorInit->get_dtor();
-						objDecl->set_init( NULL );
-						ctorInit->set_ctor( NULL );
+						objDecl->set_init( nullptr );
+						ctorInit->set_ctor( nullptr );
 						ctorInit->set_dtor( nullptr );
 						if ( dtor ) {
@@ -799,14 +803,14 @@
 						} else {
 							stmtsToAddAfter.push_back( ctor );
-							objDecl->set_init( NULL );
-							ctorInit->set_ctor( NULL );
+							objDecl->set_init( nullptr );
+							ctorInit->set_ctor( nullptr );
 						}
 					} // if
 				} else if ( Initializer * init = ctorInit->get_init() ) {
 					objDecl->set_init( init );
-					ctorInit->set_init( NULL );
+					ctorInit->set_init( nullptr );
 				} else {
 					// no constructor and no initializer, which is okay
-					objDecl->set_init( NULL );
+					objDecl->set_init( nullptr );
 				} // if
 				delete ctorInit;
@@ -816,5 +820,5 @@
 
 		void ObjDeclCollector::visit( CompoundStmt * compoundStmt ) {
-			std::set< ObjectDecl * > prevVars = curVars;
+			ObjectSet prevVars = curVars;
 			Parent::visit( compoundStmt );
 			curVars = prevVars;
@@ -824,5 +828,5 @@
 			// keep track of all variables currently in scope
 			if ( ObjectDecl * objDecl = dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl * > ( stmt->get_decl() ) ) {
-				curVars.insert( objDecl );
+				curVars.push_back( objDecl );
 			} // if
 			Parent::visit( stmt );
@@ -939,9 +943,12 @@
 			)
 			if ( ! diff.empty() ) {
+				// create an auxilliary set for fast lookup -- can't make diff a set, because diff ordering should be consistent for error messages.
+				std::unordered_set<ObjectDecl *> needsDestructor( diff.begin(), diff.end() );
+
 				// go through decl ordered list of objectdecl. for each element that occurs in diff, output destructor
 				OrderedDecls ordered;
 				for ( OrderedDecls & rdo : reverseDeclOrder ) {
 					// add elements from reverseDeclOrder into ordered if they occur in diff - it is key that this happens in reverse declaration order.
-					copy_if( rdo.begin(), rdo.end(), back_inserter( ordered ), [&]( ObjectDecl * objDecl ) { return diff.count( objDecl ); } );
+					copy_if( rdo.begin(), rdo.end(), back_inserter( ordered ), [&]( ObjectDecl * objDecl ) { return needsDestructor.count( objDecl ); } );
 				} // for
 				insertDtors( ordered.begin(), ordered.end(), back_inserter( stmtsToAdd ) );
Index: src/InitTweak/GenInit.cc
===================================================================
--- src/InitTweak/GenInit.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/InitTweak/GenInit.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -44,6 +44,5 @@
 	}
 
-	class ReturnFixer : public WithStmtsToAdd, public WithScopes {
-	  public:
+	struct ReturnFixer : public WithStmtsToAdd, public WithGuards {
 		/// consistently allocates a temporary variable for the return value
 		/// of a function so that anything which the resolver decides can be constructed
@@ -59,8 +58,5 @@
 	};
 
-	class CtorDtor final : public GenPoly::PolyMutator {
-	  public:
-		typedef GenPoly::PolyMutator Parent;
-		using Parent::mutate;
+	struct CtorDtor : public WithGuards, public WithShortCircuiting  {
 		/// create constructor and destructor statements for object declarations.
 		/// the actual call statements will be added in after the resolver has run
@@ -69,18 +65,19 @@
 		static void generateCtorDtor( std::list< Declaration * > &translationUnit );
 
-		virtual DeclarationWithType * mutate( ObjectDecl * ) override;
-		virtual DeclarationWithType * mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) override;
+		void previsit( ObjectDecl * );
+		void previsit( FunctionDecl *functionDecl );
+
 		// should not traverse into any of these declarations to find objects
 		// that need to be constructed or destructed
-		virtual Declaration* mutate( StructDecl *aggregateDecl ) override;
-		virtual Declaration* mutate( UnionDecl *aggregateDecl ) override { return aggregateDecl; }
-		virtual Declaration* mutate( EnumDecl *aggregateDecl ) override { return aggregateDecl; }
-		virtual Declaration* mutate( TraitDecl *aggregateDecl ) override { return aggregateDecl; }
-		virtual TypeDecl* mutate( TypeDecl *typeDecl ) override { return typeDecl; }
-		virtual Declaration* mutate( TypedefDecl *typeDecl ) override { return typeDecl; }
-
-		virtual Type * mutate( FunctionType *funcType ) override { return funcType; }
-
-		virtual CompoundStmt * mutate( CompoundStmt * compoundStmt ) override;
+		void previsit( StructDecl *aggregateDecl );
+		void previsit( UnionDecl *aggregateDecl ) { visit_children = false; }
+		void previsit( EnumDecl *aggregateDecl ) { visit_children = false; }
+		void previsit( TraitDecl *aggregateDecl ) { visit_children = false; }
+		void previsit( TypeDecl *typeDecl ) { visit_children = false; }
+		void previsit( TypedefDecl *typeDecl ) { visit_children = false; }
+
+		void previsit( FunctionType *funcType ) { visit_children = false; }
+
+		void previsit( CompoundStmt * compoundStmt );
 
 	  private:
@@ -211,6 +208,6 @@
 
 	void CtorDtor::generateCtorDtor( std::list< Declaration * > & translationUnit ) {
-		CtorDtor ctordtor;
-		mutateAll( translationUnit, ctordtor );
+		PassVisitor<CtorDtor> ctordtor;
+		acceptAll( translationUnit, ctordtor );
 	}
 
@@ -289,5 +286,5 @@
 	}
 
-	DeclarationWithType * CtorDtor::mutate( ObjectDecl * objDecl ) {
+	void CtorDtor::previsit( ObjectDecl * objDecl ) {
 		handleDWT( objDecl );
 		// hands off if @=, extern, builtin, etc.
@@ -301,14 +298,13 @@
 			objDecl->set_init( genCtorInit( objDecl ) );
 		}
-		return Parent::mutate( objDecl );
-	}
-
-	DeclarationWithType * CtorDtor::mutate( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) {
-		ValueGuard< bool > oldInFunc = inFunction;
+	}
+
+	void CtorDtor::previsit( FunctionDecl *functionDecl ) {
+		GuardValue( inFunction );
 		inFunction = true;
 
 		handleDWT( functionDecl );
 
-		managedTypes.beginScope();
+		GuardScope( managedTypes );
 		// go through assertions and recursively add seen ctor/dtors
 		for ( auto & tyDecl : functionDecl->get_functionType()->get_forall() ) {
@@ -317,12 +313,14 @@
 			}
 		}
-		// parameters should not be constructed and destructed, so don't mutate FunctionType
-		functionDecl->set_statements( maybeMutate( functionDecl->get_statements(), *this ) );
-
-		managedTypes.endScope();
-		return functionDecl;
-	}
-
-	Declaration* CtorDtor::mutate( StructDecl *aggregateDecl ) {
+
+		PassVisitor<CtorDtor> newCtorDtor;
+		newCtorDtor.pass = *this;
+		maybeAccept( functionDecl->get_statements(), newCtorDtor );
+		visit_children = false;  // do not try and construct parameters or forall parameters - must happen after maybeAccept
+	}
+
+	void CtorDtor::previsit( StructDecl *aggregateDecl ) {
+		visit_children = false; // do not try to construct and destruct aggregate members
+
 		// don't construct members, but need to take note if there is a managed member,
 		// because that means that this type is also managed
@@ -336,14 +334,9 @@
 			}
 		}
-		return aggregateDecl;
-	}
-
-	CompoundStmt * CtorDtor::mutate( CompoundStmt * compoundStmt ) {
-		managedTypes.beginScope();
-		CompoundStmt * stmt = Parent::mutate( compoundStmt );
-		managedTypes.endScope();
-		return stmt;
-	}
-
+	}
+
+	void CtorDtor::previsit( CompoundStmt * compoundStmt ) {
+		GuardScope( managedTypes );
+	}
 } // namespace InitTweak
 
Index: src/InitTweak/InitTweak.cc
===================================================================
--- src/InitTweak/InitTweak.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/InitTweak/InitTweak.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -14,11 +14,8 @@
 		public:
 			bool hasDesignations = false;
-			template<typename Init>
-			void handleInit( Init * init ) {
-				if ( ! init->get_designators().empty() ) hasDesignations = true;
-				else Visitor::visit( init );
-			}
-			virtual void visit( SingleInit * singleInit ) { handleInit( singleInit); }
-			virtual void visit( ListInit * listInit ) { handleInit( listInit); }
+			virtual void visit( Designation * des ) {
+				if ( ! des->get_designators().empty() ) hasDesignations = true;
+				else Visitor::visit( des );
+			}
 		};
 
Index: src/MakeLibCfa.cc
===================================================================
--- src/MakeLibCfa.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/MakeLibCfa.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -92,5 +92,5 @@
 		assert( ! objDecl->get_init() );
 		std::list< Expression* > noDesignators;
-		objDecl->set_init( new SingleInit( new NameExpr( objDecl->get_name() ), noDesignators, false ) ); // cannot be constructed
+		objDecl->set_init( new SingleInit( new NameExpr( objDecl->get_name() ), false ) ); // cannot be constructed
 		newDecls.push_back( objDecl );
 	}
Index: src/Makefile.in
===================================================================
--- src/Makefile.in	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Makefile.in	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -119,4 +119,5 @@
 	ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-Mutate.$(OBJEXT) \
 	ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ForExprMutator.$(OBJEXT) \
+	ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.$(OBJEXT) \
 	GenPoly/driver_cfa_cpp-Box.$(OBJEXT) \
 	GenPoly/driver_cfa_cpp-GenPoly.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -161,4 +162,5 @@
 	ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-Occurs.$(OBJEXT) \
 	ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-TypeEnvironment.$(OBJEXT) \
+	ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.$(OBJEXT) \
 	SymTab/driver_cfa_cpp-Indexer.$(OBJEXT) \
 	SymTab/driver_cfa_cpp-Mangler.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -394,5 +396,6 @@
 	ControlStruct/LabelGenerator.cc ControlStruct/LabelFixer.cc \
 	ControlStruct/MLEMutator.cc ControlStruct/Mutate.cc \
-	ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc GenPoly/Box.cc \
+	ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc \
+	ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc GenPoly/Box.cc \
 	GenPoly/GenPoly.cc GenPoly/PolyMutator.cc \
 	GenPoly/ScrubTyVars.cc GenPoly/Lvalue.cc GenPoly/Specialize.cc \
@@ -414,12 +417,12 @@
 	ResolvExpr/RenameVars.cc ResolvExpr/FindOpenVars.cc \
 	ResolvExpr/PolyCost.cc ResolvExpr/Occurs.cc \
-	ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc SymTab/Indexer.cc \
-	SymTab/Mangler.cc SymTab/Validate.cc SymTab/FixFunction.cc \
-	SymTab/ImplementationType.cc SymTab/TypeEquality.cc \
-	SymTab/Autogen.cc SynTree/Type.cc SynTree/VoidType.cc \
-	SynTree/BasicType.cc SynTree/PointerType.cc \
-	SynTree/ArrayType.cc SynTree/FunctionType.cc \
-	SynTree/ReferenceToType.cc SynTree/TupleType.cc \
-	SynTree/TypeofType.cc SynTree/AttrType.cc \
+	ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc \
+	SymTab/Indexer.cc SymTab/Mangler.cc SymTab/Validate.cc \
+	SymTab/FixFunction.cc SymTab/ImplementationType.cc \
+	SymTab/TypeEquality.cc SymTab/Autogen.cc SynTree/Type.cc \
+	SynTree/VoidType.cc SynTree/BasicType.cc \
+	SynTree/PointerType.cc SynTree/ArrayType.cc \
+	SynTree/FunctionType.cc SynTree/ReferenceToType.cc \
+	SynTree/TupleType.cc SynTree/TypeofType.cc SynTree/AttrType.cc \
 	SynTree/VarArgsType.cc SynTree/ZeroOneType.cc \
 	SynTree/Constant.cc SynTree/Expression.cc SynTree/TupleExpr.cc \
@@ -592,4 +595,7 @@
 	ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/$(am__dirstamp)
 ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ForExprMutator.$(OBJEXT):  \
+	ControlStruct/$(am__dirstamp) \
+	ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/$(am__dirstamp)
+ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.$(OBJEXT):  \
 	ControlStruct/$(am__dirstamp) \
 	ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/$(am__dirstamp)
@@ -721,4 +727,7 @@
 	ResolvExpr/$(am__dirstamp) \
 	ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/$(am__dirstamp)
+ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.$(OBJEXT):  \
+	ResolvExpr/$(am__dirstamp) \
+	ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/$(am__dirstamp)
 SymTab/$(am__dirstamp):
 	@$(MKDIR_P) SymTab
@@ -853,4 +862,5 @@
 	-rm -f Common/driver_cfa_cpp-UniqueName.$(OBJEXT)
 	-rm -f Concurrency/driver_cfa_cpp-Keywords.$(OBJEXT)
+	-rm -f ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.$(OBJEXT)
 	-rm -f ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ForExprMutator.$(OBJEXT)
 	-rm -f ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-LabelFixer.$(OBJEXT)
@@ -890,4 +900,5 @@
 	-rm -f ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CommonType.$(OBJEXT)
 	-rm -f ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-ConversionCost.$(OBJEXT)
+	-rm -f ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.$(OBJEXT)
 	-rm -f ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-FindOpenVars.$(OBJEXT)
 	-rm -f ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-Occurs.$(OBJEXT)
@@ -965,4 +976,5 @@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@Common/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-UniqueName.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@Concurrency/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-Keywords.Po@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ForExprMutator.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-LabelFixer.Po@am__quote@
@@ -1002,4 +1014,5 @@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CommonType.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ConversionCost.Po@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-FindOpenVars.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-Occurs.Po@am__quote@
@@ -1355,4 +1368,18 @@
 @am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX@am__nodep@)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ForExprMutator.obj `if test -f 'ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/ControlStruct/ForExprMutator.cc'; fi`
 
+ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.o: ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CXX)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -MT ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.o -MD -MP -MF ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Tpo -c -o ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.o `test -f 'ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Tpo ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX)source='ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc' object='ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.o' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CXXDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX@am__nodep@)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.o `test -f 'ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc
+
+ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.obj: ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CXX)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -MT ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.obj -MD -MP -MF ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Tpo -c -o ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.obj `if test -f 'ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc'; fi`
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Tpo ControlStruct/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX)source='ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc' object='ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.obj' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CXXDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX@am__nodep@)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o ControlStruct/driver_cfa_cpp-ExceptTranslate.obj `if test -f 'ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.cc'; fi`
+
 GenPoly/driver_cfa_cpp-Box.o: GenPoly/Box.cc
 @am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CXX)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -MT GenPoly/driver_cfa_cpp-Box.o -MD -MP -MF GenPoly/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-Box.Tpo -c -o GenPoly/driver_cfa_cpp-Box.o `test -f 'GenPoly/Box.cc' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`GenPoly/Box.cc
@@ -1942,4 +1969,18 @@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CXXDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
 @am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX@am__nodep@)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-TypeEnvironment.obj `if test -f 'ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc'; fi`
+
+ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.o: ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CXX)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -MT ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.o -MD -MP -MF ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Tpo -c -o ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.o `test -f 'ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Tpo ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX)source='ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc' object='ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.o' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CXXDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX@am__nodep@)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.o `test -f 'ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc
+
+ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.obj: ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CXX)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -MT ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.obj -MD -MP -MF ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Tpo -c -o ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.obj `if test -f 'ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc'; fi`
+@am__fastdepCXX_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Tpo ResolvExpr/$(DEPDIR)/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX)source='ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc' object='ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.obj' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CXXDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCXX_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CXX@am__nodep@)$(CXX) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(driver_cfa_cpp_CXXFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o ResolvExpr/driver_cfa_cpp-CurrentObject.obj `if test -f 'ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc'; fi`
 
 SymTab/driver_cfa_cpp-Indexer.o: SymTab/Indexer.cc
Index: src/Parser/InitializerNode.cc
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/InitializerNode.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Parser/InitializerNode.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -74,30 +74,27 @@
 
 	InitializerNode *moreInit;
-	if  ( get_next() != 0 && ((moreInit = dynamic_cast< InitializerNode * >( get_next() ) ) != 0) )
+	if ( (moreInit = dynamic_cast< InitializerNode * >( get_next() ) ) ) {
 		moreInit->printOneLine( os );
+	}
 }
 
 Initializer *InitializerNode::build() const {
 	if ( aggregate ) {
+		// steal designators from children
+		std::list< Designation * > designlist;
+		InitializerNode * child = next_init();
+		for ( ; child != nullptr; child = dynamic_cast< InitializerNode * >( child->get_next() ) ) {
+			std::list< Expression * > desList;
+			buildList< Expression, ExpressionNode >( child->designator, desList );
+			designlist.push_back( new Designation( desList ) );
+		} // for
 		std::list< Initializer * > initlist;
 		buildList< Initializer, InitializerNode >( next_init(), initlist );
-
-		std::list< Expression * > designlist;
-
-		if ( designator != 0 ) {
-			buildList< Expression, ExpressionNode >( designator, designlist );
-		} // if
-
 		return new ListInit( initlist, designlist, maybeConstructed );
 	} else {
-		std::list< Expression * > designators;
-
-		if ( designator != 0 )
-			buildList< Expression, ExpressionNode >( designator, designators );
-
-		if ( get_expression() != 0)
-			return new SingleInit( maybeBuild< Expression >( get_expression() ), designators, maybeConstructed );
+		if ( get_expression() != 0) {
+			return new SingleInit( maybeBuild< Expression >( get_expression() ), maybeConstructed );
+		}
 	} // if
-
 	return 0;
 }
Index: src/Parser/TypeData.cc
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/TypeData.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Parser/TypeData.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -760,5 +760,5 @@
 		if ( cur->has_enumeratorValue() ) {
 			ObjectDecl * member = dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl * >(* members);
-			member->set_init( new SingleInit( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( cur->consume_enumeratorValue() ), list< Expression * >() ) );
+			member->set_init( new SingleInit( maybeMoveBuild< Expression >( cur->consume_enumeratorValue() ) ) );
 		} // if
 	} // for
@@ -777,6 +777,7 @@
 TupleType * buildTuple( const TypeData * td ) {
 	assert( td->kind == TypeData::Tuple );
-	TupleType * ret = new TupleType( buildQualifiers( td ) );
-	buildTypeList( td->tuple, ret->get_types() );
+	std::list< Type * > types;
+	buildTypeList( td->tuple, types );
+	TupleType * ret = new TupleType( buildQualifiers( td ), types );
 	buildForall( td->forall, ret->get_forall() );
 	return ret;
Index: src/Parser/parser.yy
===================================================================
--- src/Parser/parser.yy	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Parser/parser.yy	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 // Author           : Peter A. Buhr
 // Created On       : Sat Sep  1 20:22:55 2001
-// Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Wed Jun 28 22:11:22 2017
-// Update Count     : 2414
+// Last Modified By : Andrew Beach
+// Last Modified On : Fri Jun 30 15:38:00 2017
+// Update Count     : 2415
 //
 
@@ -104,4 +104,5 @@
 	std::string * str;
 	bool flag;
+	CatchStmt::Kind catch_kind;
 }
 
@@ -192,4 +193,5 @@
 %type<sn> switch_clause_list_opt		switch_clause_list			choose_clause_list_opt		choose_clause_list
 %type<sn> /* handler_list */			handler_clause				finally_clause
+%type<catch_kind> handler_key
 
 // declarations
@@ -958,17 +960,20 @@
 handler_clause:
 	// TEMPORARY, TEST EXCEPTIONS
-	CATCH '(' push push INTEGERconstant pop ')' compound_statement pop
-		{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( CatchStmt::Terminate, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$5 ) ), $8 ) ); }
-	| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push INTEGERconstant pop ')' compound_statement pop
-		{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( CatchStmt::Terminate, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$6 ) ), $9 ) ) ); }
-
-	| CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
-		{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( CatchStmt::Terminate, $5, nullptr, $8 ) ); }
-	| handler_clause CATCH '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
-		{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( CatchStmt::Terminate, $6, nullptr, $9 ) ) ); }
-	| CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
-		{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( CatchStmt::Resume, $5, nullptr, $8 ) ); }
-	| handler_clause CATCHRESUME '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
-		{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( CatchStmt::Resume, $6, nullptr, $9 ) ) ); }
+	handler_key '(' push push INTEGERconstant pop ')' compound_statement pop
+		{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$5 ) ), $8 ) ); }
+	| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push INTEGERconstant pop ')' compound_statement pop
+		{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, nullptr, new ExpressionNode( build_constantInteger( *$6 ) ), $9 ) ) ); }
+
+	| handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
+		{ $$ = new StatementNode( build_catch( $1, $5, nullptr, $8 ) ); }
+	| handler_clause handler_key '(' push push exception_declaration pop ')' compound_statement pop
+		{ $$ = (StatementNode *)$1->set_last( new StatementNode( build_catch( $2, $6, nullptr, $9 ) ) ); }
+	;
+
+handler_key:
+	CATCH
+		{ $$ = CatchStmt::Terminate; }
+	| CATCHRESUME
+		{ $$ = CatchStmt::Resume; }
 	;
 
Index: src/ResolvExpr/AlternativeFinder.cc
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/AlternativeFinder.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/AlternativeFinder.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -604,10 +604,10 @@
 //	    )
 		SymTab::Indexer decls( indexer );
-		PRINT(
-			std::cerr << "============= original indexer" << std::endl;
-			indexer.print( std::cerr );
-			std::cerr << "============= new indexer" << std::endl;
-			decls.print( std::cerr );
-		)
+		// PRINT(
+		// 	std::cerr << "============= original indexer" << std::endl;
+		// 	indexer.print( std::cerr );
+		// 	std::cerr << "============= new indexer" << std::endl;
+		// 	decls.print( std::cerr );
+		// )
 		addToIndexer( have, decls );
 		AssertionSet newNeed;
@@ -809,4 +809,30 @@
 	}
 
+	Expression * restructureCast( Expression * argExpr, Type * toType ) {
+		if ( argExpr->get_result()->size() > 1 && ! toType->isVoid() ) {
+			// Argument expression is a tuple and the target type is not void. Cast each member of the tuple
+			// to its corresponding target type, producing the tuple of those cast expressions. If there are
+			// more components of the tuple than components in the target type, then excess components do not
+			// come out in the result expression (but UniqueExprs ensure that side effects will still be done).
+			if ( Tuples::maybeImpure( argExpr ) && ! dynamic_cast< UniqueExpr * >( argExpr ) ) {
+				// expressions which may contain side effects require a single unique instance of the expression.
+				argExpr = new UniqueExpr( argExpr );
+			}
+			std::list< Expression * > componentExprs;
+			for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < toType->size(); i++ ) {
+				// cast each component
+				TupleIndexExpr * idx = new TupleIndexExpr( argExpr->clone(), i );
+				componentExprs.push_back( restructureCast( idx, toType->getComponent( i ) ) );
+			}
+			delete argExpr;
+			assert( componentExprs.size() > 0 );
+			// produce the tuple of casts
+			return new TupleExpr( componentExprs );
+		} else {
+			// handle normally
+			return new CastExpr( argExpr, toType->clone() );
+		}
+	}
+
 	void AlternativeFinder::visit( CastExpr *castExpr ) {
 		Type *& toType = castExpr->get_result();
@@ -840,28 +866,5 @@
 				thisCost += Cost( 0, 0, discardedValues );
 
-				Expression * argExpr = i->expr->clone();
-				if ( argExpr->get_result()->size() > 1 && ! castExpr->get_result()->isVoid() ) {
-					// Argument expression is a tuple and the target type is not void. Cast each member of the tuple
-					// to its corresponding target type, producing the tuple of those cast expressions. If there are
-					// more components of the tuple than components in the target type, then excess components do not
-					// come out in the result expression (but UniqueExprs ensure that side effects will still be done).
-					if ( Tuples::maybeImpure( argExpr ) && ! dynamic_cast< UniqueExpr * >( argExpr ) ) {
-						// expressions which may contain side effects require a single unique instance of the expression.
-						argExpr = new UniqueExpr( argExpr );
-					}
-					std::list< Expression * > componentExprs;
-					for ( unsigned int i = 0; i < castExpr->get_result()->size(); i++ ) {
-						// cast each component
-						TupleIndexExpr * idx = new TupleIndexExpr( argExpr->clone(), i );
-						componentExprs.push_back( new CastExpr( idx, castExpr->get_result()->getComponent( i )->clone() ) );
-					}
-					delete argExpr;
-					assert( componentExprs.size() > 0 );
-					// produce the tuple of casts
-					candidates.push_back( Alternative( new TupleExpr( componentExprs ), i->env, i->cost, thisCost ) );
-				} else {
-					// handle normally
-					candidates.push_back( Alternative( new CastExpr( argExpr->clone(), toType->clone() ), i->env, i->cost, thisCost ) );
-				}
+				candidates.push_back( Alternative( restructureCast( i->expr->clone(), toType ), i->env, i->cost, thisCost ) );
 			} // if
 		} // for
@@ -1182,4 +1185,51 @@
 	}
 
+	void AlternativeFinder::visit( UntypedInitExpr *initExpr ) {
+		// handle each option like a cast
+		AltList candidates;
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "untyped init expr: " << initExpr << std::endl; )
+		// O(N^2) checks of d-types with e-types
+		for ( InitAlternative & initAlt : initExpr->get_initAlts() ) {
+			Type * toType = resolveTypeof( initAlt.type, indexer );
+			SymTab::validateType( toType, &indexer );
+			adjustExprType( toType, env, indexer );
+			// Ideally the call to findWithAdjustment could be moved out of the loop, but unfortunately it currently has to occur inside or else
+			// polymorphic return types are not properly bound to the initialization type, since return type variables are only open for the duration of resolving
+			// the UntypedExpr. This is only actually an issue in initialization contexts that allow more than one possible initialization type, but it is still suboptimal.
+			AlternativeFinder finder( indexer, env );
+			finder.targetType = toType;
+			finder.findWithAdjustment( initExpr->get_expr() );
+			for ( Alternative & alt : finder.get_alternatives() ) {
+				TypeEnvironment newEnv( alt.env );
+				AssertionSet needAssertions, haveAssertions;
+				OpenVarSet openVars;  // find things in env that don't have a "representative type" and claim those are open vars?
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "  @ " << toType << " " << initAlt.designation << std::endl; )
+				// It's possible that a cast can throw away some values in a multiply-valued expression.  (An example is a
+				// cast-to-void, which casts from one value to zero.)  Figure out the prefix of the subexpression results
+				// that are cast directly.  The candidate is invalid if it has fewer results than there are types to cast
+				// to.
+				int discardedValues = alt.expr->get_result()->size() - toType->size();
+				if ( discardedValues < 0 ) continue;
+				// xxx - may need to go into tuple types and extract relevant types and use unifyList. Note that currently, this does not
+				// allow casting a tuple to an atomic type (e.g. (int)([1, 2, 3]))
+				// unification run for side-effects
+				unify( toType, alt.expr->get_result(), newEnv, needAssertions, haveAssertions, openVars, indexer ); // xxx - do some inspecting on this line... why isn't result bound to initAlt.type??
+
+				Cost thisCost = castCost( alt.expr->get_result(), toType, indexer, newEnv );
+				if ( thisCost != Cost::infinity ) {
+					// count one safe conversion for each value that is thrown away
+					thisCost += Cost( 0, 0, discardedValues );
+					candidates.push_back( Alternative( new InitExpr( restructureCast( alt.expr->clone(), toType ), initAlt.designation->clone() ), newEnv, alt.cost, thisCost ) );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// findMinCost selects the alternatives with the lowest "cost" members, but has the side effect of copying the
+		// cvtCost member to the cost member (since the old cost is now irrelevant).  Thus, calling findMinCost twice
+		// selects first based on argument cost, then on conversion cost.
+		AltList minArgCost;
+		findMinCost( candidates.begin(), candidates.end(), std::back_inserter( minArgCost ) );
+		findMinCost( minArgCost.begin(), minArgCost.end(), std::back_inserter( alternatives ) );
+	}
 } // namespace ResolvExpr
 
Index: src/ResolvExpr/AlternativeFinder.h
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/AlternativeFinder.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/AlternativeFinder.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -73,4 +73,5 @@
 		virtual void visit( UniqueExpr *unqExpr );
 		virtual void visit( StmtExpr *stmtExpr );
+		virtual void visit( UntypedInitExpr *initExpr );
 		/// Runs a new alternative finder on each element in [begin, end)
 		/// and writes each alternative finder to out.
Index: src/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+//
+// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
+//
+// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
+// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
+//
+// CurrentObject.h --
+//
+// Author           : Rob Schluntz
+// Created On       : Tue Jun 13 15:28:32 2017
+// Last Modified By : Rob Schluntz
+// Last Modified On : Tue Jun 13 15:28:44 2017
+// Update Count     : 2
+//
+
+#include <stack>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "CurrentObject.h"
+
+#include "SynTree/Declaration.h"
+#include "SynTree/Initializer.h"
+#include "SynTree/Type.h"
+#include "SynTree/TypeSubstitution.h"
+
+#if 0
+#define PRINT(x) x
+#else
+#define PRINT(x)
+#endif
+
+namespace ResolvExpr {
+	long long int getConstValue( ConstantExpr * constExpr ) {
+		if ( BasicType * basicType = dynamic_cast< BasicType * >( constExpr->get_result() ) ) {
+			if ( basicType->isInteger() ) {
+				return constExpr->get_constant()->get_ival();
+			} else {
+				assertf( false, "Non-integer constant expression in getConstValue", toString( constExpr ).c_str() ); // xxx - might be semantic error
+			}
+		} else if ( dynamic_cast< OneType * >( constExpr->get_result() ) ) {
+			return 1;
+		} else if ( dynamic_cast< ZeroType * >( constExpr->get_result() ) ) {
+			return 0;
+		} else {
+			assertf( false, "unhandled type on getConstValue %s", toString( constExpr->get_result() ).c_str() ); // xxx - might be semantic error
+		}
+	}
+
+	struct Indenter {
+		static const int amt = 2;
+		unsigned int indent = 0;
+
+		Indenter & operator+=(int nlevels) { indent += amt*nlevels; return *this; }
+		Indenter & operator-=(int nlevels) { indent -= amt*nlevels; return *this; }
+		Indenter operator+(int nlevels) { Indenter indenter = *this; return indenter += nlevels; }
+		Indenter operator-(int nlevels) { Indenter indenter = *this; return indenter -= nlevels; }
+		Indenter & operator++() { return *this += 1; }
+		Indenter & operator--() { return *this -= 1; }
+	};
+	std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, Indenter & indent ) {
+		return out << std::string(indent.indent, ' ');
+	}
+
+	template< typename AggrInst >
+	TypeSubstitution makeGenericSubstitution( AggrInst * inst ) {
+		assert( inst );
+		assert( inst->get_baseParameters() );
+		std::list< TypeDecl * > baseParams = *inst->get_baseParameters();
+		std::list< Expression * > typeSubs = inst->get_parameters();
+		TypeSubstitution subs( baseParams.begin(), baseParams.end(), typeSubs.begin() );
+		return subs;
+	}
+
+	TypeSubstitution makeGenericSubstitution( Type * type ) {
+		if ( StructInstType * inst = dynamic_cast< StructInstType * >( type ) ) {
+			return makeGenericSubstitution( inst );
+		} else if ( UnionInstType * inst = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType * >( type ) ) {
+			return makeGenericSubstitution( inst );
+		} else {
+			return TypeSubstitution();
+		}
+	}
+
+	class MemberIterator {
+	public:
+		virtual ~MemberIterator() {}
+
+		virtual void setPosition( std::list< Expression * > & designators ) = 0;
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> operator*() const = 0;
+		virtual operator bool() const = 0;
+		virtual MemberIterator & bigStep() = 0;
+		virtual MemberIterator & smallStep() = 0;
+		virtual Type * getType() = 0;
+		virtual Type * getNext() = 0;
+
+		virtual void print( std::ostream & out, Indenter indent ) const = 0;
+
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> first() const = 0; // should be protected
+	};
+
+	std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, const MemberIterator & it) {
+		Indenter indenter;
+		it.print( out, indenter );
+		return out;
+	}
+
+	/// create a new MemberIterator that traverses a type correctly
+	MemberIterator * createMemberIterator( Type * type );
+
+	/// iterates "other" types, e.g. basic types, pointer types, etc. which do not change at list initializer entry
+	class SimpleIterator : public MemberIterator {
+	public:
+		SimpleIterator( Type * type ) : type( type ) {}
+
+		virtual void setPosition( std::list< Expression * > & designators ) {
+			assertf( designators.empty(), "simple iterator given non-empty designator..." ); // xxx - might be semantic error
+		}
+
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> operator*() const { return first(); }
+		virtual operator bool() const { return type; }
+
+		// big step is the same as small step
+		virtual MemberIterator & bigStep() { return smallStep(); }
+		virtual MemberIterator & smallStep() {
+			type = nullptr;  // type is nullified on increment since SimpleIterators do not have members
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		virtual void print( std::ostream & out, Indenter indent ) const {
+			out << "SimpleIterator(" << type << ")";
+		}
+
+		virtual Type * getType() { return type; }
+		virtual Type * getNext() { return type; }
+
+	protected:
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> first() const {
+			if ( type ) return std::list<InitAlternative>{ { type->clone(), new Designation( {} ) } };
+			else return std::list<InitAlternative>{};
+		}
+	private:
+		Type * type = nullptr;
+	};
+
+	class ArrayIterator : public MemberIterator {
+	public:
+		ArrayIterator( ArrayType * at ) : array( at ) {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "Creating array iterator: " << at << std::endl; )
+			base = at->get_base();
+			memberIter = createMemberIterator( base );
+			setSize( at->get_dimension() );
+		}
+
+		~ArrayIterator() {
+			delete memberIter;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		void setSize( Expression * expr ) {
+			if ( ConstantExpr * constExpr = dynamic_cast< ConstantExpr * >( expr ) ) {
+				size = getConstValue( constExpr );
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "array type with size: " << size << std::endl; )
+			}	else if ( CastExpr * castExpr = dynamic_cast< CastExpr * >( expr ) ) {
+				setSize( castExpr->get_arg() ); // xxx - need to perform the conversion specified by the cast
+			} else {
+				assertf( false, "unhandled expression in setSize: %s", toString( expr ).c_str() ); // xxx - if not a constant expression, it's not simple to determine how long the array actually is, which is necessary for initialization to be done correctly -- fix this
+			}
+		}
+
+	public:
+		void setPosition( Expression * expr ) {
+			// need to permit integer-constant-expressions, including: integer constants, enumeration constants, character constants, sizeof expressions, _Alignof expressions, cast expressions
+			if ( ConstantExpr * constExpr = dynamic_cast< ConstantExpr * >( expr ) ) {
+				index = getConstValue( constExpr );
+			} else if ( CastExpr * castExpr = dynamic_cast< CastExpr * >( expr ) ) {
+				setPosition( castExpr->get_arg() );
+			} else if ( VariableExpr * varExpr = dynamic_cast< VariableExpr * >( expr ) ) {
+				assertf( dynamic_cast<EnumInstType *> ( varExpr->get_result() ), "ArrayIterator given variable that isn't an enum constant", toString( expr ).c_str() );
+				index = 0; // xxx - get actual value of enum constant
+			} else if ( dynamic_cast< SizeofExpr * >( expr ) || dynamic_cast< AlignofExpr * >( expr ) ) {
+				index = 0; // xxx - get actual sizeof/alignof value?
+			} else {
+				assertf( false, "bad designator given to ArrayIterator: %s", toString( expr ).c_str() );
+			}
+		}
+
+		virtual void setPosition( std::list< Expression * > & designators ) {
+			if ( ! designators.empty() ) {
+				setPosition( designators.front() );
+				designators.pop_front();
+				memberIter->setPosition( designators );
+			}
+		}
+
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> operator*() const {
+			return first();
+		}
+
+		virtual operator bool() const { return index < size; }
+
+		virtual MemberIterator & bigStep() {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "bigStep in ArrayIterator (" << index << "/" << size << ")" << std::endl; )
+			++index;
+			delete memberIter;
+			if ( index < size ) memberIter = createMemberIterator( base );
+			else memberIter = nullptr;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		virtual MemberIterator & smallStep() {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "smallStep in ArrayIterator (" << index << "/" << size << ")" << std::endl; )
+			if ( memberIter ) {
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "has member iter: " << *memberIter << std::endl; )
+				memberIter->smallStep();
+				if ( *memberIter ) {
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "has valid member iter" << std::endl; )
+					return *this;
+				}
+			}
+			return bigStep();
+		}
+
+		virtual Type * getType() { return array; }
+		virtual Type * getNext() { return base; }
+
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> first() const {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "first in ArrayIterator (" << index << "/" << size << ")" << std::endl; )
+			if ( memberIter && *memberIter ) {
+				std::list<InitAlternative> ret = memberIter->first();
+				for ( InitAlternative & alt : ret ) {
+					alt.designation->get_designators().push_front( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_ulong( index ) ) );
+				}
+				return ret;
+			}
+			return std::list<InitAlternative>();
+		}
+
+		virtual void print( std::ostream & out, Indenter indent ) const {
+			out << "ArrayIterator(Array of " << base << ")";
+			if ( memberIter ) {
+				Indenter childIndent = indent+1;
+				out << std::endl << childIndent;
+				memberIter->print( out, childIndent );
+			}
+		}
+
+	private:
+		ArrayType * array = nullptr;
+		Type * base = nullptr;
+		size_t index = 0;
+		size_t size = 0;
+		MemberIterator * memberIter = nullptr;
+	};
+
+	class AggregateIterator : public MemberIterator {
+	public:
+		typedef std::list<Declaration *> MemberList;
+		typedef MemberList::const_iterator iterator;
+		std::string kind = ""; // for debug
+		std::string name;
+		Type * inst = nullptr;
+		const MemberList & members;
+		iterator curMember;
+		bool atbegin = true; // false at first {small,big}Step -- this aggr type is only added to the possibilities at the beginning
+		Type * curType = nullptr;
+		MemberIterator * memberIter = nullptr;
+		mutable TypeSubstitution sub;
+
+		AggregateIterator( const std::string & kind, const std::string & name, Type * inst, const MemberList & members ) : kind( kind ), name( name ), inst( inst ), members( members ), curMember( members.begin() ), sub( makeGenericSubstitution( inst ) ) {
+			init();
+		}
+
+		virtual ~AggregateIterator() {
+			delete memberIter;
+		}
+
+		bool init() {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "--init()--" << members.size() << std::endl; )
+			if ( curMember != members.end() ) {
+				if ( ObjectDecl * field = dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl * >( *curMember ) ) {
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "incremented to field: " << field << std::endl; )
+					curType = field->get_type();
+					memberIter = createMemberIterator( curType );
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> operator*() const {
+			if (memberIter && *memberIter) {
+				std::list<InitAlternative> ret = memberIter->first();
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "sub: " << sub << std::endl; )
+				for ( InitAlternative & alt : ret ) {
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "iterating and adding designators" << std::endl; )
+					alt.designation->get_designators().push_front( new VariableExpr( safe_dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl * >( *curMember ) ) );
+					// need to substitute for generic types, so that casts are to concrete types
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "  type is: " << alt.type; )
+					sub.apply( alt.type ); // also apply to designation??
+					PRINT( std::cerr << " ==> " << alt.type << std::endl; )
+				}
+				return ret;
+			}
+			return std::list<InitAlternative>();
+		}
+
+		virtual void setPosition( std::list< Expression * > & designators ) {
+			if ( ! designators.empty() ) {
+				if ( VariableExpr * varExpr = dynamic_cast< VariableExpr * >( designators.front() ) ) {
+					for ( curMember = members.begin(); curMember != members.end(); ++curMember ) {
+						if ( *curMember == varExpr->get_var() ) {
+							designators.pop_front();
+							delete memberIter;
+							memberIter = createMemberIterator( varExpr->get_result() );
+							curType = varExpr->get_result();
+							atbegin = curMember == members.begin() && designators.empty(); // xxx - is this the right condition for atbegin??
+							memberIter->setPosition( designators );
+							return;
+						} // if
+					} // for
+					assertf( false, "could not find member in %s: %s", kind.c_str(), toString( varExpr ).c_str() );
+				} else {
+					assertf( false, "bad designator given to %s: %s", kind.c_str(), toString( designators.front() ).c_str() );
+				} // if
+			} // if
+		}
+
+		virtual MemberIterator & smallStep() {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "smallStep in " << kind << std::endl; )
+			atbegin = false;
+			if ( memberIter ) {
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "has member iter, incrementing..." << std::endl; )
+				memberIter->smallStep();
+				if ( *memberIter ) {
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "success!" << std::endl; )
+					return *this;
+				}
+			}
+			return bigStep();
+		}
+
+		virtual Type * getType() { return inst; }
+		virtual Type * getNext() {
+			if ( memberIter && *memberIter ) return memberIter->getType(); // xxx - ??? recursive call???
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> first() const {
+			std::list<InitAlternative> ret;
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "first " << kind << std::endl; )
+			if ( memberIter && *memberIter ) { // might not need *memberIter??
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "adding children" << std::endl; )
+				ret = memberIter->first();
+				for ( InitAlternative & alt : ret ) {
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "iterating and adding designators" << std::endl; )
+					alt.designation->get_designators().push_front( new VariableExpr( safe_dynamic_cast< ObjectDecl * >( *curMember ) ) );
+				}
+			}
+			// if ( curMember == std::next( decl->get_members().begin(), 1 ) ) { // xxx - this never triggers because curMember is incremented immediately on construction
+			if ( atbegin ) { // xxx - this never triggers because curMember is incremented immediately on construction
+				// xxx - what about case of empty struct??
+				// only add self if at the very beginning of the structure
+				PRINT( std::cerr << "adding self" << std::endl; )
+				ret.push_front( { inst->clone(), new Designation( {} ) } );
+			}
+			return ret;
+		}
+
+		virtual void print( std::ostream & out, Indenter indent ) const {
+			out << kind << "(" << name << ")";
+			if ( memberIter ) {
+				Indenter childIndent = indent+1;
+				out << std::endl << childIndent;
+				memberIter->print( out, childIndent );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	class UnionIterator : public AggregateIterator {
+	public:
+		UnionIterator( UnionInstType * inst ) : AggregateIterator( "UnionIterator", inst->get_name(), inst, inst->get_baseUnion()->get_members() ) {}
+
+		virtual operator bool() const { return (memberIter && *memberIter); }
+		virtual MemberIterator & bigStep() {
+			// unions only initialize one member
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "bigStep in " << kind << std::endl; )
+			atbegin = false;
+			delete memberIter;
+			memberIter = nullptr;
+			curType = nullptr;
+			curMember = members.end();
+			return *this;
+		}
+		virtual std::list<InitAlternative> first() const { return std::list<InitAlternative>{}; }
+	};
+
+	class StructIterator : public AggregateIterator {
+	public:
+		StructIterator( StructInstType * inst ) : AggregateIterator( "StructIterator", inst->get_name(), inst, inst->get_baseStruct()->get_members() ) {}
+
+		virtual operator bool() const { return curMember != members.end() || (memberIter && *memberIter); }
+
+		virtual MemberIterator & bigStep() {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "bigStep in " << kind << std::endl; )
+			atbegin = false;
+			delete memberIter;
+			memberIter = nullptr;
+			curType = nullptr;
+			for ( ; curMember != members.end(); ) {
+				++curMember;
+				if ( init() ) {
+					return *this;
+				}
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+	};
+
+	class TupleIterator : public AggregateIterator {
+	public:
+		TupleIterator( TupleType * inst ) : AggregateIterator( "TupleIterator", toString("Tuple", inst->size()), inst, inst->get_members() ) {}
+
+		virtual operator bool() const { return curMember != members.end() || (memberIter && *memberIter); }
+
+		virtual MemberIterator & bigStep() {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "bigStep in " << kind << std::endl; )
+			atbegin = false;
+			delete memberIter;
+			memberIter = nullptr;
+			curType = nullptr;
+			for ( ; curMember != members.end(); ) {
+				++curMember;
+				if ( init() ) {
+					return *this;
+				}
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+	};
+
+	MemberIterator * createMemberIterator( Type * type ) {
+		if ( ReferenceToType * aggr = dynamic_cast< ReferenceToType * >( type ) ) {
+			if ( StructInstType * sit = dynamic_cast< StructInstType * >( aggr ) ) {
+				return new StructIterator( sit );
+			} else if ( UnionInstType * uit = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType * >( aggr ) ) {
+				return new UnionIterator( uit );
+			} else {
+				assertf( dynamic_cast< TypeInstType * >( type ), "some other reftotype" );
+				return new SimpleIterator( type );
+			}
+		} else if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( type ) ) {
+			return new ArrayIterator( at );
+		} else if ( TupleType * tt = dynamic_cast< TupleType * >( type ) ) {
+			return new TupleIterator( tt );
+		} else {
+			return new SimpleIterator( type );
+		}
+	}
+
+	CurrentObject::CurrentObject() {}
+	CurrentObject::CurrentObject( Type * type ) {
+		objStack.push( new SimpleIterator( type ) );
+	}
+
+
+	void CurrentObject::setNext( Designation * designation ) {
+		assertf( ! objStack.empty(), "obj stack empty in setNext" );
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "____setNext" << designation << std::endl; )
+		objStack.top()->setPosition( designation->get_designators() );
+	}
+
+	Designation * CurrentObject::findNext( Designation * designation ) {
+		typedef std::list< Expression * > DesignatorChain;
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "___findNext" << std::endl; )
+		// find all the d's
+		std::list<DesignatorChain> desigAlts{ { } }, newDesigAlts;
+		std::list<Type *> curTypes { (objStack.top())->getType() }, newTypes;
+		for ( Expression * expr : designation->get_designators() ) {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << "____untyped: " << expr << std::endl; )
+			std::list<DesignatorChain>::iterator dit = desigAlts.begin();
+			if ( NameExpr * nexpr = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(expr) ) {
+				for ( Type * t : curTypes ) {
+					assert( dit != desigAlts.end() );
+					DesignatorChain & d = *dit;
+					PRINT( std::cerr << "____actual: " << t << std::endl; )
+					ReferenceToType * refType = dynamic_cast<ReferenceToType *>(t);
+					std::list<Declaration *> members;
+					if ( refType ) {
+						refType->lookup( nexpr->get_name(), members ); // concatenate identical field name
+						// xxx - need to also include anonymous members in this somehow...
+						for ( Declaration * mem: members ) {
+							if ( ObjectDecl * field = dynamic_cast<ObjectDecl *>(mem) ) {
+								PRINT( std::cerr << "____alt: " << field->get_type() << std::endl; )
+								DesignatorChain newD = d;
+								newD.push_back( new VariableExpr( field ) );
+								newDesigAlts.push_back( newD );
+								newTypes.push_back( field->get_type() );
+							} // if
+						} // for
+					} // if
+					++dit;
+				} // for
+			} else {
+				for ( Type * t : curTypes ) {
+					assert( dit != desigAlts.end() );
+					DesignatorChain & d = *dit;
+					if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * > ( t ) ) {
+						PRINT( std::cerr << "____alt: " << at->get_base() << std::endl; )
+						d.push_back( expr );
+						newDesigAlts.push_back( d );
+						newTypes.push_back( at->get_base() );
+					}
+					++dit;
+				} // for
+			} // if
+			desigAlts = newDesigAlts;
+			newDesigAlts.clear();
+			curTypes = newTypes;
+			newTypes.clear();
+			assertf( desigAlts.size() == curTypes.size(), "Designator alternatives (%d) and current types (%d) out of sync", desigAlts.size(), curTypes.size() );
+		} // for
+		if ( desigAlts.size() > 1 ) {
+			throw SemanticError( toString("Too many alternatives (", desigAlts.size(), ") for designation: "), designation );
+		} else if ( desigAlts.size() == 0 ) {
+			throw SemanticError( "No reasonable alternatives for designation: ", designation );
+		}
+		DesignatorChain & d = desigAlts.back();
+		PRINT( for ( Expression * expr : d ) {
+			std::cerr << "____desig: " << expr << std::endl;
+		} ) // for
+		assertf( ! curTypes.empty(), "empty designator chosen");
+
+		// set new designators
+		assertf( ! objStack.empty(), "empty object stack when setting designation" );
+		Designation * actualDesignation = new Designation( d );
+		objStack.top()->setPosition( d ); // destroys d
+		return actualDesignation;
+	}
+
+	void CurrentObject::increment() {
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "____increment" << std::endl; )
+		if ( ! objStack.empty() ) {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << *objStack.top() << std::endl; )
+			objStack.top()->smallStep();
+		}
+	}
+
+	void CurrentObject::enterListInit() {
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "____entering list init" << std::endl; )
+		assertf( ! objStack.empty(), "empty obj stack entering list init" );
+		Type * type = objStack.top()->getNext();
+		if ( type ) {
+			objStack.push( createMemberIterator( type ) );
+		} else {
+			assertf( false, "not sure about this case..." );
+		}
+	}
+
+	void CurrentObject::exitListInit() {
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "____exiting list init" << std::endl; )
+		assertf( ! objStack.empty(), "objstack empty" );
+		delete objStack.top();
+		objStack.pop();
+		if ( ! objStack.empty() ) {
+			PRINT( std::cerr << *objStack.top() << std::endl; )
+			objStack.top()->bigStep();
+		}
+	}
+
+	std::list< InitAlternative > CurrentObject::getOptions() {
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "____getting current options" << std::endl; )
+		assertf( ! objStack.empty(), "objstack empty in getOptions" );
+		return **objStack.top();
+	}
+
+	Type * CurrentObject::getCurrentType() {
+		PRINT( std::cerr << "____getting current type" << std::endl; )
+		assertf( ! objStack.empty(), "objstack empty in getCurrentType" );
+		return objStack.top()->getNext();
+	}
+} // namespace ResolvExpr
+
+// Local Variables: //
+// tab-width: 4 //
+// mode: c++ //
+// compile-command: "make install" //
+// End: //
Index: src/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.h
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+//
+// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
+//
+// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
+// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
+//
+// CurrentObject.h --
+//
+// Author           : Rob Schluntz
+// Created On       : Thu Jun  8 11:07:25 2017
+// Last Modified By : Rob Schluntz
+// Last Modified On : Thu Jun  8 11:07:41 2017
+// Update Count     : 2
+//
+
+#ifndef CURRENT_OBJECT_H
+#define CURRENT_OBJECT_H
+
+#include <stack>
+
+#include "SynTree/SynTree.h"
+#include "SynTree/Expression.h"
+
+namespace ResolvExpr {
+	class MemberIterator;
+
+	class CurrentObject {
+	public:
+		CurrentObject();
+		CurrentObject( Type * type );
+
+		/// resolves unresolved designation
+		Designation * findNext( Designation * designation );
+		/// sets current position using resolved designation
+		void setNext( Designation * designation );
+		/// steps to next sub-object of current-object
+		void increment();
+		/// sets new current-object for the duration of this brace-enclosed initializer-list
+		void enterListInit();
+		/// restores previous current-object
+		void exitListInit();
+		/// produces a list of alternatives (Type *, Designation *) for the current sub-object's initializer
+		std::list< InitAlternative > getOptions();
+		/// produces the type of the current object but no subobjects
+		Type * getCurrentType();
+
+	private:
+		std::stack< MemberIterator * > objStack;
+	};
+} // namespace ResolvExpr
+
+#endif // CURRENT_OBJECT_H
+
+// Local Variables: //
+// tab-width: 4 //
+// mode: c++ //
+// compile-command: "make install" //
+// End: //
+
Index: src/ResolvExpr/Resolver.cc
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/Resolver.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/Resolver.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -14,20 +14,26 @@
 //
 
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "Alternative.h"
+#include "AlternativeFinder.h"
+#include "CurrentObject.h"
+#include "RenameVars.h"
 #include "Resolver.h"
-#include "AlternativeFinder.h"
-#include "Alternative.h"
-#include "RenameVars.h"
 #include "ResolveTypeof.h"
 #include "typeops.h"
+
+#include "SynTree/Expression.h"
+#include "SynTree/Initializer.h"
 #include "SynTree/Statement.h"
 #include "SynTree/Type.h"
-#include "SynTree/Expression.h"
-#include "SynTree/Initializer.h"
+
+#include "SymTab/Autogen.h"
 #include "SymTab/Indexer.h"
-#include "SymTab/Autogen.h"
+
 #include "Common/utility.h"
+
 #include "InitTweak/InitTweak.h"
 
-#include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -39,5 +45,5 @@
 			if ( const Resolver * res = dynamic_cast< const Resolver * >( &other ) ) {
 				functionReturn = res->functionReturn;
-				initContext = res->initContext;
+				currentObject = res->currentObject;
 				inEnumDecl = res->inEnumDecl;
 			}
@@ -64,4 +70,5 @@
 		virtual void visit( BranchStmt *branchStmt ) override;
 		virtual void visit( ReturnStmt *returnStmt ) override;
+		virtual void visit( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) override;
 
 		virtual void visit( SingleInit *singleInit ) override;
@@ -79,5 +86,5 @@
 
 		Type * functionReturn = nullptr;
-		Type *initContext = nullptr;
+		CurrentObject currentObject = nullptr;
 		bool inEnumDecl = false;
 	};
@@ -186,17 +193,16 @@
 		// each value of initContext is retained, so the type on the first analysis is preserved and used for selecting
 		// the RHS.
-		Type *temp = initContext;
-		initContext = new_type;
-		if ( inEnumDecl && dynamic_cast< EnumInstType * >( initContext ) ) {
+		ValueGuard<CurrentObject> temp( currentObject );
+		currentObject = CurrentObject( objectDecl->get_type() );
+		if ( inEnumDecl && dynamic_cast< EnumInstType * >( objectDecl->get_type() ) ) {
 			// enumerator initializers should not use the enum type to initialize, since
 			// the enum type is still incomplete at this point. Use signed int instead.
-			initContext = new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt );
+			currentObject = CurrentObject( new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) );
 		}
 		Parent::visit( objectDecl );
-		if ( inEnumDecl && dynamic_cast< EnumInstType * >( initContext ) ) {
+		if ( inEnumDecl && dynamic_cast< EnumInstType * >( objectDecl->get_type() ) ) {
 			// delete newly created signed int type
-			delete initContext;
-		}
-		initContext = temp;
+			// delete currentObject.getType();
+		}
 	}
 
@@ -315,5 +321,5 @@
 
 	void Resolver::visit( SwitchStmt *switchStmt ) {
-		ValueGuard< Type * > oldInitContext( initContext );
+		ValueGuard< CurrentObject > oldCurrentObject( currentObject );
 		Expression *newExpr;
 		newExpr = findIntegralExpression( switchStmt->get_condition(), *this );
@@ -321,5 +327,5 @@
 		switchStmt->set_condition( newExpr );
 
-		initContext = newExpr->get_result();
+		currentObject = CurrentObject( newExpr->get_result() );
 		Parent::visit( switchStmt );
 	}
@@ -327,6 +333,7 @@
 	void Resolver::visit( CaseStmt *caseStmt ) {
 		if ( caseStmt->get_condition() ) {
-			assert( initContext );
-			CastExpr * castExpr = new CastExpr( caseStmt->get_condition(), initContext->clone() );
+			std::list< InitAlternative > initAlts = currentObject.getOptions();
+			assertf( initAlts.size() == 1, "SwitchStmt did not correctly resolve an integral expression." );
+			CastExpr * castExpr = new CastExpr( caseStmt->get_condition(), initAlts.front().type->clone() );
 			Expression * newExpr = findSingleExpression( castExpr, *this );
 			castExpr = safe_dynamic_cast< CastExpr * >( newExpr );
@@ -360,4 +367,12 @@
 	}
 
+	void Resolver::visit( ThrowStmt *throwStmt ) {
+		if ( throwStmt->get_expr() ) {
+			Expression * wrapped = new CastExpr( throwStmt->get_expr(), new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ) );
+			Expression * newExpr = findSingleExpression( wrapped, *this );
+			throwStmt->set_expr( newExpr );
+		}
+	}
+
 	template< typename T >
 	bool isCharType( T t ) {
@@ -370,205 +385,75 @@
 
 	void Resolver::visit( SingleInit *singleInit ) {
-		if ( singleInit->get_value() ) {
-			// // find all the d's
-			// std::list<Expression *> &designators = singleInit->get_designators();
-			// std::list<Type *> types1{ initContext }, types2;
-			// for ( Expression * expr: designators ) {
-			// 	cerr << expr << endl;
-			// 	if ( NameExpr * nexpr = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>( expr ) ) {
-			// 		for ( Type * type: types1 ) {
-			// 			cerr << type << endl;
-			// 			ReferenceToType * fred = dynamic_cast<ReferenceToType *>(type);
-			// 			std::list<Declaration *> members;
-			// 			if ( fred ) {
-			// 				fred->lookup( nexpr->get_name(), members ); // concatenate identical field name
-			// 				for ( Declaration * mem: members ) {
-			// 					if ( DeclarationWithType * dwt = dynamic_cast<DeclarationWithType *>(mem) ) {
-			// 						types2.push_back( dwt->get_type() );
-			// 					} // if
-			// 				} // for
-			// 			} // if
-			// 		} // for
-			// 		types1 = types2;
-			// 		types2.clear();
-			// 	} // if
-			// } // for
-			// // for ( Type * type: types1 ) {
-			// // 	cerr << type << endl;
-			// // } // for
-
-			// // O(N^2) checks of d-types with f-types
-			// // find the minimum cost
-			CastExpr *castExpr = new CastExpr( singleInit->get_value(), initContext->clone() );
-			Expression *newExpr = findSingleExpression( castExpr, *this );
-			delete castExpr;
-			singleInit->set_value( newExpr );
-
-			// check if initializing type is char[]
-			if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( initContext ) ) {
-				if ( isCharType( at->get_base() ) ) {
-					// check if the resolved type is char *
-					if ( PointerType * pt = dynamic_cast< PointerType *>( newExpr->get_result() ) ) {
-						if ( isCharType( pt->get_base() ) ) {
-							// strip cast if we're initializing a char[] with a char *, e.g.  char x[] = "hello";
-							CastExpr *ce = dynamic_cast< CastExpr * >( newExpr );
-							singleInit->set_value( ce->get_arg() );
-							ce->set_arg( NULL );
-							delete ce;
-						}
+		// resolve initialization using the possibilities as determined by the currentObject cursor
+		UntypedInitExpr * untyped = new UntypedInitExpr( singleInit->get_value(), currentObject.getOptions() );
+		Expression * newExpr = findSingleExpression( untyped, *this );
+		InitExpr * initExpr = safe_dynamic_cast< InitExpr * >( newExpr );
+
+		// move cursor to the object that is actually initialized
+		currentObject.setNext( initExpr->get_designation() );
+
+		// discard InitExpr wrapper and retain relevant pieces
+		newExpr = initExpr->get_expr();
+		newExpr->set_env( initExpr->get_env() );
+		initExpr->set_expr( nullptr );
+		initExpr->set_env( nullptr );
+		delete initExpr;
+
+		// get the actual object's type (may not exactly match what comes back from the resolver due to conversions)
+		Type * initContext = currentObject.getCurrentType();
+
+		// check if actual object's type is char[]
+		if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( initContext ) ) {
+			if ( isCharType( at->get_base() ) ) {
+				// check if the resolved type is char *
+				if ( PointerType * pt = dynamic_cast< PointerType *>( newExpr->get_result() ) ) {
+					if ( isCharType( pt->get_base() ) ) {
+						// strip cast if we're initializing a char[] with a char *, e.g.  char x[] = "hello";
+						CastExpr *ce = safe_dynamic_cast< CastExpr * >( newExpr );
+						newExpr = ce->get_arg();
+						ce->set_arg( nullptr );
+						delete ce;
 					}
 				}
 			}
-		} // if
-	}
-
-	template< typename AggrInst >
-	TypeSubstitution makeGenericSubstitutuion( AggrInst * inst ) {
-		assert( inst );
-		assert( inst->get_baseParameters() );
-		std::list< TypeDecl * > baseParams = *inst->get_baseParameters();
-		std::list< Expression * > typeSubs = inst->get_parameters();
-		TypeSubstitution subs( baseParams.begin(), baseParams.end(), typeSubs.begin() );
-		return subs;
-	}
-
-	ReferenceToType * isStructOrUnion( Type * type ) {
-		if ( StructInstType * sit = dynamic_cast< StructInstType * >( type ) ) {
-			return sit;
-		} else if ( UnionInstType * uit = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType * >( type ) ) {
-			return uit;
-		}
-		return nullptr;
-	}
-
-	void Resolver::resolveSingleAggrInit( Declaration * dcl, InitIterator & init, InitIterator & initEnd, TypeSubstitution sub ) {
-		DeclarationWithType * dt = dynamic_cast< DeclarationWithType * >( dcl );
-		assert( dt );
-		// need to substitute for generic types, so that casts are to concrete types
-		initContext = dt->get_type()->clone();
-		sub.apply( initContext );
-
-		try {
-			if ( init == initEnd ) return; // stop when there are no more initializers
-			(*init)->accept( *this );
-			++init; // made it past an initializer
-		} catch( SemanticError & ) {
-			// need to delve deeper, if you can
-			if ( ReferenceToType * type = isStructOrUnion( initContext ) ) {
-				resolveAggrInit( type, init, initEnd );
-			} else {
-				// member is not an aggregate type, so can't go any deeper
-
-				// might need to rethink what is being thrown
-				throw;
-			} // if
-		}
-	}
-
-	void Resolver::resolveAggrInit( ReferenceToType * inst, InitIterator & init, InitIterator & initEnd ) {
-		if ( StructInstType * sit = dynamic_cast< StructInstType * >( inst ) ) {
-			TypeSubstitution sub = makeGenericSubstitutuion( sit );
-			StructDecl * st = sit->get_baseStruct();
-			if(st->get_members().empty()) return;
-			// want to resolve each initializer to the members of the struct,
-			// but if there are more initializers than members we should stop
-			list< Declaration * >::iterator it = st->get_members().begin();
-			for ( ; it != st->get_members().end(); ++it) {
-				resolveSingleAggrInit( *it, init, initEnd, sub );
-			}
-		} else if ( UnionInstType * uit = dynamic_cast< UnionInstType * >( inst ) ) {
-			TypeSubstitution sub = makeGenericSubstitutuion( uit );
-			UnionDecl * un = uit->get_baseUnion();
-			if(un->get_members().empty()) return;
-			// only resolve to the first member of a union
-			resolveSingleAggrInit( *un->get_members().begin(), init, initEnd, sub );
-		} // if
+		}
+
+		// set initializer expr to resolved express
+		singleInit->set_value( newExpr );
+
+		// move cursor to next object in preparation for next initializer
+		currentObject.increment();
 	}
 
 	void Resolver::visit( ListInit * listInit ) {
-		InitIterator iter = listInit->begin();
-		InitIterator end = listInit->end();
-
-		if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( initContext ) ) {
-			// resolve each member to the base type of the array
-			for ( ; iter != end; ++iter ) {
-				initContext = at->get_base();
-				(*iter)->accept( *this );
-			} // for
-		} else if ( TupleType * tt = dynamic_cast< TupleType * > ( initContext ) ) {
-			for ( Type * t : *tt ) {
-				if ( iter == end ) break;
-				initContext = t;
-				(*iter++)->accept( *this );
-			}
-		} else if ( ReferenceToType * type = isStructOrUnion( initContext ) ) {
-			resolveAggrInit( type, iter, end );
-		} else if ( TypeInstType * tt = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType * >( initContext ) ) {
-			Type * base = tt->get_baseType()->get_base();
-			if ( base ) {
-				// know the implementation type, so try using that as the initContext
-				initContext = base;
-				visit( listInit );
-			} else {
-				// missing implementation type -- might be an unknown type variable, so try proceeding with the current init context
-				Parent::visit( listInit );
-			}
-		} else {
-			assert( dynamic_cast< BasicType * >( initContext ) || dynamic_cast< PointerType * >( initContext )
-			        || dynamic_cast< ZeroType * >( initContext ) || dynamic_cast< OneType * >( initContext ) || dynamic_cast < EnumInstType * > ( initContext ) );
-			// basic types are handled here
-			Parent::visit( listInit );
-		}
-
-#if 0
-		if ( ArrayType *at = dynamic_cast<ArrayType*>(initContext) ) {
-			std::list<Initializer *>::iterator iter( listInit->begin_initializers() );
-			for ( ; iter != listInit->end_initializers(); ++iter ) {
-				initContext = at->get_base();
-				(*iter)->accept( *this );
-			} // for
-		} else if ( StructInstType *st = dynamic_cast<StructInstType*>(initContext) ) {
-			StructDecl *baseStruct = st->get_baseStruct();
-			std::list<Declaration *>::iterator iter1( baseStruct->get_members().begin() );
-			std::list<Initializer *>::iterator iter2( listInit->begin_initializers() );
-			for ( ; iter1 != baseStruct->get_members().end() && iter2 != listInit->end_initializers(); ++iter2 ) {
-				if ( (*iter2)->get_designators().empty() ) {
-					DeclarationWithType *dt = dynamic_cast<DeclarationWithType *>( *iter1 );
-					initContext = dt->get_type();
-					(*iter2)->accept( *this );
-					++iter1;
-				} else {
-					StructDecl *st = baseStruct;
-					iter1 = st->get_members().begin();
-					std::list<Expression *>::iterator iter3( (*iter2)->get_designators().begin() );
-					for ( ; iter3 != (*iter2)->get_designators().end(); ++iter3 ) {
-						NameExpr *key = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>( *iter3 );
-						assert( key );
-						for ( ; iter1 != st->get_members().end(); ++iter1 ) {
-							if ( key->get_name() == (*iter1)->get_name() ) {
-								(*iter1)->print( cout );
-								cout << key->get_name() << endl;
-								ObjectDecl *fred = dynamic_cast<ObjectDecl *>( *iter1 );
-								assert( fred );
-								StructInstType *mary = dynamic_cast<StructInstType*>( fred->get_type() );
-								assert( mary );
-								st = mary->get_baseStruct();
-								iter1 = st->get_members().begin();
-								break;
-							} // if
-						}  // for
-					} // for
-					ObjectDecl *fred = dynamic_cast<ObjectDecl *>( *iter1 );
-					assert( fred );
-					initContext = fred->get_type();
-					(*listInit->begin_initializers())->accept( *this );
-				} // if
-			} // for
-		} else if ( UnionInstType *st = dynamic_cast<UnionInstType*>(initContext) ) {
-			DeclarationWithType *dt = dynamic_cast<DeclarationWithType *>( *st->get_baseUnion()->get_members().begin() );
-			initContext = dt->get_type();
-			(*listInit->begin_initializers())->accept( *this );
-		} // if
-#endif
+		// move cursor into brace-enclosed initializer-list
+		currentObject.enterListInit();
+		// xxx - fix this so that the list isn't copied, iterator should be used to change current element
+		std::list<Designation *> newDesignations;
+		for ( auto p : group_iterate(listInit->get_designations(), listInit->get_initializers()) ) {
+			// iterate designations and initializers in pairs, moving the cursor to the current designated object and resolving
+			// the initializer against that object.
+			Designation * des = std::get<0>(p);
+			Initializer * init = std::get<1>(p);
+			newDesignations.push_back( currentObject.findNext( des ) );
+			init->accept( *this );
+		}
+		// set the set of 'resolved' designations and leave the brace-enclosed initializer-list
+		listInit->get_designations() = newDesignations; // xxx - memory management
+		currentObject.exitListInit();
+
+		// xxx - this part has not be folded into CurrentObject yet
+		// } else if ( TypeInstType * tt = dynamic_cast< TypeInstType * >( initContext ) ) {
+		// 	Type * base = tt->get_baseType()->get_base();
+		// 	if ( base ) {
+		// 		// know the implementation type, so try using that as the initContext
+		// 		ObjectDecl tmpObj( "", Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, base->clone(), nullptr );
+		// 		currentObject = &tmpObj;
+		// 		visit( listInit );
+		// 	} else {
+		// 		// missing implementation type -- might be an unknown type variable, so try proceeding with the current init context
+		// 		Parent::visit( listInit );
+		// 	}
+		// } else {
 	}
 
Index: src/ResolvExpr/Unify.cc
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/Unify.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/Unify.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@
 			} else if ( tupleParam ) {
 				// bundle other parameters into tuple to match
-				TupleType* binder = new TupleType{ paramTy->get_qualifiers() };
+				std::list< Type * > binderTypes;
 
 				do {
-					binder->get_types().push_back( otherParam->get_type()->clone() );
+					binderTypes.push_back( otherParam->get_type()->clone() );
 					++jt;
 
@@ -618,12 +618,12 @@
 				} while (true);
 
-				otherParamTy = binder;
+				otherParamTy = new TupleType{ paramTy->get_qualifiers(), binderTypes };
 				++it;  // skip ttype parameter for break
 			} else if ( otherTupleParam ) {
 				// bundle parameters into tuple to match other
-				TupleType* binder = new TupleType{ otherParamTy->get_qualifiers() };
+				std::list< Type * > binderTypes;
 
 				do {
-					binder->get_types().push_back( param->get_type()->clone() );
+					binderTypes.push_back( param->get_type()->clone() );
 					++it;
 
@@ -634,5 +634,5 @@
 				} while (true);
 
-				paramTy = binder;
+				paramTy = new TupleType{ otherParamTy->get_qualifiers(), binderTypes };
 				++jt;  // skip ttype parameter for break
 			}
@@ -756,9 +756,9 @@
 			return function->get_returnVals().front()->get_type()->clone();
 		} else {
-			TupleType * tupleType = new TupleType( Type::Qualifiers() );
+			std::list< Type * > types;
 			for ( DeclarationWithType * decl : function->get_returnVals() ) {
-				tupleType->get_types().push_back( decl->get_type()->clone() );
+				types.push_back( decl->get_type()->clone() );
 			} // for
-			return tupleType;
+			return new TupleType( Type::Qualifiers(), types );
 		}
 	}
Index: src/ResolvExpr/module.mk
===================================================================
--- src/ResolvExpr/module.mk	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/ResolvExpr/module.mk	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@
 ## file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
 ##
-## module.mk -- 
+## module.mk --
 ##
 ## Author           : Richard C. Bilson
@@ -31,3 +31,4 @@
        ResolvExpr/PolyCost.cc \
        ResolvExpr/Occurs.cc \
-       ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc
+       ResolvExpr/TypeEnvironment.cc \
+       ResolvExpr/CurrentObject.cc
Index: src/SymTab/Autogen.h
===================================================================
--- src/SymTab/Autogen.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SymTab/Autogen.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -25,21 +25,21 @@
 
 namespace SymTab {
-    /// Generates assignment operators, constructors, and destructor for aggregate types as required
-    void autogenerateRoutines( std::list< Declaration * > &translationUnit );
+	/// Generates assignment operators, constructors, and destructor for aggregate types as required
+	void autogenerateRoutines( std::list< Declaration * > &translationUnit );
 
-    /// returns true if obj's name is the empty string and it has a bitfield width
-    bool isUnnamedBitfield( ObjectDecl * obj );
+	/// returns true if obj's name is the empty string and it has a bitfield width
+	bool isUnnamedBitfield( ObjectDecl * obj );
 
-    /// size_t type - set when size_t typedef is seen. Useful in a few places,
-    /// such as in determining array dimension type
-    extern Type * SizeType;
+	/// size_t type - set when size_t typedef is seen. Useful in a few places,
+	/// such as in determining array dimension type
+	extern Type * SizeType;
 
-    /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and srcParam. Intended to be used with generated ?=?, ?{}, and ^?{} calls.
-    template< typename OutputIterator >
+	/// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and srcParam. Intended to be used with generated ?=?, ?{}, and ^?{} calls.
+	template< typename OutputIterator >
 	Statement * genCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, bool addCast = false, bool forward = true );
 
-    /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and srcParam. Should only be called with non-array types.
-    /// optionally returns a statement which must be inserted prior to the containing loop, if there is one
-    template< typename OutputIterator >
+	/// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam and srcParam. Should only be called with non-array types.
+	/// optionally returns a statement which must be inserted prior to the containing loop, if there is one
+	template< typename OutputIterator >
 	Statement * genScalarCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression *dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, bool addCast = false ) {
 	// want to be able to generate assignment, ctor, and dtor generically,
@@ -50,16 +50,15 @@
 	dstParam = new AddressExpr( dstParam );
 	if ( addCast ) {
-	    // cast to T* with qualifiers removed, so that qualified objects can be constructed
-	    // and destructed with the same functions as non-qualified objects.
-	    // unfortunately, lvalue is considered a qualifier. For AddressExpr to resolve, its argument
-	    // must have an lvalue qualified type, so remove all qualifiers except lvalue. If we ever
-	    // remove lvalue as a qualifier, this can change to
-	    //   type->get_qualifiers() = Type::Qualifiers();
-	    assert( type );
-	    Type * castType = type->clone();
-//			castType->get_qualifiers() -= Type::Qualifiers(true, true, true, false, true, false);
-	    castType->get_qualifiers() -= Type::Qualifiers( Type::Const | Type::Volatile | Type::Restrict | Type::Atomic );
-	    castType->set_lvalue( true ); // xxx - might not need this
-	    dstParam = new CastExpr( dstParam, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), castType ) );
+		// cast to T* with qualifiers removed, so that qualified objects can be constructed
+		// and destructed with the same functions as non-qualified objects.
+		// unfortunately, lvalue is considered a qualifier. For AddressExpr to resolve, its argument
+		// must have an lvalue qualified type, so remove all qualifiers except lvalue. If we ever
+		// remove lvalue as a qualifier, this can change to
+		//   type->get_qualifiers() = Type::Qualifiers();
+		assert( type );
+		Type * castType = type->clone();
+		castType->get_qualifiers() -= Type::Qualifiers( Type::Const | Type::Volatile | Type::Restrict | Type::Atomic );
+		castType->set_lvalue( true ); // xxx - might not need this
+		dstParam = new CastExpr( dstParam, new PointerType( Type::Qualifiers(), castType ) );
 	}
 	fExpr->get_args().push_back( dstParam );
@@ -75,103 +74,103 @@
 
 	return listInit;
-    }
-
-    /// Store in out a loop which calls fname on each element of the array with srcParam and dstParam as arguments.
-    /// If forward is true, loop goes from 0 to N-1, else N-1 to 0
-    template< typename OutputIterator >
-	void genArrayCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression *dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, ArrayType *array, bool addCast = false, bool forward = true ) {
-	static UniqueName indexName( "_index" );
-
-	// for a flexible array member nothing is done -- user must define own assignment
-	if ( ! array->get_dimension() ) return ;
-
-	Expression * begin, * end, * update, * cmp;
-	if ( forward ) {
-	    // generate: for ( int i = 0; i < N; ++i )
-	    begin = new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 0 ) );
-	    end = array->get_dimension()->clone();
-	    cmp = new NameExpr( "?<?" );
-	    update = new NameExpr( "++?" );
-	} else {
-	    // generate: for ( int i = N-1; i >= 0; --i )
-	    begin = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?-?" ) );
-	    ((UntypedExpr*)begin)->get_args().push_back( array->get_dimension()->clone() );
-	    ((UntypedExpr*)begin)->get_args().push_back( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 1 ) ) );
-	    end = new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 0 ) );
-	    cmp = new NameExpr( "?>=?" );
-	    update = new NameExpr( "--?" );
 	}
 
-	ObjectDecl *index = new ObjectDecl( indexName.newName(), Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::C, 0, new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ), new SingleInit( begin, std::list<Expression*>() ) );
+	/// Store in out a loop which calls fname on each element of the array with srcParam and dstParam as arguments.
+	/// If forward is true, loop goes from 0 to N-1, else N-1 to 0
+	template< typename OutputIterator >
+	void genArrayCall( InitTweak::InitExpander & srcParam, Expression *dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, ArrayType *array, bool addCast = false, bool forward = true ) {
+		static UniqueName indexName( "_index" );
 
-	UntypedExpr *cond = new UntypedExpr( cmp );
-	cond->get_args().push_back( new VariableExpr( index ) );
-	cond->get_args().push_back( end );
+		// for a flexible array member nothing is done -- user must define own assignment
+		if ( ! array->get_dimension() ) return ;
 
-	UntypedExpr *inc = new UntypedExpr( update );
-	inc->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( index ) ) );
+		Expression * begin, * end, * update, * cmp;
+		if ( forward ) {
+			// generate: for ( int i = 0; i < N; ++i )
+			begin = new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 0 ) );
+			end = array->get_dimension()->clone();
+			cmp = new NameExpr( "?<?" );
+			update = new NameExpr( "++?" );
+		} else {
+			// generate: for ( int i = N-1; i >= 0; --i )
+			begin = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?-?" ) );
+			((UntypedExpr*)begin)->get_args().push_back( array->get_dimension()->clone() );
+			((UntypedExpr*)begin)->get_args().push_back( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 1 ) ) );
+			end = new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 0 ) );
+			cmp = new NameExpr( "?>=?" );
+			update = new NameExpr( "--?" );
+		}
 
-	UntypedExpr *dstIndex = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?[?]" ) );
-	dstIndex->get_args().push_back( dstParam );
-	dstIndex->get_args().push_back( new VariableExpr( index ) );
-	dstParam = dstIndex;
+		ObjectDecl *index = new ObjectDecl( indexName.newName(), Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::C, 0, new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::SignedInt ), new SingleInit( begin ) );
 
-	// srcParam must keep track of the array indices to build the
-	// source parameter and/or array list initializer
-	srcParam.addArrayIndex( new VariableExpr( index ), array->get_dimension()->clone() );
+		UntypedExpr *cond = new UntypedExpr( cmp );
+		cond->get_args().push_back( new VariableExpr( index ) );
+		cond->get_args().push_back( end );
 
-	// for stmt's body, eventually containing call
-	CompoundStmt * body = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
-	Statement * listInit = genCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, back_inserter( body->get_kids() ), array->get_base(), addCast, forward );
+		UntypedExpr *inc = new UntypedExpr( update );
+		inc->get_args().push_back( new AddressExpr( new VariableExpr( index ) ) );
 
-	// block containing for stmt and index variable
-	std::list<Statement *> initList;
-	CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
-	block->get_kids().push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabels, index ) );
-	if ( listInit ) block->get_kids().push_back( listInit );
-	block->get_kids().push_back( new ForStmt( noLabels, initList, cond, inc, body ) );
+		UntypedExpr *dstIndex = new UntypedExpr( new NameExpr( "?[?]" ) );
+		dstIndex->get_args().push_back( dstParam );
+		dstIndex->get_args().push_back( new VariableExpr( index ) );
+		dstParam = dstIndex;
 
-	*out++ = block;
-    }
+		// srcParam must keep track of the array indices to build the
+		// source parameter and/or array list initializer
+		srcParam.addArrayIndex( new VariableExpr( index ), array->get_dimension()->clone() );
 
-    template< typename OutputIterator >
+		// for stmt's body, eventually containing call
+		CompoundStmt * body = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+		Statement * listInit = genCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, back_inserter( body->get_kids() ), array->get_base(), addCast, forward );
+
+		// block containing for stmt and index variable
+		std::list<Statement *> initList;
+		CompoundStmt * block = new CompoundStmt( noLabels );
+		block->get_kids().push_back( new DeclStmt( noLabels, index ) );
+		if ( listInit ) block->get_kids().push_back( listInit );
+		block->get_kids().push_back( new ForStmt( noLabels, initList, cond, inc, body ) );
+
+		*out++ = block;
+	}
+
+	template< typename OutputIterator >
 	Statement * genCall( InitTweak::InitExpander &  srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, Type * type, bool addCast, bool forward ) {
-	if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( type ) ) {
-	    genArrayCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, out, at, addCast, forward );
-	    return 0;
-	} else {
-	    return genScalarCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, out, type, addCast );
+		if ( ArrayType * at = dynamic_cast< ArrayType * >( type ) ) {
+			genArrayCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, out, at, addCast, forward );
+			return 0;
+		} else {
+			return genScalarCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, out, type, addCast );
+		}
 	}
-    }
 
-    /// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam
-    /// and srcParam. Intended to be used with generated ?=?, ?{}, and ^?{} calls. decl is the
-    /// object being constructed. The function wraps constructor and destructor calls in an
-    /// ImplicitCtorDtorStmt node.
-    template< typename OutputIterator >
+	/// inserts into out a generated call expression to function fname with arguments dstParam
+	/// and srcParam. Intended to be used with generated ?=?, ?{}, and ^?{} calls. decl is the
+	/// object being constructed. The function wraps constructor and destructor calls in an
+	/// ImplicitCtorDtorStmt node.
+	template< typename OutputIterator >
 	void genImplicitCall( InitTweak::InitExpander &  srcParam, Expression * dstParam, const std::string & fname, OutputIterator out, DeclarationWithType * decl, bool forward = true ) {
-	ObjectDecl *obj = dynamic_cast<ObjectDecl *>( decl );
-	assert( obj );
-	// unnamed bit fields are not copied as they cannot be accessed
-	if ( isUnnamedBitfield( obj ) ) return;
+		ObjectDecl *obj = dynamic_cast<ObjectDecl *>( decl );
+		assert( obj );
+		// unnamed bit fields are not copied as they cannot be accessed
+		if ( isUnnamedBitfield( obj ) ) return;
 
-	bool addCast = (fname == "?{}" || fname == "^?{}") && ( !obj || ( obj && obj->get_bitfieldWidth() == NULL ) );
-	std::list< Statement * > stmts;
-	genCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, back_inserter( stmts ), obj->get_type(), addCast, forward );
+		bool addCast = (fname == "?{}" || fname == "^?{}") && ( !obj || ( obj && obj->get_bitfieldWidth() == NULL ) );
+		std::list< Statement * > stmts;
+		genCall( srcParam, dstParam, fname, back_inserter( stmts ), obj->get_type(), addCast, forward );
 
-	// currently genCall should produce at most one element, but if that changes then the next line needs to be updated to grab the statement which contains the call
-	assert( stmts.size() <= 1 );
-	if ( stmts.size() == 1 ) {
-	    Statement * callStmt = stmts.front();
-	    if ( addCast ) {
-		// implicitly generated ctor/dtor calls should be wrapped
-		// so that later passes are aware they were generated.
-		// xxx - don't mark as an implicit ctor/dtor if obj is a bitfield,
-		// because this causes the address to be taken at codegen, which is illegal in C.
-		callStmt = new ImplicitCtorDtorStmt( callStmt );
-	    }
-	    *out++ = callStmt;
+		// currently genCall should produce at most one element, but if that changes then the next line needs to be updated to grab the statement which contains the call
+		assert( stmts.size() <= 1 );
+		if ( stmts.size() == 1 ) {
+			Statement * callStmt = stmts.front();
+			if ( addCast ) {
+				// implicitly generated ctor/dtor calls should be wrapped
+				// so that later passes are aware they were generated.
+				// xxx - don't mark as an implicit ctor/dtor if obj is a bitfield,
+				// because this causes the address to be taken at codegen, which is illegal in C.
+				callStmt = new ImplicitCtorDtorStmt( callStmt );
+			}
+			*out++ = callStmt;
+		}
 	}
-    }
 } // namespace SymTab
 #endif // AUTOGEN_H
Index: src/SymTab/ImplementationType.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SymTab/ImplementationType.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SymTab/ImplementationType.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
 // file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
 //
-// ImplementationType.cc -- 
+// ImplementationType.cc --
 //
 // Author           : Richard C. Bilson
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@
 
 	void ImplementationType::visit(TupleType *tupleType) {
-		TupleType *newType = new TupleType( Type::Qualifiers() );
+		std::list< Type * > types;
 		for ( std::list< Type* >::iterator i = tupleType->get_types().begin(); i != tupleType->get_types().end(); ++i ) {
 			Type *implType = implementationType( *i, indexer );
 			implType->get_qualifiers() |= tupleType->get_qualifiers();
-			newType->get_types().push_back( implType );
+			types.push_back( implType );
 		} // for
-		result = newType;
+		result = new TupleType( Type::Qualifiers(), types );
 	}
 
Index: src/SymTab/Indexer.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SymTab/Indexer.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SymTab/Indexer.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -652,5 +652,5 @@
 			for ( MangleTable::const_iterator decl = mangleTable.begin(); decl != mangleTable.end(); ++decl ) {
 				// check for C decls with the same name, skipping those with a compatible type (by mangleName)
-				if ( decl->second->get_linkage() == LinkageSpec::C && decl->first != mangleName ) return true;
+				if ( ! LinkageSpec::isMangled( decl->second->get_linkage() ) && decl->first != mangleName ) return true;
 			}
 		}
@@ -669,5 +669,5 @@
 				// check for C decls with the same name, skipping
 				// those with an incompatible type (by mangleName)
-				if ( decl->second->get_linkage() == LinkageSpec::C && decl->first == mangleName ) return true;
+				if ( ! LinkageSpec::isMangled( decl->second->get_linkage() ) && decl->first == mangleName ) return true;
 			}
 		}
@@ -724,5 +724,5 @@
 			// new definition shadows the autogenerated one, even at the same scope
 			return false;
-		} else if ( added->get_linkage() != LinkageSpec::C || ResolvExpr::typesCompatible( added->get_type(), existing->get_type(), Indexer() ) ) {
+		} else if ( LinkageSpec::isMangled( added->get_linkage() ) || ResolvExpr::typesCompatible( added->get_type(), existing->get_type(), Indexer() ) ) {
 			// typesCompatible doesn't really do the right thing here. When checking compatibility of function types,
 			// we should ignore outermost pointer qualifiers, except _Atomic?
@@ -765,5 +765,5 @@
 
 		// this ensures that no two declarations with the same unmangled name at the same scope both have C linkage
-		if ( decl->get_linkage() == LinkageSpec::C ) {
+		if ( ! LinkageSpec::isMangled( decl->get_linkage() ) ) {
 			// NOTE this is broken in Richard's original code in such a way that it never triggers (it
 			// doesn't check decls that have the same manglename, and all C-linkage decls are defined to
Index: src/SymTab/Validate.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SymTab/Validate.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SymTab/Validate.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -106,6 +106,5 @@
 
 	/// Fix return types so that every function returns exactly one value
-	class ReturnTypeFixer {
-	  public:
+	struct ReturnTypeFixer {
 		static void fix( std::list< Declaration * > &translationUnit );
 
@@ -115,6 +114,5 @@
 
 	/// Replaces enum types by int, and function or array types in function parameter and return lists by appropriate pointers.
-	class EnumAndPointerDecay {
-	public:
+	struct EnumAndPointerDecay {
 		void previsit( EnumDecl *aggregateDecl );
 		void previsit( FunctionType *func );
@@ -159,10 +157,9 @@
 	};
 
-	class ReturnChecker : public WithScopes {
-	  public:
+	struct ReturnChecker : public WithGuards {
 		/// Checks that return statements return nothing if their return type is void
 		/// and return something if the return type is non-void.
 		static void checkFunctionReturns( std::list< Declaration * > & translationUnit );
-	  private:
+
 		void previsit( FunctionDecl * functionDecl );
 		void previsit( ReturnStmt * returnStmt );
@@ -205,6 +202,5 @@
 	};
 
-	class VerifyCtorDtorAssign {
-	public:
+	struct VerifyCtorDtorAssign {
 		/// ensure that constructors, destructors, and assignment have at least one
 		/// parameter, the first of which must be a pointer, and that ctor/dtors have no
@@ -216,12 +212,10 @@
 
 	/// ensure that generic types have the correct number of type arguments
-	class ValidateGenericParameters {
-	public:
+	struct ValidateGenericParameters {
 		void previsit( StructInstType * inst );
 		void previsit( UnionInstType * inst );
 	};
 
-	class ArrayLength {
-	public:
+	struct ArrayLength {
 		/// for array types without an explicit length, compute the length and store it so that it
 		/// is known to the rest of the phases. For example,
@@ -236,10 +230,9 @@
 	};
 
-	class CompoundLiteral final : public GenPoly::DeclMutator {
+	struct CompoundLiteral final : public WithDeclsToAdd, public WithVisitorRef<CompoundLiteral> {
 		Type::StorageClasses storageClasses;
 
-		using GenPoly::DeclMutator::mutate;
-		DeclarationWithType * mutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl ) final;
-		Expression *mutate( CompoundLiteralExpr *compLitExpr ) final;
+		void premutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl );
+		Expression * postmutate( CompoundLiteralExpr *compLitExpr );
 	};
 
@@ -248,5 +241,5 @@
 		LinkReferenceToTypes lrt( doDebug, 0 );
 		ForallPointerDecay fpd( 0 );
-		CompoundLiteral compoundliteral;
+		PassVisitor<CompoundLiteral> compoundliteral;
 		PassVisitor<ValidateGenericParameters> genericParams;
 
@@ -263,5 +256,5 @@
 		Concurrency::implementThreadStarter( translationUnit );
 		ReturnChecker::checkFunctionReturns( translationUnit );
-		compoundliteral.mutateDeclarationList( translationUnit );
+		mutateAll( translationUnit, compoundliteral );
 		acceptAll( translationUnit, fpd );
 		ArrayLength::computeLength( translationUnit );
@@ -883,22 +876,19 @@
 	}
 
-	DeclarationWithType * CompoundLiteral::mutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl ) {
+	void CompoundLiteral::premutate( ObjectDecl *objectDecl ) {
 		storageClasses = objectDecl->get_storageClasses();
-		DeclarationWithType * temp = Mutator::mutate( objectDecl );
-		return temp;
-	}
-
-	Expression *CompoundLiteral::mutate( CompoundLiteralExpr *compLitExpr ) {
+	}
+
+	Expression *CompoundLiteral::postmutate( CompoundLiteralExpr *compLitExpr ) {
 		// transform [storage_class] ... (struct S){ 3, ... };
 		// into [storage_class] struct S temp =  { 3, ... };
 		static UniqueName indexName( "_compLit" );
 
-		ObjectDecl *tempvar = new ObjectDecl( indexName.newName(), storageClasses, LinkageSpec::C, 0, compLitExpr->get_result(), compLitExpr->get_initializer() );
-		compLitExpr->set_result( 0 );
-		compLitExpr->set_initializer( 0 );
+		ObjectDecl *tempvar = new ObjectDecl( indexName.newName(), storageClasses, LinkageSpec::C, nullptr, compLitExpr->get_result(), compLitExpr->get_initializer() );
+		compLitExpr->set_result( nullptr );
+		compLitExpr->set_initializer( nullptr );
 		delete compLitExpr;
-		DeclarationWithType * newtempvar = mutate( tempvar );
-		addDeclaration( newtempvar );					// add modified temporary to current block
-		return new VariableExpr( newtempvar );
+		declsToAddBefore.push_back( tempvar );					// add modified temporary to current block
+		return new VariableExpr( tempvar );
 	}
 
Index: src/SynTree/Constant.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Constant.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Constant.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
 // file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
 //
-// Constant.cc -- 
+// Constant.cc --
 //
 // Author           : Richard C. Bilson
@@ -46,4 +46,14 @@
 }
 
+unsigned long long Constant::get_ival() const {
+	assertf( safe_dynamic_cast<BasicType*>(type)->isInteger(), "Attempt to retrieve ival from non-integer constant." );
+	return val.ival;
+}
+
+double Constant::get_dval() const {
+	assertf( ! safe_dynamic_cast<BasicType*>(type)->isInteger(), "Attempt to retrieve dval from integer constant." );
+	return val.dval;
+}
+
 void Constant::print( std::ostream &os ) const {
 	os << "(" << rep << " " << val.ival;
Index: src/SynTree/Constant.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Constant.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Constant.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
 // file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
 //
-// Constant.h -- 
+// Constant.h --
 //
 // Author           : Richard C. Bilson
@@ -32,4 +32,6 @@
 	std::string & get_value() { return rep; }
 	void set_value( std::string newValue ) { rep = newValue; }
+	unsigned long long get_ival() const;
+	double get_dval() const;
 
 	/// generates a boolean constant of the given bool
Index: src/SynTree/Expression.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Expression.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Expression.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -21,11 +21,15 @@
 #include <iterator>
 
+#include "Declaration.h"
+#include "Expression.h"
+#include "Initializer.h"
+#include "Statement.h"
 #include "Type.h"
-#include "Initializer.h"
-#include "Expression.h"
-#include "Declaration.h"
-#include "Statement.h"
 #include "TypeSubstitution.h"
+#include "VarExprReplacer.h"
+
 #include "Common/utility.h"
+#include "Common/PassVisitor.h"
+
 #include "InitTweak/InitTweak.h"
 
@@ -92,5 +96,4 @@
 
 	Declaration *decl = get_var();
-	// if ( decl != 0) decl->print(os, indent + 2);
 	if ( decl != 0) decl->printShort(os, indent + 2);
 	os << std::endl;
@@ -657,4 +660,46 @@
 }
 
+InitAlternative::InitAlternative( Type * type, Designation * designation ) : type( type ), designation( designation ) {}
+InitAlternative::InitAlternative( const InitAlternative & other ) : type( maybeClone( other.type ) ), designation( maybeClone( other.designation ) ) {}
+InitAlternative::~InitAlternative() {
+	delete type;
+	delete designation;
+}
+
+UntypedInitExpr::UntypedInitExpr( Expression * expr, const std::list<InitAlternative> & initAlts ) : expr( expr ), initAlts( initAlts ) {}
+UntypedInitExpr::UntypedInitExpr( const UntypedInitExpr & other ) : Expression( other ), expr( maybeClone( other.expr ) ), initAlts( other.initAlts ) {}
+UntypedInitExpr::~UntypedInitExpr() {
+	delete expr;
+}
+
+void UntypedInitExpr::print( std::ostream & os, int indent ) const {
+	os << "Untyped Init Expression" << std::endl << std::string( indent+2, ' ' );
+	expr->print( os, indent+2 );
+	if ( ! initAlts.empty() ) {
+		for ( const InitAlternative & alt : initAlts ) {
+			os << std::string( indent+2, ' ' ) <<  "InitAlternative: ";
+			alt.type->print( os, indent+2 );
+			alt.designation->print( os, indent+2 );
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+InitExpr::InitExpr( Expression * expr, Designation * designation ) : expr( expr ), designation( designation ) {
+	set_result( expr->get_result()->clone() );
+}
+InitExpr::InitExpr( const InitExpr & other ) : Expression( other ), expr( maybeClone( other.expr ) ), designation( maybeClone( other.designation) ) {}
+InitExpr::~InitExpr() {
+	delete expr;
+	delete designation;
+}
+
+void InitExpr::print( std::ostream & os, int indent ) const {
+	os << "Init Expression" << std::endl << std::string( indent+2, ' ' );
+	expr->print( os, indent+2 );
+	os << std::string( indent+2, ' ' ) << "with designation: ";
+	designation->print( os, indent+2 );
+}
+
+
 std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const Expression * expr ) {
 	if ( expr ) {
Index: src/SynTree/Expression.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Expression.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Expression.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -744,4 +744,56 @@
 };
 
+struct InitAlternative {
+public:
+	Type * type = nullptr;
+	Designation * designation = nullptr;
+	InitAlternative( Type * type, Designation * designation );
+	InitAlternative( const InitAlternative & other );
+	InitAlternative & operator=( const Initializer & other ) = delete; // at the moment this isn't used, and I don't want to implement it
+	~InitAlternative();
+};
+
+class UntypedInitExpr : public Expression {
+public:
+	UntypedInitExpr( Expression * expr, const std::list<InitAlternative> & initAlts );
+	UntypedInitExpr( const UntypedInitExpr & other );
+	~UntypedInitExpr();
+
+	Expression * get_expr() const { return expr; }
+	UntypedInitExpr * set_expr( Expression * newValue ) { expr = newValue; return this; }
+
+	std::list<InitAlternative> & get_initAlts() { return initAlts; }
+
+	virtual UntypedInitExpr * clone() const { return new UntypedInitExpr( * this ); }
+	virtual void accept( Visitor & v ) { v.visit( this ); }
+	virtual Expression * acceptMutator( Mutator & m ) { return m.mutate( this ); }
+	virtual void print( std::ostream & os, int indent = 0 ) const;
+private:
+	Expression * expr;
+	std::list<InitAlternative> initAlts;
+};
+
+class InitExpr : public Expression {
+public:
+	InitExpr( Expression * expr, Designation * designation );
+	InitExpr( const InitExpr & other );
+	~InitExpr();
+
+	Expression * get_expr() const { return expr; }
+	InitExpr * set_expr( Expression * newValue ) { expr = newValue; return this; }
+
+	Designation * get_designation() const { return designation; }
+	InitExpr * set_designation( Designation * newValue ) { designation = newValue; return this; }
+
+	virtual InitExpr * clone() const { return new InitExpr( * this ); }
+	virtual void accept( Visitor & v ) { v.visit( this ); }
+	virtual Expression * acceptMutator( Mutator & m ) { return m.mutate( this ); }
+	virtual void print( std::ostream & os, int indent = 0 ) const;
+private:
+	Expression * expr;
+	Designation * designation;
+};
+
+
 std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const Expression * expr );
 
Index: src/SynTree/Initializer.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Initializer.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Initializer.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -19,75 +19,82 @@
 #include "Common/utility.h"
 
+Designation::Designation( const std::list< Expression * > & designators ) : designators( designators ) {}
+Designation::Designation( const Designation & other ) : BaseSyntaxNode( other ) {
+	// std::cerr << "cloning designation" << std::endl;
+	cloneAll( other.designators, designators );
+	// std::cerr << "finished cloning designation" << std::endl;
+}
+
+Designation::~Designation() {
+	// std::cerr << "destroying designation" << std::endl;
+	deleteAll( designators );
+	// std::cerr << "finished destroying designation" << std::endl;
+}
+
+void Designation::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) const {
+	if ( ! designators.empty() ) {
+		os << std::string(indent + 2, ' ' ) << "designated by: " << std::endl;
+		for ( std::list < Expression * >::const_iterator i = designators.begin(); i != designators.end(); i++ ) {
+			os << std::string(indent + 4, ' ' );
+			( *i )->print(os, indent + 4 );
+		}
+		os << std::endl;
+	} // if
+}
+
 Initializer::Initializer( bool maybeConstructed ) : maybeConstructed( maybeConstructed ) {}
 Initializer::Initializer( const Initializer & other ) : BaseSyntaxNode( other ), maybeConstructed( other.maybeConstructed ) {
 }
-
-
 Initializer::~Initializer() {}
 
-std::string Initializer::designator_name( Expression *des ) {
-	if ( NameExpr *n = dynamic_cast<NameExpr *>(des) )
-		return n->get_name();
-	else
-		throw 0;
-}
-
-// void Initializer::print( __attribute__((unused)) std::ostream &os, __attribute__((unused)) int indent ) {}
-
-SingleInit::SingleInit( Expression *v, const std::list< Expression *> &_designators, bool maybeConstructed ) : Initializer( maybeConstructed ), value ( v ), designators( _designators ) {
+SingleInit::SingleInit( Expression *v, bool maybeConstructed ) : Initializer( maybeConstructed ), value ( v ) {
 }
 
 SingleInit::SingleInit( const SingleInit &other ) : Initializer(other), value ( maybeClone( other.value ) ) {
-	cloneAll(other.designators, designators );
 }
 
 SingleInit::~SingleInit() {
 	delete value;
-	deleteAll(designators);
 }
 
-void SingleInit::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) {
-	os << std::endl << std::string(indent, ' ' ) << "Simple Initializer: " << std::endl;
+void SingleInit::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) const {
+	os << std::string(indent, ' ' ) << "Simple Initializer: " << std::endl;
 	os << std::string(indent+4, ' ' );
 	value->print( os, indent+4 );
-
-	if ( ! designators.empty() ) {
-		os << std::endl << std::string(indent + 2, ' ' ) << "designated by: " << std::endl;
-		for ( std::list < Expression * >::iterator i = designators.begin(); i != designators.end(); i++ ) {
-			os << std::string(indent + 4, ' ' );
-			( *i )->print(os, indent + 4 );
-		}
-	} // if
 }
 
-ListInit::ListInit( const std::list<Initializer*> &_initializers, const std::list<Expression *> &_designators, bool maybeConstructed )
-	: Initializer( maybeConstructed ), initializers( _initializers ), designators( _designators ) {
+
+ListInit::ListInit( const std::list<Initializer*> &inits, const std::list<Designation *> &des, bool maybeConstructed )
+	: Initializer( maybeConstructed ), initializers( inits ), designations( des ) {
+		// handle the common case where a ListInit is created without designations by making a list of empty designations with the same length as the initializer
+		if ( designations.empty() ) {
+			for ( auto & i : initializers ) {
+				(void)i;
+				designations.push_back( new Designation( {} ) );
+			}
+		}
+		assertf( initializers.size() == designations.size(), "Created ListInit with mismatching initializers (%d) and designations (%d)", initializers.size(), designations.size() );
 }
 
 ListInit::ListInit( const ListInit & other ) : Initializer( other ) {
 	cloneAll( other.initializers, initializers );
-	cloneAll( other.designators, designators );
+	cloneAll( other.designations, designations );
 }
-
 
 ListInit::~ListInit() {
 	deleteAll( initializers );
-	deleteAll( designators );
+	deleteAll( designations );
 }
 
-void ListInit::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) {
-	os << std::endl << std::string(indent, ' ') << "Compound initializer:  ";
-	if ( ! designators.empty() ) {
-		os << std::string(indent + 2, ' ' ) << "designated by: [";
-		for ( std::list < Expression * >::iterator i = designators.begin();
-			  i != designators.end(); i++ ) {
-			( *i )->print(os, indent + 4 );
-		} // for
+void ListInit::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) const {
+	os << std::string(indent, ' ') << "Compound initializer:  " << std::endl;
+	for ( Designation * d : designations ) {
+		d->print( os, indent + 2 );
+	}
 
-		os << std::string(indent + 2, ' ' ) << "]";
-	} // if
-
-	for ( std::list<Initializer *>::iterator i = initializers.begin(); i != initializers.end(); i++ )
-		(*i)->print( os, indent + 2 );
+	for ( const Initializer * init : initializers ) {
+		init->print( os, indent + 2 );
+		os << std::endl;
+	}
 }
 
@@ -103,5 +110,5 @@
 }
 
-void ConstructorInit::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) {
+void ConstructorInit::print( std::ostream &os, int indent ) const {
 	os << std::endl << std::string(indent, ' ') << "Constructor initializer: " << std::endl;
 	if ( ctor ) {
@@ -124,6 +131,19 @@
 }
 
-std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, Initializer * init ) {
-	init->print( out );
+std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const Initializer * init ) {
+	if ( init ) {
+		init->print( out );
+	} else {
+		out << "nullptr";
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const Designation * des ) {
+	if ( des ) {
+		des->print( out );
+	} else {
+		out << "nullptr";
+	}
 	return out;
 }
Index: src/SynTree/Initializer.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Initializer.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Initializer.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -25,26 +25,29 @@
 #include "Visitor.h"
 
-const std::list<Expression*> noDesignators;
+// Designation: list of designator (NameExpr, VariableExpr, and ConstantExpr) expressions that specify an object being initialized.
+class Designation : public BaseSyntaxNode {
+public:
+	Designation( const std::list< Expression * > & designators );
+	Designation( const Designation & other );
+	virtual ~Designation();
+
+	std::list< Expression * > & get_designators() { return designators; }
+
+	virtual Designation * clone() const { return new Designation( *this ); };
+	virtual void accept( Visitor &v ) { v.visit( this ); }
+	virtual Designation * acceptMutator( Mutator &m ) { return m.mutate( this ); }
+	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 ) const;
+private:
+	std::list< Expression * > designators;
+};
+
+const std::list<Designation *> noDesignators;
 
 // Initializer: base class for object initializers (provide default values)
 class Initializer : public BaseSyntaxNode {
   public:
-	//	Initializer( std::string _name = std::string(""), int _pos = 0 );
 	Initializer( bool maybeConstructed );
 	Initializer( const Initializer & other );
 	virtual ~Initializer();
-
-	static std::string designator_name( Expression *designator );
-
-	//	void set_name( std::string newValue ) { name = newValue; }
-	//	std::string get_name() const { return name; }
-
-	//	void set_pos( int newValue ) { pos = newValue; }
-	//	int get_pos() const { return pos; }
-	virtual void set_designators( std::list<Expression *> & ) { assert(false); }
-	virtual std::list<Expression *> &get_designators() {
-		assert(false);
-		std::list<Expression *> *ret = 0; return *ret;	// never reached
-	}
 
 	bool get_maybeConstructed() { return maybeConstructed; }
@@ -53,8 +56,6 @@
 	virtual void accept( Visitor &v ) = 0;
 	virtual Initializer *acceptMutator( Mutator &m ) = 0;
-	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 ) = 0;
+	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 ) const = 0;
   private:
-	//	std::string name;
-	//	int pos;
 	bool maybeConstructed;
 };
@@ -63,5 +64,5 @@
 class SingleInit : public Initializer {
   public:
-	SingleInit( Expression *value, const std::list< Expression *> &designators = std::list< Expression * >(), bool maybeConstructed = false );
+	SingleInit( Expression *value, bool maybeConstructed = false );
 	SingleInit( const SingleInit &other );
 	virtual ~SingleInit();
@@ -70,15 +71,11 @@
 	void set_value( Expression *newValue ) { value = newValue; }
 
-	std::list<Expression *> &get_designators() { return designators; }
-	void set_designators( std::list<Expression *> &newValue ) { designators = newValue; }
-
 	virtual SingleInit *clone() const { return new SingleInit( *this); }
 	virtual void accept( Visitor &v ) { v.visit( this ); }
 	virtual Initializer *acceptMutator( Mutator &m ) { return m.mutate( this ); }
-	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 );
+	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 ) const;
   private:
 	//Constant *value;
 	Expression *value;	// has to be a compile-time constant
-	std::list< Expression * > designators;
 };
 
@@ -88,24 +85,25 @@
   public:
 	ListInit( const std::list<Initializer*> &initializers,
-			  const std::list<Expression *> &designators = std::list< Expression * >(), bool maybeConstructed = false );
+			  const std::list<Designation *> &designators = {}, bool maybeConstructed = false );
 	ListInit( const ListInit & other );
 	virtual ~ListInit();
 
-	void set_designators( std::list<Expression *> &newValue ) { designators = newValue; }
-	std::list<Expression *> &get_designators() { return designators; }
-	void set_initializers( std::list<Initializer*> &newValue ) { initializers = newValue; }
-	std::list<Initializer*> &get_initializers() { return initializers; }
+	std::list<Designation *> & get_designations() { return designations; }
+	std::list<Initializer *> & get_initializers() { return initializers; }
 
 	typedef std::list<Initializer*>::iterator iterator;
+	typedef std::list<Initializer*>::const_iterator const_iterator;
 	iterator begin() { return initializers.begin(); }
 	iterator end() { return initializers.end(); }
+	const_iterator begin() const { return initializers.begin(); }
+	const_iterator end() const { return initializers.end(); }
 
 	virtual ListInit *clone() const { return new ListInit( *this ); }
 	virtual void accept( Visitor &v ) { v.visit( this ); }
 	virtual Initializer *acceptMutator( Mutator &m ) { return m.mutate( this ); }
-	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 );
+	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 ) const;
   private:
-	std::list<Initializer*> initializers;  // order *is* important
-	std::list<Expression *> designators;
+	std::list<Initializer *> initializers;  // order *is* important
+	std::list<Designation *> designations;  // order/length is consistent with initializers
 };
 
@@ -130,5 +128,5 @@
 	virtual void accept( Visitor &v ) { v.visit( this ); }
 	virtual Initializer *acceptMutator( Mutator &m ) { return m.mutate( this ); }
-	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 );
+	virtual void print( std::ostream &os, int indent = 0 ) const;
 
   private:
@@ -140,5 +138,6 @@
 };
 
-std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, Initializer * init );
+std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const Initializer * init );
+std::ostream & operator<<( std::ostream & out, const Designation * des );
 
 #endif // INITIALIZER_H
Index: src/SynTree/Mutator.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Mutator.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Mutator.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -433,4 +433,20 @@
 }
 
+Expression *Mutator::mutate( UntypedInitExpr * initExpr ) {
+	initExpr->set_env( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_env(), *this ) );
+	initExpr->set_result( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_result(), *this ) );
+	initExpr->set_expr( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_expr(), *this ) );
+	// not currently mutating initAlts, but this doesn't matter since this node is only used in the resolver.
+	return initExpr;
+}
+
+Expression *Mutator::mutate( InitExpr * initExpr ) {
+	initExpr->set_env( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_env(), *this ) );
+	initExpr->set_result( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_result(), *this ) );
+	initExpr->set_expr( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_expr(), *this ) );
+	initExpr->set_designation( maybeMutate( initExpr->get_designation(), *this ) );
+	return initExpr;
+}
+
 
 Type *Mutator::mutate( VoidType *voidType ) {
@@ -499,4 +515,5 @@
 	mutateAll( tupleType->get_forall(), *this );
 	mutateAll( tupleType->get_types(), *this );
+	mutateAll( tupleType->get_members(), *this );
 	return tupleType;
 }
@@ -535,4 +552,9 @@
 
 
+Designation *Mutator::mutate( Designation * designation ) {
+	mutateAll( designation->get_designators(), *this );
+	return designation;
+}
+
 Initializer *Mutator::mutate( SingleInit *singleInit ) {
 	singleInit->set_value( singleInit->get_value()->acceptMutator( *this ) );
@@ -541,5 +563,5 @@
 
 Initializer *Mutator::mutate( ListInit *listInit ) {
-	mutateAll( listInit->get_designators(), *this );
+	mutateAll( listInit->get_designations(), *this );
 	mutateAll( listInit->get_initializers(), *this );
 	return listInit;
Index: src/SynTree/Mutator.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Mutator.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Mutator.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -85,4 +85,6 @@
 	virtual Expression* mutate( StmtExpr * stmtExpr );
 	virtual Expression* mutate( UniqueExpr * uniqueExpr );
+	virtual Expression* mutate( UntypedInitExpr * initExpr );
+	virtual Expression* mutate( InitExpr * initExpr );
 
 	virtual Type* mutate( VoidType *basicType );
@@ -103,4 +105,5 @@
 	virtual Type* mutate( OneType *oneType );
 
+	virtual Designation* mutate( Designation *designation );
 	virtual Initializer* mutate( SingleInit *singleInit );
 	virtual Initializer* mutate( ListInit *listInit );
Index: src/SynTree/SynTree.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/SynTree.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/SynTree.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -93,4 +93,6 @@
 class StmtExpr;
 class UniqueExpr;
+class UntypedInitExpr;
+class InitExpr;
 
 class Type;
@@ -113,4 +115,5 @@
 class OneType;
 
+class Designation;
 class Initializer;
 class SingleInit;
Index: src/SynTree/TupleType.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/TupleType.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/TupleType.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -14,16 +14,31 @@
 //
 
+#include "Declaration.h"
+#include "Initializer.h"
 #include "Type.h"
 #include "Common/utility.h"
+#include "Parser/LinkageSpec.h"
 
 TupleType::TupleType( const Type::Qualifiers &tq, const std::list< Type * > & types, const std::list< Attribute * > & attributes ) : Type( tq, attributes ), types( types ) {
+	for ( Type * t : *this ) {
+		// xxx - this is very awkward. TupleTypes should contain objects so that members can be named, but if they don't have an initializer node then
+		// they end up getting constructors, which end up being inserted causing problems. This happens because the object decls have to be visited so that
+		// their types are kept in sync with the types list here. Ultimately, the types list here should be eliminated and perhaps replaced with a list-view
+		// of the object types list, but I digress. The temporary solution here is to make a ListInit with maybeConstructed = false, that way even when the
+		// object is visited, it is never constructed. Ultimately, a better solution might be either:
+		// a) to separate TupleType from its declarations, into TupleDecl and Tuple{Inst?}Type, ala StructDecl and StructInstType
+		// b) separate initializer nodes better, e.g. add a MaybeConstructed node that is replaced by genInit, rather than what currently exists in a bool
+		members.push_back( new ObjectDecl( "" , Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, t->clone(), new ListInit( {}, {}, false ) ) );
+	}
 }
 
 TupleType::TupleType( const TupleType& other ) : Type( other ) {
 	cloneAll( other.types, types );
+	cloneAll( other.members, members );
 }
 
 TupleType::~TupleType() {
 	deleteAll( types );
+	deleteAll( members );
 }
 
Index: src/SynTree/Type.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Type.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Type.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -481,5 +481,5 @@
 class TupleType : public Type {
   public:
-	TupleType( const Type::Qualifiers & tq, const std::list< Type * > & types = std::list< Type * >(), const std::list< Attribute * > & attributes = std::list< Attribute * >()  );
+	TupleType( const Type::Qualifiers & tq, const std::list< Type * > & types, const std::list< Attribute * > & attributes = std::list< Attribute * >()  );
 	TupleType( const TupleType& );
 	virtual ~TupleType();
@@ -488,6 +488,10 @@
 	typedef value_type::iterator iterator;
 
-	std::list<Type*>& get_types() { return types; }
+	std::list<Type *> & get_types() { return types; }
 	virtual unsigned size() const { return types.size(); };
+
+	// For now, this is entirely synthetic -- tuple types always have unnamed members.
+	// Eventually, we may allow named tuples, in which case members should subsume types
+	std::list<Declaration *> & get_members() { return members; }
 
 	iterator begin() { return types.begin(); }
@@ -506,5 +510,6 @@
 	virtual void print( std::ostream & os, int indent = 0 ) const;
   private:
-	std::list<Type*> types;
+	std::list<Type *> types;
+	std::list<Declaration *> members;
 };
 
Index: src/SynTree/VarExprReplacer.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/VarExprReplacer.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/VarExprReplacer.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -14,14 +14,18 @@
 //
 
+#include "Declaration.h"
 #include "Expression.h"
 #include "VarExprReplacer.h"
 
-VarExprReplacer::VarExprReplacer( const DeclMap & declMap ) : declMap( declMap ) {}
+VarExprReplacer::VarExprReplacer( const DeclMap & declMap, bool debug ) : declMap( declMap ), debug( debug ) {}
 
 // replace variable with new node from decl map
 void VarExprReplacer::visit( VariableExpr * varExpr ) {
-  // xxx - assertions and parameters aren't accounted for in this... (i.e. they aren't inserted into the map when it's made, only DeclStmts are)
-  if ( declMap.count( varExpr->get_var() ) ) {
-    varExpr->set_var( declMap.at( varExpr->get_var() ) );
-  }
+	// xxx - assertions and parameters aren't accounted for in this... (i.e. they aren't inserted into the map when it's made, only DeclStmts are)
+	if ( declMap.count( varExpr->get_var() ) ) {
+		if ( debug ) {
+			std::cerr << "replacing variable reference: " << (void*)varExpr->get_var() << " " << varExpr->get_var() << " with " << (void*)declMap.at( varExpr->get_var() ) << " " << declMap.at( varExpr->get_var() ) << std::endl;
+		}
+		varExpr->set_var( declMap.at( varExpr->get_var() ) );
+	}
 }
Index: src/SynTree/VarExprReplacer.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/VarExprReplacer.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/VarExprReplacer.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 private:
 	const DeclMap & declMap;
+  bool debug;
 public:
-	VarExprReplacer( const DeclMap & declMap );
+	VarExprReplacer( const DeclMap & declMap, bool debug = false );
 
 	// replace variable with new node from decl map
Index: src/SynTree/Visitor.cc
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Visitor.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Visitor.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -340,4 +340,16 @@
 }
 
+void Visitor::visit( UntypedInitExpr * initExpr ) {
+	maybeAccept( initExpr->get_result(), *this );
+	maybeAccept( initExpr->get_expr(), *this );
+	// not currently visiting initAlts, but this doesn't matter since this node is only used in the resolver.
+}
+
+void Visitor::visit( InitExpr * initExpr ) {
+	maybeAccept( initExpr->get_result(), *this );
+	maybeAccept( initExpr->get_expr(), *this );
+	maybeAccept( initExpr->get_designation(), *this );
+}
+
 
 void Visitor::visit( VoidType *voidType ) {
@@ -395,4 +407,5 @@
 	acceptAll( tupleType->get_forall(), *this );
 	acceptAll( tupleType->get_types(), *this );
+	acceptAll( tupleType->get_members(), *this );
 }
 
@@ -424,4 +437,7 @@
 }
 
+void Visitor::visit( Designation * designation ) {
+	acceptAll( designation->get_designators(), *this );
+}
 
 void Visitor::visit( SingleInit *singleInit ) {
@@ -430,5 +446,5 @@
 
 void Visitor::visit( ListInit *listInit ) {
-	acceptAll( listInit->get_designators(), *this );
+	acceptAll( listInit->get_designations(), *this );
 	acceptAll( listInit->get_initializers(), *this );
 }
Index: src/SynTree/Visitor.h
===================================================================
--- src/SynTree/Visitor.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/SynTree/Visitor.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -88,4 +88,6 @@
 	virtual void visit( StmtExpr * stmtExpr );
 	virtual void visit( UniqueExpr * uniqueExpr );
+	virtual void visit( UntypedInitExpr * initExpr );
+	virtual void visit( InitExpr * initExpr );
 
 	virtual void visit( VoidType *basicType );
@@ -106,4 +108,5 @@
 	virtual void visit( OneType *oneType );
 
+	virtual void visit( Designation *designation );
 	virtual void visit( SingleInit *singleInit );
 	virtual void visit( ListInit *listInit );
Index: src/Tuples/TupleExpansion.cc
===================================================================
--- src/Tuples/TupleExpansion.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/Tuples/TupleExpansion.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -192,5 +192,5 @@
 			}
 			ObjectDecl * finished = new ObjectDecl( toString( "_unq", id, "_finished_" ), Type::StorageClasses(), LinkageSpec::Cforall, nullptr, new BasicType( Type::Qualifiers(), BasicType::Bool ),
-													new SingleInit( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 0 ) ), noDesignators ) );
+													new SingleInit( new ConstantExpr( Constant::from_int( 0 ) ) ) );
 			addDeclaration( finished );
 			// (finished ? _unq_expr_N : (_unq_expr_N = <unqExpr->get_expr()>, finished = 1, _unq_expr_N))
@@ -310,20 +310,19 @@
 	Type * makeTupleType( const std::list< Expression * > & exprs ) {
 		// produce the TupleType which aggregates the types of the exprs
-		TupleType *tupleType = new TupleType( Type::Qualifiers( Type::Const | Type::Volatile | Type::Restrict | Type::Lvalue | Type::Atomic | Type::Mutex ) );
-		Type::Qualifiers &qualifiers = tupleType->get_qualifiers();
+		std::list< Type * > types;
+		Type::Qualifiers qualifiers( Type::Const | Type::Volatile | Type::Restrict | Type::Lvalue | Type::Atomic | Type::Mutex );
 		for ( Expression * expr : exprs ) {
 			assert( expr->get_result() );
 			if ( expr->get_result()->isVoid() ) {
 				// if the type of any expr is void, the type of the entire tuple is void
-				delete tupleType;
 				return new VoidType( Type::Qualifiers() );
 			}
 			Type * type = expr->get_result()->clone();
-			tupleType->get_types().push_back( type );
+			types.push_back( type );
 			// the qualifiers on the tuple type are the qualifiers that exist on all component types
 			qualifiers &= type->get_qualifiers();
 		} // for
 		if ( exprs.empty() ) qualifiers = Type::Qualifiers();
-		return tupleType;
+		return new TupleType( qualifiers, types );
 	}
 
Index: src/libcfa/Makefile.am
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/Makefile.am	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/Makefile.am	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@
 
 libobjs = ${headers:=.o}
-libsrc = libcfa-prelude.c interpose.c libhdr/libdebug.c ${headers:=.c}
+libsrc = libcfa-prelude.c interpose.c libhdr/libdebug.c ${headers:=.c} exception.c
 
 # not all platforms support concurrency, add option do disable it
Index: src/libcfa/Makefile.in
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/Makefile.in	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/Makefile.in	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -102,5 +102,5 @@
 	containers/pair.c containers/result.c containers/vector.c \
 	concurrency/coroutine.c concurrency/thread.c \
-	concurrency/kernel.c concurrency/monitor.c \
+	concurrency/kernel.c concurrency/monitor.c exception.c \
 	concurrency/CtxSwitch-@MACHINE_TYPE@.S concurrency/alarm.c \
 	concurrency/invoke.c concurrency/preemption.c
@@ -126,5 +126,5 @@
 	libcfa_d_a-interpose.$(OBJEXT) \
 	libhdr/libcfa_d_a-libdebug.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_2) \
-	$(am__objects_3)
+	libcfa_d_a-exception.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_3)
 am_libcfa_d_a_OBJECTS = $(am__objects_4)
 libcfa_d_a_OBJECTS = $(am_libcfa_d_a_OBJECTS)
@@ -136,5 +136,5 @@
 	containers/pair.c containers/result.c containers/vector.c \
 	concurrency/coroutine.c concurrency/thread.c \
-	concurrency/kernel.c concurrency/monitor.c \
+	concurrency/kernel.c concurrency/monitor.c exception.c \
 	concurrency/CtxSwitch-@MACHINE_TYPE@.S concurrency/alarm.c \
 	concurrency/invoke.c concurrency/preemption.c
@@ -158,5 +158,5 @@
 	libcfa_a-interpose.$(OBJEXT) \
 	libhdr/libcfa_a-libdebug.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_6) \
-	$(am__objects_7)
+	libcfa_a-exception.$(OBJEXT) $(am__objects_7)
 am_libcfa_a_OBJECTS = $(am__objects_8)
 libcfa_a_OBJECTS = $(am_libcfa_a_OBJECTS)
@@ -328,5 +328,5 @@
 libobjs = ${headers:=.o}
 libsrc = libcfa-prelude.c interpose.c libhdr/libdebug.c ${headers:=.c} \
-	$(am__append_4)
+	exception.c $(am__append_4)
 libcfa_a_SOURCES = ${libsrc}
 libcfa_a_CFLAGS = -nodebug -O2
@@ -514,4 +514,5 @@
 
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-assert.Po@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-exception.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-fstream.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-interpose.Po@am__quote@
@@ -524,4 +525,5 @@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-stdlib.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-assert.Po@am__quote@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-exception.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-fstream.Po@am__quote@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__include@ @am__quote@./$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-interpose.Po@am__quote@
@@ -850,4 +852,11 @@
 @am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_d_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o concurrency/libcfa_d_a-monitor.obj `if test -f 'concurrency/monitor.c'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'concurrency/monitor.c'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/concurrency/monitor.c'; fi`
 
+libcfa_d_a-exception.obj: exception.c
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_d_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libcfa_d_a-exception.obj -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-exception.Tpo -c -o libcfa_d_a-exception.obj `if test -f 'exception.c'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'exception.c'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/exception.c'; fi`
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-exception.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-exception.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='exception.c' object='libcfa_d_a-exception.obj' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_d_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libcfa_d_a-exception.obj `if test -f 'exception.c'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'exception.c'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/exception.c'; fi`
+
 concurrency/libcfa_d_a-alarm.o: concurrency/alarm.c
 @am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_d_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT concurrency/libcfa_d_a-alarm.o -MD -MP -MF concurrency/$(DEPDIR)/libcfa_d_a-alarm.Tpo -c -o concurrency/libcfa_d_a-alarm.o `test -f 'concurrency/alarm.c' || echo '$(srcdir)/'`concurrency/alarm.c
@@ -1143,4 +1152,11 @@
 @AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
 @am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o concurrency/libcfa_a-monitor.obj `if test -f 'concurrency/monitor.c'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'concurrency/monitor.c'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/concurrency/monitor.c'; fi`
+
+libcfa_a-exception.obj: exception.c
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_CC)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -MT libcfa_a-exception.obj -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-exception.Tpo -c -o libcfa_a-exception.obj `if test -f 'exception.c'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'exception.c'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/exception.c'; fi`
+@am__fastdepCC_TRUE@	$(AM_V_at)$(am__mv) $(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-exception.Tpo $(DEPDIR)/libcfa_a-exception.Po
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC)source='exception.c' object='libcfa_a-exception.obj' libtool=no @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@AMDEP_TRUE@@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	DEPDIR=$(DEPDIR) $(CCDEPMODE) $(depcomp) @AMDEPBACKSLASH@
+@am__fastdepCC_FALSE@	$(AM_V_CC@am__nodep@)$(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(libcfa_a_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c -o libcfa_a-exception.obj `if test -f 'exception.c'; then $(CYGPATH_W) 'exception.c'; else $(CYGPATH_W) '$(srcdir)/exception.c'; fi`
 
 concurrency/libcfa_a-alarm.o: concurrency/alarm.c
Index: src/libcfa/exception.c
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/exception.c	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/exception.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -44,16 +44,16 @@
 // RESUMPTION ================================================================
 
-void __cfaehm__throw_resume(exception except) {
-
-	// DEBUG
-	printf("Throwing resumption exception %d\n", except);
-
-	struct __try_resume_node * original_head = shared_stack.current_resume;
-	struct __try_resume_node * current =
+void __cfaehm__throw_resumption(exception * except) {
+
+	// DEBUG
+	printf("Throwing resumption exception %d\n", *except);
+
+	struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * original_head = shared_stack.current_resume;
+	struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * current =
 		(original_head) ? original_head->next : shared_stack.top_resume;
 
 	for ( ; current ; current = current->next) {
 		shared_stack.current_resume = current;
-		if (current->try_to_handle(except)) {
+		if (current->handler(except)) {
 			shared_stack.current_resume = original_head;
 			return;
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@
 	}
 
-	printf("Unhandled exception %d\n", except);
+	printf("Unhandled exception %d\n", *except);
 	shared_stack.current_resume = original_head;
 
 	// Fall back to termination:
-	__cfaehm__throw_terminate(except);
+	__cfaehm__throw_termination(except);
 	// TODO: Default handler for resumption.
 }
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@
  * after the node is built but before it is made the top node.
  */
-void __try_resume_setup(struct __try_resume_node * node,
-                        bool (*handler)(exception except)) {
+void __cfaehm__try_resume_setup(struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * node,
+                        int (*handler)(exception * except)) {
 	node->next = shared_stack.top_resume;
-	node->try_to_handle = handler;
+	node->handler = handler;
 	shared_stack.top_resume = node;
 }
 
-void __try_resume_cleanup(struct __try_resume_node * node) {
+void __cfaehm__try_resume_cleanup(struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * node) {
 	shared_stack.top_resume = node->next;
 }
@@ -111,10 +111,10 @@
 }
 
-void __cfaehm__throw_terminate( int val ) {
+void __cfaehm__throw_termination( exception * val ) {
 	// Store the current exception
-	shared_stack.current_exception = val;
-
-	// DEBUG
-	printf("Throwing termination exception %d\n", val);
+	shared_stack.current_exception = *val;
+
+	// DEBUG
+	printf("Throwing termination exception %d\n", *val);
 
 	// Call stdlibc to raise the exception
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@
 
 // Nesting this the other way would probably be faster.
-void __cfaehm__rethrow_terminate(void) {
+void __cfaehm__rethrow_termination(void) {
 	// DEBUG
 	printf("Rethrowing termination exception\n");
 
-	__cfaehm__throw_terminate(shared_stack.current_exception);
+	__cfaehm__throw_termination(&shared_stack.current_exception);
 }
 
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@
 // for details
 __attribute__((noinline))
-void __try_terminate(void (*try_block)(),
-		void (*catch_block)(int index, exception except),
-		__attribute__((unused)) int (*match_block)(exception except)) {
+void __cfaehm__try_terminate(void (*try_block)(),
+		void (*catch_block)(int index, exception * except),
+		__attribute__((unused)) int (*match_block)(exception * except)) {
 	//! volatile int xy = 0;
 	//! printf("%p %p %p %p\n", &try_block, &catch_block, &match_block, &xy);
@@ -364,5 +364,5 @@
 	// Exception handler
 	catch_block(shared_stack.current_handler_index,
-	            shared_stack.current_exception);
+	            &shared_stack.current_exception);
 }
 
@@ -384,11 +384,11 @@
 	// Body uses language specific data and therefore could be modified arbitrarily
 	".LLSDACSBCFA2:\n"						// BODY start
-	"	.uleb128 .TRYSTART-__try_terminate\n"		// Handled area start  (relative to start of function)
+	"	.uleb128 .TRYSTART-__cfaehm__try_terminate\n"		// Handled area start  (relative to start of function)
 	"	.uleb128 .TRYEND-.TRYSTART\n"				// Handled area length
-	"	.uleb128 .CATCH-__try_terminate\n"				// Hanlder landing pad adress  (relative to start of function)
+	"	.uleb128 .CATCH-__cfaehm__try_terminate\n"				// Hanlder landing pad adress  (relative to start of function)
 	"	.uleb128 1\n"						// Action code, gcc seems to use always 0
 	".LLSDACSECFA2:\n"						// BODY end
 	"	.text\n"							// TABLE footer
-	"	.size	__try_terminate, .-__try_terminate\n"
+	"	.size	__cfaehm__try_terminate, .-__cfaehm__try_terminate\n"
 	"	.ident	\"GCC: (Ubuntu 6.2.0-3ubuntu11~16.04) 6.2.0 20160901\"\n"
 //	"	.section	.note.GNU-stack,\"x\",@progbits\n"
Index: src/libcfa/exception.h
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/exception.h	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/exception.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@
 // Data structure creates a list of resume handlers.
 struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node {
-    __cfaehm__try_resume_node * next;
+    struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * next;
     int (*handler)(exception * except);
 };
 
 void __cfaehm__try_resume_setup(
-    __cfaehm__try_resume_node * node,
+    struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * node,
     int (*handler)(exception * except));
 void __cfaehm__try_resume_cleanup(
-    __cfaehm__try_resume_node * node);
+    struct __cfaehm__try_resume_node * node);
 
 // Check for a standard way to call fake deconstructors.
Index: src/libcfa/fstream
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/fstream	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/fstream	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
 // Created On       : Wed May 27 17:56:53 2015
 // Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Mon May 15 18:11:09 2017
-// Update Count     : 104
+// Last Modified On : Sat Jul  1 16:37:53 2017
+// Update Count     : 112
 //
 
@@ -24,4 +24,5 @@
 	_Bool sepDefault;
 	_Bool sepOnOff;
+	_Bool lastSepOn;
 	const char * sepCur;
 	char separator[separateSize];
@@ -35,4 +36,5 @@
 const char * sepGetCur( ofstream * );
 void sepSetCur( ofstream *, const char * );
+_Bool lastSepOn( ofstream * );
 
 // public
Index: src/libcfa/fstream.c
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/fstream.c	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/fstream.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
 // Created On       : Wed May 27 17:56:53 2015
 // Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Mon May 15 18:11:11 2017
-// Update Count     : 234
+// Last Modified On : Sat Jul  1 16:37:54 2017
+// Update Count     : 242
 //
 
@@ -33,4 +33,5 @@
 	this->sepDefault = sepDefault;
 	this->sepOnOff = sepOnOff;
+	this->lastSepOn = false;
 	sepSet( this, separator );
 	sepSetCur( this, sepGet( this ) );
@@ -39,5 +40,6 @@
 
 // private
-_Bool sepPrt( ofstream * os ) { return os->sepOnOff; }
+_Bool lastSepOn( ofstream * os ) { return os->lastSepOn; }
+_Bool sepPrt( ofstream * os ) { os->lastSepOn = false; return os->sepOnOff; }
 void sepReset( ofstream * os ) { os->sepOnOff = os->sepDefault; }
 void sepReset( ofstream * os, _Bool reset ) { os->sepDefault = reset; os->sepOnOff = os->sepDefault; }
@@ -46,10 +48,11 @@
 
 // public
-void sepOn( ofstream * os ) { os->sepOnOff = 1; }
-void sepOff( ofstream * os ) { os->sepOnOff = 0; }
+void sepOn( ofstream * os ) { os->lastSepOn = true; os->sepOnOff = true; }
+void sepOff( ofstream * os ) { os->lastSepOn = false; os->sepOnOff = 0; }
 
 _Bool sepDisable( ofstream *os ) {
 	_Bool temp = os->sepDefault;
 	os->sepDefault = false;
+	os->lastSepOn = false;
 	sepReset( os );
 	return temp;
@@ -92,5 +95,5 @@
 		exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
 	} // if
-	?{}( os, file, 1, 0, " ", ", " );
+	?{}( os, file, true, false, " ", ", " );
 } // open
 
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@
 } // fmt
 
-static ofstream soutFile = { (FILE *)(&_IO_2_1_stdout_), 1, 0, " ", ", " };
+static ofstream soutFile = { (FILE *)(&_IO_2_1_stdout_), true, false, " ", ", " };
 ofstream *sout = &soutFile;
-static ofstream serrFile = { (FILE *)(&_IO_2_1_stderr_), 1, 0, " ", ", " };
+static ofstream serrFile = { (FILE *)(&_IO_2_1_stderr_), true, false, " ", ", " };
 ofstream *serr = &serrFile;
 
Index: src/libcfa/iostream
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/iostream	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/iostream	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
 // Created On       : Wed May 27 17:56:53 2015
 // Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Mon May 15 18:08:44 2017
-// Update Count     : 105
+// Last Modified On : Sun Jul  2 08:42:56 2017
+// Update Count     : 110
 //
 
@@ -26,4 +26,5 @@
 	const char * sepGetCur( ostype * );					// get current separator string
 	void sepSetCur( ostype *, const char * );			// set current separator string
+	_Bool lastSepOn( ostype * );						// last manipulator is setOn (context sensitive)
 	// public
 	void sepOn( ostype * );								// turn separator state on
@@ -43,9 +44,9 @@
 	ostype * write( ostype *, const char *, unsigned long int );
 	int fmt( ostype *, const char fmt[], ... );
-};
+}; // ostream
 
 trait writeable( otype T ) {
 	forall( dtype ostype | ostream( ostype ) ) ostype * ?|?( ostype *, T );
-};
+}; // writeable
 
 // implement writable for intrinsic types
@@ -103,9 +104,9 @@
 	istype * ungetc( istype *, char );
 	int fmt( istype *, const char fmt[], ... );
-};
+}; // istream
 
 trait readable( otype T ) {
 	forall( dtype istype | istream( istype ) ) istype * ?|?( istype *, T );
-};
+}; // readable
 
 forall( dtype istype | istream( istype ) ) istype * ?|?( istype *, char * );
Index: src/libcfa/iostream.c
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/iostream.c	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/libcfa/iostream.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
 // Created On       : Wed May 27 17:56:53 2015
 // Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Mon May  8 18:24:23 2017
-// Update Count     : 369
+// Last Modified On : Sun Jul  2 08:54:02 2017
+// Update Count     : 375
 //
 
@@ -201,6 +201,6 @@
 forall( dtype ostype, otype T, ttype Params | ostream( ostype ) | writeable( T ) | { ostype * ?|?( ostype *, Params ); } )
 ostype * ?|?( ostype * os, T arg, Params rest ) {
+	os | arg;											// print first argument
 	sepSetCur( os, sepGetTuple( os ) );					// switch to tuple separator
-	os | arg;											// print first argument
 	os | rest;											// print remaining arguments
 	sepSetCur( os, sepGet( os ) );						// switch to regular separator
@@ -217,4 +217,5 @@
 forall( dtype ostype | ostream( ostype ) )
 ostype * endl( ostype * os ) {
+	if ( lastSepOn( os ) ) fmt( os, "%s", sepGetCur( os ) );
 	os | '\n';
 	flush( os );
Index: src/libcfa/lsda.h
===================================================================
--- src/libcfa/lsda.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
+++ src/libcfa/lsda.h	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+//This code was stolen from gcc to read exception tables
+
+
+/* If using C++, references to abort have to be qualified with std::.  */
+#if __cplusplus
+#define __gxx_abort std::abort
+#else
+#define __gxx_abort abort
+#endif
+
+/* Pointer encodings, from dwarf2.h.  */
+#define DW_EH_PE_absptr         0x00
+#define DW_EH_PE_omit           0xff
+
+#define DW_EH_PE_uleb128        0x01
+#define DW_EH_PE_udata2         0x02
+#define DW_EH_PE_udata4         0x03
+#define DW_EH_PE_udata8         0x04
+#define DW_EH_PE_sleb128        0x09
+#define DW_EH_PE_sdata2         0x0A
+#define DW_EH_PE_sdata4         0x0B
+#define DW_EH_PE_sdata8         0x0C
+#define DW_EH_PE_signed         0x08
+
+#define DW_EH_PE_pcrel          0x10
+#define DW_EH_PE_textrel        0x20
+#define DW_EH_PE_datarel        0x30
+#define DW_EH_PE_funcrel        0x40
+#define DW_EH_PE_aligned        0x50
+
+#define DW_EH_PE_indirect	0x80
+
+
+
+int handler_found = 0;
+
+/* Given an encoding, return the number of bytes the format occupies.
+This is only defined for fixed-size encodings, and so does not
+include leb128.  */
+static unsigned int size_of_encoded_value (unsigned char encoding) __attribute__ ((unused));
+
+static unsigned int size_of_encoded_value (unsigned char encoding)
+{
+	if (encoding == DW_EH_PE_omit) return 0;
+
+	switch (encoding & 0x07) {
+		case DW_EH_PE_absptr: return sizeof (void *);
+		case DW_EH_PE_udata2: return 2;
+		case DW_EH_PE_udata4: return 4;
+		case DW_EH_PE_udata8: return 8;
+	}
+	__gxx_abort ();
+}
+
+/* Given an encoding and an _Unwind_Context, return the base to which
+the encoding is relative.  This base may then be passed to
+read_encoded_value_with_base for use when the _Unwind_Context is
+not available.  */
+static _Unwind_Ptr base_of_encoded_value (unsigned char encoding, struct _Unwind_Context *context)
+{
+	if (encoding == DW_EH_PE_omit) return 0;
+
+	switch (encoding & 0x70) {
+		case DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+		case DW_EH_PE_pcrel:
+		case DW_EH_PE_aligned:
+			return 0;
+		case DW_EH_PE_textrel:
+			return _Unwind_GetTextRelBase (context);
+		case DW_EH_PE_datarel:
+			return _Unwind_GetDataRelBase (context);
+		case DW_EH_PE_funcrel:
+			return _Unwind_GetRegionStart (context);
+	}
+	__gxx_abort ();
+}
+
+/* Read an unsigned leb128 value from P, store the value in VAL, return
+P incremented past the value.  We assume that a word is large enough to
+hold any value so encoded; if it is smaller than a pointer on some target,
+pointers should not be leb128 encoded on that target.  */
+static const unsigned char * read_uleb128 (const unsigned char *p, _uleb128_t *val)
+{
+	unsigned int shift = 0;
+	unsigned char byte;
+	_uleb128_t result;
+
+	result = 0;
+	do
+	{
+		byte = *p++;
+		result |= ((_uleb128_t)byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+		shift += 7;
+	}
+	while (byte & 0x80);
+
+	*val = result;
+	return p;
+}
+
+/* Similar, but read a signed leb128 value.  */
+static const unsigned char * read_sleb128 (const unsigned char *p, _sleb128_t *val)
+{
+	unsigned int shift = 0;
+	unsigned char byte;
+	_uleb128_t result;
+
+	result = 0;
+	do
+	{
+		byte = *p++;
+		result |= ((_uleb128_t)byte & 0x7f) << shift;
+		shift += 7;
+	}
+	while (byte & 0x80);
+
+	/* Sign-extend a negative value.  */
+	if (shift < 8 * sizeof(result) && (byte & 0x40) != 0) result |= -(((_uleb128_t)1L) << shift);
+
+	*val = (_sleb128_t) result;
+	return p;
+}
+
+/* Load an encoded value from memory at P.  The value is returned in VAL;
+The function returns P incremented past the value.  BASE is as given
+by base_of_encoded_value for this encoding in the appropriate context.  */
+
+static const unsigned char * read_encoded_value_with_base (unsigned char encoding, _Unwind_Ptr base, const unsigned char *p, _Unwind_Ptr *val)
+{
+	union unaligned
+	{
+		void *ptr;
+		unsigned u2 __attribute__ ((mode (HI)));
+		unsigned u4 __attribute__ ((mode (SI)));
+		unsigned u8 __attribute__ ((mode (DI)));
+		signed s2 __attribute__ ((mode (HI)));
+		signed s4 __attribute__ ((mode (SI)));
+		signed s8 __attribute__ ((mode (DI)));
+	} __attribute__((__packed__));
+
+	const union unaligned *u = (const union unaligned *) p;
+	_Unwind_Internal_Ptr result;
+
+	if (encoding == DW_EH_PE_aligned)
+	{
+		_Unwind_Internal_Ptr a = (_Unwind_Internal_Ptr) p;
+		a = (a + sizeof (void *) - 1) & - sizeof(void *);
+		result = *(_Unwind_Internal_Ptr *) a;
+		p = (const unsigned char *) (_Unwind_Internal_Ptr) (a + sizeof (void *));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		switch (encoding & 0x0f)
+		{
+			case DW_EH_PE_absptr:
+				result = (_Unwind_Internal_Ptr) u->ptr;
+				p += sizeof (void *);
+				break;
+			case DW_EH_PE_uleb128:
+			{
+				_uleb128_t tmp;
+				p = read_uleb128 (p, &tmp);
+				result = (_Unwind_Internal_Ptr) tmp;
+			}
+			break;
+
+			case DW_EH_PE_sleb128:
+			{
+				_sleb128_t tmp;
+				p = read_sleb128 (p, &tmp);
+				result = (_Unwind_Internal_Ptr) tmp;
+			}
+			break;
+
+			case DW_EH_PE_udata2:
+				result = u->u2;
+				p += 2;
+				break;
+			case DW_EH_PE_udata4:
+				result = u->u4;
+				p += 4;
+				break;
+			case DW_EH_PE_udata8:
+				result = u->u8;
+				p += 8;
+				break;
+			case DW_EH_PE_sdata2:
+				result = u->s2;
+				p += 2;
+				break;
+			case DW_EH_PE_sdata4:
+				result = u->s4;
+				p += 4;
+				break;
+			case DW_EH_PE_sdata8:
+				result = u->s8;
+				p += 8;
+				break;
+			default:
+				__gxx_abort();
+		}
+
+		if (result != 0)
+		{
+			result += ((encoding & 0x70) == DW_EH_PE_pcrel ? (_Unwind_Internal_Ptr) u : base);
+			
+			if (encoding & DW_EH_PE_indirect) result = *(_Unwind_Internal_Ptr *) result;
+		}
+	}
+
+	*val = result;
+	return p;
+}
+
+/* Like read_encoded_value_with_base, but get the base from the context
+rather than providing it directly.  */
+static inline const unsigned char * read_encoded_value (struct _Unwind_Context *context, unsigned char encoding, const unsigned char *p, _Unwind_Ptr *val)
+{
+	return read_encoded_value_with_base (encoding, base_of_encoded_value (encoding, context), p, val);
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	_Unwind_Ptr Start;
+	_Unwind_Ptr LPStart;
+	_Unwind_Ptr ttype_base;
+	const unsigned char *TType;
+	const unsigned char *action_table;
+	unsigned char ttype_encoding;
+	unsigned char call_site_encoding;
+} lsda_header_info;
+
+static const unsigned char * parse_lsda_header (struct _Unwind_Context *context, const unsigned char *p, lsda_header_info *info)
+{
+	_uleb128_t tmp;
+	unsigned char lpstart_encoding;
+
+	info->Start = (context ? _Unwind_GetRegionStart (context) : 0);
+
+	/* Find @LPStart, the base to which landing pad offsets are relative.  */
+	lpstart_encoding = *p++;
+	if (lpstart_encoding != DW_EH_PE_omit) p = read_encoded_value (context, lpstart_encoding, p, &info->LPStart);
+
+	else info->LPStart = info->Start;
+
+	/* Find @TType, the base of the handler and exception spec type data.  */
+	info->ttype_encoding = *p++;
+	if (info->ttype_encoding != DW_EH_PE_omit)
+	{
+		p = read_uleb128 (p, &tmp);
+		info->TType = p + tmp;
+	}
+	else info->TType = 0;
+
+	/* The encoding and length of the call-site table; the action table
+	immediately follows.  */
+	info->call_site_encoding = *p++;
+	p = read_uleb128 (p, &tmp);
+	info->action_table = p + tmp;
+
+	return p;
+}
Index: src/main.cc
===================================================================
--- src/main.cc	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/main.cc	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@
 // Created On       : Fri May 15 23:12:02 2015
 // Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Wed Jun 28 21:56:47 2017
-// Update Count     : 440
+// Last Modified On : Thu Jun 29 12:46:50 2017
+// Update Count     : 441
 //
 
@@ -39,4 +39,5 @@
 #include "CodeTools/TrackLoc.h"
 #include "ControlStruct/Mutate.h"
+#include "ControlStruct/ExceptTranslate.h"
 #include "SymTab/Validate.h"
 #include "ResolvExpr/AlternativePrinter.h"
@@ -290,4 +291,7 @@
 		Tuples::expandUniqueExpr( translationUnit );
 
+		OPTPRINT( "translateEHM" );
+		ControlStruct::translateEHM( translationUnit );
+
 		OPTPRINT( "convertSpecializations" ) // needs to happen before tuple types are expanded
 		GenPoly::convertSpecializations( translationUnit );
@@ -481,5 +485,9 @@
 			break;
 		  case '?':
-			assertf( false, "Unknown option: '%c'\n", (char)optopt );
+			if ( optopt ) {								// short option ?
+				assertf( false, "Unknown option: -%c\n", (char)optopt );
+			} else {
+				assertf( false, "Unknown option: %s\n", argv[optind - 1] );
+			} // if
 		  default:
 			abort();
Index: src/prelude/Makefile.am
===================================================================
--- src/prelude/Makefile.am	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/prelude/Makefile.am	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -23,4 +23,6 @@
 noinst_DATA = ../libcfa/libcfa-prelude.c
 
+CC = ${abs_top_srcdir}/src/driver/cfa
+
 $(DEPDIR) :
 	mkdir $(DEPDIR)
@@ -45,6 +47,6 @@
 
 # create forward declarations for cfa builtins
-builtins.cf : builtins.c
-	${AM_V_GEN}@BACKEND_CC@ -E -P ${<} -o ${@} -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/builtins.Po
+builtins.cf : builtins.c ${CC}
+	${AM_V_GEN}${CC} -E -P ${<} -o ${@} -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/builtins.Po
 	${AM_V_at}sed -i 's/builtins.o/builtins.cf/g' $(DEPDIR)/builtins.Po
 
Index: src/prelude/Makefile.in
===================================================================
--- src/prelude/Makefile.in	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/prelude/Makefile.in	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -95,5 +95,5 @@
 AWK = @AWK@
 BACKEND_CC = @BACKEND_CC@
-CC = @CC@
+CC = ${abs_top_srcdir}/src/driver/cfa
 CCAS = @CCAS@
 CCASDEPMODE = @CCASDEPMODE@
@@ -444,6 +444,6 @@
 
 # create forward declarations for cfa builtins
-builtins.cf : builtins.c
-	${AM_V_GEN}@BACKEND_CC@ -E -P ${<} -o ${@} -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/builtins.Po
+builtins.cf : builtins.c ${CC}
+	${AM_V_GEN}${CC} -E -P ${<} -o ${@} -MD -MP -MF $(DEPDIR)/builtins.Po
 	${AM_V_at}sed -i 's/builtins.o/builtins.cf/g' $(DEPDIR)/builtins.Po
 
Index: src/tests/.expect/designations.txt
===================================================================
--- src/tests/.expect/designations.txt	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
+++ src/tests/.expect/designations.txt	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+=====A=====
+(A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+(A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+(A){ 0 3 (nil) }
+=====A=====
+
+=====B=====
+(B){
+  (A){ 5 0 (nil) }
+  (A){ 0 0 (nil) }
+}
+(B){
+  (A){ 5 2 (nil) }
+  (A){ 6 0 (nil) }
+}
+(B){
+  (A){ 1 0 (nil) }
+  (A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+}
+(B){
+  (A){ 1 2 (nil) }
+  (A){ 4 5 (nil) }
+}
+(B){
+  (A){ 1 0 (nil) }
+  (A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+}
+(B){
+  (A){ 1 0 (nil) }
+  (A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+}
+=====B=====
+
+=====C=====
+(C){
+  (int[]{ 2 3 4 }
+  (B){
+    (A){ 5 6 (nil) }
+    (A){ 7 8 (nil) }
+  }
+}
+=====C=====
+
+=====E=====
+(A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+(A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+(A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+(B){
+  (A){ 2 3 (nil) }
+  (A){ 5 6 (nil) }
+}
+=====E=====
+
Index: src/tests/.expect/io.txt
===================================================================
--- src/tests/.expect/io.txt	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/tests/.expect/io.txt	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 123
 
+opening delimiters 
 x (1 x [2 x {3 x =4 x $5 x £6 x ¥7 x ¡8 x ¿9 x «10
-1, x 2. x 3; x 4! x 5? x 6% x 7¢ x 8» x 9) x 10] x 11} x
+
+closing delimiters 
+1, x 2. x 3; x 4! x 5? x 6% x 7¢ x 8» x 9) x 10] x 11} x 
+
+opening/closing delimiters 
 x`1`x'2'x"3"x:4:x 5 x	6	x
 7
@@ -14,6 +19,12 @@
 x
 10
-x
+x 
+
+override opening/closing delimiters 
 x ( 1 ) x 2 , x 3 :x: 4
+
+input bacis types 
+
+output basic types 
 A 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
@@ -21,27 +32,47 @@
 1.1+2.3i 1.1-2.3i 1.1-2.3i
 
+tuples 
+1, 2, 3 3, 4, 5
+
+toggle separator 
 1.11.21.3
 1.1+2.3i1.1-2.3i1.1-2.3i
- abcxyz
-abcxyz
+ abcxyz 
+abcxyz 
 
+change separator 
+from "  "to " , $"
 1.1, $1.2, $1.3
 1.1+2.3i, $1.1-2.3i, $1.1-2.3i
-abc, $xyz
+abc, $xyz, $
+1, 2, 3, $3, 4, 5
 
-1, 2, 3, 4
-1, $2, $3 ", $"
-1 2 3 " "
+from ", $"to " "
+1.1 1.2 1.3
+1.1+2.3i 1.1-2.3i 1.1-2.3i
+abc xyz 
+1, 2, 3 3, 4, 5
+
+ 1 2 3 
+12 3
  1 2 3
-12 3
+1 2 3
+ 1 2 3
+
 123
 1 23
 1 2 3
-1 2 3 4 " "
-1, 2, 3, 4 ", "
-1, 2, 3, 4
+123
+1 2 3
+123 
+1 2 3
+
+1 2 3 3 4 5 " "
+1, 2, 3 3, 4, 5 ", "
+1, 2, 3 3, 4, 5
+
 3, 4, a, 7.2
 3, 4, a, 7.2
 3 4 a 7.2
  3 4 a 7.234a7.23 4 a 7.2
-3-4-a-7.2^3^4-3-4-a-7.2
+3-4-a-7.2^3^4^3-4-a-7.2
Index: src/tests/designations.c
===================================================================
--- src/tests/designations.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
+++ src/tests/designations.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+//
+// Cforall Version 1.0.0 Copyright (C) 2015 University of Waterloo
+//
+// The contents of this file are covered under the licence agreement in the
+// file "LICENCE" distributed with Cforall.
+//
+// designations.c --
+//
+// Author           : Rob Schluntz
+// Created On       : Thu Jun 29 15:26:36 2017
+// Last Modified By : Rob Schluntz
+// Last Modified On : Thu Jun 29 15:27:05 2017
+// Update Count     : 2
+//
+
+// Note: this test case has been crafted so that it compiles with both cfa and with gcc without any modifications.
+// In particular, since the syntax for designations in Cforall differs from that of C, preprocessor substitution
+// is used for the designation syntax
+#ifdef __CFORALL__
+#define DES :
+#else
+int printf(const char *, ...);
+#define DES =
+#endif
+
+const int indentAmt = 2;
+void indent(int level) {
+	for (int i = 0; i < level; ++i) {
+		printf(" ");
+	}
+}
+
+// A contains fields with different types (int vs. int *)
+struct A {
+	int x, y;
+	int * ptr;
+};
+void printA(struct A a, int level) {
+	indent(level);
+	printf("(A){ %d %d %p }\n", a.x, a.y, a.ptr);
+}
+
+// B contains struct members
+struct B {
+	struct A a0, a1;
+};
+void printB(struct B b, int level) {
+	indent(level);
+	printf("(B){\n");
+	printA(b.a0, level+indentAmt);
+	printA(b.a1, level+indentAmt);
+	indent(level);
+	printf("}\n");
+}
+
+// C contains an array - tests that after 3 ints, the members of B are initialized.
+struct C {
+	int arr[3];
+	struct B b;
+};
+void printC(struct C c, int level) {
+	indent(level);
+	printf("(C){\n");
+	indent(level+indentAmt);
+	printf("(int[]{ %d %d %d }\n", c.arr[0], c.arr[1], c.arr[2]);
+	printB(c.b, level+indentAmt);
+	indent(level);
+	printf("}\n");
+}
+
+// D contains an unnamed aggregate - tests that this doesn't interfere with initialization.
+struct D {
+	struct {
+		int x;
+	};
+};
+void printD(struct D d, int level) {
+	indent(level);
+	printf("(D){ %d }\n", d.x);
+}
+
+// E tests unions
+union E {
+	struct A a;
+	struct B b;
+	struct C c;
+	struct D d;
+	int i;
+};
+
+int main() {
+	// simple designation case - starting from beginning of structure, leaves ptr default-initialized (zero)
+	struct A y0 = {
+		.x DES 2,
+		.y DES 3
+	};
+
+	// simple initializaiton case - initialize all elements explicitly with no designations
+	struct A y1 = {
+		2, 3, 0
+	};
+
+
+	// use designation to move to member y, leaving x default-initialized (zero)
+	struct A y2 = {
+		.y DES 3,
+		0
+	};
+
+#if ERROR
+	struct A yErr0 = {
+		{} // error - empty scalar initializer is illegal
+	};
+#endif
+
+	printf("=====A=====\n");
+	printA(y0, 0);
+	printA(y1, 0);
+	printA(y2, 0);
+	printf("=====A=====\n\n");
+
+	// initialize only first element (z0.a.x), leaving everything else default-initialized (zero), no nested curly-braces
+	struct B z0 = { 5 };
+
+	// some nested curly braces, use designation to 'jump around' within structure, leaving some members default-initialized
+	struct B z1 = {
+		{ 3 }, // z1.a0
+		{ 4 }, // z1.a1
+		.a0 DES { 5 }, // z1.a0
+		{ 6 }, // z1.a1
+		.a0.y DES 2, // z1.a0.y
+		0, // z1.a0.ptr
+	};
+
+	// z2.a0.y and z2.a0.ptr default-initialized, everything else explicit
+	struct B z2 = {
+		{ 1 },
+		{ 2, 3, 0 }
+	};
+
+	// initialize every member, omitting nested curly braces
+	struct B z3 = {
+		1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 0
+	};
+
+	// no initializer - legal C, but garbage values - don't print this one
+	struct B z4;
+
+	// no curly braces - initialize with object of same type
+	struct B z5 = z2;
+
+	// z6.a0.y and z6.a0.ptr default-initialized, everything else explicit.
+	// no curly braces on z6.a1 initializers
+	struct B z6 = {
+		{ 1 },
+		2, 3, 0
+	};
+
+	printf("=====B=====\n");
+	printB(z0, 0);
+	printB(z1, 0);
+	printB(z2, 0);
+	printB(z3, 0);
+	printB(z5, 0);
+	printB(z6, 0);
+	printf("=====B=====\n\n");
+
+	// TODO: what about extra things in a nested init? are empty structs skipped??
+
+	// test that initializing 'past array bound' correctly moves to next member.
+	struct C c1 = {
+		2, 3, 4,  // arr
+		5, 6, 0,  // b.a0
+		7, 8, 0,  // b.a1
+	};
+
+	printf("=====C=====\n");
+	printC(c1, 0);
+	printf("=====C=====\n\n");
+
+#if ERROR
+	// nested initializer can't refer to same type in C
+	struct C cErr0 = { c1 };
+
+	// must use curly braces to initialize members
+	struct C cErr1 = 2;
+
+	// can't initialize with array compound literal
+	struct C cErr2 = {
+		(int[3]) { 1, 2, 3 }  // error: array initialized from non-constant array expression
+	};
+#endif
+
+#if WARNING
+	// can't initialize array with array - converts to int*
+	int cWarn0_arr[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+	struct C cWarn0 = {
+		cWarn0_arr  // warning: initialization makes integer from ptr without cast
+	};
+#endif
+
+	// allowed to have 'too many' initialized lists - essentially they are ignored.
+	int i1 = { 3 };
+
+	// doesn't work yet.
+	// designate unnamed object's members
+	// struct D d = { .x DES 3 };
+#if ERROR
+	struct D d1 = { .y DES 3 };
+#endif
+
+	// simple union initialization - initialized first member (e0.a)
+	union E e0 = {
+		y0
+	};
+
+	// simple union initialization - initializes first member (e1.a) - with nested initializer list
+	union E e1 = {
+		{ 2, 3, 0 }
+	};
+
+	// simple union initialization - initializes first member (e2.a) - without nested initializer list
+	union E e2 = {
+		2, 3, 0
+	};
+
+	// move cursor to e4.b.a0.x and initialize until e3.b.a1.ptr inclusive
+	union E e3 = {
+		.b.a0.x DES 2, 3, 0, 5, 6, 0
+	};
+
+	printf("=====E=====\n");
+	printA(e0.a, 0);
+	printA(e1.a, 0);
+	printA(e2.a, 0);
+	printB(e3.b, 0);
+	printf("=====E=====\n\n");
+
+	// special case of initialization: char[] can be initialized with a string literal
+	const char * str0 = "hello";
+	char str1[] = "hello";
+}
+
+// Local Variables: //
+// tab-width: 4 //
+// End: //
Index: src/tests/except-0.c
===================================================================
--- src/tests/except-0.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
+++ src/tests/except-0.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// Draft of tests for exception handling.
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+struct signal_exit {
+	const char * area;
+};
+
+void ?{}(signal_exit * this, const char * area) {
+	this->area = area;
+}
+
+void ^?{}(signal_exit * this) {
+	printf("Exiting: %s\n", this->area);
+//	sout | "Exiting:" | this->area | endl;
+}
+
+void terminate(int except_value) {
+	signal_exit a = {"terminate function"};
+	throw except_value;
+	printf("terminate returned\n");
+}
+
+void resume(int except_value) {
+	signal_exit a = {"resume function"};
+	throwResume except_value;
+	printf("resume returned\n");
+}
+
+// Termination Test: Two handlers: no catch, catch
+void bar() {
+	signal_exit a = {"bar function"};
+	try {
+		terminate(4);
+	} catch (3) {
+		printf("bar caught exception 3.\n");
+	}
+}
+
+void foo() {
+	signal_exit a = {"foo function"};
+	try {
+		bar();
+	} catch (4) {
+		printf("foo caught exception 4.\n");
+	} catch (2) {
+		printf("foo caught exception 2.\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Resumption Two Handler Test: no catch, catch.
+void beta() {
+	signal_exit a = {"beta function"};
+	try {
+		resume(4);
+	} catchResume (3) {
+		printf("beta caught exception 3\n");
+	}
+}
+
+void alpha() {
+	signal_exit a = {"alpha function"};
+	try {
+		beta();
+	} catchResume (2) {
+		printf("alpha caught exception 2\n");
+	} catchResume (4) {
+		printf("alpha caught exception 4\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Finally Test:
+void farewell(bool jump) {
+	try {
+		if (jump) {
+			printf("jump out of farewell\n");
+			goto endoffunction;
+		} else {
+			printf("walk out of farewell\n");
+		}
+	} finally {
+		printf("See you next time\n");
+	}
+	endoffunction:
+	printf("leaving farewell\n");
+}
+
+// Resume-to-Terminate Test:
+void fallback() {
+	try {
+		resume(2);
+	} catch (2) {
+		printf("fallback caught termination 2\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Terminate Throw New Exception:
+void terminate_swap() {
+	signal_exit a = {"terminate_swap"};
+	try {
+		terminate(2);
+	} catch (2) {
+		terminate(3);
+	}
+}
+
+void terminate_swapped() {
+	signal_exit a = {"terminate_swapped"};
+	try {
+		terminate_swap();
+	} catch (3) {
+		printf("terminate_swapped caught exception 3\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Resume Throw New Exception:
+void resume_swap() {
+	signal_exit a = {"terminate_swap"};
+	try {
+		resume(2);
+	} catchResume (2) {
+		resume(3);
+	}
+}
+
+void resume_swapped() {
+	try {
+		resume_swap();
+	} catchResume (3) {
+		printf("resume_swapped caught exception 3\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Terminate Rethrow:
+void reterminate() {
+	try {
+		try {
+			terminate(2);
+		} catch (2) {
+			printf("reterminate 2 caught and "
+			       "will rethrow exception 2\n");
+			throw;
+		}
+	} catch (2) {
+		printf("reterminate 1 caught exception 2\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Resume Rethrow:
+void reresume() {
+	try {
+		try {
+			resume(2);
+		} catchResume (2) {
+			printf("reresume 2 caught and rethrows exception 2\n");
+			throwResume;
+		}
+	} catchResume (2) {
+		printf("reresume 1 caught exception 2\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Terminate-Resume interaction:
+void fum() {
+	// terminate block, call resume
+	try {
+		resume(3);
+	} catch (3) {
+		printf("fum caught exception 3\n");
+	}
+}
+
+void foe() {
+	// resume block, call terminate
+	try {
+		terminate(3);
+	} catchResume (3) {
+		printf("foe caught exception 3\n");
+	}
+}
+
+void fy() {
+	// terminate block calls fum, call foe
+	try {
+		foe();
+	} catch (3) {
+		printf("fy caught exception 3\n");
+		fum();
+	}
+}
+
+void fee() {
+	// resume block, call fy
+	try {
+		fy();
+	} catchResume (3) {
+		printf("fee caught exception 3\n");
+	}
+}
+
+
+// main: choose which tests to run
+int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
+	signal_exit a = {"main function"};
+
+	foo(); printf("\n");
+	alpha(); printf("\n");
+	farewell(false); printf("\n");
+	farewell(true); printf("\n");
+	fallback(); printf("\n");
+	terminate_swapped(); printf("\n");
+	resume_swapped(); printf("\n");
+	reterminate(); printf("\n");
+	reresume(); printf("\n");
+	fee(); printf("\n");
+	// Uncaught termination test.
+	terminate(7);
+}
Index: src/tests/exception.c
===================================================================
--- src/tests/exception.c	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ 	(revision )
@@ -1,31 +1,0 @@
-//Testing esceptions syntax
-int fred() {
-    int x;
-    throw 3;
-    throw x = 5;
-
-    try {
-    } catch( int i ) {}
-
-    try {
-	x/4;
-    } catch( int ) {
-    } catch( float x ) {
-    } catch( struct { int i; } ) {
-    } catch( struct { int i; } x ) {
-    } catch( struct { int i; } *x ) {
-
-// Cforall extensions
-
-    } catch( * struct { int i; } ) {
-    } catch( * struct { int i; } x ) {
-    } catch( ... ) {
-    } finally {
-    } // try
-}
-
-//Dummy main
-int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
-{
-	return 0;
-}
Index: src/tests/io.c
===================================================================
--- src/tests/io.c	(revision 11dbfe1a3caa7b8b2ac60e61a9bee57433ea08bf)
+++ src/tests/io.c	(revision 67fa9f99aebe68e73094bddc3ebf1c0d1c2d7844)
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
 // Created On       : Wed Mar  2 16:56:02 2016
 // Last Modified By : Peter A. Buhr
-// Last Modified On : Thu Jun  8 09:52:10 2017
-// Update Count     : 51
+// Last Modified On : Sun Jul  2 09:40:58 2017
+// Update Count     : 68
 // 
 
@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@
 	sout | endl;
 
+	sout | "opening delimiters" | endl;
 	sout
-		// opening delimiters
 		| "x (" | 1
 		| "x [" | 2
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@
 		| "x ¿" | 9
 		| "x «" | 10
-		| endl;
+		| endl | endl;
+
+	sout | "closing delimiters" | endl;
 	sout
-		// closing delimiters
 		| 1 | ", x"
 		| 2 | ". x"
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@
 		| 10 | "] x"
 		| 11 | "} x"
-		| endl;
+		| endl | endl;
+
+	sout | "opening/closing delimiters" | endl;
 	sout
-		// opening-closing delimiters
 		| "x`" | 1 | "`x'" | 2
 		| "'x\"" | 3 | "\"x:" | 4
@@ -76,11 +78,15 @@
 		| "\tx\f" | 7 | "\fx\v" | 8
 		| "\vx\n" | 9 | "\nx\r" | 10
-		| "\rx" |
-		endl;
+		| "\rx"
+		| endl | endl;
+
+	sout | "override opening/closing delimiters" | endl;
 	sout | "x ( " | 1 | " ) x" | 2 | " , x" | 3 | " :x: " | 4 | endl;
+	sout | endl;
 
 	ifstream in;										// create / open file
 	open( &in, "io.data", "r" );
 
+	sout | "input bacis types" | endl;
 	&in | &c											// character
 		| &si | &usi | &i | &ui | &li | &uli | &lli | &ulli	// integral
@@ -88,5 +94,7 @@
 		| &fc | &dc | &ldc								// floating-point complex
 		| cstr( s1 ) | cstr( s2, size );				// C string, length unchecked and checked
+	sout | endl;
 
+	sout | "output basic types" | endl;
 	sout | c | ' ' | endl								// character
 		| si | usi | i | ui | li | uli | lli | ulli | endl // integral
@@ -94,4 +102,11 @@
 		| fc | dc | ldc | endl;							// complex
 	sout | endl;
+
+	sout | "tuples" | endl;
+	[int, [ int, int ] ] t1 = [ 1, [ 2, 3 ] ], t2 = [ 3, [ 4, 5 ] ];
+	sout | t1 | t2 | endl;								// print tuple
+	sout | endl;
+
+	sout | "toggle separator" | endl;
 	sout | f | "" | d | "" | ld | endl					// floating point without separator
 		| sepDisable | fc | dc | ldc | sepEnable | endl	// complex without separator
@@ -100,25 +115,37 @@
 	sout | endl;
 
+	sout | "change separator" | endl;
+	sout | "from \" " | sepGet( sout ) | "\"";
 	sepSet( sout, ", $" );								// change separator, maximum of 15 characters
+	sout | "to \" " | sepGet( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
 	sout | f | d | ld | endl
 		| fc | dc | ldc | endl
-		| s1 | s2 | endl;
+		| s1 | s2 | endl
+		| t1 | t2 | endl;								// print tuple
+	sout | endl;
+	sout | "from \"" | sepGet( sout ) | "\"";
+	sepSet( sout, " " );								// restore separator
+	sout | "to \"" | sepGet( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
+	sout | f | d | ld | endl
+		| fc | dc | ldc | endl
+		| s1 | s2 | endl
+		| t1 | t2 | endl;								// print tuple
 	sout | endl;
 
-	[int, int] t1 = [1, 2], t2 = [3, 4];
-	sout | t1 | t2 | endl;								// print tuple
-
-	sepSet( sout, " " );
-	sepSet( sout, ", $" );								// set separator from " " to ", $"
-	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | sepGet( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
-	sepSet( sout, " " );								// reset separator to " "
-	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | " \"" | sepGet( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
-
-	sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | endl;			// separator at start of line
+	sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | endl;			// separator at start/end of line
 	sout | 1 | sepOff | 2 | 3 | endl;					// locally turn off implicit separator
+	sout | sepOn | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | sepOff | endl;	// separator at start of line
+	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl | sepOn;					// separator at start of next line
+	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
+	sout | endl;
 
 	sout | sepDisable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;				// globally turn off implicit separation
 	sout | 1 | sepOn | 2 | 3 | endl;					// locally turn on implicit separator
-	sout | sepEnable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;				// globally turn on implicit separation
+	sout | sepEnable | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl | sepDisable;	// globally turn on/off implicit separation
+	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl | sepEnable;				// globally turn on implicit separation
+	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | sepDisable | endl;		// ignore seperate at end of line
+	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | sepOn | sepEnable | endl;		// separator at end of line
+	sout | 1 | 2 | 3 | endl;
+	sout | endl;
 
 	sepSetTuple( sout, " " );							// set tuple separator from ", " to " "
@@ -126,6 +153,6 @@
 	sepSetTuple( sout, ", " );							// reset tuple separator to ", "
 	sout | t1 | t2 | " \"" | sepGetTuple( sout ) | "\"" | endl;
-
 	sout | t1 | t2 | endl;								// print tuple
+	sout | endl;
 
 	[int, int, const char *, double] t3 = { 3, 4, "a", 7.2 };
